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<button aria-controls="toc-Operation_Searchlight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation Searchlight subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation_Searchlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Blood_Telegram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Blood_Telegram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The Blood Telegram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Blood_Telegram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimated_death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Estimated death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-Pakistan_Islamist_militias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-Pakistan_Islamist_militias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pro-Pakistan Islamist militias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-Pakistan_Islamist_militias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Killing of Bengali intellectuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rape_of_Bengali_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rape_of_Bengali_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Rape of Bengali women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rape_of_Bengali_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_murder_of_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_murder_of_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Mass murder of Hindus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_murder_of_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengali_attacks_on_Biharis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengali_attacks_on_Biharis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bengali attacks on Biharis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengali_attacks_on_Biharis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Commission_of_Jurists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Commission_of_Jurists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 International Commission of Jurists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Commission_of_Jurists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._complicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._complicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 U.S. complicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._complicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_trials_for_Pakistani_war_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_trials_for_Pakistani_war_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Attempted trials for Pakistani war crimes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attempted_trials_for_Pakistani_war_crimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attempted trials for Pakistani war crimes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attempted_trials_for_Pakistani_war_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1972–1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972–1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 1972–1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972–1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991–2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 1991–2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 2007–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Views in Pakistan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views in Pakistan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Denial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries_and_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries_and_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Documentaries and films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries_and_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bangladesh genocide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4_1971" title="الإبادة الجماعية في بنغلاديش 1971 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبادة الجماعية في بنغلاديش 1971" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqlade%C5%9F_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1_(1971)" title="Banqladeş soyqırımı (1971) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banqladeş soyqırımı (1971)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A7-%E0%A6%8F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="১৯৭১-এ বাংলাদেশে গণহত্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৯৭১-এ বাংলাদেশে গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozid_in_Bangladesch" title="Genozid in Bangladesch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Genozid in Bangladesch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82_(1971)" title="Γενοκτονία του Μπανγκλαντές (1971) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενοκτονία του Μπανγκλαντές (1971)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_de_Banglad%C3%A9s_en_1971" title="Genocidio de Bangladés en 1971 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio de Bangladés en 1971" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglade%C5%9Da_genocido" title="Bangladeŝa genocido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bangladeŝa genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نسل‌کشی بنگالی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل‌کشی بنگالی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_au_Bangladesh" title="Génocide au Bangladesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide au Bangladesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%EB%85%84_%EB%B0%A9%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C_%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="1971년 방글라데시 집단학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1971년 방글라데시 집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AD%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="१९७१ का बांग्लादेश का नरसंहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९७१ का बांग्लादेश का नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekejaman_di_Bangladesh_1971" title="Kekejaman di Bangladesh 1971 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekejaman di Bangladesh 1971" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99" title="רצח העם הבנגלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח העם הבנגלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_(1971)" title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശിലെ വംശഹത്യ (1971) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബംഗ്ലാദേശിലെ വംശഹത്യ (1971)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ် လူမျိုးတုံးသတ်ဖြတ်မှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ် လူမျိုးတုံးသတ်ဖြတ်မှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बङ्गलादेश नरसंहार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बङ्गलादेश नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA_(1971%E5%B9%B4)" title="バングラデシュ大虐殺 (1971年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バングラデシュ大虐殺 (1971年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_genotsidi_1971" title="Bengal genotsidi 1971 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bengal genotsidi 1971" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludob%C3%B3jstwo_w_Bangladeszu" title="Ludobójstwo w Bangladeszu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludobójstwo w Bangladeszu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_em_Bangladesh_em_1971" title="Genocídio em Bangladesh em 1971 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio em Bangladesh em 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bengali genocide" redirects here. For the 1943 famine in Bengal province, see <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Bangladesh genocide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals,_14_December_1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg/200px-Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2e/Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg/300px-Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2e/Dead_bodies_of_Bengali_intellectuals%2C_14_December_1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="331" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Corpses of <a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">Bengali nationalist intellectuals</a> killed in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in December 1971, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Talukdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid Talukdar">Rashid Talukdar</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data">একাত্তরের গণহত্যা বাঙালি গণহত্যা</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1971 – 16 December 1971 (8 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal rape</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000–3,000,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>200,000–400,000 <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">women raped</a></li><li>30,000,000 displaced</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assailants</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">Nagorik Shanti Committee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Pakistan" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduphobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Asia#Pakistan" title="Racism in Asia">anti-Bengali racism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/NAP-Communist_Party-Students_Union_Special_Guerrilla_Forces" title="NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces">CPB-NAP-BSU resistance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini resistance</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Jackpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barisal" title="Operation Barisal">Barisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kamalpur" title="Battle of Kamalpur">1st Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Kamalpur" title="Defence of Kamalpur">2nd Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daruin" title="Battle of Daruin">Daruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Nakshi Border Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rangamati-Mahalchari_waterway" title="Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway">Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goalhati" title="Battle of Goalhati">Goalhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai_Outpost" title="Battle of Dhalai Outpost">Dhalai Border Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Garibpur</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazipur" title="Battle of Gazipur">Gazipur</a>§</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet" title="Battle of Sylhet">Sylhet</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kushtia" title="Battle of Kushtia">Kushtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Ghasipur</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiromoni" title="Battle of Shiromoni">Shiromoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Bogra</a>§</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indian intervention</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Cactus-Lilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Chengiz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Jackpot</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of PNS Ghazi">PNS Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Python" title="Operation Python">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Kamalpur" title="Defence of Kamalpur">Kamalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Boyra</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Hilli</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sylhet" title="Battle of Sylhet">Sylhet</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Airdrop" title="Tangail Airdrop">Tangail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh genocide</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">Dhaka University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharipara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankharipara massacre">Shankharipara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demra_massacre" title="Demra massacre">Demra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyapara_massacre" title="Madhyapara massacre">Madhyapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga</a></li></ul> Systematic events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">Killing of intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees#1970s" title="East Bengali refugees">Refugees in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li></ul> <hr /> § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo-Pakistani War. ‡ indicates events in the Indo-Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh. </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FF9933;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Category:Persecution of Bengali Hindus">Persecution of Bengali Hindus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/100px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/150px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/200px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="258" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-top:0.6em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindu</a> history</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Discrimination</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vested_Property_Act_(Bangladesh)" title="Vested Property Act (Bangladesh)">Vested Property Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_voter" title="D voter">D voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_equalisation_policy" title="Freight equalisation policy">Freight equalisation policy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargis" title="Bargis">Bargi atrocities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Dhaka_riots" title="1930 Dhaka riots">1930 Dhaka riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">1946 Noakhali massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1950 East Pakistan riots">1950 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Rajshahi_massacres" title="1962 Rajshahi massacres">1962 Rajshahi massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichjhapi_massacre" title="Marichjhapi massacre">Marichjhapi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Bangladesh_riots" title="1989 Bangladesh riots">1989 Bangladesh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojai_riots" title="Hojai riots">Hojai riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Bangladesh_anti-Hindu_violence" title="1990 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bangladesh_violence" title="1992 Bangladesh violence">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Deganga_riots" title="2010 Deganga riots">2010 Deganga riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hathazari_violence" title="2012 Hathazari violence">2012 Hathazari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Fatehpur_violence" title="2012 Fatehpur violence">2012 Fatehpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Chirirbandar_violence" title="2012 Chirirbandar violence">2012 Chirirbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_anti-Hindu_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canning_riots" title="2013 Canning riots">2013 Canning riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kaliachak_riots" title="2016 Kaliachak riots">2016 Kaliachak riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha_Maung_Seik_massacre" title="Kha Maung Seik massacre">2017 Kha Maung Seik massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FF9933;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Opposition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banga_Sena" class="mw-redirect" title="Banga Sena">Banga Sena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecution_of_Bengali_Hindus" title="Template:Persecution of Bengali 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.treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:History of Bangladesh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal,_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1776 Map of Bengal Subah"><img alt="1776 Map of Bengal Subah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/250px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/375px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg/500px-1776_Rennell_-_Dury_Wall_Map_of_Bihar_and_Bengal%2C_India_-_Geographicus_-_BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9106" data-file-height="6000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:smaller;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapada</a>, c. 1200 – c. 600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundra kingdom</a>, c. 700 – c. 200 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Bengal in Mahabharata</a>, c. 400 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai kingdom</a>, c. 350 – c. 325 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, c. 325 – c. 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata kingdom</a>, c. 232 BCE – c. 800 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> Period, c. 185 BCE – c. 75 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Southwestern Silk Road</a>, c. 114 BCE – c. 1450 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a>, c. 30 BCE – c. 600 AD</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela kingdom</a>, c. 600 - c. 650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>, c. 590 – c. 626</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour (Sylhet)</a>, c. 600 – c. 1303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a>, c. 650 – c. 750</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, c. 750 – c. 1100</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Arrival of Islam</a>, c. 800 – c. 1050 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candra_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Candra dynasty">Candra dynasty</a>, c. 900 – c. 1050</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>, c. 1070 – c. 1320</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a>, c. 1100 – c. 1250</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Mediaeval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua (Noakhali)</a>, c. 1203 – c. 1600s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, c. 1204 – c. 1338 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon Sultanate</a>, c. 1338 – c. 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, c. 1352 – c. 1576 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, c. 1540 – c. 1556</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyans</a>, c. 1550 – c. 1620</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Grande_de_Bengala" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Grande de Bengala">Porto Grande de Bengala</a>, c. 1528 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Chittagong-Arakan Kingdom</a>, c. 1530 – c. 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1717 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, c. 1717 – c. 1757</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraizi_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraizi Movement">Faraizi Movement</a>, c. 1818 – c. 