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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ميكانيكا كهربائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميكانيكا كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromexanika" title="Elektromexanika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektromexanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromec%C3%A0nica" title="Electromecànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electromecànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanik" title="Elektromekanik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektromekanik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromechanik" title="Elektromechanik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektromechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromehaanika" title="Elektromehaanika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektromehaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromec%C3%A1nica" title="Electromecánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electromecánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekaniko" title="Elektromekaniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektromekaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترومکانیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترومکانیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectrom%C3%A9canique" title="Électromécanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électromécanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="전기기계공학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기기계공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रोमैकेनिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोमैकेनिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromehanika" title="Elektromehanika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektromehanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanika" title="Elektromekanika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektromekanika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettromeccanica" title="Elettromeccanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettromeccanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanikaumeme" title="Makanikaumeme – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makanikaumeme" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%B3g_elektromechanikus_m%C5%B1szerek" title="Analóg elektromechanikus műszerek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Analóg elektromechanikus műszerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електромеханика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електромеханика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanik" title="Elektromekanik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektromekanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Цахилгаан механик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан механик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromechanica" title="Elektromechanica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektromechanica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanikk" title="Elektromekanikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektromekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanikk" title="Elektromekanikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektromekanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletromec%C3%A2nica" title="Eletromecânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletromecânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromecanic%C4%83" title="Electromecanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electromecanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электромеханика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромеханика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئەلکترۆمکانیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلکترۆمکانیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromehanika" title="Elektromehanika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektromehanika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6mekaniikka" title="Sähkömekaniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkömekaniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanik" title="Elektromekanik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektromekanik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromekanik" title="Elektromekanik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektromekanik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електромеханіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електромеханіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برق میکانیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برق میکانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8" title="電動機械學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電動機械學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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For the use of electromechanics in arcade games, see <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">Electro-mechanical game</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Relay.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>A relay is a common electro-mechanical device.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electromechanics</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combines processes and procedures drawn from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>. Electromechanics focuses on the interaction of electrical and mechanical systems as a whole and how the two systems interact with each other. This process is especially prominent in systems such as those of DC or AC rotating electrical machines which can be designed and operated to generate power from a mechanical process (<a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a>) or used to power a mechanical effect (<a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a>). Electrical engineering in this context also encompasses <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronics engineering</a>. </p><p>Electromechanical devices are ones which have both electrical and mechanical processes. Strictly speaking, a manually operated switch is an electromechanical component due to the mechanical movement causing an electrical output. Though this is true, the term is usually understood to refer to devices which involve an electrical signal to create mechanical movement, or vice versa mechanical movement to create an electric signal. Often involving electromagnetic principles such as in <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, which allow a <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> or current to control another, usually isolated circuit voltage or current by mechanically switching sets of contacts, and <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoids</a>, by which a voltage can actuate a moving linkage as in solenoid valves. </p><p>Before the development of modern electronics, electromechanical devices were widely used in complicated subsystems of parts, including <a href="/wiki/Electric_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric typewriter">electric