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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2004-2010:_Development_at_Sun_Microsystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004-2010:_Development_at_Sun_Microsystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>2004-2010: Development at Sun Microsystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-2010:_Development_at_Sun_Microsystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010-current:_Development_at_Oracle,_OpenZFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010-current:_Development_at_Oracle,_OpenZFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2010-current: Development at Oracle, OpenZFS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-current:_Development_at_Oracle,_OpenZFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Data integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RAID" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAID"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>RAID</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAID-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoidance_of_hardware_RAID_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoidance_of_hardware_RAID_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Avoidance of hardware RAID controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoidance_of_hardware_RAID_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ZFS's_approach:_RAID-Z_and_mirroring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ZFS's_approach:_RAID-Z_and_mirroring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>ZFS's approach: RAID-Z and mirroring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ZFS's_approach:_RAID-Z_and_mirroring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resilvering_and_scrub_(array_syncing_and_integrity_checking)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resilvering_and_scrub_(array_syncing_and_integrity_checking)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Resilvering and scrub (array syncing and integrity checking)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resilvering_and_scrub_(array_syncing_and_integrity_checking)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Read/write_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Read/write_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Read/write efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Read/write_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_devices,_spares,_and_quotas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_devices,_spares,_and_quotas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Storage devices, spares, and quotas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_devices,_spares,_and_quotas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caching_mechanisms:_ARC,_L2ARC,_Transaction_groups,_ZIL,_SLOG,_Special_VDEV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caching_mechanisms:_ARC,_L2ARC,_Transaction_groups,_ZIL,_SLOG,_Special_VDEV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Caching mechanisms: ARC, L2ARC, Transaction groups, ZIL, SLOG, Special VDEV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caching_mechanisms:_ARC,_L2ARC,_Transaction_groups,_ZIL,_SLOG,_Special_VDEV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_VDEV_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_VDEV_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2.1</span> <span>Special VDEV Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_VDEV_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copy-on-write_transactional_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copy-on-write_transactional_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Copy-on-write transactional model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copy-on-write_transactional_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snapshots_and_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snapshots_and_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>Snapshots and clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snapshots_and_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sending_and_receiving_snapshots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sending_and_receiving_snapshots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.5</span> <span>Sending and receiving snapshots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sending_and_receiving_snapshots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamic_striping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_striping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.6</span> <span>Dynamic striping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_striping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_block_sizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_block_sizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.7</span> <span>Variable block sizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_block_sizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightweight_filesystem_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightweight_filesystem_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.8</span> <span>Lightweight filesystem creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightweight_filesystem_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_endianness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_endianness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.9</span> <span>Adaptive endianness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_endianness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.10</span> <span>Deduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.11</span> <span>Additional capabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenZFS_and_ZFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenZFS_and_ZFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>OpenZFS and ZFS</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-OpenZFS_and_ZFS-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle OpenZFS and ZFS subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-OpenZFS_and_ZFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_and_open_source_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_and_open_source_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Commercial and open source products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_and_open_source_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oracle_Corporation,_closed_source,_and_forking_(from_2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_Corporation,_closed_source,_and_forking_(from_2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Oracle Corporation, closed source, and forking (from 2010)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_Corporation,_closed_source,_and_forking_(from_2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Version history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Version_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Version history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Version_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ZFS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS_(Dateisystem)" title="ZFS (Dateisystem) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ZFS (Dateisystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS_(sistema_de_archivos)" title="ZFS (sistema de archivos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ZFS (sistema de archivos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="زی‌اف‌اس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زی‌اف‌اس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS_(file_system)" title="ZFS (file system) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ZFS (file system)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ระบบไฟล์เซตตะไบต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบไฟล์เซตตะไบต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ZFS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q136113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">File system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ZFS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ZFS (disambiguation)">ZFS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ZFS</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> originally, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> since 2010, <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a> since 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">Oracle ZFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2005<span class="noprint">; 19 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2005-11</span>)</span> with <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data">Extensible <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash table</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">256 trillion <a href="/wiki/Yobibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Yobibyte">yobibytes</a> (2<sup>128</sup> bytes)<sup id="cite_ref-scalability_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalability-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">16 <a href="/wiki/Exbibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbibyte">exbibytes</a> (2<sup>64</sup> bytes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Per directory: 2<sup>48</sup></li><li>Per file system: unlimited<sup id="cite_ref-scalability_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalability-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data">1023 <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters (fewer for multibyte character standards such as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Forks</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (called "extended attributes", but they are full-fledged streams)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>, extended attributes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unix permissions, NFSv4 ACLs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Sun codebase: <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> distributions, <a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a></li> <li>Oracle ZFS: <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a></li> <li>OpenZFS: <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server#Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5_(Leopard_Server)" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Mac OS X Server 10.5</a> (limited to read-only), <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> via third-party <a href="/wiki/Loadable_Kernel_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Loadable Kernel Module">kernel module</a> ("ZFS on Linux")<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ZFS-<a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSv" title="OSv">OSv</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ZFS</b> (previously <b>Zettabyte File System</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> with <a href="/wiki/Volume_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume manager">volume management</a> capabilities. It began as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> in 2001. Large parts of Solaris, including ZFS, were published under an <a href="/wiki/Open_source_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source license">open source license</a> as <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> for around 5 years from 2005 before being placed under a closed source license when <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> acquired Sun in 2009–2010. During 2005 to 2010, the open source version of ZFS was <a href="/wiki/Software_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Software port">ported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> (continued as <a href="/wiki/MacZFS" class="mw-redirect" title="MacZFS">MacZFS</a>) and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> project <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fork (software)">forked</a> a recent version of OpenSolaris, including ZFS, to continue its development as an open source project. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a> was founded to coordinate the development of open source ZFS.<sup id="cite_ref-lwn-567090_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-567090-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-openzfs-announcement_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openzfs-announcement-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenZFS maintains and manages the core ZFS code, while organizations using ZFS maintain the specific code and validation processes required for ZFS to integrate within their systems. OpenZFS is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The management of stored data generally involves two aspects: the physical <a href="/wiki/Volume_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume management">volume management</a> of one or more <a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">block storage devices</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> and <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD cards</a>), including their organization into <a href="/wiki/Logical_disk" title="Logical disk">logical block devices</a> as VDEVs (ZFS Virtual Device)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (often involving a <a href="/wiki/Volume_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume manager">volume manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID controller">RAID controller</a>, array manager, or suitable <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a>); and the management of data and files that are stored on these logical block devices (a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> or other data storage). </p> <dl><dd>Example: A <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> array of 2 hard drives and an SSD caching disk is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Intel_Rapid_Storage_Technology" title="Intel Rapid Storage Technology">Intel's RST system</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> built into a desktop computer. The <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> user sees this as a single volume, containing an NTFS-formatted drive of their data, and NTFS is not necessarily aware of the manipulations that may be required (such as reading from/writing to the cache drive or rebuilding the RAID array if a disk fails). The management of the individual devices and their presentation as a single device is distinct from the management of the files held on that apparent device.</dd></dl> <p>ZFS is unusual because, unlike most other storage systems, it unifies both of these roles and <i>acts as both the volume manager and the file system</i>. Therefore, it has complete knowledge of both the physical disks and volumes (including their status, condition, and logical arrangement into volumes) as well as of all the files stored on them. ZFS is designed to ensure (subject to sufficient <a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">data redundancy</a>) that data stored on disks cannot be lost due to physical errors, misprocessing by the hardware or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Data_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="Data rot">bit rot</a> events and <a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">data corruption</a> that may happen over time. Its complete control of the storage system is used to ensure that every step, whether related to file management or <a href="/wiki/Disk_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Management">disk management</a>, is verified, confirmed, corrected if needed, and optimized, in a way that the storage controller cards and separate volume and file systems cannot achieve. </p><p>ZFS also includes a mechanism for dataset and pool-level <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">replication</a>, including snapshot <a href="/wiki/Disk_cloning" title="Disk cloning">cloning</a>, which is described by the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> documentation as one of its "most powerful features" with functionality that "even other file systems with snapshot functionality lack".<sup id="cite_ref-freebsd1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebsd1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very large numbers of snapshots can be taken without degrading performance, allowing snapshots to be used prior to risky system operations and software changes, or an entire production ("live") file system to be fully snapshotted several times an hour in order to mitigate data loss due to user error or malicious activity. Snapshots can be rolled back "live" or previous file system states can be viewed, even on very large file systems, leading to savings in comparison to formal backup and restore processes.<sup id="cite_ref-freebsd1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebsd1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snapshots can also be cloned to form new independent file systems. ZFS also has the ability to take a pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint"), which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure or that add or remove entire datasets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris (operating system)</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004-2010:_Development_at_Sun_Microsystems">2004-2010: Development at Sun Microsystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2004-2010: Development at Sun Microsystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a> and Sun announced that they were collaborating on a project to merge the most popular Unix variants on the market at that time: <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">Berkeley Software Distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">UNIX System V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>. This became Unix <a href="/wiki/System_V_Release_4" class="mw-redirect" title="System V Release 4">System V Release 4</a> (SVR4).