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id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_conjuncts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_conjuncts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Consonant conjuncts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_conjuncts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fused_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fused_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Fused forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fused_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approximated_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approximated_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Approximated forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approximated_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressed_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Compressed forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviated_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviated_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Abbreviated forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviated_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variant_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variant_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Variant forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variant_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certain_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certain_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Certain compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certain_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics_and_other_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics_and_other_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Diacritics and other symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics_and_other_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digits_and_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digits_and_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Digits and numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digits_and_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Punctuation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_Bengali_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_Bengali_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Characteristics of the Bengali text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_Bengali_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_Bengali_script_with_ancestral_and_related_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_Bengali_script_with_ancestral_and_related_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison of Bengali script with ancestral and related scripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_of_Bengali_script_with_ancestral_and_related_scripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison of Bengali script with ancestral and related scripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_Bengali_script_with_ancestral_and_related_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vowel diacritics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengali alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaalse_alfabet" title="Bengaalse alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bengaalse alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألفبائية بنغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفبائية بنغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_bengal%C3%AD" title="Alfabetu bengalí – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu bengalí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="বাংলা লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলা লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бенгалска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_banglaek" title="Skritur banglaek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur banglaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_bengal%C3%AD" title="Alfabet bengalí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet bengalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1lsk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Bengálské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bengálské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalische_Schrift" title="Bengalische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_bengal%C3%AD" title="Alfabeto bengalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto bengalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_bengali" title="Alphasyllabaire bengali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire bengali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%B5%EA%B3%A8_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="벵골 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벵골 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बंगाली लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाली लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Bengali" title="Aksara Bengali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Bengali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_bengalese" title="Alfabeto bengalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto bengalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Bengalų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bengalų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_bangla" title="Alfabeta bangla – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta bangla" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beng%C3%A1li_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Bengáli írás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bengáli írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बङ्गला लिपि – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बङ्गला लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="बंगाली लिपी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बंगाली लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaals_schrift" title="Bengaals schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bengaals schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बङ्गाली लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गाली लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="बंगाली लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बंगाली लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ベンガル文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンガル文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalsk_skrift" title="Bengalsk skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bengalsk skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="بنگالی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_bengalskie" title="Pismo bengalskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo bengalskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_bengali" title="Alfabeto bengali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto bengali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Бенгальское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгальское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="बाङ्गलालिपिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बाङ्गलालिपिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_script" title="Bengali script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bengali script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalilainen_kirjaimisto" title="Bengalilainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bengalilainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalialfabetet" title="Bengalialfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bengalialfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="బెంగాలీ అక్షరమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంగాలీ అక్షరమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ชุดตัวอักษรเบงกอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรเบงกอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_alfabesi" title="Bengal alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bengal alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Бенгальське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенгальське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="بنگالی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگالی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%97" title="孟加拉字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟加拉字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87" title="孟加拉文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟加拉文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Bengali" title="Aksara Bengali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Bengali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abugida script used in writing Bengali</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a>, even though <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> popularly uses the Bengali alphabet.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:white;">Bengali alphabet<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">বাংলা বর্ণমালা বা লিপি</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;background-color: white !important;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg/250px-Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg/375px-Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg/500px-Bengali_Alphabet_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11th century to the present<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756802?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data">for <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokborok language">Kokborok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kudmali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi script</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Bengali alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta">Tirhuta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Beng</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(325)</span>, Bengali (Bangla)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Bengali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf">U+0980–U+09FF</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal" title="Category:Bengal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/220px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/330px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/440px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary"> Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_Movement_(North_Dinajpur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)">Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">Gaye holud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bengal">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Myths<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oladevi" title="Oladevi">Oladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Pir" title="Satya Pir">Satya Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></li></ul> <p>Lores<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Barsha Utsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_U%E1%B9%AFsab" title="Basanta Uṯsab">Basanta Uṯsab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Pahela Falgun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School of Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Majnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laila Majnu">Laila Majnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha" title="Yusuf-Zulekha">Yusuf-Zulekha</a></li></ul> <p>Genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarja_(folk_poetry_contest)" title="Tarja (folk poetry contest)">Tarja</a></li></ul> <p>Institutions </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_institutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary institutions (page does not exist)">Literary institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li></ul> <p>Awards </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary awards (page does not exist)">Literary awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Puraskar" title="Ananda Puraskar">Ananda Puraskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /> <p>Folk genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamani-Vijaya" title="Agamani-Vijaya">Agamani-Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimansingha_Gitika" title="Maimansingha Gitika">Maimansingha Gitika</a></li></ul> <p>Devotional </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Zari</a></li></ul> <p>Classical genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur Gharana">Bishnupur Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_gharana" title="Maihar gharana">Maihar gharana</a></li></ul> <p>Modern genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali band">Bengali band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Rock music of West Bengal</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polligeeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polligeeti (page does not exist)">Polligeeti</a></li></ul> <p>Instruments </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploong" title="Ploong">Ploong</a></li></ul> <p>Dance </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li></ul> <p>Theater </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> <p>Organizations </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev" title="Gerasim Lebedev">Gerasim Lebedev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sport</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Chaturaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template talk:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture of Bangladesh</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/110px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/165px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/220px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi people">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_people" title="List of Bangladeshi people">List of Bangladeshi people</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditions of Bangladesh">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding"> Muslim weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Hindu weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_Bangladesh" title="Textile arts of Bangladesh">Textile arts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_mythology" title="Bengali mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bangladesh">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behula" title="Behula">Behula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oladevi" title="Oladevi">Oladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Pir" title="Satya Pir">Satya Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Entrées</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakarkhani" title="Bakarkhani">Bakarkhani</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Main dishes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hatkhora" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef hatkhora">Beef hatkhora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_biryani" title="Haji biryani">Haji biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_bhuna" title="Kala bhuna">Kala bhuna</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Desserts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ras_malai" title="Ras malai">Ras malai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosogolla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosogolla">Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalebi" title="Jalebi">Jalebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)" title="Sandesh (confectionery)">Sandesh</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Drinks</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven-colour_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven-colour tea">Seven-colour tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Bangladesh">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobanno">Nobanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Pahela Falgun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Nanak_Shahi" title="Gurdwara Nanak Shahi">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bangladesh" title="History of the Jews in Bangladesh">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bangladesh" title="Jainism in Bangladesh">Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Bangladesh" title="Sculpture of Bangladesh">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_folk_literature" title="Bangladeshi folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kissa" title="Bengali Kissa">Kissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangnama" title="Jangnama">Jangnama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Genres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Awards</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Padak" title="Ekushey Padak">Ekushey Padak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_of_Bangladesh" title="Performing arts of Bangladesh">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Dance</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Theatre</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>People</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al_Mamun_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah al Mamun (actor)">Abdullah al Mamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Shamsul_Haque" title="Syed Shamsul Haque">Syed Shamsul Haque</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Bangladesh">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Bangladesh">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Bangladesh">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Bangladesh" title="Cricket in Bangladesh">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Bangladesh" title="Football in Bangladesh">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Bangladesh">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Bangladesh">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Culture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Culture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script<sup>?</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><i>Lik-Tai scripts</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brahmic" title="Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brahmic" title="Template talk:Brahmic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brahmic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg/220px-Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg/330px-Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg/440px-Shahid_Minar_IU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4990" data-file-height="3329" /></a><figcaption>Central <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shahid Minar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_University,_Bangladesh" title="Islamic University, Bangladesh">Islamic University, Bangladesh</a>. Monument in the honor of <a href="/wiki/Bangali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali language">Bangla</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bengali script</b> or <b>Bangla alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বাংলা বর্ণমালা</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bangla bôrṇômala</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>: <span lang="mni"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">বেঙ্গলি ময়েক</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Meitei-language romanization"><i lang="mni-Latn">Bengali mayek</i></span>) is the alphabet used to write the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali-Assamese script</a>, and has historically been used to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> within <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems#List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption" title="List of writing systems">most widely adopted writing systems</a> in the world (used by over 265 million people).