typewriters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortt-Synchronome_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortt-Synchronome clock">clocks</a>, initial <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> systems, and the very early electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid-state electronics</a> have replaced electromechanics in many applications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first electric motor was invented in 1822 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. The motor was developed only a year after <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> discovered that the flow of electric current creates a proportional magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early motor was simply a wire partially submerged into a glass of mercury with a magnet at the bottom. When the wire was connected to a battery a magnetic field was created and this interaction with the magnetic field given off by the magnet caused the wire to spin. </p><p>Ten years later the first electric generator was invented, again by Michael Faraday. This generator consisted of a magnet passing through a coil of wire and inducing current that was measured by a galvanometer. Faraday's research and experiments into electricity are the basis of most of modern electromechanical principles known today.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in electromechanics surged with the research into long distance communication. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>'s rapid increase in production gave rise to a demand for intracontinental communication, allowing electromechanics to make its way into public service. <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relays</a> originated with <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> as electromechanical devices were used to <a href="/wiki/Signal_regeneration" title="Signal regeneration">regenerate</a> telegraph signals. The <a href="/wiki/Strowger_switch" title="Strowger switch">Strowger switch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panel_switch" title="Panel switch">Panel switch</a>, and similar devices were widely used in early automated <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchanges</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crossbar_switch" title="Crossbar switch">Crossbar switches</a> were first widely installed in the middle 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, and these quickly spread to the rest of the world. </p><p>Electromechanical systems saw a massive leap in progress from 1910-1945 as the world was put into global war twice. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw a burst of new electromechanics as spotlights and radios were used by all countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, countries had developed and centralized their military around the versatility and power of electromechanics. One example of these still used today is the <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>, which was created to power military equipment in the 1950s and later repurposed for automobiles in the 1960s. Post-war America greatly benefited from the military's development of electromechanics as household work was quickly replaced by electromechanical systems such as microwaves, refrigerators, and washing machines. The <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical television">electromechanical television</a> systems of the late 19th century were less successful. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">Electric typewriters</a> developed, up to the 1980s, as "power-assisted typewriters". They contained a single electrical component, the motor. Where the keystroke had previously moved a typebar directly, now it engaged mechanical linkages that directed mechanical power from the motor into the typebar. This was also true of the later IBM <a href="/wiki/Selectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectric">Selectric</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, in the 1946, the Bell <a href="/wiki/Model_V" title="Model V">Model V</a> computer was developed. It was an electromechanical relay-based device; cycles took seconds. In 1968 electromechanical systems were still under serious consideration for an aircraft <a href="/wiki/Flight_control_computer" title="Flight control computer">flight control computer</a>, until a device based on <a href="/wiki/Large_scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large scale integration">large scale integration</a> electronics was adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Data_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Air Data Computer">Central Air Data Computer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microelectromechanical_systems_(MEMS)"><span id="Microelectromechanical_systems_.28MEMS.29"></span>Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">Microelectromechanical systems</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">Nanoelectromechanical systems</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">Microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) have roots in the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon revolution">silicon revolution</a>, which can be traced back to two important <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> inventions from 1959: the <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolithic integrated circuit">monolithic integrated circuit</a> (IC) chip by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor">metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET) invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, after Frosch and Derick discovered and used surface passivation by silicon dioxide to create the first planar transistors, the first in which drain and source were adjacent at the same surface.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek12022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek12022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MOSFET_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="MOSFET scaling">MOSFET scaling</a>, the miniaturisation of MOSFETs on IC chips, led to the miniaturisation of <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> (as predicted by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennard_scaling" title="Dennard scaling">Dennard scaling</a>). This laid the foundations for the miniaturisation of mechanical systems, with the development of micromachining technology based on silicon <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor devices">semiconductor devices</a>, as engineers began realizing that silicon chips and MOSFETs could interact and communicate with the surroundings and process things such as <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions">motions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>. One of the first silicon <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">pressure sensors</a> was isotropically micromachined by <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early example of a MEMS device is the resonant-gate transistor, an adaptation of the MOSFET, developed by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_C._Nathanson" title="Harvey C. Nathanson">Harvey C. Nathanson</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s