<sup id="cite_ref-Salus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was released under the name <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>, which became the successor to <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> 4 (although SunOS 4.1.<i>x</i> micro releases were <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retroactively named</a> <i>Solaris 1</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ZFS was designed and implemented by a team at Sun led by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bonwick" title="Jeff Bonwick">Jeff Bonwick</a>, Bill Moore,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Matthew Ahrens. It was announced on September 14, 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-announce_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announce-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but development started in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Source code for ZFS was integrated into the main trunk of Solaris development on October 31, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-last_word_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last_word-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released for developers as part of build 27 of <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> on November 16, 2005. In June 2006, Sun announced that ZFS was included in the mainstream 6/06 update to <a href="/wiki/Solaris_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris 10">Solaris 10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solaris was originally developed as <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, but Sun Microsystems was an early commercial proponent of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> software and in June 2005 released most of the Solaris <a href="/wiki/Codebase" title="Codebase">codebase</a> under the <a href="/wiki/CDDL" class="mw-redirect" title="CDDL">CDDL</a> license and founded the <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Solaris 10 6/06 ("U2"), Sun added the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> file system and frequently updated ZFS with new features during the next 5 years. ZFS was <a href="/wiki/Software_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Software port">ported</a> to <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> (continued as <a href="/wiki/MacZFS" class="mw-redirect" title="MacZFS">MacZFS</a>), and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, under this open source license. </p><p>The name at one point was said to stand for "Zettabyte File System",<sup id="cite_ref-zettabyte_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zettabyte-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 2006, the name was no longer considered to be an abbreviation.<sup id="cite_ref-name_blog_post_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name_blog_post-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ZFS file system can store up to 256 quadrillion <a href="/wiki/Zettabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Zettabyte">zettabytes</a> (ZB). </p><p>In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a> sued Sun, claiming that ZFS infringed some of NetApp's patents on <a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">Write Anywhere File Layout</a>. Sun counter-sued in October the same year claiming the opposite. The lawsuits were ended in 2010 with an undisclosed settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010-current:_Development_at_Oracle,_OpenZFS"><span id="2010-current:_Development_at_Oracle.2C_OpenZFS"></span>2010-current: Development at Oracle, OpenZFS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2010-current: Development at Oracle, OpenZFS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS#History" title="Oracle ZFS">Oracle ZFS § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS#History" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS § History</a></div> <p>Ported versions of ZFS began to appear in 2005. After the <a href="/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun acquisition by Oracle">Sun acquisition by Oracle</a> in 2010, Oracle's version of ZFS became closed source, and the development of open-source versions proceeded independently, coordinated by <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a> from 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of features specific to ZFS include: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Designed for long-term storage of data, and indefinitely scaled datastore sizes with zero data loss, and high configurability.</li> <li>Hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksumming</a> of all data and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, ensuring that the entire storage system can be verified on use, and confirmed to be correctly stored, or remedied if corrupt. Checksums are stored with a block's parent <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">block</a>, rather than with the block itself. This contrasts with many file systems where checksums (if held) are stored with the data so that if the data is lost or corrupt, the checksum is also likely to be lost or incorrect.</li> <li>Can store a user-specified number of copies of data or metadata, or selected types of data, to improve the ability to recover from data corruption of important files and structures.</li> <li>Automatic rollback of recent changes to the file system and data, in some circumstances, in the event of an error or inconsistency.</li> <li>Automated and (usually) silent self-healing of data inconsistencies and write failure when detected, for all errors where the data is capable of reconstruction. Data can be reconstructed using all of the following: error detection and correction checksums stored in each block's parent block; multiple copies of data (including checksums) held on the disk; write intentions logged on the SLOG (ZIL) for writes that should have occurred but did not occur (after a power failure); parity data from RAID/RAID-Z disks and volumes; copies of data from mirrored disks and volumes.</li> <li>Native handling of standard RAID levels and additional ZFS RAID layouts ("<a href="#RAID_("RAID-Z")">RAID-Z</a>"). The RAID-Z levels stripe data across only the disks required, for efficiency (many RAID systems stripe indiscriminately across all devices), and checksumming allows rebuilding of inconsistent or corrupted data to be minimized to those blocks with defects;</li> <li>Native handling of tiered storage and caching devices, which is usually a volume related task. Because ZFS also understands the file system, it can use file-related knowledge to inform, integrate, and optimize its tiered storage handling which a separate device cannot;</li> <li>Native handling of snapshots and backup/<a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)">replication</a> which can be made efficient by integrating the volume and file handling. Relevant tools are provided at a low level and require external scripts and software for utilization.</li> <li>Native <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">deduplication</a>, although the latter is largely handled in <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> and is memory hungry.</li> <li>Efficient rebuilding of RAID arrays—a RAID controller often has to rebuild an entire disk, but ZFS can combine disk and file knowledge to limit any rebuilding to data which is actually missing or corrupt, greatly speeding up rebuilding;</li> <li>Unaffected by RAID hardware changes which affect many other systems. On many systems, if self-contained RAID hardware such as a RAID card fails, or the data is moved to another RAID system, the file system will lack information that was on the original RAID hardware, which is needed to manage data on the RAID array. This can lead to a total loss of data unless near-identical hardware can be acquired and used as a "stepping stone". Since ZFS manages RAID itself, a ZFS pool can be migrated to other hardware, or the operating system can be reinstalled, and the RAID-Z structures and data will be recognized and immediately accessible by ZFS again.</li> <li>Ability to identify data that would have been found in a cache but has been discarded recently instead; this allows ZFS to reassess its caching decisions in light of later use and facilitates very high cache-hit levels (ZFS cache hit rates are typically over 80%);</li> <li>Alternative caching strategies can be used for data that would otherwise cause delays in data handling. For example, synchronous writes which are capable of slowing down the storage system can be converted to asynchronous writes by being written to a fast separate caching device, known as the SLOG (sometimes called the ZIL – ZFS Intent Log).</li> <li>Highly tunable—many internal parameters can be configured for optimal functionality.</li> <li>Can be used for <a href="/wiki/High_availability" title="High availability">high availability</a> clusters and computing, although not fully designed for this use.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_integrity">Data integrity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Data integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_error_rates_and_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk error rates and handling">Hard disk error rates and handling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">Silent data corruption</a></div> <p>One major feature that distinguishes ZFS from other <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> is that it is designed with a focus on data integrity by protecting the user's data on disk against <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruption</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Data_degradation" title="Data degradation">data degradation</a>, power surges (<a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">voltage spikes</a>), bugs in disk <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, phantom writes (the previous write did not make it to disk), misdirected reads/writes (the disk accesses the wrong block), DMA parity errors between the array and server memory or from the driver (since the checksum validates data inside the array), driver errors (data winds up in the wrong buffer inside the kernel), accidental overwrites (such as swapping to a live file system), etc.. </p><p>A 1999 study showed that neither any of the then-major and widespread filesystems (such as <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">Ext</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a>, or <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>), nor hardware RAID (which has <a href="/wiki/RAID#Weaknesses" title="RAID">some issues with data integrity</a>) provided sufficient protection against data corruption problems.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial research indicates that ZFS protects data better than earlier efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also faster than UFS<sup id="cite_ref-ufs-zfs-ext4-btrfs_bench_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufs-zfs-ext4-btrfs_bench-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zfs-hammer_bench_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zfs-hammer_bench-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be seen as its replacement. </p><p>Within ZFS, data integrity is achieved by using a <a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum" title="Fletcher's checksum">Fletcher-based</a> checksum or a <a href="/wiki/SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a> hash throughout the file system tree.<sup id="cite_ref-endtoend_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endtoend-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each block of data is checksummed and the checksum value is then saved in the pointer to that block—rather than at the actual block itself. Next, the block pointer is checksummed, with the value being saved at <i>its</i> pointer. This checksumming continues all the way up the file system's data hierarchy to the root node, which is also checksummed, thus creating a <a href="/wiki/Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-endtoend_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endtoend-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In-flight data corruption or phantom reads/writes (the data written/read checksums correctly but is actually wrong) are undetectable by most filesystems as they store the checksum with the data. ZFS stores the checksum of each block in its parent block pointer so that the entire pool self-validates.<sup id="cite_ref-endtoend_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endtoend-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a block is accessed, regardless of whether it is data or meta-data, its checksum is calculated and compared with the stored checksum value of what it "should" be. If the checksums match, the data are passed up the programming stack to the process that asked for it; if the values do not match, then ZFS can heal the data if the storage pool provides <a href="/wiki/Data_redundancy" title="Data redundancy">data redundancy</a> (such as with internal <a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">mirroring</a>), assuming that the copy of data is undamaged and with matching checksums.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is optionally possible to provide additional in-pool redundancy by specifying <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">copies=2</span> (or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">copies=3</span>), which means that data will be stored twice (or three times) on the disk, effectively halving (or, for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">copies=3</span>, reducing to one-third) the storage capacity of the disk.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some kinds of data used by ZFS to manage the pool are stored multiple times by default for safety even with the default copies=1 setting. </p><p>If other copies of the damaged data exist or can be reconstructed from checksums and <a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity</a> data, ZFS will use a copy of the data (or recreate it via a RAID recovery mechanism) and recalculate the checksum—ideally resulting in the reproduction of the originally expected value. If the data passes this integrity check, the system can then update all faulty copies with known-good data and redundancy will be restored. </p><p>If there are no copies of the damaged data, ZFS puts the pool in a faulted state,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preventing its future use and providing no documented ways to recover pool contents. </p><p>Consistency of data held in memory, such as cached data in the ARC, is not checked by default, as ZFS is expected to run on enterprise-quality hardware with <a href="/wiki/ECC_memory" title="ECC memory">error correcting RAM</a>. However, the capability to check in-memory data exists and can be enabled using "debug flags".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RAID">RAID<span class="anchor" id="RAID-Z"></span><span class="anchor" id="RAIDZ"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: RAID"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For ZFS to be able to guarantee data integrity, it needs multiple copies of the data or parity information, usually spread across multiple disks. This is typically achieved by using either a <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> controller or so-called "soft" RAID (built into a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avoidance_of_hardware_RAID_controllers">Avoidance of hardware RAID controllers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Avoidance of hardware RAID controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While ZFS <i>can</i> work with hardware <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> devices, it will usually work more efficiently and with greater data protection if it has raw access to all storage devices. ZFS relies on the disk for an honest view to determine the moment data is confirmed as safely written and has numerous <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> designed to optimize its use of <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cache_flush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache flush">cache flushing</a>, and disk handling. </p><p>Disks connected to the system using a hardware, firmware, other "soft" RAID, or any other controller that modifies the ZFS-to-disk <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> path will affect ZFS performance and data integrity. If a third-party device performs caching or presents drives to ZFS as a single system without the <a href="/wiki/Low_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Low level">low level</a> view ZFS relies upon, there is a much greater chance that the system will perform <i>less</i> optimally and that ZFS will be less likely to prevent failures, recover from failures more slowly, or lose data due to a write failure. For example, if a hardware RAID card is used, ZFS may not be able to determine the condition of disks, determine if the RAID array is degraded or rebuilding, detect all data corruption, place data optimally across the disks, make selective repairs, control how repairs are balanced with ongoing use, or make repairs that ZFS could usually undertake. The hardware RAID card will interfere with ZFS' algorithms. RAID controllers also usually add controller-dependent data to the drives which prevents software RAID from accessing the user data. In the case of a hardware RAID controller failure, it may be possible to read the data with another compatible controller, but this isn't always possible and a replacement may not be available. Alternate hardware RAID controllers may not understand the original manufacturer's custom data required to manage and restore an array. </p><p>Unlike most other systems where RAID cards or similar hardware can <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offloading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offloading (page does not exist)">offload</a> resources and processing to enhance performance and