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">official scripts of the Indian Republic</a>. It is used as the <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official script</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barak_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak valley">Barak valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> Until recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title=""recently dosen't tell me when. (September 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> it was the usual script for the <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, but is being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Meitei_mayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei mayek">Meitei mayek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">official languages of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system#Functional_classification_of_writing_systems" title="Writing system">classificatory point of view</a>, the Bengali writing system is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, i.e. its vowel <a href="/wiki/Graphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphemes">graphemes</a> are mainly realised not as independent letters, but as <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> modifying the <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">vowel inherent</a> in the base letter they are added to. It is written from left to right and uses a single <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">letter case</a>, which makes it a unicameral script, as opposed to a bicameral one like the Latin script. It is recognisable, as are some other <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a>, by a distinctive horizontal line known as a <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shirorekha">śirorekhā</a></i> (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">शिरोरेखा</span></span>) running along the tops of the letters that links them together. The Bengali writing system is less blocky, however, and presents a more sinuous and fluid shape than the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script, which visually has harder edges in its orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-georgec_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgec-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengali script can be divided into <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">vowel diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjunct_consonant" title="Conjunct consonant">Conjunct consonants</a>, diacritical and other symbols, digits, and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation marks">punctuation marks</a>. Vowels and consonants are used as letters and also as diacritical marks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengali script has a total of 11 vowel <a href="/wiki/Graphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphemes">graphemes</a>, each of which is called a <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বরবর্ণ</span></span> <i>swôrôbôrnô</i> "vowel letter". The <i>swôrôbôrnô</i>s represent six of the seven <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology#Consonants_and_vowels" title="Bengali phonology">main vowel sounds</a> of Bengali, along with two vowel <a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology#Diphthongs" title="Bengali phonology">diphthongs</a>. All of them are used in both Bengali and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> languages. </p> <ul><li>"<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ</span></span>" <i>ô</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বর অ</span></span> shôrô ô</i>, "vocalic ô") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> sounds as the default <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a> for the entire Bengali script. Bengali, Assamese and Odia which are Eastern languages have this value for the inherent vowel, while other languages using <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> have <i>a</i> for their inherent vowel.</li> <li>Even though the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> is one of the seven main vowel sounds in the standard Bengali language, no distinct vowel symbol has been allotted for it in the script since there is no <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> sound in Sanskrit, the primary written language when the script was conceived. The use of "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ্যা</span></span>" <i>æ</i> is very popular and is found to be used in many contexts of æ, such as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ্যাসিড</span></span>, meaning acid. The sound is also orthographically realised by multiple means in modern Bengali orthography, usually using some combination of "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এ</span></span>" <i>e</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বর এ</span></span> shôrô e</i>, "vocalic e") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ</span></span>", "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আ</span></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>a</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বর আ</span></span> shôrô a</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and the <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">যফলা</span></span> <i>jôphôla</i> (diacritic form of the consonant grapheme <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য</span></span> <i>jô</i>). Thus <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">/k/</a> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক</span></span> with the vowel /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ will be written as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক্যা</span></span>.</li> <li>There are two graphemes for the vowel sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and two graphemes for the vowel sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>. The redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, a language that had short and long vowels: "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ই</span></span>" <i>i</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ্রস্ব ই</span></span> rôshshô i</i>, "short i") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঈ</span></span>" <i>ī</i> (<i>দীর্ঘ ঈ dirghô ī</i>, "long ī") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>, and "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উ</span></span>" <i>u</i> (<i>হ্রস্ব উ rôshshô u</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঊ</span></span>" <i>ū</i> (<i>দীর্ঘ ঊ dirghô ū</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span>. The letters are preserved in the Bengali script with their traditional names despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech. These graphemes serve an etymological function, however, in preserving the original Sanskrit spelling in <i><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tôtsômô</a></i> Bengali words (words borrowed from Sanskrit).</li> <li>The grapheme called "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঋ</span></span>" <i>ṛ</i> (or <i>হ্রস্ব ঋ rôshshô ri</i>, "short ri", as it used to be) does not really represent a vowel phoneme in Bengali but the consonant-vowel combination <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">রি</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ri/</span>. Nevertheless, it is included in the vowel section of the inventory of the Bengali script. This inconsistency is also a remnant from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, where the grapheme represents the <a href="/wiki/Vocalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalic">vocalic</a> equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant">retroflex approximant</a> (possibly an <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowel</a>). Another grapheme called "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঌ</span></span>" <i>ḷ</i> (or <i>হ্রস্ব ঌ rôshshô li</i> as it used to be) representing the vocalic equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental approximant">dental approximant</a> in Sanskrit but actually representing the consonant-vowel combination <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">লি</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/li/</span> in Bengali instead of a vowel phoneme, was also included in the vowel section but unlike "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঋ</span></span>", it was recently discarded from the inventory since its usage was extremely limited even in Sanskrit.</li> <li>When a vowel sound occurs syllable-initially or when it follows another vowel, it is written using a distinct letter. When a vowel sound follows a consonant (or a consonant cluster), it is written with a diacritic which, depending on the vowel, can appear above, below, before or after the consonant. These vowel marks cannot appear without a consonant and are called <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কার</span></span> <i>kar</i>.</li> <li>An exception to the above system is the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, which has no vowel mark but is considered inherent in every consonant letter. To denote the absence of the inherent vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> following a consonant, a diacritic called the <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হসন্ত</span></span> <i>hôsôntô</i> (্) may be written underneath the consonant.</li> <li>Although there are only two diphthongs in the inventory of the script: "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঐ</span></span>" <i>oi</i> (<i>স্বর ঐ shôrô oi</i>, "vocalic oi") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span> and "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঔ</span></span>" <i>ou</i> (<i>স্বর ঔ shôrô ou</i>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span>, the Bengali phonetic system has, in fact, many diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most diphthongs are represented by juxtaposing the graphemes of their constituent vowels, as in <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কেউ</span></span> <i>keu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/keu/</span>.</li> <li>There also used to be two long vowels: "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ৠ</span></span>" <i>ṝ</i> (<i>দীর্ঘ ৠ dirghô rri</i>, "long rri") and "<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ৡ</span></span>" <i>ḹ</i> (<i>দীর্ঘ ৡ dirghô lli</i>), which were <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">removed</a> from the inventory during the <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Bengali_alphabet_and_language_reconstruction" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Vidyasagarian reform</a> of the script due to peculiarity to Sanskrit.</li></ul> <p>The table below shows the vowels present in the modern (since the late nineteenth century) inventory of the Bengali alphabet: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:60%"> <caption><b>Bengali vowels<br />(<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বরবর্ণ</span></span> <i>sbôrôbôrnô</i>)</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ্রস্ব</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a>) </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দীর্ঘ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বর</span></span><br />(vowel phoneme) </th> <th><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কার</span></span><br />(vowel mark) </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বর</span></span><br />(vowel phoneme) </th> <th><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কার</span></span><br />(vowel mark) </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>কন্ঠ্য</i><br />(Guttural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">অ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">আ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">a</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>া </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>তালব্য</i><br />(Palatal) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ই </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">i</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td> <td>ি </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঈ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ī/ee</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td> <td>ী </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>ওষ্ঠ্য</i><br />(Labial) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">উ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">u</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-w_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ু </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঊ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ū/oo</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td> <td>ূ </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>মূর্ধন্য</i><br />(Retroflex) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঋ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṛ/ri</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ri/</span> </td> <td>ৃ </td> <td style="background:#ccb; font-size:24px; color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4">ৠ </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE9"><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṝ/rri</i></span> </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE9">ৄ </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>দন্ত্য</i><br />(Dental) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px; color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4">ঌ </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ḷ/li</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/li/</span> </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4">ৢ </td> <td style="background:#ccb; font-size:24px; color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4">ৡ </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE9"><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ḹ/lli</i></span> </td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE9">ৣ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="background:#ccc;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">যুক্তস্বর</span></span> (complex vowels) </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>কন্ঠ্যতালব্য</i><br />(Palatoguttural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">এ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">e</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ে </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঐ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">oi</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi/</span> </td> <td>ৈ </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>কন্ঠৌষ্ঠ্য</i><br />(Labioguttural) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ও </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">o</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ো </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঔ </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ou</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ou/</span> </td> <td>ৌ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The natural pronunciation of the grapheme অ, whether in its independent (visible) form or in its "inherent" (invisible) form in a consonant grapheme, is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>. But its pronunciation changes to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> in the following contexts: <ul><li>অ is in the first syllable and there is a ই <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or উ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> in the next syllable, as in অতি <i>ôti</i> "much" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ot̪i/</span>, বলছি <i>bôlchhi</i> "(I am) speaking" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈboltʃʰi/</span></li> <li>if the অ is the inherent vowel in a word-initial consonant cluster ending in <i>rôphôla</i> "rô ending" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, as in প্রথম <i>prôthôm</i> "first" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/prot̪ʰom/</span></li> <li>if the next consonant cluster contains a <i>jôphôla</i> "jô ending", as in অন্য <i>ônyô</i> "other" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/onːo/</span>, জন্য <i>jônyô</i> "for" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒonːo/</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In onomatopoeias and polysyllabic words, /a/, represented by the letter আ, is phonetically realised as the vowel [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span>].<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In monosyllabic words, /a/ is realized as the more opened vowel [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">äː</a></span>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Although উ and ও represent the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> respectively, they may also represent the voiced labial–velar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> which can occur as an allophone of their <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> equivalents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o̯/</span> under <a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a>, especially in loan words e.g. <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ওয়াদা</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wada]</span> 'promise', <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উইলিয়াম</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wiliam]</span> 'William'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even though the <a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> is one of the seven main vowel sounds in the standard Bengali language, no distinct vowel symbol has been allotted for it in the script, though <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এ</span></span> is used. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> may also be transcribed in IPA and pronounced as an <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010222_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010222-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span> is the original pronunciation of the vowel <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ও</span></span>, though a secondary pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> entered the Bengali phonology by Sanskrit influence. In modern Bengali, both the ancient and adopted pronunciation of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ও</span></span> can be heard in spoken. Example: The word <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নোংরা</span></span> (meaning "foul") is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʊŋra/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/noŋra/</span> (romanized as <i>nungra</i> and <i>nongra</i>) - both are heard.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg/600px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg/900px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg/1200px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>The consonant <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক</span></span> (<i>kô</i>) along with the diacritic form of the vowels <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও and ঔ</span></span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonant letters are called <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ</span></span> <i>bænjônbôrnô</i> "consonant letter" in Bengali. The names of the letters are typically just the consonant sound plus the inherent vowel <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ô</a></i>. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (the name of the letter <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঘ</span></span> is itself <i>ghô</i>, not <i>gh</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg/220px-Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg/330px-Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg/440px-Additon_of_hasanta_with_ka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in modern Bengali are called by more elaborate names. For example, since the consonant phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is written as both <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন</span></span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ</span></span>, the letters are not called simply <i>nô</i>; instead, they are called <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দন্ত্য ন</span></span> <i>dôntyô nô</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> nô") and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মূর্ধন্য ণ</span></span> <i>murdhônyô nô</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> nô"). What was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɳ]</span> is now pronounced as an alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> (unless conjoined with another <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonant</a> such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ) although the spelling does not reflect the change.</li> <li>Although still named <i>murdhônyô</i> when they are being taught, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex consonants">retroflex consonants</a> do not exist in Bengali and are instead fronted to their postalveolar and alveolar equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant</a> phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> can be written as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ</span></span>, (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">তালব্য শ</span></span> talôbyô shô</i>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">"palatal</a> shô"), <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ</span></span> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মূর্ধন্য ষ</span></span> murdhônyô shô</i>, "retroflex shô"), or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স</span></span> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দন্ত্য স</span></span> dôntyô sô</i>, "dental sô" <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricative</a>), depending on the word.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palato-alveolar affricate">voiced palato-alveolar affricate</a> phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> can be written in two ways, as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য</span></span> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অন্তঃস্থ য</span></span> ôntôsthô jô</i>) or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ</span></span> (<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বর্গীয় জ</span></span> <i>bôrgiyô jô</i>). In many varieties of Bengali, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz]</span> are not distinct from this phoneme, but speakers who distinguish them may use the letters <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য</span></span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ</span></span> with contrast.</li> <li>Post-<a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Bengali_alphabet_and_language_reconstruction" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">reform</a>, the letter য় was introduced to distinguish it from য [<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-21">note</a>]: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য়</span></span> yô <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̯ɔ/</span> cannot occur at the beginning of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of য় is <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অন্তঃস্থ অ</span></span> <i>ôntôsthô ô ('semi-vowel y')</i> [the y is silent in the pronunciation of its name]. The pronunciation of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য়</span></span> yô <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e̯ɔ/</span> varies between ⟨w⟩ and ⟨j⟩ ['w' and 'y'].</li> <li>The name of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য</span></span> is <i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অন্তঃস্থ য</span></span> ôntôsthô jô ('semi-vowel j').</i> It is found almost entirely at the beginning of words.</li> <li>When present in the middle of words, in conjuncts, য is represented as a distinct letter: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">্য</span></span> (যফলা <i>jôphôla</i>) which is mostly silent or semi-silent (see below). <i>Jôphôla</i> may alter the pronunciation of the surrounding vowel or double the preceding consonant or be completely silent.</li></ul></li> <li>Since the <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasals</a> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ</span></span> <i>ñô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽɔ/</span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ</span></span> <i>ngô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋɔ/</span> cannot occur at the beginning of a word in Bengali, their names are not <i>ñô</i> and <i>ngô</i> respectively but <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উঙ</span></span> <i>ungô</i> (pronounced by some as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উম</span></span> <i>umô</i> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উঁঅ</span></span> <i>ũô</i>) and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ইঞ</span></span> <i>iñô</i> (pronounced by some as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নীয়</span></span> <i>niyô</i> or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ইঙ</span></span> <i>ingô</i>) respectively.</li> <li>There is a difference in the pronunciation of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড়</span></span> <i>ṛô</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড-এ শূন্য ড়</span></span> ḍô-e shunyô ṛô</i>, "ṛô (as) ḍô with a zero (the figure is used analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Ring_below" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring below">ring below</a> diacritic as the Bengali equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a>, which is again analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Underdot" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdot">underdot</a>)") and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ়</span></span> <i>ṛhô</i> (<i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ-এ শূন্য ঢ়</span></span> ḍhô-e shunyô ṛhô</i>) with that of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">র</span></span> <i>rô</i> (sometimes called <i><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব-এ শূন্য র</span></span> bô-e shunyô rô</i> for distinguishing purpose) - similar to other Indic languages. This is especially true in the parlance of western and southern part of Bengal but lesser on the dialects of the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma River</a>. <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড়</span></span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ়</span></span> were introduced to the inventory during the Vidyasagarian reform to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> in the pronunciation of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড</span></span> <i>ḍô</i> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ</span></span> <i>ḍhô</i> in the middle or end of a word. It is an <a href="/wiki/Allophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophonic">allophonic</a> development in some Indic languages not present in Sanskrit. Yet in ordinary speech these letters are pronounced the same as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">র</span></span> in modern Bengali.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Bengali consonants<br />(<span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">bænjônbôrnô</i></span>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"> </th> <th colspan="8"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্পর্শ</span></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>) </th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অনুনাসিক</span></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>) </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অন্তঃস্থ</span></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>) </th> <th colspan="4" rowspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঊষ্ম</span></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background:#ccc;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বর্গীয় বর্ণ</span></span> (Generic sounds) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voicing</a> → </th> <td colspan="4"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অঘোষ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a>) </td> <td colspan="8"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঘোষ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অঘোষ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">Voiceless</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঘোষ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">Voiced</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspiration</a> → </th> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অল্পপ্রাণ</span></span> (Unaspirated) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মহাপ্রাণ</span></span> (Aspirated) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অল্পপ্রাণ</span></span> (Unaspirated) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মহাপ্রাণ</span></span> (Aspirated) </td> <td colspan="6"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অল্পপ্রাণ</span></span> (Unaspirated) </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মহাপ্রাণ</span></span> (Aspirated) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>কন্ঠ্য</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">Guttural</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ক</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">kô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">খ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">khô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">গ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">gô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঘ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ghô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঙ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ngô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">হ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">hô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>তালব্য</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">চ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">chô/sô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ছ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">chhô/ssô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃʰ</span>ɔ~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">জ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ǰô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঝ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ǰhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒʱ</span>ɔ~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dzʱ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঞ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ñô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">য</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">jô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">শ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">shô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>মূর্ধন্য</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">Retroflex</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ট</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṭô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঠ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṭhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʰ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ড</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ḍô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ঢ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ḍhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖʱ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ণ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṇô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">র</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">rô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">ষ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṣô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>দন্ত্য</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ত</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">tô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">থ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">thô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ʰ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">দ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">dô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ধ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">dhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d̪ʱ</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ন</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">nô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">ল</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">lô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">স</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">sô/shô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>ওষ্ঠ্য</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>) </th> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">প</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">pô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ফ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">phô/fô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ব</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">bô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ভ</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">bhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>ɔ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;">ম</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">mô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px; color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4">ৱ</td> <td style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">wô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10em;">Post-<a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Bengali_alphabet_and_language_reconstruction" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">reform</a> letters </th> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">ড়</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṛô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">ঢ়</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">ṛhô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽʱ</span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#ccf; font-size:24px;">য়</td> <td><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">yô</i></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span>ɔ~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>ɔ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes_2">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unlike Sanskrit and other Indic languages, Bengali words cannot begin with any semi-vocalic phoneme</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though in modern Bengali the letters ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ are actually <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar consonants">velar consonants</a> and the letter হ is actually a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal consonant</a>, texts still use the Sanskrit name <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">"কন্ঠ্য"</span></span> ("guttural").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When used at the beginning or end of a word, হ is pronounced voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>ɔ/</span> but when used in the middle, it is sounded voiced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span>ɔ/</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palatal letters phonetically represent <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a> sounds but in Eastern dialects they mostly are depalatalised or depalatalised and deaffricated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original sound for ঞ was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>ɔ/</span> but in modern Bengali, it represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span>ɔ/</span> and in consonant conjuncts is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>ɔ/</span> same as ন.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Sanskrit, য represented <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">voiced palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>. In Bengali, it developed two allophones: <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palato-alveolar affricate">voiced palato-alveolar affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span>ɔ/</span> same as জ when used at the beginning of a word and the palatal approximant in other cases. When reforming the script, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar introduced য়, representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">e̯</a></span>ɔ/</span>, to indicate the palatal approximant in the pronunciation of য in the middle or end of a word. In modern Bengali, য represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span>ɔ/</span> and the near-open front unrounded vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> as the diacritic <i>jôphôla</i>. It falls into <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">voiced alveolar sibilant affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span>ɔ/</span> in Eastern dialects and is also used to represent <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar sibilant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span>ɔ/</span> for Perso-Arabic loanwords.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In Bengali, there are three letters for <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a>: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ, ষ, স</span></span>. Originally all three had distinctive sounds. In modern Bengali, the most common sibilant varies between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>/</span> – originally represented by শ, but today, স and ষ in words are often pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/</span>. The other sibilant in Bengali is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>, originally represented by স, but today, শ and ষ, in words, can sometimes be pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span>. Another, now extinct, sibilant was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span>, originally represented by ষ. ষ is mostly pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>/</span>, but in conjunction with apical alveolar consonants, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>/</span> sound can sometimes be found.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In modern text often the name <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দন্ত্যমূলীয়</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">"alveolar"</a>) or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয়</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">"postalveolar"</a>) is used to describe more precisely letters previously described as retroflex.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original sound for ণ was <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span>ɔ/</span> but in modern Bengali it is almost always pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>ɔ/</span>, the same as ন. An exception is in conjuncts with other retroflex letters, where the original sound for ণ can occasionally be found.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> phoneme, represented by র, is pronounced either as a voiced alveolar flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span>, voiced alveolar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>]</span> or voiced alveolar trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span>. Most speakers colloquially pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> as a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>, although the trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> may occur word-initially (but very rarely); with the flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> occurring medially and finally. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> can also occur as an approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span>, especially in some Eastern dialects and sometimes in conjuncts before consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Phonemes_of_Bengali_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Phonemes_of_Bengali-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although ফ represents the aspirated form of the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">voiceless bilabial stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span>ɔ/</span> it is pronounced either <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labial fricative">voiceless labial fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ</span>ɔ/</span> (in Eastern dialects) or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">voiceless labiodental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span>ɔ/</span> in ordinary speech.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although ভ represents the aspirated form of the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">voiced bilabial stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱ</span>ɔ/</span> it is pronounced either <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial fricative">voiced labial fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span>ɔ/</span> (in Eastern dialects) or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">voiced labiodental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span>ɔ/</span> in ordinary speech.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽʱ]</span> is a non-word initial allophone of /ɖʱ/. It is distinct phonetically only in far western Bengali dialects (and some conservative speech), and usually pronounced as either as [ɽ] or as the many phonetic realisations of Bengali /r/ in most dialects.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_conjuncts">Consonant conjuncts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonant conjuncts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_consonant_clusters" title="Bengali consonant clusters">Bengali consonant clusters</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg/200px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg/300px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg/400px-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>The consonant ligature <i>ndrô</i> (ন্দ্র) : ন (<i>nô</i>) in green, দ (<i>dô</i>) in blue and র (<i>rô</i>) in maroon.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">Clusters</a> of up to four consonants can be orthographically represented as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">typographic ligature</a> called a consonant conjunct (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">যুক্তাক্ষর/যুক্তবর্ণ</span> <i>juktakkhôr</i>/<i>juktôbôrnô</i> or more specifically <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">যুক্তব্যঞ্জন</span></span>). Typically, the first consonant in the conjunct is shown above and/or to the left of the following consonants. Many consonants appear in an abbreviated or compressed form when serving as part of a conjunct. Others simply take exceptional forms in conjuncts, bearing little or no resemblance to the base character. </p><p>Often, consonant conjuncts are not actually pronounced as would be implied by the pronunciation of the individual components. For example, adding <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ল</span></span> <i>lô</i> underneath <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ</span></span> <i>shô</i> in Bengali creates the conjunct <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ্ল</span></span>, which is not pronounced <i>shlô</i> but <i>slô</i> in Bengali. Many conjuncts represent Sanskrit sounds that were lost centuries before modern Bengali was ever spoken as in <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্ঞ</span></span>. It is a combination of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ</span></span> ǰô and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ</span></span> ñô but it is not pronounced "ǰñô" or "jnô". Instead, it is pronounced <i>ggô</i> in modern Bengali. Thus, as conjuncts often represent (combinations of) sounds that cannot be easily understood from the components, the following descriptions are concerned only with the construction of the conjunct, and not the resulting pronunciation. </p><p>(Some graphemes may appear in a form other than the mentioned form due to the font used) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fused_forms">Fused forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fused forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some consonants fuse in such a way that one stroke of the first consonant also serves as a stroke of the next. </p> <ul><li>The consonants can be placed on top of one another, sharing their vertical line: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক্ক</span></span> kkô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">গ্ন</span></span> gnô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">গ্ল</span></span> glô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন্ন</span></span> nnô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্ন</span></span> pnô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্প</span></span> ppô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ল্ল</span></span> llô etc.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, ব bô can hang on the vertical line under the preceding consonants, taking the shape of ব bô (includes বফলা <i>bôphôla</i>): <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">গ্ব</span></span> gbô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ব</span></span> "ṇbô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ্ব</span></span> "dbô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ল্ব</span></span> lbô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ্ব</span></span> "shbô".</li> <li>The consonants can also be placed side-by-side, sharing their vertical line: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ্দ</span></span> ddô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন্দ</span></span> ndô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্দ</span></span> bdô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্জ</span></span> bǰô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্ট</span></span> pṭô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ট</span></span> sṭô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ্চ</span></span> shchô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ্ছ</span></span> shchhô, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approximated_forms">Approximated forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Approximated forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some consonants are written closer to one another simply to indicate that they are in a conjunct together. </p> <ul><li>The consonants can be placed side-by-side, appearing unaltered: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ্গ</span></span> dgô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ্ঘ</span></span> dghô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড্ড</span></span> ḍḍô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব</span></span> bô can appear immediately to the right of the preceding consonant, taking the shape of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব</span></span> bô (includes বফলা <i>bôphôla</i>): <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ধ্ব</span></span> "dhbô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্ব</span></span> bbô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ্ব</span></span> "hbô".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compressed_forms">Compressed forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compressed forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some consonants are compressed (and often simplified) when appearing as the first member of a conjunct. </p> <ul><li>As the first member of a conjunct, the consonants <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ</span></span> ngô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চ</span></span> chô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড</span></span> ḍô and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব</span></span> bô are often compressed and placed at the top-left of the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ্ক্ষ</span></span> "ngkṣô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ্খ</span></span> ngkhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ্ঘ</span></span> ngghô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ্ম</span></span> ngmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চ্চ</span></span> chchô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চ্ছ</span></span> chchhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চ্ঞ</span></span> "chnô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড্ঢ</span></span> ḍḍhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্‍ব</span></span> bbô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত</span></span> tô is compressed and placed above the following consonant, with little or no change to the basic shape: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্ন</span></span> tnô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্ম</span></span> "tmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্ব</span></span> "tbô".</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম</span></span> mô is compressed and simplified to a curved shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ন</span></span> mnô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্প</span></span> mpô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ফ</span></span> mfô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ব</span></span> mbô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ভ</span></span> mbhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ম</span></span> mmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ল</span></span> mlô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ</span></span> ṣô is compressed and simplified to an oval shape with a diagonal stroke through it. It is placed to the top-left of the following consonants: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ক</span></span> ṣkô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ট</span></span> ṣṭô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ঠ</span></span> ṣṭhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্প</span></span> ṣpô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ফ</span></span> ṣfô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ম</span></span> ṣmô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স</span></span> sô is compressed and simplified to a ribbon shape. It is placed above or to the top-left of the following consonant: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ক</span></span> skô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্খ</span></span> skhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ত</span></span> stô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্থ</span></span> sthô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ন</span></span> snô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্প</span></span> spô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ফ</span></span> sfô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ব</span></span> "sbô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ম</span></span> "smô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ল</span></span> slô.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abbreviated_forms">Abbreviated forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abbreviated forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some consonants are abbreviated when appearing in conjuncts and lose part of their basic shape. </p> <ul><li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ</span></span> ǰô can lose its final down-stroke: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্জ</span></span> ǰǰô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্ঞ</span></span> "ǰñô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্ব</span></span> "jbô".</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ</span></span> ñô can lose its bottom half: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ্চ</span></span> ñchô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ্ছ</span></span> ñchhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ্জ</span></span> ñǰô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ্ঝ</span></span> ñǰhô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ</span></span> ñô can lose its left half (the <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এ</span></span> part): <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্ঞ</span></span> "ǰñô".</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ</span></span> ṇô and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প</span></span> pô can lose their down-stroke: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ঠ</span></span> ṇṭhô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ড</span></span> ṇḍô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্ত</span></span> ptô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্স</span></span> psô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত</span></span> tô and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ভ</span></span> bhô can lose their final upward tail: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্ত</span></span> ttô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্থ</span></span> tthô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্র</span></span> trô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ভ্র</span></span> bhrô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">থ</span></span> thô can lose its final upstroke, taking the form of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ</span></span> hô instead: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন্থ</span></span> nthô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্থ</span></span> sthô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্থ</span></span> mthô</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম</span></span> mô can lose its initial down-stroke: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক্ম</span></span> "kmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">গ্ম</span></span> "gmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ্ম</span></span> ngmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ট্ম</span></span> "ṭmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ম</span></span> "ṇmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্ম</span></span> "tmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ্ম</span></span> "dmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন্ম</span></span> nmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম্ম</span></span> mmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ্ম</span></span> "shmô" <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ্ম</span></span> ṣmô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্ম</span></span> "smô".</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স</span></span> sô can lose its top half: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক্স</span></span> ksô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ট</span></span> ṭô, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড</span></span> ḍô and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ</span></span> ḍhô can lose their matra: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্ট</span></span> pṭô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ড</span></span> ṇḍô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ট</span></span> ṇṭô <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ঢ</span></span> ṇḍhô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড</span></span> ḍô can change its shape: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ্ড</span></span> ṇḍô</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variant_forms">Variant forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variant forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some consonants have forms that are used regularly but only within conjuncts. </p> <ul><li>As the first member of a conjunct, ঙ ngô can appear as a loop and curl: ঙ্ক ngkô ঙ্গ nggô.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, the curled top of ধ dhô is replaced by a straight downstroke to the right, taking the form of ঝ ǰhô instead: গ্ধ gdhô দ্ধ ddhô ন্ধ ndhô ব্ধ bdhô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a diagonal stroke (called রেফ <i>ref</i>) above the following member: র্ক rkô র্খ rkhô র্গ rgô র্ঘ rghô, etc.</li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, র rô appears as a wavy horizontal line (called রফলা <i>rôphôla</i>) under the previous member: খ্র khrô গ্র grô ঘ্র ghrô ব্র brô, etc. <ul><li>In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা <i>rôphôla</i> appear using the compressed (and often simplified) form of the previous consonant: জ্র ǰrô ট্র ṭrô ঠ্র ṭhrô ড্র ḍrô ম্র mrô স্র srô.</li> <li>In some fonts, certain conjuncts with রফলা <i>rôphôla</i> appear using the abbreviated form of the previous consonant: ক্র krô ত্র trô ভ্র bhrô.</li></ul></li> <li>As the last member of a conjunct, য jô appears as a wavy vertical line (called যফলা <i>jôphôla</i>) to the right of the previous member: ক্য "kyô" খ্য "khyô" গ্য "gyô" ঘ্য "ghyô" etc. <ul><li>In some fonts, certain conjuncts with যফলা <i>jôphôla</i> appear using special fused forms: দ্য "dyô" ন্য "nyô" শ্য "shyô" ষ্য "ṣyô" স্য "syô" হ্য "hyô".</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When followed by র rô or ত tô, ক kô takes on the same form as ত tô would with the addition of a curl to the right: ক্র krô, ক্ত ktô.</li> <li>When preceded by the abbreviated form of ঞ ñô, চ chô takes the shape of ব bô: ঞ্চ ñchô</li> <li>When preceded by another ট ṭô, ট is reduced to a leftward curl: ট্ট ṭṭô.</li> <li>When preceded by ষ ṣô, ণ ṇô appears as two loops to the right: ষ্ণ ṣṇô.</li> <li>As the first member of a conjunct, or when at the end of a word and followed by no vowel, ত tô can appear as <a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ৎ">ৎ</a>: ৎস "tsô" ৎপ tpô ৎক tkô etc.</li> <li>When preceded by হ hô, ন nô appears as a curl to the right: হ্ন "hnô".</li> <li>Certain combinations must be memorised: ক্ষ "kṣô" হ্ম "hmô".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certain_compounds">Certain compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Certain compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When serving as a vowel mark, উ u, ঊ u, and ঋ ri take on many exceptional forms. </p> <ul><li>উ u <ul><li>When following গ gô or শ shô, it takes on a variant form resembling the final tail of ও o: গু gu শু shu.</li> <li>When following a ত tô that is already part of a conjunct with প pô, ন nô or স sô, it is fused with the ত to resemble ও o: ন্তু ntu স্তু stu প্তু ptu.</li> <li>When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা <i>rôphôla</i>, it appears as an upward curl to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward loop below: রু ru গ্রু gru ত্রু tru থ্রু thru দ্রু dru ধ্রু dhru ব্রু bru ভ্রু bhru শ্রু shru.</li> <li>When following হ hô, it appears as an extra curl: হু hu.</li></ul></li> <li>ঊ u <ul><li>When following র rô, and in many fonts also following the variant রফলা <i>rôphôla</i>, it appears as a downstroke to the right of the preceding consonant as opposed to a downward hook below: রূ rū গ্রূ grū থ্রূ thrū দ্রূ drū ধ্রূ dhrū ভ্রূ bhrū শ্রূ shrū.</li></ul></li> <li>ঋ ri <ul><li>When following হ hô, it takes the variant shape of ঊ u: হৃ hri.</li></ul></li> <li>Conjuncts of three consonants also exist, and follow the same rules as above: স sô + ত tô +র rô = স্ত্র strô, ম mô + প pô + র rô = ম্প্র mprô, জ ǰô + জ ǰô + ব bô = জ্জ্ব "ǰǰbô", ক্ষ "kṣô" + ম mô = ক্ষ্ম "kṣmô".</li> <li>Theoretically, four-consonant conjuncts can also be created, as in র rô + স sô + ট ṭô + র rô = র্স্ট্র rsṭrô, but they are not found in native words.