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, c. 1857 – c. 1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, c. 1858 – c. 1947 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, c. 1947 – c. 1955 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, c. 1955 – c. 1971 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Point Movement">Six Point Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">Pakistani general election, 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement, 1971</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, c. 1971 <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh Genocide">1971 Bangladesh Genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Forces">Bangladesh Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender of Pakistan">Surrender of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_(1971%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bangladesh (1971–present)">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Post-independence years, 1972 – 1975 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Bangladesh famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Krishak_Sramik_Awami_League" title="Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League">Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jail_Killing_Day" title="Jail Killing Day">Jail Killing Day</a></li></ul></li> <li>Military rule, 1975 – 1990 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Mass Uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Transition to democracy, 1991 – 2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government_of_Bangladesh" title="Caretaker government of Bangladesh">Caretaker government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord">Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hasina era, 2009–2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_2021" title="Vision 2021">Vision 2021 and Digital Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shapla_Square_protests" title="2013 Shapla Square protests">2013 Shapla Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2013 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" title="2015 Bangladeshi political crisis">2015 Bangladeshi political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_road-safety_protests" title="2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests">2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement">2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Bangladesh_Communal_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence">2021 Bangladesh Communal Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Bangladesh" title="Smart Bangladesh">Smart Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_protests_(2022%E2%80%932024)" title="Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)">Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interim Government era, 2024–present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">Yunus ministry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(237, 233, 218);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline of Bangladeshi history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Bangladesh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Bangladesh genocide (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: একাত্তরের গণহত্যা, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: Ēkātturēr Gôṇôhôtyā, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> '71's genocide', Bengali: বাঙালি গণহত্যা, romanized: Bāṅāli Gôṇôhôtyā, <abbr>lit.</abbr> 'Bengali genocide') was the ethnic cleansing of <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>, residing in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198-2">[2]</a> It began on 25 March 1971, as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> was launched by <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, erstwhile Pakistani president <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local pro-Pakistan militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women</a> in a systematic campaign of <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal sexual violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In their investigation of the genocide, the <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>-based <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a> concluded that Pakistan's campaign involved the attempt to exterminate or forcibly remove a significant portion of the country's Hindu populace.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The West Pakistani government, which had implemented discriminatory legislation in East Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> asserted that Hindus were behind the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> (Bengali resistance fighters) revolt and that resolving the local "Hindu problem" would end the conflict—Khan's government and the Pakistani elite thus regarded the crackdown as a strategic policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011101-9">[9]</a> Genocidal rhetoric accompanied the campaign: Pakistani men believed that the sacrifice of Hindus was needed to fix the national malaise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia201152-10">[10]</a> In the countryside, Pakistan Army moved through villages and specifically asked for places where Hindus lived before burning them down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a119-11">[11]</a> Hindus were identified by checking circumcision or by demanding the recitation of Muslim prayers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a120-12">[12]</a> This also resulted in the migration of around eight million East Pakistani refugees into India, 80–90% of whom were Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a302-13">[13]</a> Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> declared Bengali Hindu women to be "war booty";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi1998208-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108-15">[15]</a> and Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> were issued legitimizing Bengali Hindu women as spoils of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi1998p208-209-16">[16]</a> Women who were targeted often died in Pakistani captivity or committed suicide, while others fled to India.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_2019_175-17">[17]</a> Pakistan's activities during the Bangladesh Liberation War served as a catalyst for India's military intervention in support of the Mukti Bahini, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>. The conflict and the genocide formally ended on 16 December 1971, when the joint forces of Bangladesh and India received the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a>. As a result of the conflict, approximately 10 million <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a> fled to Indian territory while up to 30 million people were internally displaced out of the 70 million total population of East Pakistan. There was also ethnic violence between the Bengali majority and the Bihari minority during the conflict; between 1,000 and 150,000 Biharis were killed in reprisal attacks by Bengali militias and mobs, as Bihari collaboration with the West Pakistani campaign had led to further <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">anti-Bihari sentiment</a>. Since Pakistan's defeat and Bangladesh's independence, the title "<a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a>" has commonly been used to refer to the Bihari community, which was denied the right to hold Bangladeshi citizenship until 2008. Allegations of a genocide in Bangladesh were rejected by most <a href="/wiki/UN_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="UN member states">UN member states</a> at the time and rarely appear in textbooks and academic sources on <a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">genocide studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png/250px-21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png/375px-21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png/500px-21_Feb_1953_Dhaka_University_female_students_procession.png 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Female students of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dacca</a> university marching on Language Movement Day, 21 February 1953.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Pakistan_and_East_Pakistan">West Pakistan and East Pakistan</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, the new state of Pakistan represented a geographical anomaly, with two wings separated by 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of Indian territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecher2008169-19">[19]</a> The wings were not only separated geographically, but also <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">culturally</a>. The authorities of the West viewed the Bengali Muslims in the East as "too 'Bengali'" and their application of Islam as "inferior and impure", believing this made the Bengalis unreliable "co-religionists". The Pakistani leadership perceived elements of Hindu influence within Bengali language and culture. As a result, they made repeated efforts to mitigate or eradicate these perceived Hindu influences.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Politicians in West Pakistan began a strategy to forcibly assimilate the Bengalis culturally and religiously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200951-21">[21]</a> The Bengali people were the demographic majority in Pakistan, making up an estimated 75 million in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, compared with 55 million in the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010340-22">[22]</a> The majority in the East were Muslim, with large minorities of Hindus, Buddhists and Christians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discriminatory_policies_against_Bengalis">Discriminatory policies against Bengalis</h3></div> In 1948, a few months after the creation of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> as the national language of the newly formed state,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200742-23">[23]</a> although only four per cent of Pakistan's population spoke Urdu at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah199751-24">[24]</a> He mentioned that the people of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> could choose what would be its provincial language, and branded those who were against the use of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> as the national language of Pakistan as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">traitors</a> and enemies of the state.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHossainTollefson2006245-26">[26]</a> The refusal by successive governments to recognise <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> as the second national language culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a> and strengthened support for the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, which was founded in the East as an alternative to the ruling <a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolla2004217-27">[27]</a> A 1952 protest in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the capital of East Pakistan, was forcibly broken up, resulting in the deaths of several protesters. Bengali nationalists viewed those who had died as martyrs for their cause, and the violence led to calls for secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarder2010351-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a> caused further grievances, as the military had assigned no extra units to the defence of the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggett20012716-29">[29]</a> This was a matter of concern to the Bengalis who saw their nation undefended in case of Indian attack during the conflict of 1965,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagertyGanguly200531-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2011257-31">[31]</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(President_of_Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)">Ayub Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, was willing to lose the <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East</a> if it meant gaining <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedel20119-32">[32]</a> The slow response to the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">Bhola cyclone</a> which struck on 12 November 1970 is widely seen as a contributing factor in the December 1970 <a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The East Pakistan-based Awami League, headed by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, won a national majority in the first democratic election since the creation of Pakistan, sweeping East Pakistan. But, the West Pakistani establishment prevented them from forming a government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2010102-34">[34]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a>, encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> banned the Awami League and declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA141_141]-36">[36]</a> The Pakistani Army demolished <a href="/wiki/Ramna_Kali_Mandir" title="Ramna Kali Mandir">Ramna Kali Mandir</a> (temple) and killed 85 Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVdqGAwAAQBAJpgPA147_147]-37">[37]</a> On 22 February 1971, General Yahya Khan is reported to have said "Kill three million of them, and the rest will eat out of our hands."<a href="#cite_note-:3-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengali_independence_movement">Bengali independence movement</h3></div> Some Bengalis supported a united Pakistan and opposed secession from it.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to Indian academic Sarmila Bose, these pro-Pakistan Bengalis constituted a significant minority, and included the Islamic parties. Moreover, many Awami League voters who hoped to achieve provincial autonomy may not have desired secession.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Additionally, some Bengali officers and soldiers remained loyal to the Pakistani Army and were taken as prisoners of war by India along with other West Pakistani soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[43]</a> Thus, according to Sarmila Bose, there were many pro-regime Bengalis who killed and persecuted the pro-liberation fighters.<a href="#cite_note-:1-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg" title="Sydney Schanberg">Sydney Schanberg</a> reported the formation of armed civilian units by the Pakistani Army in June 1971. Only a minority of the recruits were Bengali, while most were Biharis and Urdu speakers. The units with local knowledge played an important role in the implementation of the Pakistani Army's genocide.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> American writer Gary J. Bass believes that the breakup of Pakistan was not inevitable, identifying 25 March 1971 as the point where the idea of a united Pakistan ended for Bengalis with the start of military operations.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to John H. Gill, since there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war, those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern-day Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> was a planned military operation carried out by the Pakistani Army to curb elements of the separatist Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March 1971.<a href="#cite_note-BoseAoV-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer201263-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanguly200260-49">[49]</a> The Pakistani state justified commencing Operation Searchlight on the basis of anti-Bihari violence by Bengalis in early March.<a href="#cite_note-D'_Costa_2011_103-50">[50]</a> Ordered by the government in West Pakistan, this was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz which had been launched in November 1970. On 1 March 1971, East Pakistan governor Admiral <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Mohammed Ahsan</a> was replaced after disagreeing with military action in East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Sahibzada Yaqub Khan</a> resigned after refusing to use soldiers to quell a mutiny and disagreement with military action in East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> According to Indian academic<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Sarmila Bose, the postponement of the National Assembly on 1 March led to widespread lawlessness spread by Bengali protesters during the period of 1–25 March, in which the Pakistani government lost control over much of the province. Bose asserts that during this 25-day period of lawlessness, attacks by Bengalis on non-Bengalis were common as well as attacks by Bengalis on Pakistani military personnel who, according to Bose and Anthony Mascarenhas, showed great restraint until 25 March, when Operation Searchlight began.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Bose also described the atrocities committed by the Pakistani Army in her book.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to Anthony Mascarenhas, the actions of the Pakistani Army compared to the violence by Bengalis was "altogether worse and on a grander scale".<a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[59]</a> On the night of 25 March 1971, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight. Time magazine dubbed General <a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a> the "Butcher of Bengal" for his role in Operation Searchlight.<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> Targets of the operation included <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Hall" title="Jagannath Hall">Jagannath Hall</a> which was a dormitory for non-Muslim students of Dhaka University, Rajarbagh Police Lines, and <a href="/wiki/Pilkhana,_Bangladesh" title="Pilkhana, Bangladesh">Pilkhana</a>, which is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Rifles">East Pakistan Rifles</a>. About 34 students were killed in the dormitories of Dhaka University. Neighbourhoods of old Dhaka which had a majority Hindu population were also attacked. Robert Payne, an American journalist, estimated that 7,000 people had been killed and 3,000 arrested in that night.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Teachers of Dhaka University were killed in the operation by the Pakistani Army.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Sheikh Mujib was arrested by the Pakistani Army on 25 March.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramna_Kali_Mandir" title="Ramna Kali Mandir">Ramna Kali Mandir</a> was demolished by the Pakistani Army in March 1971.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVdqGAwAAQBAJpgPA147_147]-37">[37]</a> The original plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 March 1971, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> within one month. The prolonged Bengali resistance was not anticipated by Pakistani planners.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May. The countryside still remained almost evenly contested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002169-66">[66]</a> The first report of the Bangladesh genocide was published by West Pakistani journalist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mascarenhas" title="Anthony Mascarenhas">Anthony Mascarenhas</a> in The Sunday Times, London on 13 June 1971 titled "Genocide". He wrote: "I saw Hindus, hunted from village to village and door to door, shot off-hand after a cursory '<a href="/wiki/Short-arm_inspection" title="Short-arm inspection">short-arm inspection</a>' showed they were uncircumcised. I have heard the screams of men bludgeoned to death in the compound of the Circuit House (civil administrative headquarters) in Comilla. I have seen truckloads of other human targets and those who had the humanity to try to help them hauled off 'for disposal' under the cover of darkness and curfew."