reliability, with ZFS it is strongly recommended that these methods <i>not</i> be used as they typically <i>reduce</i> the system's performance and reliability. </p><p>If disks must be attached through a RAID or other controller, it is recommended to minimize the amount of processing done in the controller by using a plain <a href="/wiki/Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">HBA (host adapter)</a>, a simple <a href="/wiki/Fanout" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanout">fanout</a> card, or configure the card in <a href="/wiki/JBOD" class="mw-redirect" title="JBOD">JBOD</a> mode (i.e. turn off RAID and caching functions), to allow devices to be attached with minimal changes in the ZFS-to-disk I/O pathway. A RAID card in JBOD mode may still interfere if it has a cache or, depending upon its design, may detach drives that do not respond in time (as has been seen with many energy-efficient consumer-grade hard drives), and as such, may require <a href="/wiki/Time-Limited_Error_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Limited Error Recovery">Time-Limited Error Recovery</a> (TLER)/CCTL/ERC-enabled drives to prevent drive dropouts, so not all cards are suitable even with RAID functions disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ZFS's_approach:_RAID-Z_and_mirroring"><span id="ZFS.27s_approach:_RAID-Z_and_mirroring"></span>ZFS's approach: RAID-Z and mirroring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ZFS's approach: RAID-Z and mirroring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of hardware RAID, ZFS employs "soft" RAID, offering <i>RAID-Z</i> (<a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity</a> based like <a href="/wiki/RAID_5" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 5">RAID 5</a> and similar) and <a href="/wiki/Disk_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk mirror">disk mirroring</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/RAID_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 1">RAID 1</a>). The schemes are highly flexible. </p><p>RAID-Z is a data/parity distribution scheme like <a href="/wiki/RAID-5" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID-5">RAID-5</a>, but uses dynamic stripe width: every block is its own RAID stripe, regardless of blocksize, resulting in every RAID-Z write being a full-stripe write. This, when combined with the copy-on-write transactional semantics of ZFS, eliminates the <a href="/wiki/RAID#WRITE-HOLE" title="RAID">write hole error</a>. RAID-Z is also faster than traditional RAID 5 because it does not need to perform the usual <a href="/wiki/Read-modify-write" class="mw-redirect" title="Read-modify-write">read-modify-write</a> sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-RAID-Z_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-Z-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As all stripes are of different sizes, RAID-Z reconstruction has to traverse the filesystem metadata to determine the actual RAID-Z geometry. This would be impossible if the filesystem and the RAID array were separate products, whereas it becomes feasible when there is an integrated view of the logical and physical structure of the data. Going through the metadata means that ZFS can validate every block against its 256-bit checksum as it goes, whereas traditional RAID products usually cannot do this.<sup id="cite_ref-RAID-Z_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-Z-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to handling whole-disk failures, RAID-Z can also detect and correct <a href="/wiki/Silent_data_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent data corruption">silent data corruption</a>, offering "self-healing data": when reading a RAID-Z block, ZFS compares it against its checksum, and if the data disks did not return the right answer, ZFS reads the parity and then figures out which disk returned bad data. Then, it repairs the damaged data and returns good data to the requestor.<sup id="cite_ref-RAID-Z_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-Z-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RAID-Z and mirroring do not require any special hardware: they do not need NVRAM for reliability, and they do not need write buffering for good performance or data protection. With RAID-Z, ZFS provides fast, reliable storage using cheap, commodity disks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION"><span title="Material appears to be promotional in nature. (May 2020)">promotion?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-RAID-Z_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID-Z-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five different RAID-Z modes: <i>striping</i> (similar to RAID 0, offers no redundancy), <i>RAID-Z1</i> (similar to RAID 5, allows one disk to fail), <i>RAID-Z2</i> (similar to RAID 6, allows two disks to fail), <i>RAID-Z3</i> (a RAID 7<sup id="cite_ref-RAID7_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAID7-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> configuration, allows three disks to fail), and mirroring (similar to RAID 1, allows all but one disk to fail).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need for RAID-Z3 arose in the early 2000s as multi-terabyte capacity drives became more common. This increase in capacity—without a corresponding increase in throughput speeds—meant that rebuilding an array due to a failed drive could "easily take weeks or months" to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-Triple-Parity_RAID_and_Beyond_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triple-Parity_RAID_and_Beyond-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the older disks in the array will be stressed by the additional workload, which could result in data corruption or drive failure. By increasing parity, RAID-Z3 reduces the chance of data loss by simply increasing redundancy.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resilvering_and_scrub_(array_syncing_and_integrity_checking)"><span id="Resilvering_and_scrub_.28array_syncing_and_integrity_checking.29"></span>Resilvering and scrub (array syncing and integrity checking)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resilvering and scrub (array syncing and integrity checking)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS has no tool equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a> (the standard Unix and Linux data checking and repair tool for file systems).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, ZFS has a built-in <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">scrub</a> function which regularly examines all data and repairs silent corruption and other problems. Some differences are: </p> <ul><li>fsck must be run on an offline filesystem, which means the filesystem must be unmounted and is not usable while being repaired, while scrub is designed to be used on a mounted, live filesystem, and does not need the ZFS filesystem to be taken offline.</li> <li>fsck usually only checks metadata (such as the journal log) but never checks the data itself. This means, after an fsck, the data might still not match the original data as stored.</li> <li>fsck cannot always validate and repair data when checksums are stored with data (often the case in many file systems), because the checksums may also be corrupted or unreadable. ZFS always stores checksums separately from the data they verify, improving reliability and the ability of scrub to repair the volume. ZFS also stores multiple copies of data—metadata, in particular, may have upwards of 4 or 6 copies (multiple copies per disk and multiple disk mirrors per volume), greatly improving the ability of scrub to detect and repair extensive damage to the volume, compared to fsck.</li> <li>scrub checks everything, including metadata and the data. The effect can be observed by comparing fsck to scrub times—sometimes a fsck on a large RAID completes in a few minutes, which means only the metadata was checked. Traversing all metadata and data on a large RAID takes many hours, which is exactly what scrub does.</li> <li>while fsck detects and tries to fix errors using available filesystem data, scrub relies on redundancy to recover from issues. While fsck offers to fix the file system with partial data loss, scrub puts it into faulted state if there is no redundancy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The official recommendation from Sun/Oracle is to scrub enterprise-level disks once a month, and cheaper commodity disks once a week.<sup id="cite_ref-freenas-zfs-scrubs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freenas-zfs-scrubs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-solaris-zfs-scrub_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solaris-zfs-scrub-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capacity">Capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS is a <a href="/wiki/128-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="128-bit">128-bit</a> file system,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-last_word_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-last_word-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it can address 1.84 × 10<sup>19</sup> times more data than 64-bit systems such as <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a>. The maximum limits of ZFS are designed to be so large that they should never be encountered in practice. For instance, fully populating a single zpool with 2<sup>128</sup> bits of data would require 3×10<sup>24</sup> TB hard disk drives.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theoretical limits in ZFS are: </p> <ul><li>16 <a href="/wiki/Exbibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Exbibyte">exbibytes</a> (2<sup>64</sup> bytes): maximum size of a single file</li> <li>2<sup>48</sup>: number of entries in any individual directory<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16 exbibytes: maximum size of any attribute</li> <li>2<sup>56</sup>: number of attributes of a file (actually constrained to 2<sup>48</sup> for the number of files in a directory)</li> <li>256 quadrillion <a href="/wiki/Zebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebibyte">zebibytes</a> (2<sup>128</sup> bytes): maximum size of any zpool</li> <li>2<sup>64</sup>: number of devices in any zpool</li> <li>2<sup>64</sup>: number of file systems in a zpool</li> <li>2<sup>64</sup>: number of zpools in a system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption">Encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Oracle Solaris, the encryption capability in ZFS<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is embedded into the I/O pipeline. During writes, a block may be compressed, encrypted, checksummed and then deduplicated, in that order. The policy for encryption is set at the dataset level when datasets (file systems or ZVOLs) are created. The wrapping keys provided by the user/administrator can be changed at any time without taking the file system offline. The default behaviour is for the wrapping key to be inherited by any child data sets. The data encryption keys are randomly generated at dataset creation time. Only descendant datasets (snapshots and clones) share data encryption keys.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A command to switch to a new data encryption key for the clone or at any time is provided—this does not re-encrypt already existing data, instead utilising an encrypted master-key mechanism. </p><p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the encryption feature is also fully integrated into OpenZFS 0.8.0 available for Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been anecdotal end-user reports of failures when using ZFS native encryption. An exact cause has not been established.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Read/write_efficiency"><span id="Read.2Fwrite_efficiency"></span>Read/write efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Read/write efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS will automatically allocate data storage across all vdevs in a pool (and all devices in each vdev) in a way that generally maximises the performance of the pool. ZFS will also update its write strategy to take account of new disks added to a pool, when they are added. </p><p>As a general rule, ZFS allocates writes across vdevs based on the free space in each vdev. This ensures that vdevs which have proportionately less data already, are given more writes when new data is to be stored. This helps to ensure that as the pool becomes more used, the situation does not develop that some vdevs become full, forcing writes to occur on a limited number of devices. It also means that when data is read (and reads are much more frequent than writes in most uses), different parts of the data can be read from as many disks as possible at the same time, giving much higher read performance. Therefore, as a general rule, pools and vdevs should be managed and new storage added, so that the situation does not arise that some vdevs in a pool are almost full and others almost empty, as this will make the pool less efficient. </p><p>Free space in ZFS tends to become fragmented with usage. ZFS does not have a mechanism for defragmenting free space. There are anecdotal end-user reports of diminished performance when high free-space fragmentation is coupled with disk space over-utilization.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Storage_devices,_spares,_and_quotas"><span id="Storage_devices.2C_spares.2C_and_quotas"></span>Storage devices, spares, and quotas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Storage devices, spares, and quotas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pools can have hot spares to compensate for failing disks. When mirroring, block devices can be grouped according to physical chassis, so that the filesystem can continue in the case of the failure of an entire chassis. </p><p>Storage pool composition is not limited to similar devices, but can consist of ad-hoc, heterogeneous collections of devices, which ZFS seamlessly pools together, subsequently doling out space to datasets (file system instances or ZVOLs) as needed. Arbitrary storage device types can be added to existing pools to expand their size.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The storage capacity of all vdevs is available to all of the file system instances in the zpool. A <a href="/wiki/Disk_quota" title="Disk quota">quota</a> can be set to limit the amount of space a file system instance can occupy, and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disk_reservation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disk reservation (page does not exist)">reservation</a> can be set to guarantee that space will be available to a file system instance. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Caching_mechanisms"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caching_mechanisms:_ARC,_L2ARC,_Transaction_groups,_ZIL,_SLOG,_Special_VDEV"><span id="Caching_mechanisms:_ARC.2C_L2ARC.2C_Transaction_groups.2C_ZIL.2C_SLOG.2C_Special_VDEV"></span>Caching mechanisms: ARC, L2ARC, Transaction groups, ZIL, SLOG, Special VDEV</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Caching mechanisms: ARC, L2ARC, Transaction groups, ZIL, SLOG, Special VDEV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS uses different layers of disk cache to speed up read and write operations. Ideally, all data should be stored in RAM, but that is usually too expensive. Therefore, data is automatically cached in a hierarchy to optimize performance versus cost;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these are often called "hybrid storage pools".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently accessed data will be stored in RAM, and less frequently accessed data can be stored on slower media, such as <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs). Data that is not often accessed is not cached and left on the slow hard drives. If old data is suddenly read a lot, ZFS will automatically move it to SSDs or to RAM. </p><p>ZFS caching mechanisms include one each for reads and writes, and in each case, two levels of caching can exist, one in computer memory (RAM) and one on fast storage (usually <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSDs)), for a total of four caches. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Where stored </th> <th>Read cache </th> <th>Write cache </th></tr> <tr> <td>First level cache </td> <td>In RAM </td> <td>Known as <b>ARC</b>, due to its use of a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_replacement_cache" title="Adaptive replacement cache">adaptive replacement cache</a> (ARC) algorithm. RAM will always be used for caching, thus this level is always present. The efficiency of the ARC <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> means that disks will often not need to be accessed, provided the ARC size is sufficiently large. If RAM is too small there will hardly be any ARC at all; in this case, ZFS always needs to access the underlying disks, which impacts performance, considerably. </td> <td>Handled by means of <b>"transaction groups"</b> – writes are collated over a short period (typically 5 – 30 seconds) up to a given limit, with each group being written to disk ideally while the next group is being collated. This allows writes to be organized more efficiently for the underlying disks at the risk of minor data loss of the most recent transactions upon power interruption or hardware fault. In practice the power loss risk is avoided by ZFS write <a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">journaling</a> and by the SLOG/ZIL second tier write cache pool (see below), so writes will only be lost if a write failure happens at the same time as a total loss of the second tier SLOG pool, and then only when settings related to synchronous writing and SLOG use are set in a way that would allow such a situation to arise. If data is received faster than it can be written, data receipt is paused until the disks can catch up. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second level cache & Intent log </td> <td>On fast storage devices (which can be added or removed from a "live" system without disruption in current versions of ZFS, although not always in older versions) </td> <td>Known as <b>L2ARC</b> ("Level 2 ARC"), optional. ZFS will cache as much data in L2ARC as it can. L2ARC will also considerably speed up <a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">deduplication</a> if the entire deduplication table can be cached in L2ARC. It can take several hours to fully populate the L2ARC from empty (before ZFS has decided which data are "hot" and should be cached). If the L2ARC device is lost, all reads will go out to the disks which slows down performance, but nothing else will happen (no data will be lost). </td> <td>Known as <b>SLOG</b> or <b>ZIL</b> ("ZFS Intent Log") – the terms are often used incorrectly. A SLOG (secondary log device) is an optional dedicated cache on a separate device, for recording writes, in the event of a system issue. If an SLOG device exists, it will be used for the ZFS Intent Log as a second level log, and if no separate cache device is provided, the ZIL will be created on the main storage devices instead. The SLOG thus, technically, refers to the dedicated disk to which the ZIL is offloaded, in order to speed up the pool. Strictly speaking, ZFS does not use the SLOG device to cache its disk writes. Rather, it uses SLOG to ensure writes are captured to a permanent storage medium as quickly as possible, so that in the event of power loss or write failure, no data which was acknowledged as written, will be lost. The SLOG device allows ZFS to speedily store writes and quickly report them as written, even for storage devices such as <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDDs</a> that are much slower. In the normal course of activity, the SLOG is never referred to or read, and it does not act as a cache; its purpose is to safeguard <a href="/wiki/Data_in_transit" title="Data in transit">data in flight</a> during the few seconds taken for collation and "writing out", in case the eventual write were to fail. If all goes well, then the storage pool will be updated at some point within the next 5 to 60 seconds, when the current transaction group is written out to disk (see above), at which point the saved writes on the SLOG will simply be ignored and overwritten. If the write eventually fails, or the system suffers a crash or fault preventing its writing, then ZFS can identify all the writes that it has confirmed were written, by reading back the SLOG (the only time it is read from), and use this to completely repair the data loss. <p>This becomes crucial if a large number of synchronous writes take place (such as with <a href="/wiki/ESXi" class="mw-redirect" title="ESXi">ESXi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the client requires confirmation of successful writing before continuing its activity; the SLOG allows ZFS to confirm writing is successful much more quickly than if it had to write to the main store every time, without the risk involved in misleading the client as to the state of data storage. If there is no SLOG device then part of the main data pool will be used for the same purpose, although this is slower. </p><p>If the log device itself is lost, it is possible to lose the latest writes, therefore the log device should be mirrored. In earlier versions of ZFS, loss of the log device could result in loss of the entire zpool, although this is no longer the case. Therefore, one should upgrade ZFS if planning to use a separate log device. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of other caches, cache divisions, and queues also exist within ZFS. For example, each VDEV has its own data cache, and the ARC cache is divided between data stored by the user and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> used by ZFS, with control over the balance between these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Special_VDEV_Class">Special VDEV Class</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Special VDEV Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In OpenZFS 0.8 and later, it is possible to configure a Special VDEV class to preferentially store filesystem metadata, and optionally the Data Deduplication Table (DDT), and small filesystem blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openzfs-0.8.0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows, for example, to create a Special VDEV on fast solid-state storage to store the metadata, while the regular file data is stored on spinning disks. This speeds up metadata-intensive operations such as filesystem traversal, scrub, and resilver, without the expense of storing the entire filesystem on solid-state storage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copy-on-write_transactional_model">Copy-on-write transactional model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Copy-on-write transactional model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS uses a <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">copy-on-write</a> <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transactional</a> <a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">object model</a>. All block pointers within the filesystem contain a 256-bit <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> or 256-bit <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">hash</a> (currently a choice between <a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum" title="Fletcher's checksum">Fletcher-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum" title="Fletcher's checksum">Fletcher-4</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the target block, which is verified when the block is read. Blocks containing active data are never overwritten in place; instead, a new block is allocated, modified data is written to it, then any <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> blocks referencing it are similarly read, reallocated, and written. To reduce the overhead of this process, multiple updates are grouped into transaction groups, and ZIL (<a href="/wiki/Intent_log" title="Intent log">intent log</a>) write cache is used when synchronous write semantics are required. The blocks are arranged in a tree, as are their checksums (see <a href="/wiki/Merkle_signature_scheme" title="Merkle signature scheme">Merkle signature scheme</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Snapshots_and_clones">Snapshots and clones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Snapshots and clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ZFS" title="Special:EditPage/ZFS">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An advantage of copy-on-write is that, when ZFS writes new data, the blocks containing the old data can be retained, allowing a <a href="/wiki/Snapshot_(computer_storage)" title="Snapshot (computer storage)">snapshot</a> version of the file system to be maintained. ZFS snapshots are consistent (they reflect the entire data as it existed at a single point in time), and can be created extremely quickly, since all the data composing the snapshot is already stored, with the entire storage pool often snapshotted several times per hour. They are also space efficient, since any unchanged data is shared among the file system and its snapshots. Snapshots are inherently read-only, ensuring they will not be modified after creation, although they should not be relied on as a sole means of backup. Entire snapshots can be restored and also files and directories within snapshots. </p><p>Writeable snapshots ("clones") can also be created, resulting in two independent file systems that share a set of blocks. As changes are made to any of the clone file systems, new data blocks are created to reflect those changes, but any unchanged blocks continue to be shared, no matter how many clones exist. This is an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a> principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sending_and_receiving_snapshots">Sending and receiving snapshots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sending and receiving snapshots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ZFS" title="Special:EditPage/ZFS">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ZFS file systems can be moved to other pools, also on remote hosts over the network, as the send command creates a stream representation of the file system's state. This stream can either describe complete contents of the file system at a given snapshot, or it can be a delta between snapshots. Computing the delta stream is very efficient, and its size depends on the number of blocks changed between the snapshots. This provides an efficient strategy, e.g., for synchronizing offsite backups or high availability mirrors of a pool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dynamic_striping">Dynamic striping</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dynamic striping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynamic <a href="/wiki/Data_striping" title="Data striping">striping</a> across all devices to maximize throughput means that as additional devices are added to the zpool, the stripe width automatically expands to include them; thus, all disks in a pool are used, which balances the write load across them.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable_block_sizes">Variable block sizes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Variable block sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS uses variable-sized blocks, with 128 KB as the default size. Available features allow the administrator to tune the maximum block size which is used, as certain workloads do not perform well with large blocks. If <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> is enabled, variable block sizes are used. If a block can be compressed to fit into a smaller block size, the smaller size is used on the disk to use less storage and improve IO throughput (though at the cost of increased CPU use for the compression and decompression operations).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lightweight_filesystem_creation">Lightweight filesystem creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lightweight filesystem creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ZFS, filesystem manipulation within a storage pool is easier than volume manipulation within a traditional filesystem; the time and effort required to create or expand a ZFS filesystem is closer to that of making a new directory than it is to volume manipulation in some other systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptive_endianness">Adaptive endianness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adaptive endianness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ZFS" title="Special:EditPage/ZFS">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pools and their associated ZFS file systems can be moved between different platform architectures, including systems implementing different byte orders. The ZFS block pointer format stores filesystem metadata in an <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">endian</a>-adaptive way; individual metadata blocks are written with the native byte order of the system writing the block. When reading, if the stored endianness does not match the endianness of the system, the metadata is byte-swapped in memory. </p><p>This does not affect the stored data; as is usual in <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> systems, files appear to applications as simple arrays of bytes, so applications creating and reading data remain responsible for doing so in a way independent of the underlying system's endianness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deduplication">Deduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Deduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a> capabilities were added to the ZFS source repository at the end of October 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relevant OpenSolaris ZFS development packages have been available since December 3, 2009 (build 128). </p><p>Effective use of deduplication may require large RAM capacity; recommendations range between 1 and 5 GB of RAM for every TB of storage.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiki.freebsd.org_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki.freebsd.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An accurate assessment of the memory required for deduplication is made by referring to the number of unique blocks in the pool, and the number of bytes on disk and in RAM ("core") required to store each record—these figures are reported by inbuilt commands such as <code>zpool</code> and <code>zdb</code>. Insufficient physical memory or lack of ZFS cache can result in virtual memory <a href="/wiki/Thrashing_(computer_science)" title="Thrashing (computer science)">thrashing</a> when using deduplication, which can cause performance to plummet, or result in complete memory starvation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because deduplication occurs at write-time, it is also very CPU-intensive and this can also significantly slow down a system. </p><p>Other storage vendors use modified versions of ZFS to achieve very high <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">data compression ratios</a>. Two examples in 2012 were GreenBytes<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tegile.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2014, Oracle bought GreenBytes for its ZFS deduplication and replication technology.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As described above, deduplication is usually <i>not</i> recommended due to its heavy resource requirements (especially RAM) and impact on performance (especially when writing), other than in specific circumstances where the system and data are well-suited to this space-saving technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_capabilities">Additional capabilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Additional capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Explicit I/O priority with deadline scheduling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Claimed globally optimal I/O sorting and aggregation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Multiple independent prefetch streams with automatic length and stride detection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Parallel, constant-time directory operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>End-to-end checksumming, using a kind of "<a href="/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field" title="Data Integrity Field">Data Integrity Field</a>", allowing data corruption detection (and recovery if you have redundancy in the pool). A choice of 3 hashes can be used, optimized for speed (fletcher), standardization and security (<a href="/wiki/SHA256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA256">SHA256</a>) and salted hashes (<a href="/wiki/Skein_(hash_function)" title="Skein (hash function)">Skein</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-zfschecksums_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zfschecksums-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Transparent filesystem compression. Supports <a href="/wiki/LZJB" class="mw-redirect" title="LZJB">LZJB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LZ4_(compression_algorithm)" title="LZ4 (compression algorithm)">LZ4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstd</a>.</li> <li>Intelligent <a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">scrubbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">resilvering</a> (resyncing).<sup id="cite_ref-smokinmirrors_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smokinmirrors-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Load and space usage sharing among disks in the pool.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ditto blocks: Configurable data replication per filesystem, with zero, one or two extra copies requested per write for user data, and with that same base number of copies plus one or two for metadata (according to metadata importance).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the pool has several devices, ZFS tries to replicate over different devices. Ditto blocks are primarily an additional protection against corrupted sectors, not against total disk failure.<sup id="cite_ref-ditto-block-behavior_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ditto-block-behavior-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ZFS design (copy-on-write + superblocks) is safe when using disks with write cache enabled, if they honor the write barriers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This feature provides safety and a performance boost compared with some other filesystems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On Solaris, when entire disks are added to a ZFS pool, ZFS automatically enables their write cache. This is not done when ZFS only manages discrete slices of the disk, since it does not know if other slices are managed by non-write-cache safe filesystems, like <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The FreeBSD implementation can handle disk flushes for partitions thanks to its <a href="/wiki/GEOM" title="GEOM">GEOM</a> framework, and therefore does not suffer from this limitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Per-user, per-group, per-project, and per-dataset quota limits.<sup id="cite_ref-per-user-quotas_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-per-user-quotas-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Filesystem encryption since Solaris 11 Express,<sup id="cite_ref-encryption_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encryption-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OpenZFS (ZoL) 0.8.<sup id="cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openzfs-0.8.0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (on some other systems ZFS can utilize encrypted disks for a similar effect; <a href="/wiki/Geli_(software)" title="Geli (software)">GELI</a> on FreeBSD can be used this way to create fully encrypted ZFS storage).</li> <li>Pools can be imported in read-only mode.</li> <li>It is possible to recover data by rolling back entire transactions at the time of importing the zpool.