</li> <li>Also theoretically, 5-letter conjuncts can be created, as র rô + স sô + ট tô + র rô + ঁ = র্স্ট্রঁ (pronounced rsṭrô but nasalised: rsṭrôñ). Here ঁ is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> which <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalises</a> the previous vowel. A theoretical 6-letter conjunct would be র্স্ট্রাঁ (rsṭrañ/rsṭra), with the addition of a (আ) to র্স্ট্রঁ, and a theoretical 7-letter conjunct would be like র্স্ট্র‍্যাঁ (rsṭrya/rsṭryañ) with the addition of য to র্স্ট্রাঁ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics_and_other_symbols">Diacritics and other symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diacritics and other symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are mainly the Brahmi-Sanskrit diacritics, phones and punctuation marks present in languages with Sanskrit influence or Brahmi-derived scripts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সংশোধক বর্ণ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">sôngshodhôk bôrnô</i></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol/<br />Graphemes</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Function</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">Romanization</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><br />transcription </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A7%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ৎ">ৎ</a><sup id="cite_ref-khondoto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khondoto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nc 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">খণ্ড ত</span></span><br /><i>khôndô tô</i></td> <td>Special character. Final <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental stop">unaspirated dental</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪]</span></td> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-jogbaho_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jogbaho-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nc 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অনুস্বার</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">ônusshar</a></i></td> <td>Diacritic. Final <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span></td> <td>ng</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-jogbaho_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jogbaho-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nc 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বিসর্গ</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">bishôrgô</a></i></td> <td>Diacritic.<br />1. Doubles the next consonant sound without the vowel (spelling feature) in <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দুঃখ</span></span> <i>dukkhô</i>, the <i>k</i> of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">খ</span></span> <i>khô</i> was repeated before the whole <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">খ</span></span> <i>khô</i><br />2. "h" sound at end, examples: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এঃ</span></span> <i>eh!</i>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উঃ</span></span> <i>uh!</i><br />3. Silent in spellings like <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আন্তঃনগর</span></span> <i>āntônôgôr</i> meaning "Inter-city"<br />4. Also used as abbreviation, as in <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কিঃমিঃ</span></span> (similar to "km" in English), for the word [<b>কি</b>লো<b>মি</b>টার] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |bold= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> "kilometer", or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ডাঃ</span></span> (similar to "Dr" in English) for [<b>ডা</b>ক্তার] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |bold= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> <i>dāktār</i> "doctor". <p>But now using বিসর্গ <i>bishôrgô</i> for making abbreviations is considered grammatically wrong and now dot is used for making abbreviations (as in কি.মি. for the word <b>কি</b>লো<b>মি</b>টার "kilometer", or ডা. for <b>ডা</b>ক্তার dāktār "doctor" which are respectively similar to "km" and "Dr" in English) is grammatically correct.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ḥ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍ঁ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চন্দ্রবিন্দু</span></span><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chôndrôbindu</a></i></td> <td>Diacritic. Vowel <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a></td> <td>◌̃ / ṃ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌̃/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍্</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হসন্ত</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">hôshôntô</a></i></td> <td>Diacritic. Suppresses the inherent vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> <i>(ô)</i></td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍ঽ</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অবগ্রহ</span></span><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">ôbôgrôhô</a></i></td> <td>Special character or sign. Used for prolonging vowel sounds<br />Example1: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শোনঽঽঽ</span></span> <i>shônôôôô</i> meaning "listennnn..." (listen), this is where the default inherited vowel sound <i>ô</i> in <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন</span></span> <i>nô</i> is prolonged.<br />Example2: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কিঽঽঽ?</span></span> <i>kiiii?</i> meaning "Whatttt...?" (What?), this is where the vowel sound <i>i</i> which is attached with the consonant <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক</span></span> <i>kô</i> is prolonged.</td> <td>-</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍্য</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">যফলা</span></span><br /><i>jôphôla</i></td> <td>Diacritic. Used with two types of pronunciation in modern Bengali depending on the location of the consonant it is used with within a syllable<br />Example 1 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-initial, it acts as the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span>: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্যাগ</span></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪æɡ/</span><br />Example 2 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মুখ্য</span></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mukʰːɔ/</span><br />Notably used in transliterating English words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> sounding vowels, e.g. <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব্ল্যাক</span></span> "black" and sometimes as a diacritic to indicate non-Bengali vowels of various kinds in transliterated foreign words, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> indicated by a <i>jôphôla</i>, the French u, and the German umlaut <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উ্য</span></span> uyô, the German umlaut <a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a> as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ও্য</span></span> oyô or <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এ্য</span></span> eyô </td> <td>ê / yô</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍‍্র</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">রফলা</span></span><br /><i>rôphôla</i></td> <td>Diacritic. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> pronounced following a consonant phoneme. </td> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍‍র্ক</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">রেফ</span></span><br /><i>ref/reph</i></td> <td>Diacritic. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> pronounced preceding a consonant phoneme. </td> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍্ব</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বফলা</span></span><br /><i>bôphôla</i></td> <td>Diacritic. Used in spellings only, if they were adopted from Sanskrit and has two different pronunciations depending on the location of the consonant it is used with<br />Example 1 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-initial, it remains silent: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বাধীন</span></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃad̪ʱin/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃbad̪ʱin/</span><br />Example 2 - When the consonant it is used with is syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বিদ্বান</span></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bid̪ːan/</span> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বিশ্ব</span></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biʃːɔ/</span><br />However, certain Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhis</a> (phonetic fusions) such as 'ঋগ্বেদ', 'দিগ্বিজয়', 'উদ্বেগ', 'উদ্বৃত্ত' are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/riɡbed̪/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪iɡbidʒɔe̯/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ud̪beɡ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ud̪brittɔ/</span> respectively while usage with the consonant <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ</span></span> defies phonological rules: 'আহ্বান' and 'জিহ্বা' are properly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aobɦan/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒiobɦa/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɦban/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒiɦba/</span>, respectively.<br />Also used in transliterating Islam-related Arabic words<br /><b>Note</b>: Not all instances of <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব</span></span> bô used as the last member of a conjunct are <i>bôphôla</i>, for example, in the words <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অম্বর</span></span> <i>ôm<b>b</b>ôr</i>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">লম্বা</span></span> <i>lôm<b>b</b>a</i>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">তিব্বত</span></span> <i>tib<b>b</b>ôt</i>, <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বাল্ব</span></span> <i>bal<b>b</b></i>, etc. </td> <td>-</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">‍৺</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঈশ্বর</span></span><br /><i>ishshôr</i></td> <td>Sign. Represents the name of a deity or also written before the name of a deceased person</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr style="color:#808080" bgcolor="#EEEFE4"> <td style="font-size:14pt;" align="center"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঀ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আঞ্জী/সিদ্ধিরস্তু</span></span><br /><i>anji /siddhirôstu</i></td> <td>Sign. Used at the beginning of texts as an invocation</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes_3">Notes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-khondoto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-khondoto_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ৎ (<i>khôndô tô</i> "part-<i>tô</i>") is always used syllable-finally and always pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span>. It is predominantly found in loan words from Sanskrit such as ভবিষ্যৎ <i>bhôbishyôt</i> "future", সত্যজিৎ <i>sôtyôjit</i> (a proper name), etc. It is also found in some onomatopoeic words (such as থপাৎ <i>thôpat</i> "sound of something heavy that fell", মড়াৎ <i>môrat</i> "sound of something breaking", etc.), as the first member of some consonant conjuncts (such as ৎস tsô, ৎপ tpô, ৎক tkô, etc.), and in some foreign loanwords (e.g. নাৎসি <i>natsi</i> "Nazi", জুজুৎসু <i>jujutsu</i> "<a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a>", ৎসুনামি <i>tsunami</i> "<a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a>", etc.) which contain the same conjuncts. It is an overproduction inconsistency, as the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span> is realised by both ত and ৎ. This creates confusion among inexperienced writers of Bengali. There is no simple way of telling which symbol should be used. Usually, the contexts where ৎ is used need to be memorised, as they are less frequent. In the native Bengali words, syllable-final ত <i>tô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪ɔ/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span>, as in নাতনি <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nat̪ni/</span> "grand-daughter", করাত <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔrat̪/</span> "saw", etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jogbaho-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jogbaho_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jogbaho_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> <i>-h</i> and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> <i>-ng</i> are also often used as <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation marks</a> in Bengali, with <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> <i>-ng</i> used when the next sound following the abbreviation would be a nasal sound, and <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> <i>-h</i> otherwise. For example, ডঃ <i>dôh</i> stands for ডক্টর <i>dôktôr</i> "doctor" and নং <i>nông</i> stands for নম্বর <i>nômbôr</i> "number". Some abbreviations have no marking at all, as in ঢাবি <i>dhabi</i> for ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় <i>Dhaka Bishbôbidyalôy</i> "<a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>". The full stop can also be used when writing out English letters as initials, such as ই.ইউ. <i>i.iu</i> "EU".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digits_and_numerals">Digits and numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Digits and numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a></div> <p>The Bengali script has ten <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerical digits</a> (graphemes or symbols indicating the numbers from 0 to 9). Bengali numerals have no horizontal headstroke or মাত্রা "matra". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a> </th> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a> </th> <td>০ </td> <td>১ </td> <td>২ </td> <td>৩ </td> <td>৪ </td> <td>৫ </td> <td>৬ </td> <td>৭ </td> <td>৮ </td> <td>৯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numbers larger than 9 are written in Bengali using a positional base 10 numeral system (the decimal system). A period or dot is used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, which separates the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal number. When writing large numbers with many digits, commas are used as delimiters to <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator#Digit_grouping" title="Decimal separator">group</a> digits, indicating the <a href="/wiki/Thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand">thousand</a> (হাজার <i>hazar</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred thousand">hundred thousand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (লাখ <i>lakh</i> or লক্ষ <i>lôkkhô</i>), and the ten million or hundred lakh or <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (কোটি <i>koti</i>) units. In other words, leftwards from the decimal separator, the first grouping consists of three digits, and the subsequent groupings always consist of two digits. </p><p>For example, the English number 17,557,345 will be written in traditional Bengali as ১,৭৫,৫৭,৩৪৫. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke দাড়ি <i>dari</i> (।), the Bengali equivalent of a full stop, have been adopted from western scripts and their usage is similar: Commas, semicolons, colons, quotation marks, etc. are the same as in English. Capital letters are absent in the Bengali script so proper names are unmarked. </p><p>An apostrophe, known in Bengali as ঊর্ধ্বকমা <i>urdhbôkôma</i> "upper comma", is sometimes used to distinguish between <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, as in পাটা <i>pata</i> "plank" and পাʼটা <i>pa'ta</i> "the leg". Sometimes, a hyphen is used for the same purpose (as in পা-টা, an alternative of পাʼটা). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_of_the_Bengali_text">Characteristics of the Bengali text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the Bengali text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg/300px-Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>An example of handwritten Bengali script. Part of a poem written by Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> in 1926 in Hungary.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bengali text is written and read horizontally, from left to right. The consonant graphemes and the full form of vowel graphemes fit into an imaginary rectangle of uniform size (uniform width and height). The size of a consonant conjunct, regardless of its complexity, is deliberately maintained the same as that of a single consonant grapheme, so that diacritic vowel forms can be attached to it without any distortion. In a typical Bengali text, orthographic words, words as they are written, can be seen as being separated from each other by an even spacing. Graphemes within a word are also evenly spaced, but that spacing is much narrower than the spacing between words. </p><p>Unlike in western scripts (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, etc.) for which the letter-forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা <i>matra</i>. The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter ত <i>tô</i> and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the <i>matra</i>, as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র <i>trô</i> and the independent vowel এ <i>e</i>. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0.5em; text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Grapheme</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>আ</td> <td>11.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>এ</td> <td>8.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>র</td> <td>7.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>অ</td> <td>6.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ব</td> <td>4.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ক</td> <td>4.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ল</td> <td>4.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ত</td> <td>3.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ম</td> <td>2.78 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Bengali linguist <a href="/wiki/Munier_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Munier Chowdhury">Munier Chowdhury</a>, there are about nine graphemes that are the most frequent in Bengali texts, shown with its percentage of appearance in the adjacent table.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_Bengali_script_with_ancestral_and_related_scripts">Comparison of Bengali script with ancestral and related scripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comparison of Bengali script with ancestral and related scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>a </th> <th>ā </th> <th>i </th> <th>ī </th> <th>u </th> <th>ū </th> <th>ṛ </th> <th>ṝ </th> <th>ḷ </th> <th>ḹ </th> <th>e </th> <th>ai </th> <th>o </th> <th>au </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bengali </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ই</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঊ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ৠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঌ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ৡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঐ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ও</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঔ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Odia </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଅ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଆ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଇ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଉ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଊ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଌ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଏ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଐ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଔ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Devanagari </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">आ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">इ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ई</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">उ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऊ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ॠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऌ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ॡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ए</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ऐ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ओ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">औ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;"> <th>Siddham </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/18px-Siddham_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/27px-Siddham_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siddham_a.svg/36px-Siddham_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_aa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/18px-Siddham_aa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/27px-Siddham_aa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Siddham_aa.svg/36px-Siddham_aa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/18px-Siddham_i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/27px-Siddham_i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg/36px-Siddham_i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/18px-Siddham_ii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/27px-Siddham_ii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg/36px-Siddham_ii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_u.