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This article helped turn world opinion against Pakistan and decisively encouraged the Government of India to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[59]</a> On 2 August 1971, Time magazine correspondent sent a dispatch that provided detailed description of the Pakistani army-led destruction in East Pakistan. It wrote that cities have whole sections damaged from shelling and aerial bombardments. The dispatch wrote: "In Dhaka, where soldiers set sections of the Old City ablaze with flamethrowers and then machine-gunned thousands as they tried to escape the cordon of fire, nearly 25 blocks have been bulldozed clear, leaving open areas set incongruously amid jam-packed slums." It quoted a senior US official as saying "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-time2Aug1971-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Blood_Telegram">The Blood Telegram</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Archer_Blood" title="Archer Blood">Archer K. Blood</a>, American diplomat wrote in the Blood Telegram addressing <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> administration's disregard for the situation: "with support of the Pak military, non-Bengali Muslims are systematically attacking poor people's quarters and murdering Bengalis and Hindus."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-usconsulate_cable_march31-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimated_death_toll">Estimated death toll</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_(12826731774).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg/220px-Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg/330px-Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg/440px-Human_Remains_and_War_Materiel_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826731774%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Human remains and war materiel from 1971 genocide in <a href="/wiki/Liberation_War_Museum" title="Liberation War Museum">Liberation War Museum</a></figcaption></figure> On the high end, Bangladeshi authorities claim that as many as 3 million people were killed; the lowest estimate comes from the controversial <a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a>, the official Pakistani government investigation, which claimed the figure was 26,000 civilian casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-deathcount-pakistani-73">[73]</a> The figure of 3 million has become embedded in <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi culture">Bangladeshi culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-74">[74]</a> Sayyid A. Karim, Bangladesh's first <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(Bangladesh)" title="Foreign Secretary (Bangladesh)">foreign secretary</a> alleges that the source of the figure was <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, the news-arm of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-74">[74]</a> Independent researchers have estimated the death toll to be around 300,000 to 500,000 people while others estimate the casualty figure to be 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plight_and_Fate_of_Women_During_and_Following_Genocide-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Exploring_Social_Psychology_4E-77">[77]</a> Midway through the genocide, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> conservatively estimated that 200,000 people had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The estimate of 3 million has come under strict scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_(12826761704).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg/220px-Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg/330px-Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg/440px-Bones_of_Victims_of_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826761704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Pile of bones of those killed in the Bangladesh Genocide</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a>'s controversial book <a href="/wiki/Dead_Reckoning:_Memories_of_the_1971_Bangladesh_War" title="Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War">Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War</a>, the number lies somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-bbc16Jun2011-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, her book was the subject of strong criticism by journalists; writer and visual artist <a href="/wiki/Naeem_Mohaiemen" title="Naeem Mohaiemen">Naeem Mohaiemen</a>; Nayanika Mookherjee, an anthropologist at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>; and others.<a href="#cite_note-bbc16Jun2011-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR-002-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-DR-003-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diarrhoeal_Disease_Research,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh">International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh</a> undertook a comprehensive population survey in <a href="/wiki/Matlab_(Bangladesh)" title="Matlab (Bangladesh)">Matlab, Noakhali</a> where a total of 868 excess wartime deaths were recorded; this led to an estimated overall excess number of deaths in the whole of Bangladesh of nearly 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-:7-74">[74]</a> Based on this study, the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> in 2008, conducted a study by Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emmanuela Gakidou which estimated that 125,000–505,000 civilians died as a result of the conflict;<a href="#cite_note-:7-74">[74]</a> the authors note that this is far higher than a previous estimate of 58,000 by Uppsala University and the Peace Research Institute, Oslo.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This figure is supported by the statements of Bangladeshi author <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Sharif" title="Ahmed Sharif">Ahmed Sharif</a> in 1996, who added that "they kept the truth hidden for getting political advantages".<a href="#cite_note-:8-88">[88]</a> American political scientists Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose give a low-end estimate of 300,000 dead, killed by all parties, and they deny that a genocide occurred, while American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">R. J. Rummel</a> estimated that about 1.5 million people were killed in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-89">[89]</a> Indian journalist Nirmal Sen claims that the total number killed was about 250,000 and among them, about 100,000 were <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> and the rest were <a href="/wiki/Biharis_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Biharis in Bangladesh">Biharis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-88">[88]</a> A 2018 paper by Christian Gerlach concluded that overall deaths due to the war in East Pakistan slightly exceeded half a million and could not have exceeded 1 million,<a href="#cite_note-gerlach2018-90">[90]</a> adding that the majority of the dead were rural dwellers who died of "hunger, want, and exhaustion" with many deaths occurring in the year following the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-gerlach2018-90">[90]</a> Out of 200,000 members of the Awami League, the paper states that, 17,000 were killed with the leaders of the league experiencing a death ratio of 15 to 20 out of 167.<a href="#cite_note-gerlach2018-90">[90]</a> The paper also denies based on statistical evidence that there was a coordinated attempt to exterminate the Bengali intelligentsia stating: "if one accepts the data published by the Bangladesh propaganda ministry, 4.2 per cent of all university professors were killed, along with 1.4 per cent of all college teachers, 0.6 per cent of all secondary and primary school teachers, and 0.6 per cent of all teaching personnel. On the basis of the aforementioned Ministry of Education data, 1.2 per cent of all teaching personnel were killed. This is hardly proof of an extermination campaign."<a href="#cite_note-gerlach2018-90">[90]</a> Many of those killed were the victims of radical religious paramilitary militias formed by the West Pakistani Army, including the <a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Pakistan)" title="Razakars (Pakistan)">Razakars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shams (Bangladesh)">Al-Shams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-2006-06-18-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-2005-12-14-92">[92]</a> There are many mass graves in Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and more are continually being discovered (such as one in an old well near a mosque in Dhaka, located in the <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Thana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpur Thana">Mirpur region</a> of the city, which was discovered in August 1999).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The first night of war on Bengalis, which is documented in telegrams from the American Consulate in Dhaka to the United States State Department, saw indiscriminate killings of students of Dhaka University and other civilians.<a href="#cite_note-TheTilt-96">[96]</a> On 16 December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> published a collection of declassified documents, consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Information Service">USIS</a> centres in Dhaka and India, and officials in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-TheTilt-96">[96]</a> These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms selective genocide<a href="#cite_note-SelectiveGenocide-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and genocide (see <a href="/wiki/Blood_telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood telegram">Blood telegram</a>) to describe events they had knowledge of at the time. The complete chronology of events as reported to the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> can be found on the Department of State website.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pro-Pakistan_Islamist_militias">Pro-Pakistan Islamist militias</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> party<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> as well as some other pro-Pakistani Islamists opposed the Bangladeshi independence struggle and collaborated with the Pakistani state and armed forces out of Islamic solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tomsen" title="Peter Tomsen">Peter Tomsen</a>, Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">secret service</a>, in conjunction with the political party <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>, formed militias such as Al-Badr ("the moon") and the Al-Shams ("the sun") to conduct operations against the nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid2011600-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomsen2011240-104">[104]</a> These militias targeted noncombatants and committed rapes as well as other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia20113-105">[105]</a> Local <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborators</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Pakistan)" title="Razakars (Pakistan)">Razakars</a> also took part in the atrocities. The term has since become a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> akin to the western term "<a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200949-106">[106]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizam-e-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-e-Islam">Nizam-e-Islam</a>, Jamaat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan, who had lost the election, collaborated with the military and acted as an intelligence organisation for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤaqqānī200577-107">[107]</a> Jamaat-e-Islami members and some of its leaders collaborated with the Pakistani forces in rapes and targeted killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehabuddin201093-108">[108]</a> The atrocities by Al-Badr and the Al-Shams garnered worldwide attention from news agencies; accounts of massacres and rapes were widely reported.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomsen2011240-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals">Killing of Bengali intellectuals</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals</a></div> During the war, the Pakistani Army and its local collaborators, mainly <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat e Islami</a> carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Blood9782-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-roy02homage-111">[111]</a> However, the most extreme cases of <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killing</a> of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. Professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers and writers were rounded up by the Pakistani Army and the Razakar militia in Dhaka, blindfolded, taken to torture cells in Mirpur, <a href="/wiki/Mohammadpur_Thana" title="Mohammadpur Thana">Mohammadpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhalpara" title="Nakhalpara">Nakhalpara</a>, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city to be executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur.<a href="#cite_note-nyt12-19-1971-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-massacre-intel-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-BangInt-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Allegedly, the Pakistani Army and its paramilitary arm, the Al-Badr and Al-Shams forces created a list of doctors, teachers, poets, and scholars.<a href="#cite_note-askari05star-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-hasan01onneshon-117">[117]</a> During the nine-month duration of the war the Pakistani Army, with the assistance of local collaborators, systematically executed an estimated 991 teachers, 13 journalists, 49 physicians, 42 lawyers, and 16 writers, artists and engineers.<a href="#cite_note-BangInt-114">[114]</a> Even after the official ending of the war on 16 December there were reports of killings being committed by either the armed Pakistani soldiers or by their collaborators. In one such incident, notable filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Jahir_Raihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahir Raihan">Jahir Raihan</a> was killed on 30 January 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by armed Beharis. In memory of the people who were killed, 14 December is observed in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh ("Day of the Martyred Intellectuals").<a href="#cite_note-2005-12-14-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-BangInt-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Notable intellectuals who were killed from the time period of 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include Dhaka University professors Dr. <a href="/wiki/Govinda_Chandra_Dev" title="Govinda Chandra Dev">Govinda Chandra Dev</a> (philosophy), Dr. <a href="/wiki/Munier_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Munier Chowdhury">Munier Chowdhury</a> (Bengali literature), Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mufazzal_Haider_Chaudhury" title="Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury">Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury</a> (Bengali Literature), Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Pasha" title="Anwar Pasha">Anwar Pasha</a> (Bengali Literature), <a href="/wiki/Dr_Abul_Khair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr Abul Khair">Dr M Abul Khair</a> (history), Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jyotirmoy_Guhathakurta" title="Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta">Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta</a> (English literature), Humayun Kabir (English literature), <a href="/wiki/Rashidul_Hasan" title="Rashidul Hasan">Rashidul Hasan</a> (English literature), <a href="/wiki/Ghyasuddin_Ahmed" title="Ghyasuddin Ahmed">Ghyasuddin Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Haque_Khan" title="Sirajul Haque Khan">Sirajul Haque Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faizul_Mahi" title="Faizul Mahi">Faizul Mahi</a>, Dr <a href="/wiki/Santosh_Chandra_Bhattacharyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya">Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallows-119">[119]</a> and Saidul Hassan (physics), Rajshahi University professors Dr. Hobibur Rahman (mathematics), Prof Sukhranjan Somaddar (Sanskrit), Prof Mir Abdul Quaiyum (psychology) as well as Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Fazle_Rabbee" title="Mohammed Fazle Rabbee">Mohammed Fazle Rabbee</a> (cardiologist), Dr. <a href="/wiki/AFM_Alim_Chowdhury" title="AFM Alim Chowdhury">AFM Alim Chowdhury</a> (ophthalmologist), <a href="/wiki/Shahidullah_Kaiser" title="Shahidullah Kaiser">Shahidullah Kaiser</a> (journalist), <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmed" title="Nizamuddin Ahmed">Nizamuddin Ahmed</a> (journalist),<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selina_Parvin" title="Selina Parvin">Selina Parvin</a> (journalist), <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Mahmud" title="Altaf Mahmud">Altaf Mahmud</a> (lyricist and musician), <a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a> (politician), <a href="/wiki/Jahir_Raihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahir Raihan">Jahir Raihan</a> (novelist, journalist, film director) and <a href="/wiki/Ranadaprasad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranadaprasad Saha">Ranadaprasad Saha</a> (philanthropist).<a href="#cite_note-daily-sun2-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-DS-Tamanna-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rape_of_Bengali_women">Rape of Bengali women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div> The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011120-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA306_306]-128">[128]</a> Most of the rape victims of the Pakistani Army and its allies were Hindu women.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013b-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-TottenParsons2004-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-CheldelinEliatamby2011-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-102">[102]</a> Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide while others moved to India.<a href="#cite_note-Islam_2019_175-17">[17]</a> During the war, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> declared that the Hindu women could be taken as the "booty of war".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodmanTohidi1998208-134">[134]</a> Imams and Muslim religious leaders of Pakistan publicly declared that the Bengali Hindu women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of these women by the Pakistani Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108-15">[15]</a> Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.<a href="#cite_note-American_news_video_about_rapes-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011139-136">[136]</a> A 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers, was also documented. <blockquote>Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed ... In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string cot unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011121–122-137">[137]</a></blockquote> Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of <a href="/wiki/War-babies" class="mw-redirect" title="War-babies">war-babies</a>. The soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">razakars</a> also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-time.oct25-1971-138">[138]</a> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia20113-105">[105]</a> Among other sources, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> refers to an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 women raped.<a href="#cite_note-susanbrownmiller-139">[139]</a> Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though they have not denied that rape incidents occurred.