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Snapshots can be taken manually or automatically. The older versions of the stored data that they contain can be exposed as full read-only file systems. They can also be exposed as historic versions of files and folders when used with <a href="/wiki/CIFS" class="mw-redirect" title="CIFS">CIFS</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB, Samba</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=File_share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File share (page does not exist)">file shares</a>); this is known as "Previous versions", "VSS shadow copies", or "File history" on <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a> and "Apple Time Machine" on Apple devices.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Disks can be marked as 'spare'. A data pool can be set to automatically and transparently handle disk faults by activating a spare disk and beginning to resilver the data that was on the suspect disk onto it, when needed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As of Solaris 10 Update 11 and Solaris 11.2, it was neither possible to reduce the number of top-level vdevs in a pool except hot spares, cache, and log devices, nor to otherwise reduce pool capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This functionality was said to be in development in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enhancements to allow reduction of vdevs is under development in OpenZFS.<sup id="cite_ref-removal_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-removal-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online shrinking by removing non-redundant top-level vdevs is supported since Solaris 11.4 released in August 2018<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OpenZFS (ZoL) 0.8 released May 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openzfs-0.8.0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it was not possible to add a disk as a column to a RAID Z, RAID Z2 or RAID Z3 vdev. However, a new RAID Z vdev can be created instead and added to the zpool.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some traditional nested RAID configurations, such as RAID 51 (a mirror of RAID 5 groups), are not configurable in ZFS, without some 3rd-party tools.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vdevs can only be composed of raw disks or files, not other vdevs, using the default ZFS management commands.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a ZFS pool effectively creates a stripe (RAID 0) across its vdevs, so the equivalent of a RAID 50 or RAID 60 is common.</li> <li>Reconfiguring the number of devices in a top-level vdev requires copying data offline, destroying the pool, and recreating the pool with the new top-level vdev configuration, except for adding extra redundancy to an existing mirror, which can be done at any time or if all top level vdevs are mirrors with sufficient redundancy the zpool split<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> command can be used to remove a vdev from each top level vdev in the pool, creating a 2nd pool with identical data.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_recovery">Data recovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Data recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ZFS does not ship with tools such as <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a>, because the file system itself was designed to self-repair. So long as a storage pool had been built with sufficient attention to the design of storage and redundancy of data, basic tools like <a href="/wiki/Fsck" title="Fsck">fsck</a> were never required. However, if the pool was compromised because of poor hardware, inadequate design or redundancy, or unfortunate mishap, to the point that ZFS was unable to <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)" title="Mount (computing)">mount</a> the pool, traditionally, there were no other, more advanced, tools which allowed an end-user to attempt partial salvage of the stored data from a badly corrupted pool. </p><p>Modern ZFS has improved considerably on this situation over time, and continues to do so: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Removal or abrupt failure of caching devices no longer causes pool loss. (At worst, loss of the ZIL may lose very recent transactions, but the ZIL does not usually store more than a few seconds' worth of recent transactions. Loss of the L2ARC cache does not affect data.)</li> <li>If the pool is unmountable, modern versions of ZFS will attempt to identify the most recent consistent point at which the pool can be recovered, at the cost of losing some of the most recent changes to the contents. <a href="/wiki/Copy_on_write" class="mw-redirect" title="Copy on write">Copy on write</a> means that older versions of data, including top-level records and metadata, may still exist even though they are superseded, and if so, the pool can be wound back to a consistent state based on them. The older the data, the more likely it is that at least some blocks have been overwritten and that some data will be irrecoverable, so there is a limit at some point, on the ability of the pool to be wound back.</li> <li>Informally, tools exist to probe the reason why ZFS is unable to mount a pool, and guide the user or a developer as to manual changes required to force the pool to mount. These include using <i>zdb</i> (ZFS debug) to find a valid importable point in the pool, using <a href="/wiki/Dtrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Dtrace">dtrace</a> or similar to identify the issue causing mount failure, or manually bypassing health checks that cause the mount process to abort, and allow mounting of the damaged pool.</li> <li>As of March 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a range of significantly enhanced methods are gradually being rolled out within OpenZFS. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-delphix2018_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delphix2018-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Code refactoring, and more detailed diagnostic and debug information on mount failures, to simplify diagnosis and fixing of corrupt pool issues;</li> <li>The ability to trust or distrust the stored pool configuration. This is particularly powerful, as it allows a pool to be mounted even when top-level vdevs are missing or faulty, when top level data is suspect, and also to rewind <i>beyond</i> a pool configuration change if that change was connected to the problem. Once the corrupt pool is mounted, readable files can be copied for safety, and it may turn out that data can be rebuilt even for missing vdevs, by using copies stored elsewhere in the pool.</li> <li>The ability to fix the situation where a disk needed in one pool, was accidentally removed and added to a different pool, causing it to lose metadata related to the first pool, which becomes unreadable.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OpenZFS_and_ZFS">OpenZFS and ZFS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: OpenZFS and ZFS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> ceased the public development of both ZFS and OpenSolaris after the <a href="/wiki/Sun_acquisition_by_Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun acquisition by Oracle">acquisition of Sun in 2010</a>. Some developers forked the last public release of OpenSolaris as the Illumos project. Because of the significant advantages present in ZFS, it has been ported to several different platforms with different features and commands. For coordinating the development efforts and to avoid fragmentation, <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a> was founded in 2013. </p><p>According to Matt Ahrens, one of the main architects of ZFS, over 50% of the original OpenSolaris ZFS code has been replaced in OpenZFS with community contributions as of 2019, making “Oracle ZFS” and “OpenZFS” politically and technologically incompatible.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_and_open_source_products">Commercial and open source products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Commercial and open source products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2008: Sun shipped a line of ZFS-based 7000-series storage appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: Oracle shipped ZS3 series of ZFS-based filers and seized first place in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SPC-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPC-2 (page does not exist)">SPC-2</a> benchmark with one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/IXsystems" title="IXsystems">iXsystems</a> ships ZFS-based NAS devices called <a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a>, (now named TrueNAS CORE), for <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">SOHO</a> and <a href="/wiki/IXsystems#TrueNAS" title="IXsystems">TrueNAS</a> for the enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrueNAS_12_&_TrueNAS_SCALE_are_officially_here!_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrueNAS_12_&_TrueNAS_SCALE_are_officially_here!-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a> ships a line of ZFS-based NAS devices called <a href="/wiki/ReadyDATA" class="mw-redirect" title="ReadyDATA">ReadyDATA</a>, designed to be used in the enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rsync.net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rsync.net (page does not exist)">rsync.net</a> announces a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> platform that allows customers to provision their own zpool and import and export data using zfs send and zfs receive.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/IXsystems" title="IXsystems">iXsystems</a> Begins development of a ZFS-based hyperconverged software called <a href="/wiki/TrueNAS" title="TrueNAS">TrueNAS</a> SCALE, for <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">SOHO</a> and <a href="/wiki/IXsystems#TrueNAS" title="IXsystems">TrueNAS</a> for the enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-TrueNAS_12_&_TrueNAS_SCALE_are_officially_here!_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrueNAS_12_&_TrueNAS_SCALE_are_officially_here!-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_Corporation,_closed_source,_and_forking_(from_2010)"><span id="Oracle_Corporation.2C_closed_source.2C_and_forking_.28from_2010.29"></span>Oracle Corporation, closed source, and forking (from 2010)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Oracle Corporation, closed source, and forking (from 2010)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> acquired Sun Microsystems, and quickly discontinued the OpenSolaris distribution and the open source development model.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mail.opensolaris.org_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mail.opensolaris.org-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, Oracle discontinued providing public updates to the source code of the Solaris OS/Networking repository, effectively turning Solaris 11 back into a <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the changing landscape of Solaris and OpenSolaris, the <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> project was launched via <a href="/wiki/Webinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Webinar">webinar</a><sup id="cite_ref-webinarslides_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webinarslides-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Thursday, August 3, 2010, as a community effort of some core Solaris engineers to continue developing the open source version of Solaris, and complete the open sourcing of those parts not already open sourced by Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illumos was founded as a Foundation, the Illumos Foundation, incorporated in the State of California as a <a href="/wiki/501(c)6" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)6">501(c)6</a> trade association. The original plan explicitly stated that illumos would not be a distribution or a fork. However, after Oracle announced discontinuing OpenSolaris, plans were made to fork the final version of the Solaris ON, allowing illumos to evolve into an operating system of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-forking_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forking-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of OpenSolaris, an open source version of ZFS was therefore integral within illumos. </p><p>ZFS was widely used within numerous platforms, as well as Solaris. Therefore, in 2013, the co-ordination of development work on the open source version of ZFS was passed to an umbrella project, <i>OpenZFS</i>. The OpenZFS framework allows any interested parties to collaboratively develop the core ZFS codebase in common, while individually maintaining any specific extra code which ZFS requires to function and integrate within their own systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_history">Version history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Version history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For later history, see <a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS#Version_history" title="Oracle ZFS">Oracle ZFS § Version history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenZFS#Version_history" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS § Version history</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Legend: </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Old release </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">Latest <a href="/wiki/FOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSS">FOSS</a> stable release </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>ZFS Filesystem Version Number </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Significant changes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">1 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada<sup id="cite_ref-phoronix-nevada_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoronix-nevada-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> build 36 </td> <td>First release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">2 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b69 </td> <td>Enhanced directory entries. In particular, directory entries now store the object type. For example, file, directory, named pipe, and so on, in addition to the object number. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">3 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b77 </td> <td>Support for sharing ZFS file systems over <a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB</a>. Case insensitivity support. System attribute support. Integrated anti-virus support. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">4 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b114 </td> <td>Properties: userquota, groupquota, userused and groupused </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">5 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b137 </td> <td>System attributes; symlinks now their own object type </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>ZFS Pool Version Number </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Significant changes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">1 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada<sup id="cite_ref-phoronix-nevada_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoronix-nevada-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> b36 </td> <td>First release </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">2 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b38 </td> <td>Ditto Blocks </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">3 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b42 </td> <td>Hot spares, double-parity <a href="#RAID-Z">RAID-Z</a> (raidz2), improved RAID-Z accounting </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">4 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b62 </td> <td>zpool history </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">5 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b62 </td> <td>gzip compression for ZFS datasets </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">6 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b62 </td> <td>"bootfs" pool property </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">7 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b68 </td> <td>ZIL: adds the capability to specify a separate Intent Log device or devices </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">8 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b69 </td> <td>ability to delegate zfs(1M) administrative tasks to ordinary users </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">9 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b77 </td> <td>CIFS server support, dataset quotas </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">10 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b77 </td> <td>Devices can be added to a storage pool as "cache devices" </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">11 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b94 </td> <td>Improved zpool scrub / resilver performance </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">12 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b96 </td> <td>Snapshot properties </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">13 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b98 </td> <td>Properties: usedbysnapshots, usedbychildren, usedbyrefreservation, and usedbydataset </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">14 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b103 </td> <td>passthrough-x aclinherit property support </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">15 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b114 </td> <td>Properties: userquota, groupquota, usuerused and groupused; also required FS v4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">16 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b116 </td> <td>STMF property support </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">17 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b120 </td> <td>triple-parity RAID-Z </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">18 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b121 </td> <td>ZFS snapshot holds </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">19 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b125 </td> <td>ZFS log device removal </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">20 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b128 </td> <td>zle compression algorithm that is needed to support the ZFS deduplication properties in ZFS pool version 21, which were released concurrently </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">21 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b128 </td> <td>Deduplication </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">22 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b128 </td> <td>zfs receive properties </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">23 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b135 </td> <td>slim ZIL </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">24 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b137 </td> <td>System attributes. Symlinks now their own object type. Also requires FS v5. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">25 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b140 </td> <td>Improved pool scrubbing and resilvering statistics </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">26 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b141 </td> <td>Improved snapshot deletion performance </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">27 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b145 </td> <td>Improved snapshot creation performance (particularly recursive snapshots) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #DFF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free">28 </th> <td style="white-space:nowrap;">OpenSolaris Nevada b147 </td> <td>Multiple virtual device replacements </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Note: The Solaris version under development by Sun since the release of Solaris 10 in 2005 was <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codenamed</a> 'Nevada', and was derived from what was the <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> codebase. 'Solaris Nevada' is the codename for the next-generation Solaris OS to eventually succeed Solaris 10 and this new code was then pulled successively into new OpenSolaris 'Nevada' snapshot builds.<sup id="cite_ref-phoronix-nevada_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoronix-nevada-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenSolaris is now discontinued and <a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from it.</i><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProjectSite_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProjectSite-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final build (b134) of OpenSolaris was published by Oracle (2010-Nov-12) as an upgrade path to <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris 11 Express</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of Operating Systems, distributions and add-ons that support ZFS, the zpool version it supports, and the Solaris build they are based on (if any): </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>OS </th> <th>Zpool version </th> <th>Sun/Oracle Build # </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris 11.4 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>11.4.51 (11.4 SRU 51)<sup id="cite_ref-Oracle_Zpool_Versions_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracle_Zpool_Versions-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris 11.3 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>0.5.11-0.175.3.1.0.5.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris 10 1/13 (U11) </td> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris 11.2 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>0.5.11-0.175.2.0.0.42.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris 11 2011.11 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>b175 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oracle Solaris Express 11 2010.11 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>b151a </td> <td>licensed for testing only </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> 2009.06 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>b111b </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> (last dev) </td> <td>22 </td> <td>b134 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td>b147 </td> <td>distribution based on <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a>; creates a name clash naming their build code 'b151a' </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nexenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexenta">Nexenta</a> Core 3.0.1 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>b134+ </td> <td>GNU userland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NexentaStor" title="NexentaStor">NexentaStor</a> Community 3.0.1 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>b134+ </td> <td>up to 18 TB, web admin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NexentaStor" title="NexentaStor">NexentaStor</a> Community 3.1.0 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>b134+ </td> <td>GNU userland </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NexentaStor" title="NexentaStor">NexentaStor</a> Community 4.0 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td>b134+ </td> <td>up to 18 TB, web admin </td></tr> <tr> <td>NexentaStor Enterprise </td> <td>28 </td> <td>b134 + </td> <td>not free, web admin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/kFreeBSD">GNU/kFreeBSD</a> "Squeeze" (Unsupported) </td> <td>14 </td> <td> </td> <td>Requires package "zfsutils" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Debian_GNU/kFreeBSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian GNU/kFreeBSD">GNU/kFreeBSD</a> "Wheezy-9" (Unsupported) </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td>Requires package "zfsutils" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zfs-fuse 0.7.2 </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td> <td>suffered from performance issues; defunct </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZFS on Linux 0.6.5.8 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.6.0 release candidate has POSIX layer </td></tr> <tr> <td>KQ Infotech's ZFS on Linux </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td>defunct; code integrated into LLNL-supported ZFS on Linux </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BeleniX" title="BeleniX">BeleniX</a> 0.8b1 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>b111 </td> <td>small-size live-CD distribution; once based on OpenSolaris </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schillix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schillix (page does not exist)">Schillix</a> 0.7.2 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>b147 </td> <td>small-size live-CD distribution; as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/schillix-on/">SchilliX-ON</a> 0.8.0 based on OpenSolaris </td></tr> <tr> <td>StormOS "hail" </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>distribution once based on Nexenta Core 2.0+, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> Linux; superseded by <a href="/wiki/Dyson_(operating_system)" title="Dyson (operating system)">Dyson OS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaris </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Ja</i>panese Sola<i>ris</i> distribution; once based on OpenSolaris </td></tr> <tr> <td>MilaX 0.5 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>b128a </td> <td>small-size live-CD distribution; once based on OpenSolaris </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a> 8.0.2 / 8.2 </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a> 8.3.0 </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td>based on FreeBSD 8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a> 9.1.0+ </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td>based on FreeBSD 9.1+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/XigmaNAS" title="XigmaNAS">XigmaNAS</a> 11.4.0.4/12.2.0.4 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td>based on FreeBSD 11.4/12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korona 4.5.0 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>b134 </td> <td>KDE </td></tr> <tr> <td>EON NAS (v0.6) </td> <td>22 </td> <td>b130 </td> <td>embedded NAS </td></tr> <tr> <td>EON NAS (v1.0beta) </td> <td>28 </td> <td>b151a </td> <td>embedded NAS </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napp-it.org/">napp-it</a> </td> <td>28/5000 </td> <td>Illumos/Solaris </td> <td>Storage appliance; OpenIndiana (Hipster), OmniOS, Solaris 11, Linux (ZFS management) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniosce.org/">OmniOS CE</a> </td> <td>28/5000 </td> <td>illumos-OmniOS branch </td> <td>minimal stable/LTS storage server distribution based on Illumos, community driven </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a> </td> <td>28/5000 </td> <td>Illumos b151+ </td> <td>minimal live distribution based on <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a> (USB/CD boot); cloud and hypervisor use (KVM) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td>via MacZFS; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeklan.co.uk/?p=1556">superseded</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openzfsonosx.org">OpenZFS on OS X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> 10.6, 10.7, 10.8 </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td>via ZEVO; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeklan.co.uk/?p=1556">superseded</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openzfsonosx.org">OpenZFS on OS X</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MidnightBSD" title="MidnightBSD">MidnightBSD</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proxmox_VE" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxmox VE">Proxmox VE</a> </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Roadmap#Proxmox_VE_3.2">native support since 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/ZFS_on_Linux">pve.proxmox.com/wiki/ZFS_on_Linux</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu Linux">Ubuntu Linux</a> 16.04 LTS+ </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/02/zfs-filesystem-will-be-built-into-ubuntu-16-04-lts-by-default/">native support via installable binary module</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ZFS">wiki.ubuntu.com/ZFS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFSGuru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZFSGuru (page does not exist)">ZFSGuru</a> 10.1.100 </td> <td>5000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">List of file systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning file system</a> – List of versioning file systems</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RAID7-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RAID7_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While RAID 7 is not a standard RAID level, it has been proposed as a catch-all term for any >3 parity RAID configuration<sup id="cite_ref-Triple-Parity_RAID_and_Beyond_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triple-Parity_RAID_and_Beyond-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-scalability-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scalability_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalability_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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September 17, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215341/http://lwn.net/Articles/567090/">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 17, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402091425/http://open-zfs.org/wiki/Announcement">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenZFS+Announcement&rft.pub=OpenZFS&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-zfs.org%2Fwiki%2FAnnouncement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">open-zfs.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-zfs.org/wiki/History">/History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105247/http://open-zfs.org/wiki/History">Archived</a> December 24, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>"OpenZFS is the truly open source successor to the ZFS project [...] Effects of the fork (2010 to date)"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Michael_Kerner2013" class="citation web cs1">Sean Michael Kerner (September 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infostor.com/storage-management/linuxcon-openzfs-moves-open-source-storage-forward.html">"LinuxCon: OpenZFS moves Open Source Storage Forward"</a>. infostor.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145457/http://www.infostor.com/storage-management/linuxcon-openzfs-moves-open-source-storage-forward.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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September 17, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141200/https://lwn.net/Articles/567090/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+OpenZFS+project+launches&rft.pub=LWN.net&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F567090%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsdnews.net/2013/09/23/openzfs-communities-co-operating-on-zfs-code-and-features/">"OpenZFS – Communities co-operating on ZFS code and features"</a>. freebsdnews.net. September 23, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014000145/http://www.freebsdnews.net/2013/09/23/openzfs-communities-co-operating-on-zfs-code-and-features/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenZFS+%E2%80%93+Communities+co-operating+on+ZFS+code+and+features&rft.pub=freebsdnews.net&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsdnews.net%2F2013%2F09%2F23%2Fopenzfs-communities-co-operating-on-zfs-code-and-features%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.starline.de/en/magazine/technical-articles/zfs-faq#:~:text=VDEVs%20are%20ZFS%20Virtual%20Devices,can%20be%20treated%20as%20disks.">"The Starline ZFS FAQ"</a>. <i>Starline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZFS+10+year+anniversary&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.au=Matthew+Ahrens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.delphix.com%2Fmatt%2F2011%2F11%2F01%2Fzfs-10-year-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-last_word-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-last_word_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-last_word_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonwick2005" class="citation web cs1">Bonwick, Jeff (October 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619165135/https://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/en_US/entry/zfs_the_last_word_in">"ZFS: The Last Word in Filesystems"</a>. <i>blogs.oracle.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/en_US/entry/zfs_the_last_word_in">the original</a> on June 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.oracle.com&rft.atitle=ZFS%3A+The+Last+Word+in+Filesystems&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.aulast=Bonwick&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.oracle.com%2Fbonwick%2Fen_US%2Fentry%2Fzfs_the_last_word_in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2006-06/sunflash.20060620.1.xml">"Sun Celebrates Successful One-Year Anniversary of OpenSolaris"</a>. Sun Microsystems. June 20, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928001733/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2006-06/sunflash.20060620.1.xml">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun+Celebrates+Successful+One-Year+Anniversary+of+OpenSolaris&rft.pub=Sun+Microsystems&rft.date=2006-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun.com%2Fsmi%2FPress%2Fsunflash%2F2006-06%2Fsunflash.20060620.1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Singer2005" class="citation web cs1">Michael Singer (January 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3463621">"Sun Cracks Open Solaris"</a>. InternetNews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun+Cracks+Open+Solaris&rft.pub=InternetNews.com&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft.au=Michael+Singer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetnews.com%2Fdev-news%2Farticle.php%2F3463621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zettabyte-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zettabyte_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515061128/http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Community+Group+zfs/faq/">"ZFS FAQ at OpenSolaris.org"</a>. Sun Microsystems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Community+Group+zfs/faq#HWhatdoesZFSstandfor">the original</a> on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The largest SI prefix we liked was 'zetta' ('yotta' was out of the question)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZFS+FAQ+at+OpenSolaris.org&rft.pub=Sun+Microsystems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhub.opensolaris.org%2Fbin%2Fview%2FCommunity%2BGroup%2Bzfs%2Ffaq%23HWhatdoesZFSstandfor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_blog_post-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_blog_post_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Bonwick2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Bonwick (May 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223222515/https://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/en_US/entry/you_say_zeta_i_say">"You say zeta, I say zetta"</a>. <i>Jeff Bonwick's Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/en_US/entry/you_say_zeta_i_say">the original</a> on February 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2017</span>. <q>So we finally decided to unpimp the name back to ZFS, which doesn't stand for anything.