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/18px-Siddham_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/27px-Siddham_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg/36px-Siddham_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_uu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/18px-Siddham_uu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/27px-Siddham_uu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg/36px-Siddham_uu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ri.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/18px-Siddham_ri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/27px-Siddham_ri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg/36px-Siddham_ri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_rii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_rii.svg/18px-Siddham_rii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_rii.svg/27px-Siddham_rii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_rii.svg/36px-Siddham_rii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_li.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Siddham_li.svg/18px-Siddham_li.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Siddham_li.svg/27px-Siddham_li.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Siddham_li.svg/36px-Siddham_li.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_lii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siddham_lii.svg/18px-Siddham_lii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siddham_lii.svg/27px-Siddham_lii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Siddham_lii.svg/36px-Siddham_lii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/18px-Siddham_e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/27px-Siddham_e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg/36px-Siddham_e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/18px-Siddham_ai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/27px-Siddham_ai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg/36px-Siddham_ai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/18px-Siddham_o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/27px-Siddham_o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg/36px-Siddham_o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_au.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/18px-Siddham_au.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/27px-Siddham_au.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Siddham_au.svg/36px-Siddham_au.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>k </th> <th>kh </th> <th>g </th> <th>gh </th> <th>ṅ </th> <th>c </th> <th>ch </th> <th>j </th> <th>jh </th> <th>ñ </th> <th>ṭ </th> <th>ṭh </th> <th>ḍ </th> <th>ḍh </th> <th>ṇ </th> <th>t </th> <th>th </th> <th>d </th> <th>dh </th> <th>n </th> <th>p </th> <th>ph </th> <th>b </th> <th>bh </th> <th>m </th> <th>ẏ,y </th> <th>r </th> <th>l,ḷ </th> <th>w </th> <th>ś </th> <th>ṣ </th> <th>s </th> <th>h </th> <th>kṣ </th> <th>jñ </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bengali </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">খ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">গ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঘ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঙ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">চ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ছ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঝ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঞ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ট</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ড</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ণ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">থ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">দ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ধ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ন</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ফ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ব</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ভ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ম</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">য,য়</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">র</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ল</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ওয় (ৱ)</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">শ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ষ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">হ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক্ষ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জ্ঞ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ৎ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Odia </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଖ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଗ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଘ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଙ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଚ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଛ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଜ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଝ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଞ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଟ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଠ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଡ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଣ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ତ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଥ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଦ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଧ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ନ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ପ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଫ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ବ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଭ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ମ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଯ,ୟ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ର</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଲ,ଳ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ୱ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଶ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଷ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ସ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ହ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କ୍ଷ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଜ୍ଞ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Devanagari </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ख</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ग</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">घ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ङ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">च</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">छ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ज</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">झ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ञ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ट</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ठ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ड</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ढ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ण</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">त</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">थ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">द</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ध</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">न</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">फ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ब</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">भ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">म</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">य</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">र</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ल,ळ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">व</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ष</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">स</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ह</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क्ष</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ज्ञ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;"> <th>Siddham </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/15px-Siddham_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/23px-Siddham_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Siddham_k.svg/30px-Siddham_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_kh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/15px-Siddham_kh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/23px-Siddham_kh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Siddham_kh.svg/30px-Siddham_kh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/15px-Siddham_g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/23px-Siddham_g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg/30px-Siddham_g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_gh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/15px-Siddham_gh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/23px-Siddham_gh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg/30px-Siddham_gh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/15px-Siddham_ng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/23px-Siddham_ng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Siddham_ng.svg/30px-Siddham_ng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/15px-Siddham_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/23px-Siddham_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Siddham_c.svg/30px-Siddham_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/15px-Siddham_ch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/23px-Siddham_ch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Siddham_ch.svg/30px-Siddham_ch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/15px-Siddham_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/23px-Siddham_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Siddham_j.svg/30px-Siddham_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_jh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/15px-Siddham_jh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/23px-Siddham_jh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siddham_jh.svg/30px-Siddham_jh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ny2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/15px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/23px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg/30px-Siddham_ny2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_tt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/15px-Siddham_tt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/23px-Siddham_tt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg/30px-Siddham_tt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_tth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/15px-Siddham_tth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/23px-Siddham_tth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg/30px-Siddham_tth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_dd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/15px-Siddham_dd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/23px-Siddham_dd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Siddham_dd.svg/30px-Siddham_dd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ddh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/15px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/23px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg/30px-Siddham_ddh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/15px-Siddham_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/23px-Siddham_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg/30px-Siddham_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/15px-Siddham_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/23px-Siddham_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg/30px-Siddham_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_th.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/15px-Siddham_th.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/23px-Siddham_th.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg/30px-Siddham_th.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/15px-Siddham_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/23px-Siddham_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Siddham_d.svg/30px-Siddham_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_dh2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/15px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/23px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg/30px-Siddham_dh2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_n.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/15px-Siddham_n.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/23px-Siddham_n.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Siddham_n.svg/30px-Siddham_n.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/15px-Siddham_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/23px-Siddham_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Siddham_p.svg/30px-Siddham_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/15px-Siddham_ph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/23px-Siddham_ph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg/30px-Siddham_ph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/15px-Siddham_b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/23px-Siddham_b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg/30px-Siddham_b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_bh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/15px-Siddham_bh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/23px-Siddham_bh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Siddham_bh.svg/30px-Siddham_bh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/15px-Siddham_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/23px-Siddham_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Siddham_m.svg/30px-Siddham_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_y.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/15px-Siddham_y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/23px-Siddham_y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg/30px-Siddham_y.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_r.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/15px-Siddham_r.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/23px-Siddham_r.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Siddham_r.svg/30px-Siddham_r.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_l.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/15px-Siddham_l.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/23px-Siddham_l.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siddham_l.svg/30px-Siddham_l.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/15px-Siddham_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/23px-Siddham_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg/30px-Siddham_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_sh1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/15px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/23px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg/30px-Siddham_sh1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_ss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/15px-Siddham_ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/23px-Siddham_ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg/30px-Siddham_ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/15px-Siddham_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/23px-Siddham_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg/30px-Siddham_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddham_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/15px-Siddham_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/23px-Siddham_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Siddham_h.svg/30px-Siddham_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_diacritics">Vowel diacritics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vowel diacritics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>ka </th> <th>kā </th> <th>ki </th> <th>kī </th> <th>ku </th> <th>kū </th> <th>kṛ </th> <th>kṝ </th> <th>kḷ </th> <th>kḹ </th> <th>ke </th> <th>kai </th> <th>ko </th> <th>kau </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bengali </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ক</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কা</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কি</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কী</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কু</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কূ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৃ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৄ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৣ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কে</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কো</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">কৌ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Odia </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କା</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କି</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୀ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୁ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୂ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୃ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୄ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୣ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କେ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୈ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୋ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">କୌ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Devanagari </th> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">क</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">का</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कि</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">की</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कु</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कू</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कृ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कॄ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कॢ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कॣ</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">के</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कै</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">को</span></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कौ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bengali_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Bengali