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Brownmiller writes:<a href="#cite_note-BrownmillerExtract-141">[141]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammedpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.</blockquote> In a New York Times report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes.oct10-1971-142">[142]</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.</blockquote> The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in loot and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></blockquote> Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote> Pakistani Major General <a href="/wiki/Khadim_Hussain_Raja" title="Khadim Hussain Raja">Khadim Hussain Raja</a> wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".<a href="#cite_note-Genocide_they_wrote-145">[145]</a> Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is Ami Birangona Bolchhi ("I, the heroine, speak") by <a href="/wiki/Nilima_Ibrahim" title="Nilima Ibrahim">Nilima Ibrahim</a>. The work includes in its name from the word Birangona (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> the women might face in the society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army.<a href="#cite_note-:3-38">[38]</a> The US based <a href="/wiki/Women_Under_Siege_Project" title="Women Under Siege Project">Women Under Siege Project</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Media_Center" title="Women's Media Center">Women's Media Center</a> have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and <a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a> to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were (sic) sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened! But the evidence clearly showed that it did happen."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable. (June 2020)">better source needed</a>] In October 2005, <a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a> published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-BoseAoV-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a> states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010262-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_murder_of_Hindus">Mass murder of Hindus</h3></div> An article in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>, dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred".<a href="#cite_note-time2Aug1971-69">[69]</a> Pakistan army eastern command headquarters officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Beachler,_Donald_2007-152">[152]</a> According to Colonel Naim, Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture, and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144–145-153">[153]</a> In April 1971 at Comilla, Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas, regarding Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off. [...] Of course [...], we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144-154">[154]</a> Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted to US Consul Archer Blood that they came "to kill Hindus". A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims [sic]. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144–145-153">[153]</a> US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, were specific targets of the Pakistani Army.<a href="#cite_note-usconsulate_cable_march31-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blood9782-110">[110]</a> US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010145–146-155">[155]</a> Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the <a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga massacre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-shakeel-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-karatoa-157">[157]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar massacre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shankharipara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankharipara massacre">Shankharipara massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> wrote in a report that was part of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> testimony, dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-usstatedept_south_asia_crisis-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-160">[160]</a> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<a href="#cite_note-sundaytimes6_13_71-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked throughout the course of the year.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was a written order to kill Hindus, and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt8iYEgPYG_ECpgPA170_170]-163">[163]</a> The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to R. J. Rummel, professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said Pakistan General Niazi, "It was a low lying land of low lying people." The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Punjabi [Pakistani] captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkPdKDwAAQBAJpgPG335_335]-164">[164]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning journalist <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Schanberg" title="Sydney Schanberg">Sydney Schanberg</a> covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>, which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Missionaries in Bangladesh reported to Schanberg that massacres occurred on a nearly daily basis. One reported the slaughter of over a thousand Hindus in the southern district of Barisal in a single day. According to another, a <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">Peace Committee</a> in northeastern Sylhet district called residents together. Troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2007478-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bengali_attacks_on_Biharis">Bengali attacks on Biharis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh</a></div>In 1947, at the time of partition and the establishment of the state of Pakistan, Bihari Muslims, many of whom were fleeing the violence that took place during partition, migrated from India to the newly independent East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan_2010_p101-168">[168]</a> These Urdu-speaking people were averse to the Bengali language movement and the subsequent nationalist movements because they maintained allegiance toward West Pakistani rulers, causing anti-Bihari sentiments among local nationalist Bengalis. After the convening of the National Assembly was postponed by Yahya Khan on 1 March 1971, the dissidents in East Pakistan began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrOq4XV94wLsCpgPA292_292]-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAR-1-172">[172]</a> In early March 1971, 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103-169">[169]</a> The Government of Pakistan used the 'Bihari massacre' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103-169">[169]</a> when it initiated its infamous Operation Searchlight. When the war broke out in 1971, the Biharis sided with the Pakistani Army. Some of them joined Razakar and Al-Shams militia groups and participated in the persecution and genocide of their Bengali countrymen, in retaliation for atrocities committed against them by Bengalis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103-169">[169]</a> including the widespread looting of Bengali properties and abetting other criminal activities.<a href="#cite_note-Blood9782-110">[110]</a> When the war finished Biharis faced severe retaliation, resulting in a counter-genocide and the displacement of over a million non-Bengalis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173-72">[72]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Minorities_at_Risk" title="Minorities at Risk">Minorities at Risk</a> project, the number of Biharis killed by Bengalis was reportedly about 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-MAR-1-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> gives an estimate of 150,000 killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaYBrAgAAQBAJpgPA334_334]-173">[173]</a> International estimates vary, while some have put the deaths as several thousands; Biharis faced reprisals from the Mukti Bahini and militias,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan_2010_p101-168">[168]</a> and from 1,000<a href="#cite_note-MAR-1-172">[172]</a> to 150,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrOq4XV94wLsCpgPA292_292]-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> were killed. Bihari representatives claim a figure of 500,000 Biharis killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid48N-XbOltMECpgPA148_148]-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaYBrAgAAQBAJpgPA334_334]-173">[173]</a> After the war the government of Bangladesh confiscated the properties of the Bihari population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are many reports of attacks on Biharis and alleged collaborators that took place in the period following the surrender of the Pakistani Army on 16 December 1971.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In an incident on 18 December 1971, captured on camera and attended by members of the foreign press, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kader_Siddiqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Kader Siddiqui">Abdul Kader Siddiqui</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Kader_Bahini" title="Kader Bahini">Kaderia Bahini</a> guerrillas under his command and named after him,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> bayoneted and shot to death a group of prisoners of war who were accused of belonging to the Razakar paramilitary forces.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> reported a high US official as saying of the slaughter of the East Pakistanis by their West Pakistani enemies, "It is the most incredible, calculated thing since the days of the Nazis in Poland".<a href="#cite_note-time2Aug1971-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPP_2017-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia20113-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> is the term that is used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh;<a href="#cite_note-Dr._N.Rabbee-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-bangladeshobserver-182">[182]</a> the term is defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group"<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Commission_of_Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</h3></div> A 1972 report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a> (ICJ) noted that both sides in the conflict accused each other of perpetrating genocide. The report observed that it may be difficult to substantiate claims that the "whole of the military action and repressive measures taken by the Pakistani Army and their auxiliary forces constituted genocide' that was intended to destroy the Bengali people in whole or in part, and that 'preventing a nation from attaining political autonomy does not constitute genocide: the intention must be to destroy in whole or in part the people as such." The difficulty of proving intent was considered to be further complicated by the fact that three specific sections of the Bengali people were targeted in killings committed by the Pakistani Army and their collaborators: members of the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>, students, and East Pakistani citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> religion. The report observed, however, that there is a strong prima facie case that particular acts of genocide were committed, especially towards the end of the war, when Bengalis were targeted indiscriminately. Similarly, it was felt that there is a strong prima facie case that crimes of genocide were committed against the Hindu population of East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-ICJ-184">[184]</a> As regards the massacres of non-Bengalis by Bengalis during and after the Liberation War, the ICJ report argued that it is improbable that "spontaneous and frenzied mob violence against a particular section of the community from whom the mob senses danger and hostility is to be regarded as possessing the necessary element of conscious intent to constitute the crime of genocide," but that, if the <a href="/wiki/Dolus_specialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolus specialis">dolus specialis</a> were to be proved in particular cases, these would have constituted acts of genocide against non-Bengalis.<a href="#cite_note-ICJ-184">[184]</a> After the minimum 20 countries became parties to the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, it came into force as <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> on 12 January 1951. At that time however, only two of the five <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> were parties to the treaty, and it was not until after the last of the five permanent members ratified the treaty in 1988, and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> came to an end, that the international law on the crime of genocide began to be enforced. As such, the allegation that genocide took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rudolph Rummel wrote, "In 1971, the self-appointed president of Pakistan and commander-in-chief of the army General Agha Mohammed Yahya Khan and his top generals prepared a careful and systematic military, economic, and political operation against East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). They planned to murder that country's Bengali intellectual, cultural, and political elite. They planned to indiscriminately murder hundreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India. And they planned to destroy its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to West Pakistan for at least a generation to come. This despicable and cutthroat plan was outright genocide."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkPdKDwAAQBAJpgPG315_315]-185">[185]</a> The genocide is also mentioned in some publications outside the subcontinent; for example, <a href="/wiki/The_Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guinness Book of Records">The Guinness Book of Records</a> lists the atrocities as one of the largest five genocides in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Guinness_genocide-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._complicity">U.S. complicity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/200px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/300px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg/400px-Yahya_and_Nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>President of Pakistan Yahya Khan with United States President Richard Nixon, 1970.</figcaption></figure> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> viewed Pakistan as a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ally and refused to condemn its actions. From the White House tapes: "The President seems to be making sure that the distrusted <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">State Department</a> would not, on its own, condemn <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya</a> for killing <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengalis</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013b-130">[130]</a> Nixon and China tried to suppress reports of genocide emanating from East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Nixon also relied on Americans not paying close attention to events in Asia: "<a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a> stirred up a few Catholics. But you know, I think Biafra stirred people up more than Pakistan, because Pakistan they're just a bunch of brown goddamn Moslems."<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The US government secretly encouraged the shipment of weapons from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to Pakistan, and reimbursed those countries for them<a href="#cite_note-cb756-189">[189]</a> despite Congressional objections.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> A collection of declassified US government documents, mostly consisting of communications between US officials in Washington, D.C., and in embassies and USIS centers in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and in India, show that US officials knew about these mass killings at the time and, in fact, used the terms "genocide" and "selective genocide," for example, in the "<a href="/wiki/Blood_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Telegram">Blood Telegram</a>."<a href="#cite_note-TheTilt-96">[96]</a> They also show that President Nixon, advised by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, decided to downplay this secret internal advice, because he wanted to protect the interests of Pakistan as he was apprehensive of India's friendship with the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, and he was seeking a closer relationship with China, which supported Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Henry_Kissinger" title="The Trial of Henry Kissinger">The Trial of Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> elaborates on what he saw as the efforts of Kissinger to subvert the aspirations of independence on the part of the Bengalis.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Hitchens not only claims that the term genocide is appropriate to describe the results of the struggle, but also points to the efforts of Henry Kissinger in undermining others who condemned the then-ongoing atrocities as being a genocide. Hitchens concluded, "Kissinger was responsible for the killing of thousands of people, including <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Some American politicians did speak out. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> charged Pakistan with committing genocide, and called for a complete cut-off of American military and economic aid to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-KennedyGenocide-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempted_trials_for_Pakistani_war_crimes">Attempted trials for Pakistani war crimes</h2></div> As early as 22 December 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> was conducting investigations of senior Pakistani Army officers connected to the massacre of intellectuals in Dhaka, with the aim of collecting sufficient evidence to have them tried as war criminals. They produced a list of officers who were in positions of command at the time, or were connected to the Inter-Services Screening Committee.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1975">1972–1975</h3></div> On 24 December 1971, Home minister of Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Qamaruzzaman" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman">A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman</a> said, "war criminals will not survive from the hands of law. Pakistani military personnel who were involved with killing and raping have to face tribunal." In a joint statement after a meeting between Sheikh Mujib and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, the Indian government assured that it would give all necessary assistance for bringing war criminals into justice. In February 1972, the government of Bangladesh announced plans to put 100 senior Pakistani officers and officials on trial for crimes of genocide. The list included General <a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Niazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi">A. K. Niazi</a> and four other generals.