to early 1980s, a number of MOSFET <a href="/wiki/Microsensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsensor">microsensors</a> were developed for measuring <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a> parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, there has been research on <a href="/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">nanoelectromechanical systems</a> (NEMS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_practice">Modern practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, electromechanical processes are mainly used by power companies. All fuel based generators convert mechanical movement to electrical power. Some renewable energies such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> are powered by mechanical systems that also convert movement to electricity. </p><p>In the last thirty years of the 20th century, equipment which would generally have used electromechanical devices became less expensive. This equipment became cheaper because it used more reliably integrated <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> circuits containing ultimately a few million transistors, and a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> to carry out the same task through logic. With electromechanical components there were only moving parts, such as mechanical <a href="/wiki/Electric_actuator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric actuator">electric actuators</a>. This more reliable logic has replaced most electromechanical devices, because any point in a system which must rely on mechanical movement for proper operation will inevitably have mechanical wear and eventually fail. Properly designed electronic circuits without moving parts will continue to operate correctly almost indefinitely and are used in most simple feedback control systems. Circuits without moving parts appear in a large number of items from <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> to <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a>. </p><p>Another electromechanical device is <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">piezoelectric devices</a>, but they do not use electromagnetic principles. Piezoelectric devices can create sound or vibration from an electrical signal or create an electrical signal from sound or mechanical vibration. </p><p>To become an electromechanical engineer, typical college courses involve mathematics, engineering, computer science, designing of machines, and other automotive classes that help gain skill in troubleshooting and analyzing issues with machines. To be an electromechanical engineer a bachelor's degree is required, usually in electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical engineering. As of April 2018, only two universities, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Tech">Michigan Technological University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology" title="Wentworth Institute of Technology">Wentworth Institute of Technology</a>, offer the major of electromechanical engineering <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Just in the USA or worldwide? (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. To enter the electromechanical field as an entry-level technician, an associative degree is all that is required. </p><p>As of 2016, approximately 13,800 people work as electro-mechanical technicians in the US. The job outlook for 2016 to 2026 for technicians is 4% growth which is about an employment change of 500 positions. This outlook is slower than average.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanical_modeling" title="Electromechanical modeling">Electromechanical modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">Adding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_system" title="Automatic transmission system">Automatic transmission system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_conversion" title="Electric power conversion">Electric power conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">Electricity meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerrison_Predictor" title="Kerrison Predictor">Kerrison Predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAW_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="SAW filter">SAW filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_switch" title="Stepping switch">Stepping switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solenoid_valve" title="Solenoid valve">Solenoid valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo Data Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_record_equipment" title="Unit record equipment">Unit record equipment</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbdAAAAAYAAJ">Course in Electro-mechanics</a>, for Students in Electrical Engineering, 1st Term of 3d Year, Columbia University, Adapted from Prof. F.E. Nipher's "Electricity and Magnetism". By Fitzhugh Townsend. 1901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzolc,_T.Konowrocki,_RobertMichajłow,_M.Pregowska,_A.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Szolc, T.; Konowrocki, Robert; Michajłow, M.; Pregowska, A. 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Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Vol.49, pp.118-134: <span class="nowrap">118–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MSSP...49..118S">2014MSSP...49..118S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ymssp.2014.04.004">10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.04.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Systems+and+Signal+Processing&rft.atitle=An+investigation+of+the+dynamic+electromechanical+coupling+effects+in+machine+drive+systems+driven+by+asynchronous+motors&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ymssp.2014.04.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MSSP...49..118S&rft.au=Szolc%2C+T.&rft.au=Konowrocki%2C+Robert&rft.au=Michaj%C5%82ow%2C+M.&rft.au=Pregowska%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofelectr00robi">The Elements of Electricity</a>, "Part V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w47OAAAAMAAJ/page/433">Electro-Mechanics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>." By Wirt Robinson. John Wiley & sons, Incorporated, 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonowrocki,_RobertSzolc,_T.Pochanke,_A.Pregowska,_A.2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Konowrocki, Robert; Szolc, T.; Pochanke, A.; Pregowska, A. (2016). "An influence of the stepping motor control and friction models on precise positioning of the complex mechanical system". <i>Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing</i>. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. 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Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34258-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-34258-8"><bdi>978-3-540-34258-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Semiconductor+Engineering&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-34258-8&rft.aulast=Lojek&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLigenzaSpitzer1960" class="citation journal cs1">Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195">"The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen"</a>. <i>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">131–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3697%2860%2990219-5">10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Solids&rft.atitle=The+mechanisms+for+silicon+oxidation+in+steam+and+oxygen&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3697%2860%2990219-5&rft.aulast=Ligenza&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Spitzer%2C+W.