alphabet">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the script, clusters of consonants are represented by different and sometimes quite irregular forms; thus, learning to read is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of letters and letter combinations, numbering about 350. <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a> introduced punctuation marks in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> and wrote a book named <a href="/wiki/Barnaparichay" title="Barnaparichay">Barnaparichay</a> to standardize Bengali alphabets. While efforts at standardising the alphabet for the Bengali language continue in such notable centres as the <a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Pôshchimbônggô Bangla Akademi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, India), it is still not quite uniform yet, as many people continue to use various archaic forms of letters, resulting in concurrent forms for the same sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">Romanization of Bengali</a></div> <p>Romanization of Bengali is the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. There are various ways of Romanization systems of Bengali, created in recent years but failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. While different standards for <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation">romanisation</a> have been proposed for Bengali, they have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity seen in languages such as Japanese or Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation in which the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a> or "IAST system",<sup id="cite_ref-IAST1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAST1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Indian languages Transliteration" or <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> (uses upper case alphabets suited for <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> keyboards),<sup id="cite_ref-ITRANS1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITRANS1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extension of IAST intended for non-Sanskrit languages of the Indian region called the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatLib_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatLib-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</b> </p><p>The first line is the Bengali alphabet; the second a <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">phonetic Romanization</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সমস্ত</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Šomosto</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃɔmost̪o</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">All</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মানুষ</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manush</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">manuʃ</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">human</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বাধীনভাবে</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šadhinbhabe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">free-manner-in</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সমান</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šoman</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃoman</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">equal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মর্যাদা</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">morjada</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mɔrdʒad̪a</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">dignity</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এবং</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ebong</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eboŋ</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অধিকার</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">odhikar</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">od̪ʱikar</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">right</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নিয়ে</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niye</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nie̯e</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">taken</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জন্মগ্রহণ</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jonmogrohon</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒɔnmoɡrohon</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">birth-take</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">করে।</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kore.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɔre</span>.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">তাঁদের</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tãder</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ãd̪er</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Their</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বিবেক</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bibek</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bibek</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">reason</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এবং</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ebong</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eboŋ</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">and</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বুদ্ধি</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">buddhi</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bud̪ːʱi</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">intelligence</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আছে;</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">achhe;</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">atʃʰe</span>;</p><p style="margin: 0px;">exist;</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সুতরাং</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šutôrang</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃut̪oraŋ</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">therefore</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সকলেরই</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šokoleri</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃɔkoleri</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">everyone-indeed</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">একে</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">æke</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æke</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অপরের</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oporer</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔporer</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">another's</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্রতি</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">proti</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">prot̪i</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">towards</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bhratrittošulobh</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱrat̪rit̪ːoʃulɔbʱ</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">brotherhood-ly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মনোভাব</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">monobhab</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">monobʱab</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">attitude</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নিয়ে</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">niye</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nie̯e</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">taken</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আচরণ</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">achoron</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">atʃorɔn</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">conduct</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">করা</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kora</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɔra</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">do</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উচিত।</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uchit.</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">utʃit̪</span></p><p style="margin: 0px;">should.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সমস্ত</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মানুষ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">স্বাধীনভাবে</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সমান</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মর্যাদা</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এবং</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অধিকার</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নিয়ে</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">জন্মগ্রহণ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">করে।</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">তাঁদের</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বিবেক</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">এবং</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">বুদ্ধি</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আছে;</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সুতরাং</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">সকলেরই</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">একে</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">অপরের</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">প্রতি</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">মনোভাব</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">নিয়ে</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">আচরণ</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">করা</span></span> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">উচিত।</span></span></p><p style="display: none;">Šomosto manush šadhinbhabe šoman morjada ebong odhikar niye jonmogrohon kore. Tãder bibek ebong buddhi achhe; šutôrang šokoleri æke oporer proti bhratrittošulobh monobhab niye achoron kora uchit.</p><p style="display: none;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃɔmost̪o</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">manuʃ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃoman</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mɔrdʒad̪a</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eboŋ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">od̪ʱikar</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nie̯e</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒɔnmoɡrohon</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɔre</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t̪ãd̪er</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bibek</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eboŋ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bud̪ːʱi</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">atʃʰe</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃut̪oraŋ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃɔkoleri</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æke</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔporer</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">prot̪i</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">bʱrat̪rit̪ːoʃulɔbʱ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">monobʱab</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nie̯e</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">atʃorɔn</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɔra</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">utʃit̪</span></p><p style="display: none;">All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should.</p><p style="clear: left;">All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_(Unicode_block)" title="Bengali (Unicode block)">Bengali (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Bengali script was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. </p><p>The Unicode block for Bengali is U+0980–U+09FF: </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Bengali_(Unicode_block)" title="Bengali (Unicode block)">Bengali</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0980_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U0980_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U0980_grey"><a href="#endnote_U0980_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+098x </td> <td title="U+0980: BENGALI ANJI">ঀ </td> <td title="U+0981: BENGALI SIGN CANDRABINDU">ঁ </td> <td title="U+0982: BENGALI SIGN ANUSVARA">ং </td> <td title="U+0983: BENGALI SIGN VISARGA">ঃ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0985: BENGALI LETTER A">অ </td> <td title="U+0986: BENGALI LETTER AA">আ </td> <td title="U+0987: BENGALI LETTER I">ই </td> <td title="U+0988: BENGALI LETTER II">ঈ </td> <td title="U+0989: BENGALI LETTER U">উ </td> <td title="U+098A: BENGALI LETTER UU">ঊ </td> <td title="U+098B: BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC R">ঋ </td> <td title="U+098C: BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC L">ঌ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+098F: BENGALI LETTER E">এ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+099x </td> <td title="U+0990: BENGALI LETTER AI">ঐ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+0993: BENGALI LETTER O">ও </td> <td title="U+0994: BENGALI LETTER AU">ঔ </td> <td title="U+0995: BENGALI LETTER KA">ক </td> <td title="U+0996: BENGALI LETTER KHA">খ </td> <td title="U+0997: BENGALI LETTER GA">গ </td> <td title="U+0998: BENGALI LETTER GHA">ঘ </td> <td title="U+0999: BENGALI LETTER NGA">ঙ </td> <td title="U+099A: BENGALI LETTER CA">চ </td> <td title="U+099B: BENGALI LETTER CHA">ছ </td> <td title="U+099C: BENGALI LETTER JA">জ </td> <td title="U+099D: BENGALI LETTER JHA">ঝ </td> <td title="U+099E: BENGALI LETTER NYA">ঞ </td> <td title="U+099F: BENGALI LETTER TTA">ট </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Ax </td> <td title="U+09A0: BENGALI LETTER TTHA">ঠ </td> <td title="U+09A1: BENGALI LETTER DDA">ড </td> <td title="U+09A2: BENGALI LETTER DDHA">ঢ </td> <td title="U+09A3: BENGALI LETTER NNA">ণ </td> <td title="U+09A4: BENGALI LETTER TA">ত </td> <td title="U+09A5: BENGALI LETTER THA">থ </td> <td title="U+09A6: BENGALI LETTER DA">দ </td> <td title="U+09A7: BENGALI LETTER DHA">ধ </td> <td title="U+09A8: BENGALI LETTER NA">ন </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09AA: BENGALI LETTER PA">প </td> <td title="U+09AB: BENGALI LETTER PHA">ফ </td> <td title="U+09AC: BENGALI LETTER BA">ব </td> <td title="U+09AD: BENGALI LETTER BHA">ভ </td> <td title="U+09AE: BENGALI LETTER MA">ম </td> <td title="U+09AF: BENGALI LETTER YA">য </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Bx </td> <td title="U+09B0: BENGALI LETTER RA">র </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09B2: BENGALI LETTER LA">ল </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09B6: BENGALI LETTER SHA">শ </td> <td title="U+09B7: BENGALI LETTER SSA">ষ </td> <td title="U+09B8: BENGALI LETTER SA">স </td> <td title="U+09B9: BENGALI LETTER HA">হ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09BC: BENGALI SIGN NUKTA">় </td> <td title="U+09BD: BENGALI SIGN AVAGRAHA">ঽ </td> <td title="U+09BE: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN AA">া </td> <td title="U+09BF: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN I">ি </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Cx </td> <td title="U+09C0: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN II">ী </td> <td title="U+09C1: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN U">ু </td> <td title="U+09C2: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN UU">ূ </td> <td title="U+09C3: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R">ৃ </td> <td title="U+09C4: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR">ৄ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09C7: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN E">ে </td> <td title="U+09C8: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN AI">ৈ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09CB: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN O">ো </td> <td title="U+09CC: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN AU">ৌ </td> <td title="U+09CD: BENGALI SIGN VIRAMA">্ </td> <td title="U+09CE: BENGALI LETTER KHANDA TA">ৎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Dx </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09D7: BENGALI AU LENGTH MARK">ৗ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09DC: BENGALI LETTER RRA">ড় </td> <td title="U+09DD: BENGALI LETTER RHA">ঢ় </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09DF: BENGALI LETTER YYA">য় </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Ex </td> <td title="U+09E0: BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC RR">ৠ </td> <td title="U+09E1: BENGALI LETTER VOCALIC LL">ৡ </td> <td title="U+09E2: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L">ৢ </td> <td title="U+09E3: BENGALI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL">ৣ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+09E6: BENGALI DIGIT ZERO">০ </td> <td title="U+09E7: BENGALI DIGIT ONE">১ </td> <td title="U+09E8: BENGALI DIGIT TWO">২ </td> <td title="U+09E9: BENGALI DIGIT THREE">৩ </td> <td title="U+09EA: BENGALI DIGIT FOUR">৪ </td> <td title="U+09EB: BENGALI DIGIT FIVE">৫ </td> <td title="U+09EC: BENGALI DIGIT SIX">৬ </td> <td title="U+09ED: BENGALI DIGIT SEVEN">৭ </td> <td title="U+09EE: BENGALI DIGIT EIGHT">৮ </td> <td title="U+09EF: BENGALI DIGIT NINE">৯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+09Fx </td> <td title="U+09F0: BENGALI LETTER RA WITH MIDDLE DIAGONAL">ৰ </td> <td title="U+09F1: BENGALI LETTER RA WITH LOWER DIAGONAL">ৱ </td> <td title="U+09F2: BENGALI RUPEE MARK">৲ </td> <td title="U+09F3: BENGALI RUPEE SIGN">৳ </td> <td title="U+09F4: BENGALI CURRENCY NUMERATOR ONE">৴ </td> <td title="U+09F5: BENGALI CURRENCY NUMERATOR TWO">৵ </td> <td title="U+09F6: BENGALI CURRENCY NUMERATOR THREE">৶ </td> <td title="U+09F7: BENGALI CURRENCY NUMERATOR FOUR">৷ </td> <td title="U+09F8: BENGALI CURRENCY NUMERATOR ONE LESS THAN THE DENOMINATOR">৸ </td> <td title="U+09F9: BENGALI CURRENCY DENOMINATOR SIXTEEN">৹ </td> <td title="U+09FA: BENGALI ISSHAR">৺ </td> <td title="U+09FB: BENGALI GANDA MARK">৻ </td> <td title="U+09FC: BENGALI LETTER VEDIC ANUSVARA">ৼ </td> <td title="U+09FD: BENGALI ABBREVIATION SIGN">৽ </td> <td title="U+09FE: BENGALI SANDHI MARK">৾ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0980_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U0980_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U0980_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U0980_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wray" title="Robert B. Wray">Robert B. Wray</a> movable type for Bengali (1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnaparichay" title="Barnaparichay">Barnaparichay</a>, book by <a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Paschimbanga Bangla Academi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Nagari">Eastern Nagari</a> script</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_(Unicode_block)" title="Bengali (Unicode block)">Bengali Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayek_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mayek (disambiguation)">Mayek (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_4">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Different Bengali linguists give different numbers of Bengali diphthongs in their works depending on methodology, e.g. 25 (Chatterji 1939: 40), 31 (Hai 1964), 45 (Ashraf and Ashraf 1966: 49), 28 (Kostic and Das 1972:6–7) and 17 (Sarkar 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Japanese, there is some debate as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well-standardized because the speaking community is relatively small, and <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound change</a> is not a large concern.