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> After the war, the Indian Army held 92,000 Pakistani prisoners of war,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> 195 of whom were suspected of committing war crimes. All 195 were released in April 1974 following the tripartite <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a> between Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and repatriated to Pakistan, in return for Pakistan's recognition of Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Pakistan expressed interest in performing a trial against those 195 officials. Fearing for the fate of 400,000 Bengalis trapped in Pakistan, Bangladesh agreed to hand them over to Pakistani authorities.<a href="#cite_note-BangInt-114">[114]</a> The Bangladeshi Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order of 1972 was promulgated to bring to trial those Bangladeshis who collaborated with and aided the Pakistani Armed forces during the Liberation War of 1971.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> There are conflicting accounts of the number of persons brought to trial under the 1972 Collaborators Order, ranging between 10,000 and 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-S._Linton_2010_p._205-205">[205]</a> At the time, the trials were considered problematic by local and external observers, because they appear to have been used for carrying out political vendettas. R. MacLennan, a British MP who was an observer at the trials stated that 'In the dock, the defendants are scarcely more pitiable than the succession of confused prosecution witnesses driven (by the 88-year-old defence counsel) to admit that they, too, served the Pakistani government but are now ready to swear blindly that their real loyalty was to the government of Bangladesh in exile.'<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> In May 1973, the Pakistani government detained Bengali civil servants stranded in Pakistan, as well as their family members, in response to Bangladesh's attempt to try POWs for genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a> Pakistan unsuccessfully pleaded five times to the International Court of Justice to contest Bangladesh's application of the term "genocide".<a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a> The government of Bangladesh issued a general amnesty on 30 November 1973, applying it to all persons except those who were punished or accused of rape, murder, attempted murder or arson.<a href="#cite_note-S._Linton_2010_p._205-205">[205]</a> The Collaborators Order of 1972 was revoked in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973 was promulgated to prosecute any persons, irrespective of nationality, who were accused of committing crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, "violations of any humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts laid out in the Geneva Conventions of 1949" and "any other crimes under international law".<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Detainees held under the 1972 Collaborators Order who were not released by the general amnesty of 1973 were going to be tried under this Act. However, no trials were held, and all activities related to the Act ceased after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> There are no known instances of criminal investigations or trials outside Bangladesh of alleged perpetrators of war crimes during the 1971 war. Initial steps were taken by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> to investigate individuals resident in the United Kingdom who were alleged to have committed war crimes according to a <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> documentary film aired in 1995. To date, no charges have been brought against these individuals.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–2006">1991–2006</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_(12826707374).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg/330px-Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg/440px-Sculpture_of_Refugees_from_1971_Genocide_-_Liberation_War_Museum_-_Dhaka_-_Bangladesh_%2812826707374%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Memorial of clay commemorating refugees from the Bangladesh genocide.</figcaption></figure> On 29 December 1991, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a>, who was accused of being a collaborator with Pakistan in the war of 1971, became the chairman or Ameer of the political party <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> of Bangladesh, which caused controversy. This incident prompted the creation of a 'National Committee for Resisting the Killers and Collaborators of 1971', in the footsteps of a proposal by writer and political activist <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Imam" title="Jahanara Imam">Jahanara Imam</a>. A mock people's court was formed, which on 26 March 1992 found Ghulam Azam guilty in a widely criticised trial, which sentenced him to death; he ultimately died in prison in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on 20 September 2006 for alleged crimes of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. Raymond Solaiman & Associates, acting for the plaintiff Mr. Solaiman, released a press statement which among other things said:<a href="#cite_note-SYG_2672_2006-213">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are glad to announce that a case has been filed in the Federal Magistrate's Court of Australia today under the Genocide Conventions Act 1949 and War Crimes Act. This is the first time in history that someone is attending a court proceeding in relation to the [alleged] crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity during 1971 by the Pakistani Armed Forces and its collaborators. The Proceeding number is SYG 2672 of 2006. On 25 October 2006, a direction hearing will take place in the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia, Sydney registry before Federal Magistrate His Honor Nicholls.</blockquote> On 21 May 2007, at the request of the applicant leave was granted to the applicant to discontinue his application filed on 20 September 2006.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007–present">2007–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG/220px-Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG/330px-Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG/440px-Protesters_at_Shahbag_with_candle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators hold a candles for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide</figcaption></figure> On 30 July 2009, the Minister of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of Bangladesh stated that no Pakistanis would be tried under the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act of 1973.<a href="#cite_note-S._Linton,_Criminal_Law_Forum_2010_p._228-215">[215]</a> This decision has drawn criticism from international jurists, because it effectively gives immunity to the commanders of the Pakistani Army who are generally considered to be ultimately responsible for the majority of the crimes that were committed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-S._Linton,_Criminal_Law_Forum_2010_p._228-215">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg/220px-Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg/330px-Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg/440px-Shahbag_Projonmo_Square_Uprising_Demanding_Death_Penalty_of_the_War_Criminals_of_1971_in_Bangladesh_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>Demonstrators hold torches for a commemoration of the Bangladesh genocide</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a> (ICT) is a war crimes tribunal in Bangladesh set up in 2009 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a> and their local collaborators, Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wierda-216">[216]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2008_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="2008 Bangladeshi general election">2008 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a> (AL) pledged to try war criminals.<a href="#cite_note-Kibria-217">[217]</a> The government set up the tribunal after the Awami League won the general election in December 2008 with more than two-thirds majority in parliament. The <a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Fact_Finding_Committee" title="War Crimes Fact Finding Committee">War Crimes Fact Finding Committee</a>, tasked to investigate and find evidence, completed its report in 2008, identifying 1600 suspects.<a href="#cite_note-Rahman-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montero-219">[219]</a> Prior to the formation of the ICT, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> offered assistance in 2009 on the tribunal's formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011144-220">[220]</a> In 2009 the parliament amended the 1973 act that authorised such a tribunal to update it.<a href="#cite_note-dwonparty-221">[221]</a> Throughout the years, tens of thousands of mostly young demonstrators, including women, have called for the death penalty for those convicted of war crimes. Non-violent protests supporting this position have occurred in other cities as the country closely follows the trials. The first indictments were issued in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> By 2012, nine leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami, the largest Islamist party in the nation, and two of the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh National Party">Bangladesh National Party</a>, had been indicted as suspects in war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Three leaders of Jamaat were the first tried; each were convicted of several charges of war crimes. The first person convicted was <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad_(Bachchu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad (Bachchu)">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">tried in absentia</a> as he had left the country; he was sentenced to death in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_(8459696133).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg/240px-Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg/360px-Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg/480px-Protest_against_War_Crimes_at_Shahabag_Square_%288459696133%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">2013 Shahbag protests</a> demanding the death penalty for the war criminals of the 1971 war</figcaption></figure> While human rights groups<a href="#cite_note-Adams-225">[225]</a> and various political entities<a href="#cite_note-Haq-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ullah-227">[227]</a> initially supported the establishment of the tribunal, they have since criticised it on issues of fairness and transparency, as well as reported harassment of lawyers and witnesses representing the accused.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams2-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karim-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghafour-230">[230]</a> Jamaat-e-Islami supporters and their student wing, Islami Chhatra Shibir, called a general strike nationwide on 4 December 2012 in protest against the tribunals. The protest leaders demanded that the tribunal be scrapped permanently and their leaders released immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Attack_star-1-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-attack_newage-1-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-attack_sun-1-233">[233]</a> One of the most high profile verdicts was of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Quader_Molla" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Quader Molla">Abdul Quader Mollah</a>, assistant secretary general of Jamaat, who was convicted in February 2013 and sentenced to life imprisonment, which culminated in the massive <a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">Shahbag protests</a>. The government, although initially reluctant, eventually appealed the verdict in the Supreme Court, which then sentenced Mollah to death. Abdul Quader Mollah was subsequently executed on Thursday 12 December 2013, amidst controversies on the legitimacy of the war tribunal hearings, drawing wide criticisms from countries such as the US, UK and Turkey, as well as from the UN. A period of unrest ensued. The majority of the population, however, was found to be in favour of the execution.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delwar_Hossain_Sayeedi" title="Delwar Hossain Sayeedi">Delwar Hossain Sayeedi</a> was convicted of war crimes due to his involvement in mass killings, rape, arson, looting and forced conversion of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> to Islam. He was sentenced to death by hanging;<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> his sentence, however, was later commuted to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a> was hanged on 11 May 2015 for 16 charges of genocide, rape and torture.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_Quader_Chowdhury" title="Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury">Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahsan_Mohammad_Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mujahid">Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mujahid</a>, both of whom had been convicted of genocide and rape, were hanged in Dhaka Central Jail shortly after midnight on 22 November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> On 3 December 2016, business tycoon <a href="/wiki/Mir_Quasem_Ali" title="Mir Quasem Ali">Mir Quasem Ali</a>, convicted of crimes against humanity for torturing and killing suspected Bangladeshi liberationists, was hanged at Kashimpur Prison.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2016, a draft of the Digital Security Act was finalized and placed for cabinet approval. The law proposed to declare any propaganda against the War of Liberation as cognizable and non-bailable.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA11_11]-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_in_Pakistan">Views in Pakistan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial of mass killings </a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Instances of denial</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre#Historical_revisionism_and_denialism" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide#Recognition_and_remembrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war#Leopold's_counter_campaign" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366#Legacy" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Denial">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Censorship_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen Square massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Katyn" title="Anti-Katyn">Katyn massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre#Armenian_reactions" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide#National_and_international_media_coverage" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Scholarly controversy over mass killings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_history_wars" title="Australian history wars">Colonization of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong#Legacy" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)#Legacy_of_the_expulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">1944–1950 expulsion of Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_denial" title="Template:Genocide denial"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_denial" title="Template talk:Genocide denial"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_denial" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide denial"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a> set up by the Pakistani government following the war noted various atrocities committed by the Pakistani military, including: Widespread arson and killings in the countryside; killing of intellectuals and professionals; killing of Bengali military officers and soldiers on the pretence of mutiny; killing Bengali civilian officials, businessmen and industrialists; raping numerous Bengali women as a deliberate act of revenge, retaliation and torture; deliberate killing of members of the Bengali Hindu minority; and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The Hamoodur Rahman Commission wrote: "[I]ndiscriminate killing and looting could only serve the cause of the enemies of Pakistan. In the harshness, we lost the support of the silent majority of the people of East Pakistan.... The <a href="/wiki/Comilla_Cantonment_massacre" title="Comilla Cantonment massacre">Comilla Cantonment massacre</a> (on 27th/28th of March, 1971) under the orders of CO 53 Field Regiment, Lt. Gen. Yakub Malik, in which 17 Bengali Officers and 915 men were just slain by a flick of one Officer's fingers should suffice as an example".<a href="#cite_note-Genocide_they_wrote-145">[145]</a> The commission's report and findings were suppressed by the Pakistani government for more than 30 years, but were leaked to the Indian and Pakistani media in 2000. However, the commission's lowly death toll of 26,000 was criticised as an attempt to whitewash the war.<a href="#cite_note-bbc16Jun2011-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayaslian-246">[246]</a> Several former West Pakistani Army officers who served in Bangladesh during the 1971 war have admitted to large-scale atrocities by their forces.<a href="#cite_note-Genocide_they_wrote-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial">Denial</h3></div> The government of Pakistan continues to deny that the 1971 Bangladesh genocide took place under Pakistan's rule of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of 1971. They typically accuse Pakistani reporters (such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mascarenhas" title="Anthony Mascarenhas">Anthony Mascarenhas</a>) who reported on the genocide of being "enemy agents".<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> According to Donald W. Beachler, professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_College" title="Ithaca College">Ithaca College</a>:<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The government of Pakistan explicitly denied that there was genocide. By their refusal to characterise the mass-killings as genocide or to condemn and restrain the Pakistani government, the US and Chinese governments implied that they did not consider it so.</blockquote> Similarly, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">2013 Shahbag protests</a> against <a href="/wiki/War_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminals">war criminals</a> who were complicit in the genocide, English journalist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hensher" title="Philip Hensher">Philip Hensher</a> wrote:<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The genocide is still too little known about in the West. It is, moreover, the subject of shocking degrees of denial among partisan polemicists and manipulative historians.</blockquote> In the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a>, Bangladesh called on Pakistan to prosecute 195 military officers for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, and genocide under relevant provisions of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Pakistan responded that it "deeply regretted any crimes that may have been committed".