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeff+Bonwick%27s+Blog&rft.atitle=You+say+zeta%2C+I+say+zetta&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.au=Jeff+Bonwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.oracle.com%2Fbonwick%2Fen_US%2Fentry%2Fyou_say_zeta_i_say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/09/oracle_netapp_zfs_dismiss/">"Oracle and NetApp dismiss ZFS lawsuits"</a>. theregister.co.uk. September 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909065736/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/09/oracle_netapp_zfs_dismiss/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oracle+and+NetApp+dismiss+ZFS+lawsuits&rft.pub=theregister.co.uk&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Foracle_netapp_zfs_dismiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Extended file system (Ext) has <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> structure copied from UFS. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204082557/http://www.april.org/groupes/entretiens/remy_card.html">"Rémy Card (Interview, April 1998)"</a>. April Association. April 19, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.april.org/groupes/entretiens/remy_card.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9my+Card+%28Interview%2C+April+1998%29&rft.pub=April+Association&rft.date=1999-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.april.org%2Fgroupes%2Fentretiens%2Fremy_card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span> (In French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan_Prabhakaran2006" class="citation web cs1">Vijayan Prabhakaran (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vijayan/vijayan-thesis.pdf">"IRON FILE SYSTEMS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Sciences</i>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011617/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vijayan/vijayan-thesis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doctor+of+Philosophy+in+Computer+Sciences&rft.atitle=IRON+FILE+SYSTEMS&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Vijayan+Prabhakaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~vijayan%2Fvijayan-thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/adsl/Publications/parity-fast08.html">"Parity Lost and Parity Regained"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615101314/http://www.cs.wisc.edu/adsl/Publications/parity-fast08.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Disk+Corruption+on+Open-Source+DBMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.wisc.edu%2Fadsl%2FPublications%2Fcorrupt-mysql-icde10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadavRajimwale" class="citation web cs1">Kadav, Asim; Rajimwale, Abhishek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~kadav/zfs/zfsrel.pdf">"Reliability Analysis of ZFS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054610/http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~kadav/zfs/zfsrel.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reliability+Analysis+of+ZFS&rft.aulast=Kadav&rft.aufirst=Asim&rft.au=Rajimwale%2C+Abhishek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.cs.wisc.edu%2F~kadav%2Fzfs%2Fzfsrel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2010_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYupu_ZhangAbhishek_RajimwaleAndrea_Arpaci-DusseauRemzi_H._Arpaci-Dusseau2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yupu Zhang; Abhishek Rajimwale; <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Arpaci-Dusseau" title="Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau">Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau</a>; Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/fast10/tech/full_papers/zhang.pdf">"End-to-end data integrity for file systems: a ZFS case study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies</i>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.154.3979">10.1.1.154.3979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5722163">5722163</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111972797" class="extiw" title="d:Q111972797">Q111972797</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USENIX+Conference+on+File+and+Storage+Technologies&rft.atitle=End-to-end+data+integrity+for+file+systems%3A+a+ZFS+case+study&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.154.3979%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5722163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Yupu+Zhang&rft.au=Abhishek+Rajimwale&rft.au=Andrea+Arpaci-Dusseau&rft.au=Remzi+H.+Arpaci-Dusseau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenix.org%2Flegacy%2Fevents%2Ffast10%2Ftech%2Ffull_papers%2Fzhang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ufs-zfs-ext4-btrfs_bench-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ufs-zfs-ext4-btrfs_bench_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=zfs_ext4_btrfs&num=2">"Benchmarking ZFS and UFS On FreeBSD vs. EXT4 & Btrfs On Linux"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benchmarking+ZFS+and+UFS+On+FreeBSD+vs.+EXT4+%26+Btrfs+On+Linux&rft.pub=Phoronix+Media+2012&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Darticle%26item%3Dzfs_ext4_btrfs%26num%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zfs-hammer_bench-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zfs-hammer_bench_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=dragonfly_hammer&num=3">"Can DragonFlyBSD's HAMMER Compete With Btrfs, ZFS?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZFS+Scrubs&rft.pub=freenas.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.freenas.org%2Findex.php%2FZFS_Scrubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solaris-zfs-scrub-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solaris-zfs-scrub_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"You should also run a scrub prior to replacing devices or temporarily reducing a pool's redundancy to ensure that all devices are currently operational." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142644/http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/ZFS_Best_Practices_Guide">"ZFS Best Practices Guide"</a>. solarisinternals.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Having+my+secured+cake+and+Cloning+it+too+%28aka+Encryption+%2B+Dedup+with+ZFS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.oracle.com%2Fdarren%2Fentry%2Fcompress_encrypt_checksum_deduplicate_with&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/ZFS#Encryption">"ZFS – Debian Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.debian.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908104724/https://wiki.debian.org/ZFS#Encryption">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.debian.org&rft.atitle=ZFS+%E2%80%93+Debian+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.debian.org%2FZFS%23Encryption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/openzfs/openzfs-docs/issues/494">"Proposal: Consider adding warnings against using zfs native encryption along with send/recv in production"</a>. <i>Github</i>. Github<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dtrace.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106031228/http://dtrace.org/blogs/brendan/2008/07/22/zfs-l2arc/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brendan%27s+blog&rft.atitle=ZFS+L2ARC&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtrace.org%2Fblogs%2Fbrendan%2F2008%2F07%2F22%2Fzfs-l2arc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2009" class="citation web cs1">Gregg, Brendan (October 8, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtrace.org/blogs/brendan/2009/10/08/hybrid-storage-pool-top-speeds/">"Hybrid Storage Pool: Top Speeds"</a>. <i>Brendan's blog</i>. Dtrace.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405120351/http://dtrace.org/blogs/brendan/2009/10/08/hybrid-storage-pool-top-speeds/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brendan%27s+blog&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Storage+Pool%3A+Top+Speeds&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtrace.org%2Fblogs%2Fbrendan%2F2009%2F10%2F08%2Fhybrid-storage-pool-top-speeds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constantin.glez.de/blog/2010/07/solaris-zfs-synchronous-writes-and-zil-explained">"Solaris ZFS Performance Tuning: Synchronous Writes and the ZIL"</a>. Constantin.glez.de. July 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623100347/http://constantin.glez.de/blog/2010/07/solaris-zfs-synchronous-writes-and-zil-explained">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solaris+ZFS+Performance+Tuning%3A+Synchronous+Writes+and+the+ZIL&rft.pub=Constantin.glez.de&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstantin.glez.de%2Fblog%2F2010%2F07%2Fsolaris-zfs-synchronous-writes-and-zil-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-openzfs-0.8.0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-openzfs-0.8.0_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/openzfs/zfs/releases/tag/zfs-0.8.0">"Release zfs-0.8.0"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. OpenZFS. May 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Release+zfs-0.8.0&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fopenzfs%2Fzfs%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fzfs-0.8.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081230170058/http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/zfs/docs/ondiskformat0822.pdf">"ZFS On-Disk Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2006. 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Oracle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116073641/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/documentation/solaris-express-whatsnew-201011-175308.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+Solaris+11+Express+2010.11&rft.pub=Oracle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnetwork%2Fserver-storage%2Fsolaris11%2Fdocumentation%2Fsolaris-express-whatsnew-201011-175308.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.freenas.org/9.3/freenas_sharing.html">"10. Sharing — FreeNAS User Guide 9.3 Table of Contents"</a>. <i>doc.freenas.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107211538/http://doc.freenas.org/9.3/freenas_sharing.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.freenas.org&rft.atitle=10.+Sharing+%E2%80%94+FreeNAS+User+Guide+9.3+Table+of+Contents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.freenas.org%2F9.3%2Ffreenas_sharing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629081219/http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=4852783">"Bug ID 4852783: reduce pool capacity"</a>. OpenSolaris Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugs.opensolaris.org/view_bug.do?bug_id=4852783">the original</a> on June 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bug+ID+4852783%3A+reduce+pool+capacity&rft.pub=OpenSolaris+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbugs.opensolaris.org%2Fview_bug.do%3Fbug_id%3D4852783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebbels2007" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Goebbels, Mario (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.opensolaris.org/pipermail/zfs-discuss/2007-April/010356.html">"Permanently removing vdevs from a pool"</a>. <i>zfs-discuss</i> (Mailing list).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Permanently+removing+vdevs+from+a+pool&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.aulast=Goebbels&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.opensolaris.org%2Fpipermail%2Fzfs-discuss%2F2007-April%2F010356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=zfs-discuss&m=122362857630617&w=1">archive link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113202545/https://marc.info/?l=zfs-discuss&m=122362857630617&w=1">Archived</a> January 13, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-removal-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-removal_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Siebenmann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/solaris/ZFSPoolShrinkingIsComing">Information on future vdev removal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811202352/https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/solaris/ZFSPoolShrinkingIsComing">Archived</a> August 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Univ Toronto, blog, quote: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/awreece/status/555533793700765696">informal Twitter announcement by Alex Reece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811220752/https://twitter.com/awreece/status/555533793700765696">Archived</a> August 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E37838_01/html/E60974/dmgmt.html#scrolltoc">"Data Management Features – What's New in Oracle® Solaris 11.4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924101556/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E37838_01/html/E60974/dmgmt.html#scrolltoc">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zpool%281M%29&rft.pub=Download.oracle.com&rft.date=2010-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.oracle.com%2Fdocs%2Fcd%2FE19253-01%2F816-5166%2Fzpool-1m%2F%3Fl%3Den%26n%3D1%26a%3Dview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delphix2018-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delphix2018_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delphix.com/blog/openzfs-pool-import-recovery">"Turbocharging ZFS Data Recovery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129054344/https://www.delphix.com/blog/openzfs-pool-import-recovery">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The stable releases of OpenSolaris are based off of  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] these Nevada builds." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODQyOQ">"It Looks Like Oracle Will Stand Behind OpenSolaris"</a>. Phoronix Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129011453/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODQyOQ">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenIndiana+%E2%80%94+there%27s+still+hope&rft.pub=DistroWatch&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Ljubuncic&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistrowatch.com%2Fweekly.php%3Fissue%3D20110523%23feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProjectSite-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProjectSite_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openindiana.org/">"Welcome to Project OpenIndiana!"</a>. Project OpenIndiana. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Project+OpenIndiana%21&rft.pub=Project+OpenIndiana&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenindiana.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oracle_Zpool_Versions-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oracle_Zpool_Versions_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/solaris/oracle-solaris/11.4/manage-zfs/zfs-pool-versions.html">"ZFS Pool Versions"</a>. Oracle Corporation. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221174928/https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/solaris/oracle-solaris/11.4/manage-zfs/zfs-pool-versions.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZFS+Pool+Versions&rft.pub=Oracle+Corporation&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fen%2Foperating-systems%2Fsolaris%2Foracle-solaris%2F11.4%2Fmanage-zfs%2Fzfs-pool-versions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2009" class="citation book cs1">Watanabe, Scott (November 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001091103/http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0137000103"><i>Solaris ZFS Essentials</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-700010-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-700010-4"><bdi>978-0-13-700010-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0137000103">the original</a> on October 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solaris+ZFS+Essentials&rft.pages=256&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft.isbn=978-0-13-700010-4&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Fstore%2Fproduct.aspx%3Fisbn%3D0137000103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZFS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZFS&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/bcantrill/fork-yeah-the-rise-and-development-of-illumos">Fork Yeah! The Rise and Development of Illumos</a> - slide show covering much of the history of Solaris, the decision to open source by Sun, the creation of ZFS, and the events causing it to be closed sourced and forked after Oracle's acquisition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225125/https://mauteam.org/blog/infrastructure/40-the-best-cloud-file-system-was-created-before-the-cloud-existed/">The best cloud File System was created before the cloud existed</a> (archived on Dec. 15, 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090820014836/http://www.i-justblog.com/2009/08/zfs-tip-comparison-of-svm-mirroring-and.html">Comparison of SVM mirroring and ZFS mirroring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/eonstorage/">EON ZFS Storage (NAS) distribution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usenix.org/events/fast10/tech/full_papers/zhang.pdf">End-to-end Data Integrity for File Systems: A ZFS Case Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228192209/http://academy.inseptra.com/featured/zfs-the-zettabyte-file-system">ZFS – The Zettabyte File System</a> (archived on Feb. 28, 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~remzi/Classes/736/Fall2007/Projects/BrianKynan/paper.pdf">ZFS and RAID-Z: The Über-FS?