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116142505/http://ancientscripts.com/bengali.html">"Ancient Scripts"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bengali+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fbengali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658">"GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"</a>. <i>manipurgovtpress.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306014600/http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Manipuri Language" means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population: Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language, for a period up to 10(ten) years from the date of commencement of this Act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manipurgovtpress.nic.in&rft.atitle=GAZETTE+TITLE%3A+The+Manipur+Official+Language+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanipurgovtpress.nic.in%2Fen%2Fdetails_gazzete%2F%3Fgazette%3D658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm">"Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127043653/https://omniglot.com/writing/bengali.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Bengali+alphabet%2C+pronunciation+and+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fbengali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm">"Manipuri language and alphabets"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127043650/https://omniglot.com/writing/manipuri.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Manipuri+language+and+alphabets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmanipuri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgec-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgec_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415772945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415772945">978-0415772945</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2020" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Hanne-Ruth (2020). <i>Bengali: A Comprehensive Grammar (Routledge Comprehensive Grammars), 1</i> (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415411394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415411394"><bdi>978-0415411394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengali%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar+%28Routledge+Comprehensive+Grammars%29%2C+1&rft.pages=23&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0415411394&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Hanne-Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf">"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100310000071">10.1017/S0025100310000071</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317011456/https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202010%20Bengali%20Bangladeshi%20standard.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Bengali+%28Bangladeshi+Standard%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100310000071&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Sameer+ud+Dowla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reed.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fkhan%2Fassets%2FKhan%25202010%2520Bengali%2520Bangladeshi%2520standard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010222-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010222_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan (2010)</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="The_history_of_the_Bengali_language" class="citation book cs1">Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000). <i>The history of the Bengali language</i> (Repr. [d. Ausg.] Calcutta, 1920. ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120614526" title="Special:BookSources/8120614526"><bdi>8120614526</bdi></a>. <q>yet it is to be noted as a fact, that the cerebral letters are not so much cerebral as they are dental in our speech. If we carefully notice our pronunciation of the letters of the 'ট' class we will see that we articulate 'ট' and 'ড,' for example, almost like English T and D without turning up the tip of the tongue much away from the region of the teeth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Bengali+language&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=Repr.+%5Bd.+Ausg.%5D+Calcutta%2C+1920.&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=8120614526&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Bijaychandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Phonemes_of_Bengali-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Phonemes_of_Bengali_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonChowdhury1960" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Charles A.; Chowdhury, Munier (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/410622">"The Phonemes of Bengali"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>36</b> (1). Charles A. Ferguson and Munier Chowdhury: 22–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F410622">10.2307/410622</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/410622">410622</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003010729/https://www.jstor.org/stable/410622">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Phonemes+of+Bengali&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-59&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F410622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F410622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+Munier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F410622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010223–224_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan (2010)</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amin, Mohammed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://draminbd.com/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A/">"বিসর্গবিধি ও উচ্চারণ"</a> (in Bengali). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114171338/https://draminbd.com/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF+%E0%A6%93+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdraminbd.com%2F%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2597-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25BF-%25E0%25A6%2593-%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/education/news/419882#:~:text=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%20(%E0%A6%83%20)%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%3A%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97,%E0%A6%83)%2D%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%20%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A5%A4(%E0%A6%83%20)%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%3A%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97,%E0%A6%83)%2D%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%20%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A5%A4">"সহজ বাংলা বানানের নিয়ম"</a> [Simple Bengali Spelling Rules]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Janakantha" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Janakantha">The Daily Janakantha</a></i> (in Bengali). 4 May 2019. ৪১. বিসর্গ (ঃ ) ব্যবহার: বিসর্গ একটি বাংলা বর্ণ এটি কোনো চিহ্ন নয়। বর্ণ হিসেবে ব্যবহার করতে হবে। বিসর্গ (ঃ) হলো অঘোষ ‘হ্’-এর উচ্চারণে প্রাপ্ত ধ্বনি। ‘হ’-এর উচ্চারণ ঘোষ কিন্তু বিসর্গ (ঃ)-এর উচ্চারণ অঘোষ। বাংলায় ভাষায় বিস্ময়াদি প্রকাশে বিসর্গ (ঃ )-এর উচ্চারণ প্রকাশ পায়। যেমন- আঃ, উঃ, ওঃ, ছিঃ, বাঃ । পদের শেষে বিসর্গ (ঃ) ব্যবহার হবে না। যেমন ধর্মত, কার্যত, আইনত, ন্যায়ত, করত, বস্তুত, ক্রমশ, প্রায়শ ইত্যাদি। পদমধ্যস্থে বিসর্গ ব্যবহার হবে। যেমন অতঃপর, দুঃখ, স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত, অন্তঃস্থল, পুনঃপুন, পুনঃপ্রকাশ, পুনঃপরীক্ষা, পুনঃপ্রবেশ, পুনঃপ্রতিষ্ঠা ইত্যাদি। অর্ধ শব্দকে পূর্ণতা দানে অর্থাৎ পূর্ণ শব্দকে সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপে প্রকাশে বিসর্গ ব্যবহার করা হলেও আধুনিক বানানে ডট ( . ) ব্যবহার করা হচ্ছে। যেমন- ডাক্তার>ডা. (ডাঃ), ডক্টর>ড. (ডঃ), লিমিটেড> লি. (লিঃ) ইত্যাদি। বিসর্গ যেহেতু বাংলা বর্ণ এবং এর নিজস্ব ব্যবহার বিধি আছে— তাই এ ধরনের বানানে (ডাক্তার>ডা., ডক্টর>ড., লিমিটেড> লি.) বিসর্গ ব্যবহার বর্জন করা হয়েছে। কারণ বিসর্গ যতিচিহ্ন নয়। [সতর্কীকরণ: বিসর্গ (ঃ)-এর স্থলে কোলন ( : ) কোনোভাবেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে না। যেমন- অত:পর, দু:খ ইত্যাদি। কারণ কোলন ( : ) কোনো বর্ণ নয়, চিহ্ন। যতিচিহ্ন হিসেবে বিসর্গ (ঃ) ব্যবহার যাবে না। যেমন- নামঃ রেজা, থানাঃ লাকসাম, জেলাঃ কুমিল্লা, ১ঃ৯ ইত্যাদি।]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114182025/https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/education/news/419882#:~:text=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%20(%E0%A6%83%20)%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%3A%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97,%E0%A6%83)%2D%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%20%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A5%A4(%E0%A6%83%20)%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%3A%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97,%E0%A6%83)%2D%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%20%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%E0%A5%A4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span 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58B%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A5%25A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Chowdhury 1963</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAST1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAST1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html">"Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration"</a>. <i>Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration</i>. Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit+3+%E2%80%93+Learning+transliteration&rft.atitle=Learning+International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar%2Fenglish%2Fsanskrit%2Fsanskrit3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITRANS1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITRANS1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/">"ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package"</a>. Avinash Chopde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020111/http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITRANS+%E2%80%93+Indian+Language+Transliteration+Package&rft.pub=Avinash+Chopde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aczoom.com%2Fitrans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatLib-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatLib_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf">"Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange — ISCII</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">Bureau of Indian Standards</a>. 1 April 1999. p. 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723090940/http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Standard%3A+Indian+Script+Code+for+Information+Interchange+%E2%80%94+ISCII&rft.atitle=Annex-F%3A+Roman+Script+Transliteration&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaramozhi.sourceforge.net%2Fiscii91.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshrafAshraf1966" class="citation cs2">Ashraf, Syed Ali; Ashraf, Asia (1966), "Bengali Diphthongs", in Dil A. 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(ed.), <i>Shahidullah Presentation Volume</i>, Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan, pp. 47–52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+Diphthongs&rft.btitle=Shahidullah+Presentation+Volume&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=47-52&rft.pub=Linguistic+Research+Group+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Syed+Ali&rft.au=Ashraf%2C+Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1939" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Chatterji, Suniti Kumar</a> (1939), <i>Vasha-prakash Bangala Vyakaran (A Grammar of the Bengali Language)</i>, kolkata: University of Rabindra Bharaty (RBUDDE)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasha-prakash+Bangala+Vyakaran+%28A+Grammar+of+the+Bengali+Language%29&rft.place=kolkata&rft.pub=University+of+Rabindra+Bharaty+%28RBUDDE%29&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Suniti+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Munier_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Munier Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Munier</a> (1963), "Shahitto, shônkhatôtto o bhashatôtto (Literature, statistics and linguistics)", <i>Bangla Academy Potrika</i>, <b>6</b> (4), Dhaka: 65–76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangla+Academy+Potrika&rft.atitle=Shahitto%2C+sh%C3%B4nkhat%C3%B4tto+o+bhashat%C3%B4tto+%28Literature%2C+statistics+and+linguistics%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=65-76&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Munier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosticDas1972" class="citation cs2">Kostic, Djordje; Das, Rhea S. (1972), <i>A Short Outline of Bengali Phonetics</i>, Calcutta: Statistical Publishing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Outline+of+Bengali+Phonetics&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kostic&rft.aufirst=Djordje&rft.au=Das%2C+Rhea+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHai1964" class="citation cs2">Hai, Muhammad Abdul (1964), <i>Dhvani Vijnan O Bangla Dhvani-tattwa (Phonetics and Bengali Phonology)</i>, Dhaka: Bangla Academy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dhvani+Vijnan+O+Bangla+Dhvani-tattwa+%28Phonetics+and+Bengali+Phonology%29&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pub=Bangla+Academy&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Hai&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Abdul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.R2010" class="citation cs2">D.R, Master (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011082911/https://mastermoshai.in/model-activity-task-class-10/">"Bengali Sarabarna Banjan Barna Learning"</a>, <i>Asiatick Researches</i>, Calcutta: Asiatick Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mastermoshai.in/model-activity-task-class-10/">the original</a> on 11 October 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatick+Researches&rft.atitle=Bengali+Sarabarna+Banjan+Barna+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=D.R&rft.aufirst=Master&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmastermoshai.in%2Fmodel-activity-task-class-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+Other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1987" class="citation cs2">Sarkar, Pabitra (1987), "Bangla Dishôrodhoni (Bengali Diphthongs)", <i>Bhasha</i>, <b>4–5</b>, Calcutta: 10–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bhasha&rft.atitle=Bangla+Dish%C3%B4rodhoni+%28Bengali+Diphthongs%29&rft.volume=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=10-12&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Pabitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengali+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengali_language" title="Template:Bengali language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengali_language" title="Template talk:Bengali language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengali language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengali_language_20px&#124;link=Bengali_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BengaliScriptKo.svg/20px-BengaliScriptKo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BengaliScriptKo.svg/30px-BengaliScriptKo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/BengaliScriptKo.svg/40px-BengaliScriptKo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_consonant_clusters" title="Bengali consonant clusters">consonant clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tôtsômô</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangali_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangali dialect">Bangali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagonian dialect">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Kutti" title="Dhakaiya Kutti">Dhakaiya Kutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylheti dialect">Sylheti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbhumi_dialect" title="Manbhumi dialect">Manbhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarhi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarhi dialect">Rarhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_bhasha" title="Sadhu bhasha">Sadhu bhasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varendri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Varendri dialect">Varendri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Movement_Day" title="Language Movement Day">Language Movement Day (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Dhaka" title="Shaheed Minar, Dhaka">Shoheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement in Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement in India">Bengali Language Movement in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali language movement (Manbhum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpakala_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilpakala Academy">Shilpakala Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">PôshchimBônggô Bangla Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bônggiyô Sahityô Pôrishôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishwo_Shahitto_Kendro" title="Bishwo Shahitto Kendro">Bishwô Sahityô Kendrô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Banga_Natya_Akademi" title="Paschim Banga Natya Akademi">Pôshchim Bônggô Natyô Akademi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_folk_literature" title="Bangladeshi folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali-language_authors_(alphabetical)" title="List of Bengali-language authors (alphabetical)">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_poets" title="List of Bengali poets">Poets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Padak" title="Ekushey Padak">Ekushey Padak</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Bengali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali">Sahitya Akademi Award</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Puraskar" title="Bankim Puraskar">Bankim Puraskar</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Puraskar" title="Ananda Puraskar">Ananda Puraskar</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Brassey_Halhed" title="Nathaniel Brassey Halhed">Nathaniel Brassey Halhed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beames" title="John Beames">John Beames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun_Azad" title="Humayun Azad">Humayun Azad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mega-events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_input_methods" title="Bengali input methods">Bengali input methods in computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Bengali_speakers" title="States of India by Bengali speakers">States of India by Bengali speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadhan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Founding kingdom:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Classical empires:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Sultanates:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li><i>British Bengal:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li><i>Nature:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Places:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Executive:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li><i>Industries:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Finance sectors:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank <span style="font-size:85%;">(central bank)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Stock Exchange:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Energy and resources:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li><i>Infrastructure:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writing_systems" title="Template:Writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writing_systems" title="Template talk:Writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&oldid=1252654374">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_alphabet&oldid=1252654374</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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