<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> It failed to bring the perpetrators to account on its own soil, as requested by Bangladesh. The position taken by Pakistan was reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> in 1974, when he simply expressed "regret" for 1971, and former Pakistani President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> in 2002, when he expressed regret for the "excesses" committed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a> set up by Bangladesh in 2009 to prosecute surviving collaborators of the pro-Pakistani militias in 1971 has been the subject of strong criticism in Pakistani political and military circles. On 30 November 2015, the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> retreated from earlier positions and said that it denies any role by Pakistan in atrocities in Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-254">[254]</a> A statement of the Pakistani Foreign Ministry, after summoning the Acting Bangladeshi High Commissioner, said that "Pakistan also rejected insinuation of complicity in committing crimes or war atrocities. Nothing could be further from the truth".<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The statement marked a growing trend of <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">genocide denial</a> in Pakistan, which picked up pace after controversial Indian academic <a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Sarmila Bose</a> accused the <a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a> of war crimes. Bose asserts that there is greater denial in Bangladesh of war crimes which were committed by Bengalis against Biharis.<a href="#cite_note-bbc16Jun2011-82">[82]</a> Many in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> have called for an unconditional apology to Bangladesh and an acknowledgement of the genocide, including noted journalist <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Mir" title="Hamid Mir">Hamid Mir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> former Pakistani ambassador to the United States <a href="/wiki/Husain_Haqqani" title="Husain Haqqani">Husain Haqqani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Asma_Jahangir" title="Asma Jahangir">Asma Jahangir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net1-258">[258]</a> former Pakistan Air Force chief <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> cultural activist <a href="/wiki/Salima_Hashmi" title="Salima Hashmi">Salima Hashmi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> and defence analyst Muhammad Ali Ehsan.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Asma Jahangir has called for an independent United Nations inquiry to investigate the atrocities. Jahangir also described Pakistan's reluctance to acknowledge the genocide a result of the Pakistani Army's dominant influence on foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar.net1-258">[258]</a> She spoke of the need for closure on the 1971 genocide.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Pakistani historian Yaqoob Khan Bangash described the actions of the Pakistani Army during the Bangladesh Liberation war as a "rampage".<a href="#cite_note-:2-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries_and_films">Documentaries and films</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Genocide" title="Stop Genocide">Stop Genocide</a> (1971) documentary film.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>Major Khaled's war (1971) documentary film<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh (1972) documentary film<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_War_(2014_film)" title="Children of War (2014 film)">Children of War</a> (2014) a film portraying the atrocities in the 1971 Bangladesh genocide.</li> <li>Merciless Mayhem: The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes (2018) <a href="/wiki/TV_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="TV movie">TV movie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/33px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/43px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">1971 Dhaka University massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day">Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh" title="The Concert for Bangladesh">The Concert for Bangladesh</a>, the first major <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_demanding_trial_of_war_criminals_of_Bangladesh_:_1972_to_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement demanding trial of war criminals of Bangladesh : 1972 to present">Movement demanding trial of war criminals of Bangladesh : 1972 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War_Library_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Liberation War Library and Research Centre">Bangladesh Liberation War Library and Research Centre</a>, a Digital Library, working to 'preserve and publicly distribute' the historical documents regarding the Liberation War of Bangladesh and Genocide of Innocent Bengali People in 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">July massacre</a>, a mass killing in Bangladesh carried out by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s regime in 2024, which resulted in hundreds of deaths, often referred to as the "second Bangladesh genocide".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPai" class="citation web cs1">Pai, Nitin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genocidebangladesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/eastpakistangenocide1971-realistperspective1.pdf">"The 1971 East Pakistan Genocide – A Realist Perspective"</a> (PDF). Bangladesh Genocide Archive. International Crimes Strategy Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107015512/https://www.genocidebangladesh.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/eastpakistangenocide1971-realistperspective1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangladesh+Genocide+Archive&rft.atitle=The+1971+East+Pakistan+Genocide+%E2%80%93+A+Realist+Perspective&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Nitin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidebangladesh.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F03%2Feastpakistangenocide1971-realistperspective1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013a198_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013a">Bass 2013a</a>, p. 198:"The Nixon administration had ample evidence not just of the scale of the massacres, but also of their ethnic targeting of the Hindu minority—what Blood had condemned as genocide. This was common knowledge throughout the Nixon administration." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2011" class="citation web cs1">Dummett, Mark (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineBoissoneault2016" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Boissoneault, Lorraine (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/">"The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+the+U.S.+Can%27t+Remember%2C+But+Bangladesh+Can%27t+Forget&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Boissoneault%2C+Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fgenocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2016" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, David (5 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/06/opinion/the-politics-of-bangladeshs-genocide-debate.html">"The Politics of Bangladesh's Genocide Debate"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Bangladesh%E2%80%99s+Genocide+Debate&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F06%2Fopinion%2Fthe-politics-of-bangladeshs-genocide-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2012" class="citation book cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (2012). "Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971". In Raphaelle Branche; Fabrice Virgili (eds.). Rape in Wartime. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36399-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36399-1"><bdi>978-0-230-36399-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mass+rape+and+the+inscription+of+gendered+and+racial+domination+during+the+Bangladesh+War+of+1971&rft.btitle=Rape+in+Wartime&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36399-1&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDermot1972" class="citation web cs1">MacDermot, Niall (June 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-8-1972-eng.pdf">"The Review"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327213117/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/ICJ-Review-8-1972-eng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023. <q>As far as the other three groups are concerned, namely members of the Awami League, students and Hindus, only Hindus would seem to fall within the definition of ' a national, ethnical, racial or religious group '. There is overwhelming evidence that Hindus were slaughtered and their houses and villages destroyed simply because they were Hindus. The oft repeated phrase ' Hindus are enemies of the state ' as a justification for the killing does not gainsay the intent to commit genocide; rather does it confirm the intention. The Nazis regarded the Jews as enemies of the state and killed them as such. In our view there is a strong prima facie case that the crime of genocide was committed against the group comprising the Hindu population of East Bengal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Review&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=International+Commission+of+Jurists&rft.date=1972-06&rft.aulast=MacDermot&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FICJ-Review-8-1972-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/">"The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_International_Review" title="Harvard International Review">Harvard International Review</a>. 1 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102543/https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=The+Past+has+yet+to+Leave+the+Present%3A+Genocide+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhir.harvard.edu%2Fthe-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011101-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011101_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia201152-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaikia201152_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaikia2011">Saikia 2011</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a119-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013a119_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013a">Bass 2013a</a>, p. 119:"Despite ongoing reports of unprovoked killing by soldiers, Blood saw the army launching a military campaign to take control of the countryside. Still, he thought, genocide was the right description for what was happening to the Hindus. So the consulate "began to focus our 'genocidal' reporting on the Hindus." The military crackdown, he cabled, "fully meets criteria of term 'genocide.'"49 Over and over, Blood tried to alarm his superiors in Washington. "'Genocide' applies fully to naked, calculated and widespread selection of Hindus for special treatment," he wrote. "From outset various members of American community have witnessed either burning down of Hindu villages, Hindu enclaves in Dacca and shooting of Hindus attempting [to] escape carnage, or have witnessed after-effects which [are] visible throughout Dacca today. Gunning down of Professor Dev of Dacca University philosophy department is one graphic example."50 He explained that the Pakistani military evidently did not "make distinctions between Indians and Pakistan Hindus, treating both as enemies." Such anti-Hindu sentiments were lingering and widespread, Blood wrote. He and his staff tenaciously kept up their reporting of anti-Hindu atrocities, telling how the Pakistan army would move into a village, ask where the Hindus lived, and then kill the Hindu men." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a120-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013a120_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013a">Bass 2013a</a>, p. 120:"Desaix Myers remembers, “We were aware the Hindu markets had been attacked. The villages that we visited were Hindu. We were aware that Hindus specically were being attacked.” In a letter at the time, he wrote, “The Army continues to check, lifting lungis [a kind of sarong worn by Bengalis], checking circumcision, demanding recitation of Muslim prayers. Hindus flee or are shot." He recalls that on one trip out of Dacca, "I was convinced I saw people wearing pieces of cloth identifying themselves as Hindus." Butcher says, “You heard stories of men having to pull down their lungis. If they were circumcised, they were let go. If they were not, they were killed. It was singling out the Hindus for especially bad treatment, burning Hindu villages, it was like a pogrom. It was ridding the province of these people."" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013a302-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013a302_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013a">Bass 2013a</a>, p. 302:"The CIA had a blunt explanation for this "incredible" migration: "many if not most of the Hindus fled for fear of their lives." Lieutenant General Tikka Khan, Yahya’s military governor, evidently thought he could quickly frighten the Bengalis into submission. The Pakistan army, the CIA noted, seemed to have singled out Hindus as targets. Although the CIA refrained from crying genocide, it did insist this was an ethnic campaign, with 80 percent—or possibly even 90 percent— of the refugees being Hindus. So far, out of eight million refugees, over six million were Hindus, and many more might follow—ending perhaps only when East Pakistan had no more Hindus left.... This was confirmed by Sydney Schanberg of the New York Times, who, interviewing refugees in India, found that almost all of them were Hindus, who said that they were still specially hounded by the Pakistan army." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddiqi1998208-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddiqi1998208_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiddiqi1998">Siddiqi 1998</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011108_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqi1998p208-209-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqi1998p208-209_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiddiqi1998">Siddiqi 1998</a>, pp. 208–209: "Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," Daily Star (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7." </li> <li id="cite_note-Islam_2019_175-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_2019_175_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Islam_2019_175_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIslam2019">Islam 2019</a>, p. 175: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide" </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2021). The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 8, 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-02832-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-02832-5"><bdi>978-1-009-02832-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problems+of+Genocide%3A+Permanent+Security+and+the+Language+of+Transgression&rft.pages=8%2C+395&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-009-02832-5&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecher2008169-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecher2008169_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecher2008">Brecher 2008</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Parsons, William S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890431">Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203890431">10.4324/9780203890431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-89043-1"><bdi>978-0-203-89043-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140556/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203890431/century-genocide-samuel-totten-william-parsons">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=246&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203890431&rft.isbn=978-0-203-89043-1&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203890431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200951-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200951_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMookherjee2009">Mookherjee 2009</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2010340-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2010340_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2010">Jones 2010</a>, p. 340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson200742-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson200742_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah199751-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah199751_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah1997">Shah 1997</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html">"txt_jinnah_dacca_1948"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022093628/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University&rft.atitle=txt_jinnah_dacca_1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Ftxt_jinnah_dacca_1948.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHossainTollefson2006245-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHossainTollefson2006245_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHossainTollefson2006">Hossain & Tollefson 2006</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolla2004217-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolla2004217_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolla2004">Molla 2004</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarder2010351-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarder2010351_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarder2010">Harder 2010</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggett20012716-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaggett20012716_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaggett2001">Haggett 2001</a>, p. 2716. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagertyGanguly200531-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagertyGanguly200531_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHagertyGanguly2005">Hagerty & Ganguly 2005</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2011257-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidlarsky2011257_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMidlarsky2011">Midlarsky 2011</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedel20119-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedel20119_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiedel2011">Riedel 2011</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswasDaly2021" class="citation journal cs1">Biswas, Sravani; Daly, Patrick (July 2021). "Cyclone Not Above Politics': East Pakistan, disaster politics, and the 1970 Bhola Cyclone". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 55 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1382–1410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X20000293">10.1017/S0026749X20000293</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F154579">10356/154579</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224892294">224892294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Cyclone+Not+Above+Politics%27%3A+East+Pakistan%2C+disaster+politics%2C+and+the+1970+Bhola+Cyclone&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1382-1410&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F154579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224892294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X20000293&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=Sravani&rft.au=Daly%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2010102-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2010102_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy2010">Roy 2010</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilkins2013" class="citation news cs1">Filkins, Dexter (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html">"'The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611054151/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Blood+Telegram%2C%27+by+Gary+J.