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829215812/https://wiki.illumos.org/download/attachments/1146951/zfs_last.pdf">ZFS: The Last Word In File Systems</a>, by Jeff Bonwick and Bill Moore (archived on Aug. 29, 2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pthree.org/2013/04/19/zfs-administration-appendix-a-visualizing-the-zfs-intent-log/">Visualizing the ZFS intent log (ZIL)</a>, April 2013, by Aaron Toponce</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://illumos.org/docs/about/features/">Features of illumos</a> including OpenZFS <ul><li>Previous wiki page with more links: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212909/https://wiki.illumos.org/display/illumos/ZFS">Getting Started with ZFS</a>, Sep. 15, 2014 (archived on Dec. 30, 2018), part of the <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> documentation</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template talk:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sun_Microsystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation" title="Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation">Acquired by Oracle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-2" title="Sun-2">Sun-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun386i" title="Sun386i">Sun386i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation/server/center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARCstation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_5" title="SPARCstation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_10" title="SPARCstation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_20" title="SPARCstation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPC" title="SPARCstation IPC">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPX" title="SPARCstation IPX">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_LX" title="SPARCstation LX">LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_ZX" title="SPARCstation ZX">ZX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Netra" title="Sun Netra">Netra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Ultra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_1" title="Ultra 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_24" title="Ultra 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_30" title="Ultra 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_60" title="Ultra 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_80" title="Ultra 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise" title="Sun Enterprise">Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise_10000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Enterprise 10000">10000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade" title="Sun Blade">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)" title="Sun Blade (workstation)">Blade workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_12K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire 12K">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_15K" title="Sun Fire 15K">15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_E25K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire E25K">E25K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_T2000" title="Sun Fire T2000">T2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_X4500" title="Sun Fire X4500">X4500</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">SPARC Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaStation" title="JavaStation">JavaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation" title="Sun Java Workstation">Java Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ" title="Cobalt RaQ">Cobalt RaQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">MB86900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC IIe</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIi</li> <li>Gemini</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC III Cu</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIIi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJC" title="MAJC">MAJC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun4d" title="Sun4d">Sun4d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplane" title="Fireplane">Fireplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOM_port" title="LOM port">LOM port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Modular Datacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Neptune" title="Sun Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Service_Processor" title="System Service Processor">System Service Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T_series" title="SPARC T series">SPARC T series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_SPOT" title="Sun SPOT">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">Ultra Port Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">Visual Instruction Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Microsystems logo"><img alt="Sun Microsystems logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/110px-Sun-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/165px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/220px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Service" title="Network Information Service">NIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIS%2B" title="NIS+">NIS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZFS%2B" title="ZFS+">ZFS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWindows" title="OpenWindows">OpenWindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Desktop_System" title="Java Desktop System">Java Desktop System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPlanet" title="IPlanet">iPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_System" title="Sun Java System">Java System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Secure_Global_Desktop" title="Oracle Secure Global Desktop">Sun Secure Global Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_xVM" title="Sun xVM">xVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_5800_System" title="Sun StorageTek 5800 System">StorageTek 5800 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_SL8500" title="Sun StorageTek SL8500">StorageTek SL8500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Open_Storage" title="Sun Open Storage">Open Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Cloud" title="Sun Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Constellation_System" title="Sun Constellation System">Constellation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Visualization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Grid_Engine" title="Oracle Grid Engine">Grid Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Labs" title="Oracle Labs">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoJava" title="PicoJava">picoJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">SCPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees" title="List of Sun Microsystems employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afara_Websystems" title="Afara Websystems">Afara Websystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridware" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridware">Gridware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Design" title="Lighthouse Design">Lighthouse Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Systems" title="Montalvo Systems">Montalvo Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixo" title="Pixo">Pixo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procom_Technology" title="Procom Technology">Procom Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SavaJe" title="SavaJe">SavaJe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek" title="StorageTek">StorageTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella,_Inc." title="Tarantella, Inc.">Tarantella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_is_the_Computer" title="The Network is the Computer">The Network is the Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sun_Microsystems" title="Category:Sun Microsystems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oracle_Solaris" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solaris" title="Template:Solaris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/JumpStart_(software)" title="JumpStart (software)">JumpStart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Debugger" title="Modular Debugger">mdb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Multiplexed_I/O" title="Solaris Multiplexed I/O">MPxIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Management_Facility" title="Service Management Facility">SMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoop_(software)" title="Snoop (software)">snoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Containers" title="Solaris Containers">Containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_network_virtualization_and_resource_control" title="Solaris network virtualization and resource control">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Cluster" title="Solaris Cluster">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_Trusted_Extensions" title="Solaris Trusted Extensions">Trusted Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeleniX" title="BeleniX">BeleniX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexenta_OS" title="Nexenta OS">Nexenta OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenIndiana" title="OpenIndiana">OpenIndiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OmniOS_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OmniOS CE (page does not exist)">OmniOS CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris_for_System_z" title="OpenSolaris for System z">OpenSolaris for System z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribblix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribblix (page does not exist)">Tribblix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FreeBSD" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FreeBSD"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_FreeBSD_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> Project</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_Core_Team" title="FreeBSD Core Team">FreeBSD Core Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_Documentation_License" title="FreeBSD Documentation License">FreeBSD Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_Foundation" title="FreeBSD Foundation">FreeBSD Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_Ports" title="FreeBSD Ports">FreeBSD Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_version_history" title="FreeBSD version history">Version History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Normal_Form" title="Kernel Normal Form">Kernel Normal Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)#SCHEDULER" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALTQ" title="ALTQ">ALTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULE_scheduler" title="ULE scheduler">ULE scheduler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/OS-level_virtualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-level virtualisation">Virtualisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chroot" title="Chroot">chroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_jail" title="FreeBSD jail">jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhyve" title="Bhyve">bhyve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEOM" title="GEOM">GEOM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geom_raid5" title="Geom raid5">raid5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBDE" title="GBDE">GBDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_(software)" title="Geli (software)">geli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinum_volume_manager" title="Vinum volume manager">vinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_disklabel" title="BSD disklabel">disklabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">Soft updates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">VFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS#ZFS_on_FreeBSD" title="OpenZFS">ZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highly_Available_STorage" title="Highly Available STorage">Highly Available STorage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers#FreeBSD" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">802.11 drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTQ" title="ALTQ">ALTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_stack#FreeBSD" title="Bluetooth stack">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Packet_Filter" title="Berkeley Packet Filter">BPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFilter" title="IPFilter">IPFilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipfirewall" title="Ipfirewall">ipfw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netgraph" title="Netgraph">Netgraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDISwrapper#Similar_programs" title="NDISwrapper">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF_(firewall)" title="PF (firewall)">pf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Address_Redundancy_Protocol" title="Common Address Redundancy Protocol">CARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfsync" title="Pfsync">pfsync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busdma" title="Busdma">busdma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTrace" title="DTrace">DTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenPAM" title="OpenPAM">OpenPAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSM" title="OpenBSM">OpenBSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsnap" title="Portsnap">portsnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kqueue" title="Kqueue">kqueue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">KLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moused" title="Moused">moused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systat_(BSD)" title="Systat (BSD)">systat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dillon" title="Matthew Dillon">Matthew Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Hubbard" title="Jordan Hubbard">Jordan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul-Henning_Kamp" title="Poul-Henning Kamp">Poul-Henning Kamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Karels" title="Michael J. Karels">Mike Karels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Laurie" title="Ben Laurie">Ben Laurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J_Leffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel J Leffler">Sam Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Kirk_McKusick" title="Marshall Kirk McKusick">Marshall Kirk McKusick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomidis_Spinellis" title="Diomidis Spinellis">Diomidis Spinellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Watson (computer scientist)">Robert Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dru_Lavigne" title="Dru Lavigne">Dru Lavigne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_products_based_on_FreeBSD" title="List of products based on FreeBSD">Derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="open-source" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DesktopBSD" title="DesktopBSD">DesktopBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeNAS">FreeNAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeSBIE" title="FreeSBIE">FreeSBIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GhostBSD" title="GhostBSD">GhostBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MidnightBSD" title="MidnightBSD">MidnightBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M0n0wall" title="M0n0wall">m0n0wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPNsense" title="OPNsense">OPNsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PfSense" title="PfSense">pfSense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueOS" title="TrueOS">TrueOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_variants#BSD_variants" title="GNU variants">GNU/kFreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo/FreeBSD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentoo/FreeBSD">Gentoo/FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XigmaNAS" title="XigmaNAS">XigmaNAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junos" class="mw-redirect" title="Junos">Junos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_system_software" title="Nintendo Switch system software">Nintendo Switch OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_system_software" title="PlayStation 3 system software">PlayStation 3 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4_system_software" title="PlayStation 4 system software">PlayStation 4 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Vita_system_software" title="PlayStation Vita system software">PlayStation Vita OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="macOS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS" title="Template:MacOS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS" title="Template talk:MacOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_Pane" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference Pane">Preference Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#macOS" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakable_items" title="Speakable items">Speakable items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacks_(Mac_OS)" title="Stacks (Mac OS)">Stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">Universal binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging">ATSUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushed_metal_(interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed metal (interface)">Brushed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell_(Macintosh)" title="Inkwell (Macintosh)">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS" title="Category:MacOS">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="File_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_systems" title="Template:File systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_systems" title="Template talk:File systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="File_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDfs" title="CDfs">CDfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&oldid=1258207281">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZFS&oldid=1258207281</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2005_software" title="Category:2005 software">2005 software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Compression_file_systems" title="Category:Compression file systems">Compression file systems</a></li><li><a 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