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0022369760902195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lojek12022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lojek12022_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLojek2007" class="citation book cs1">Lojek, Bo (2007). <i>History of Semiconductor Engineering</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540342588" title="Special:BookSources/9783540342588"><bdi>9783540342588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Semiconductor+Engineering&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783540342588&rft.aulast=Lojek&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai-Choudhury2000" class="citation book cs1">Rai-Choudhury, P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6KOTaI2DhAC&pg=PR9"><i>MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SPIE_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="SPIE Press">SPIE Press</a>. pp. ix, 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819437167" title="Special:BookSources/9780819437167"><bdi>9780819437167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MEMS+and+MOEMS+Technology+and+Applications&rft.pages=ix%2C+3&rft.pub=SPIE+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780819437167&rft.aulast=Rai-Choudhury&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6KOTaI2DhAC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathansonWickstrom1965" class="citation journal cs1">Nathanson HC, Wickstrom RA (1965). "A Resonant-Gate Silicon Surface Transistor with High-Q Band-Pass Properties". <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters" title="Applied Physics Letters">Appl. Phys. Lett.</a></i> <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965ApPhL...7...84N">1965ApPhL...7...84N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1754323">10.1063/1.1754323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Phys.+Lett.&rft.atitle=A+Resonant-Gate+Silicon+Surface+Transistor+with+High-Q+Band-Pass+Properties&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1754323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965ApPhL...7...84N&rft.aulast=Nathanson&rft.aufirst=HC&rft.au=Wickstrom%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergveld-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergveld_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergveld1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Piet_Bergveld" title="Piet Bergveld">Bergveld, Piet</a> (October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426192332/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf">"The impact of MOSFET-based sensors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sensors and Actuators</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985SeAc....8..109B">1985SeAc....8..109B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0250-6874%2885%2987009-8">10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6874">0250-6874</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors+and+Actuators&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+MOSFET-based+sensors&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1985-10&rft.issn=0250-6874&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0250-6874%2885%2987009-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985SeAc....8..109B&rft.aulast=Bergveld&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F11473091.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Electro-mechanical Technicians, on the Internet at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/electro-mechanical-technicians.htm">http://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/electro-mechanical-technicians.htm</a> (visited April 13, 2018).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Davim, J. Paulo, editor (2011) <i>Mechatronics</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84821-308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84821-308-1">978-1-84821-308-1</a> .</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlani2001" class="citation book cs1">Furlani, Edward P. (August 15, 2001). <i>Permanent Magnet and Electromechanical Devices: Materials, Analysis and Applications</i>. Academic Press Series in Electromagnetism. San Diego: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-269951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-269951-1"><bdi>978-0-12-269951-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47726317">47726317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permanent+Magnet+and+Electromechanical+Devices%3A+Materials%2C+Analysis+and+Applications&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.series=Academic+Press+Series+in+Electromagnetism&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001-08-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47726317&rft.isbn=978-0-12-269951-1&rft.aulast=Furlani&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauseWasynczuk1989" class="citation book cs1">Krause, Paul C.; Wasynczuk, Oleg (1989). <i>Electromechanical Motion Devices</i>. McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-035494-4"><bdi>978-0-07-035494-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18224514">18224514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electromechanical+Motion+Devices&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=McGraw-Hill+Series+in+Electrical+and+Computer+Engineering&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18224514&rft.isbn=978-0-07-035494-4&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft.au=Wasynczuk%2C+Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectromechanics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Szolc T., Konowrocki R., Michajlow M., Pregowska A., An Investigation of the Dynamic Electromechanical Coupling Effects in Machine Drive Systems Driven by Asynchronous Motors, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0888-3270">0888-3270</a>, Vol.49, pp. 118–134, 2014</li> <li>"WWI: Technology and the weapons of war | NCpedia". <i>www.ncpedia.org</i>. Retrieved 2018-04-22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electromechanics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A first course in electromechanics. By Hugh Hildreth Skilling. Wiley, 1960.</li> <li>Electromechanics: a first course in electromechanical energy conversion, Volume 1. By Hugh Hildreth Skilling. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co., Jan 1, 1979.</li> <li>Electromechanics and electrical machinery. By J. F. Lindsay, M. H. Rashid. Prentice-Hall, 1986.</li> <li>Electromechanical motion devices. By Hi-Dong Chai. Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.</li> <li>Mechatronics: Electromechanics and Contromechanics. By Denny K. Miu. Springer London, Limited, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical 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