+Bass&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Filkins&rft.aufirst=Dexter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F29%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA141_141]-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA141_141]_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSissonRose1992">Sisson & Rose 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA141">141</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVdqGAwAAQBAJpgPA147_147]-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVdqGAwAAQBAJpgPA147_147]_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVdqGAwAAQBAJpgPA147_147]_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011">Dasgupta, Togawa & Barkat 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">147</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensher2013" class="citation news cs1">Hensher, Philip (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html">"The war Bangladesh can never forget"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012649/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+war+Bangladesh+can+never+forget&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=Hensher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthe-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Feldstein, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC">Poisoning the Press: Richard Nixon, Jack Anderson, and the Rise of Washington's Scandal Culture</a>. Macmillan. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429978972" title="Special:BookSources/9781429978972"><bdi>9781429978972</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808150551/https://books.google.com/books?id=g0N8hOgFz3QC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. 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Pearson Education. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-110084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-110084-8"><bdi>978-0-13-110084-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317194232/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qZIAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. 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Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-33632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-33632-9"><bdi>978-0-813-33632-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Pakistanis had armed some groups, Bihari and Bengali, that opposed separation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+From+A+Nation+To+A+State&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-813-33632-9&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf">"Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971"</a> (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (41): 4463–4471. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4417267">4417267</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. 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Newsweek Pakistan. 17 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012659/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/gary-bass/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Last+Word%3A+Gary+J.+Bass&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweekpakistan.com%2Fgary-bass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1994" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John H. (1994). An Atlas of 1971 Indian-Pakistan war-the Creation of Bangladesh. 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Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sahabzada+Yaqub+Khan%2C+Pakistani+Diplomat%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F29%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsahabzada-yaqub-khan-dies-at-95-pakistani-diplomat-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2016" class="citation news cs1">Editorial (27 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1235591">"Sahibzada Yaqub Khan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012638/https://www.dawn.com/news/1235591">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Sahibzada+Yaqub+Khan&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1235591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/">"Bio – Sarmila Bose"</a>. Sarmila Bose. 8 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/https://sarmilabose.com/bio-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sarmila+Bose&rft.atitle=Bio+%E2%80%93+Sarmila+Bose&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsarmilabose.com%2Fbio-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2011" class="citation news cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (8 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose">"This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012613/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=This+account+of+the+Bangladesh+war+should+not+be+seen+as+unbiased&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fjun%2F08%2Fbangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Sarmila (8 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf">"Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971"</a> (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly: 4464–4465. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Violence%3A+Analysis+of+Civil+War+in+East+Pakistan+in+1971&rft.pages=4464-4465&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.ox.ac.uk%2Fmaterials%2Fprofile_materials%2Fsbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose" class="citation news cs1">Bose, Sarmila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/804314/smriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose">"'Smriti Irani misrepresented my work in her speech': Oxford researcher Sarmila Bose"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=%27Smriti+Irani+misrepresented+my+work+in+her+speech%27%3A+Oxford+researcher+Sarmila+Bose&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F804314%2Fsmriti-irani-misrepresented-my-work-in-her-speech-oxford-researcher-sarmila-bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2011" class="citation news cs1">Dummett, Mark (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/">"No lessons learnt in forty years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024093415/http://tribune.com.pk/story/307080/no-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=No+lessons+learnt+in+forty+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F307080%2Fno-lessons-learnt-in-forty-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260">"The Black Night that still haunts the nation"</a>. The Daily Star. 25 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012616/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Black+Night+that+still+haunts+the+nation&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ffrontpage%2Fthe-black-night-still-haunts-the-nation-1199260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandan2015" class="citation news cs1">Chandan, Md Shahnawaz Khan (8 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177">"The Heroes of a Forgetful Nation"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410205814/http://www.thedailystar.net/the-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+Heroes+of+a+Forgetful+Nation&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft.aulast=Chandan&rft.aufirst=Md+Shahnawaz+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fthe-heroes-of-a-forgetful-nation-55177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2015" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Malcolm (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">The Middle East and South Asia 2015–2016</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-1879-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4758-1879-6"><bdi>978-1-4758-1879-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140548/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=UOJxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+South+Asia+2015%E2%80%932016&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4758-1879-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOJxCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSālik1997" class="citation book cs1">Sālik, Ṣiddīq (1997). Witness To Surrender. Dhaka: University Press. pp. 63, 228–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1373-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1373-4"><bdi>978-984-05-1373-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness+To+Surrender&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=63%2C+228-229&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-984-05-1373-4&rft.aulast=S%C4%81lik&rft.aufirst=%E1%B9%A2idd%C4%ABq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002169-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2002169_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnam2013" class="citation news cs1">Anam, Tahmima (26 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html">"Pakistan's State of Denial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/27/opinion/anam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+State+of+Denial&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Anam&rft.aufirst=Tahmima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F12%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fanam-pakistans-overdue-apology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor" class="citation magazine cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/">"Forty Years After Its Bloody Independence, Bangladesh Looks to Its Past to Redeem Its Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012700/https://world.time.com/2011/12/16/forty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Forty+Years+After+Its+Bloody+Independence%2C+Bangladesh+Looks+to+Its+Past+to+Redeem+Its+Future&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2011%2F12%2F16%2Fforty-years-after-its-bloody-independence-bangladesh-looks-to-its-past-to-redeem-its-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time2Aug1971-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time2Aug1971_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time2Aug1971_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time2Aug1971_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html">"Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal"</a>. Time. 2 August 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Ravaging+of+Golden+Bengal&rft.date=1971-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C878408%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahtab2015" class="citation news cs1">Mahtab, Moyukh (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032">"The burden of remembrance"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+burden+of+remembrance&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Mahtab&rft.aufirst=Moyukh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fsupplements%2Fthe-burden-remembrance-188032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usconsulate_cable_march31-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usconsulate_cable_march31_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usconsulate_cable_march31_71-1">b</a> U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf">Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082405/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB6.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schendel2009173_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Schendel2009">van Schendel 2009</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-deathcount-pakistani-73"><a href="#cite_ref-deathcount-pakistani_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm">"Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)"</a>. Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm">the original</a> on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hamoodur+Rahman+Commission+Report&rft.atitle=Alleged+atrocities+by+the+Pakistan+Army+%28paragraph+33%29&rft.date=1974-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangla2000.com%2FBangladesh%2FIndependence-War%2FReport-Hamoodur-Rahman%2Fchapter2.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2014" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, David (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece">"Questioning an iconic number"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Questioning+an+iconic+number&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Flead%2Fquestioning-an-iconic-number%2Farticle5940833.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_and_Climate_Change_in_Bangladesh_75-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston2015" class="citation book cs1">Alston, Margaret (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68486-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-68486-2"><bdi>978-1-317-68486-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Climate+Change+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-68486-2&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWMSgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plight_and_Fate_of_Women_During_and_Following_Genocide-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Plight_and_Fate_of_Women_During_and_Following_Genocide_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebnath2012" class="citation book cs1">Debnath, Angela (2012) [First published 2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55">"The Bangladesh Genocide: The Plight of Women"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a> (ed.). Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4759-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-4759-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2018. <q>estimates of the death toll vary between 1-3 million victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bangladesh+Genocide%3A+The+Plight+of+Women&rft.btitle=Plight+and+Fate+of+Women+During+and+Following+Genocide&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9&rft.aulast=Debnath&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrJ7ai7GJH0C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploring_Social_Psychology_4E-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_Social_Psychology_4E_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2004" class="citation book cs1">Myers (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269">Exploring Social Psychology</a> (4 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-070062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-070062-8"><bdi>978-0-07-070062-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808141620/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Social+Psychology&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-070062-8&rft.au=Myers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX3fdaGkEy6MC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/">"The Genocide the U.S. Can't Remember, But Bangladesh Can't Forget"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161217125201/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>By halfway through the nine-month genocide, the U.S Central Intelligence Agency gave a conservative estimate of 200,000 Bangladeshis murdered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Genocide+the+U.S.+Can%27t+Remember%2C+But+Bangladesh+Can%27t+Forget&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fgenocide-us-cant-remember-bangladesh-cant-forget-180961490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2013" class="citation news cs1">Bass, Gary J. (29 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html">"Nixon and Kissinger's Forgotten Shame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930015644/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/opinion/nixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>Midway through the bloodshed, both the C.I.A. and the State Department conservatively estimated that about 200,000 people had died (the Bangladeshi government figure is much higher, at three million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nixon+and+Kissinger%27s+Forgotten+Shame&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F30%2Fopinion%2Fnixon-and-kissingers-forgotten-shame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin_Chowdhury" title="Abdul Momin Chowdhury">Chowdhury, Abdul Mu'min</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanipanhwar.com/Behind%20The%20Myth%20Of%20Three%20Million.pdf">Behind the Myth of Three Million</a> (PDF). Al-Hilal Publishers. pp. 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Myth+of+Three+Million&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Al-Hilal+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Mu%27min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanipanhwar.com%2FBehind%2520The%2520Myth%2520Of%2520Three%2520Million.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Jalal (4 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cafedissensuseveryday.com/2020/10/04/controversy-over-bangladeshs-war-dead-3-lakh-300000-or-30-lakh-3-million/">"Controversy over Bangladesh's War Dead: 3 lakh (300,000) or 30 lakh (3 million)?"</a>. Cafe Dissensus Everyday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313102356/https://cafedissensuseveryday.com/2020/10/04/controversy-over-bangladeshs-war-dead-3-lakh-300000-or-30-lakh-3-million/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cafe+Dissensus+Everyday&rft.atitle=Controversy+over+Bangladesh%27s+War+Dead%3A+3+lakh+%28300%2C000%29+or+30+lakh+%283+million%29%3F&rft.date=2020-10-04&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcafedissensuseveryday.com%2F2020%2F10%2F04%2Fcontroversy-over-bangladeshs-war-dead-3-lakh-300000-or-30-lakh-3-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc16Jun2011-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc16Jun2011_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc16Jun2011_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc16Jun2011_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc16Jun2011_82-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170">"Controversial book accuses Bengalis of 1971 war crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Controversial+book+accuses+Bengalis+of+1971+war+crimes&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-13417170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2011" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Ian (20 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide">"It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+the+arithmetic+of+genocide+that%27s+important.+It%27s+that+we+pay+attention&rft.date=2011-05-20&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fmay%2F21%2Fian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-002-84"><a href="#cite_ref-DR-002_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid">"Bose is more Pakistani than Jinnah the Quaid"</a>. 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Ahmed sharif"</a>. News from Bangladesh. Daily News Monitoring Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486">the original</a> on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+from+Bangladesh&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+prof.+Ahmed+sharif&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhay&rft.aufirst=Keshab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangladesh-web.com%2Fview.php%3FhidRecord%3D44486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA16_16]-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA16_16]_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2011">Beachler 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-gerlach2018-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerlach2018_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerlach2018_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerlach2018_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerlach2018_90-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gerlach, Christian (20 July 2018). 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Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book+No.+79&rft.atitle=The+Tilt%3A+The+U.S.+and+the+South+Asian+Crisis+of+1971&rft.date=2002-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB79%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelectiveGenocide-97"><a href="#cite_ref-SelectiveGenocide_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf">"Cable from U.S. Consulate in Dacca: Selective Genocide"</a> (PDF). National Security Archive. 27 March 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612052659/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Cable+from+U.S.+Consulate+in+Dacca%3A+Selective+Genocide&rft.date=1971-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB79%2FBEBB1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf">Telegram 959 From the US Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, 28 March 1971, 0540Z</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/48048.pdf">Archived</a> 28 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Selective Genocide") </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm">"Office of the Historian"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012643/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ffrus%2Fnixon%2Fe7%2F48213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Baxter, Craig</a> (1997). Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-33632-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-33632-9"><bdi>978-0-813-33632-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+From+A+Nation+To+A+State&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-813-33632-9&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintner2004" class="citation web cs1">Lintner, Bertil (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf">"Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh"</a> (PDF). p. 418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211447/https://apcss.org/Publications/Edited">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Extremism+and+Nationalism+in+Bangladesh&rft.pages=418&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lintner&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapcss.org%2FPublications%2FEdited%2520Volumes%2FReligiousRadicalism%2FPagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrare2012" class="citation book cs1">Grare, Frederic (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">"Pakistan's Pursuit of Democracy"</a>. In Kalia, Ravi (ed.). Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51641-2"><bdi>978-1-136-51641-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214843/https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Pursuit+of+Democracy&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+From+the+Rhetoric+of+Democracy+to+the+Rise+of+Militancy&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51641-2&rft.aulast=Grare&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsrfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBass2013b">Bass 2013b</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsons2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Parsons, William S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263">Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-24550-4"><bdi>978-1-135-24550-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centuries+of+Genocide%3A+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-24550-4&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDZa0zZ-XCAC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html">"Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia"</a>. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+sets+up+war+crimes+court+%E2%80%93+Central+%26+South+Asia&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2010%2F03%2F2010325151839747356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid2011600-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmid2011600_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmid2011">Schmid 2011</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomsen2011240-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomsen2011240_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomsen2011240_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomsen2011">Tomsen 2011</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaikia20113-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaikia20113_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaikia20113_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaikia20113_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaikia2011">Saikia 2011</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200949-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookherjee200949_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMookherjee2009">Mookherjee 2009</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEḤaqqānī200577-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEḤaqqānī200577_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFḤaqqānī2005">Ḥaqqānī 2005</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShehabuddin201093-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShehabuddin201093_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShehabuddin2010">Shehabuddin 2010</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinker" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tinker, Hugh Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71">"History (from Bangladesh)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+%28from+Bangladesh%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F51736%2FBangladesh%2F277584%2FThe-Pakistani-period-1947-71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood9782-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blood9782_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood9782_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood9782_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126">"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180019/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07/d126">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States%2C+1969%E2%80%931976%2C+Volume+E%E2%80%937%2C+Documents+on+South+Asia%2C+1969%E2%80%931972+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1969-76ve07%2Fd126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy02homage-111"><a href="#cite_ref-roy02homage_111-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Roy" title="Ajoy Roy">Ajoy Roy</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm">"Homage to my martyr colleagues"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015022357/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/ajoy/martyr_intellectual.htm">Archived</a> 15 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt12-19-1971-112"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt12-19-1971_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9">"125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York, NY, USA. 19 December 1971. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143516/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2008. <q>At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=125+Slain+in+Dacca+Area%2C+Believed+Elite+of+Bengal&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1971-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-massacre-intel-113"><a href="#cite_ref-massacre-intel_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurshid1997" class="citation journal cs1">Murshid, Tazeen M. (1997). "State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 20 (2): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856409708723294">10.1080/00856409708723294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1479-0270">1479-0270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=State%2C+nation%2C+identity%3A+The+quest+for+legitimacy+in+Bangladesh&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856409708723294&rft.issn=1479-0270&rft.aulast=Murshid&rft.aufirst=Tazeen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BangInt-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BangInt_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangInt_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangInt_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BangInt_114-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals">"Killing of Intellectuals"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180022/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Killing+of+Intellectuals&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Muazzam+Hussain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKilling_of_Intellectuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Shaiduzzaman (14 December 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html">"Martyred intellectuals: martyred history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Daily New Age, Bangladesh </li> <li id="cite_note-askari05star-116"><a href="#cite_ref-askari05star_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskari2005" class="citation news cs1">Askari, Rashid (14 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm">"Our martyerd intellectuals"</a>. The Daily Star (Editorial). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170723161252/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Our+martyerd+intellectuals&rft.date=2005-12-14&rft.aulast=Askari&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2005%2F12%2F14%2Fd51214020321.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasan01onneshon-117"><a href="#cite_ref-hasan01onneshon_117-0">^</a> Dr. M.A. Hasan, Juddhaporadh, Gonohatya o bicharer anneshan, War Crimes Fact Finding Committee and Genocide archive & Human Studies Centre, Dhaka, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Shahiduzzaman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html">No count of the nation's intellectual loss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201162513/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/dec/15/murdered/murdered.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New Age, 15 December 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallows-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Gallows_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf/">"Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. 3 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012709/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Gallows+for+Mueen%2C+Ashraf&rft.date=2013-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbeta2%2Fnews%2Fgallows-for-mueen-ashraf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56">"Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71's war"</a>. Adnan's Den. 13 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209232606/http://adnan.quaium.com/blog/56">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adnan%27s+Den&rft.atitle=Story+of+a+Martyred+Intellectual+of+71%27s+war&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadnan.quaium.com%2Fblog%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-daily-sun2-121"><a href="#cite_ref-daily-sun2_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104105107/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html">"ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Sun_(Bangladesh)" title="Daily Sun (Bangladesh)">Daily Sun</a>. 3 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen,-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=ICT+issues+arrest+order+against+Mueen%2C+Ashrafuzzaman&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daily-sun.com%2Fdetails_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS-Tamanna-122"><a href="#cite_ref-DS-Tamanna_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2013" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Tamanna (4 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/">"It was matricide"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106200142/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=It+was+matricide&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Tamanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbeta2%2Fnews%2Fit-was-matricide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011120-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011120_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2012" class="citation journal cs1">Islam, Kajalie Shehreen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787">"Breaking Down the Birangona: Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Communication" title="International Journal of Communication">International Journal of Communication</a>. 6: 2131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+the+Birangona%3A+Examining+the+%28Divided%29+Media+Discourse+on+the+War+Heroines+of+Bangladesh%27s+Independence+Movement&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=2131&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=Kajalie+Shehreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijoc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijoc%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F874%2F787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharlach2000">Sharlach 2000</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajjad2012225_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSajjad2012">Sajjad 2012</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/">"Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 19 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Birth+of+Bangladesh%3A+When+raped+women+and+war+babies+paid+the+price+of+a+new+nation&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fbirth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA306_306]-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESissonRose1992[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidy85KOHHVT5oCpgPA306_306]_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSissonRose1992">Sisson & Rose 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306">306</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartropJacobs2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Bartrop, Paul R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Leonard_Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Leonard Jacobs">Jacobs, Steven Leonard</a>, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1866">Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 1866. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-364-6"><bdi>978-1-61069-364-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808141739/https://books.google.com/books?id=JB4UBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1866">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Genocide%3A+The+Definitive+Resource+and+Document+Collection&rft.pages=1866&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-364-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB4UBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2013b-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013b_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2013b_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2013b">Bass 2013b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-TottenParsons2004-131"><a href="#cite_ref-TottenParsons2004_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; Parsons, William S.; <a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Charny, Israel W.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295">Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. 295–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702022904/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=295-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheldelinEliatamby2011-132"><a href="#cite_ref-CheldelinEliatamby2011_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheldelinEliatamby2011" class="citation book cs1">Cheldelin, Sandra I.; Eliatamby, Maneshka (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6021-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6021-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-6021-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702022904/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Waging+War+and+Peace%3A+International+Perspectives+of+Women%27s+Roles+in+Conflict+and+Post-Conflict+Reconstruction&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8&rft.aulast=Cheldelin&rft.aufirst=Sandra+I.&rft.au=Eliatamby%2C+Maneshka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-WoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi1998" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Dina M. (1998). "Taslima Nasreen and Others: The Contest over Gender in Bangladesh". In Bodman, Herbert L.; Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (eds.). Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity. Lynne Rienner. pp. 208–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-578-7"><bdi>978-1-55587-578-7</bdi></a>. <q>Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," Daily Star (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taslima+Nasreen+and+Others%3A+The+Contest+over+Gender+in+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Women+in+Muslim+Societies%3A+Diversity+Within+Unity&rft.pages=208-209&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-578-7&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Dina+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodmanTohidi1998208-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodmanTohidi1998208_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodmanTohidi1998">Bodman & Tohidi 1998</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-American_news_video_about_rapes-135"><a href="#cite_ref-American_news_video_about_rapes_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#!">"BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview"</a>. 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#!">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2013 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANGLADESH+GENOCIDE+1971+%E2%80%93+RAPE+VICTIMS+Interview&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKJyHBT1iCgA%26feature%3Dplayer_embedded%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011139-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011139_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011121–122-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011121–122_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-time.oct25-1971-138"><a href="#cite_ref-time.oct25-1971_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html">"East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 25 October 1971. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=East+Pakistan%3A+Even+the+Skies+Weep&rft.date=1971-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C877316%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-susanbrownmiller-139"><a href="#cite_ref-susanbrownmiller_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownmiller1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan</a> (1993) [First published 1975]. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Ballantine Books. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8"><bdi>0-449-90820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Our+Will%3A+Men%2C+Women%2C+and+Rape&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-449-90820-8&rft.aulast=Brownmiller&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm">Archived</a> 16 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm">Chapter 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm">Archived</a> 12 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Paragraphs 32,34 </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownmillerExtract-141"><a href="#cite_ref-BrownmillerExtract_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownmiller1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan</a> (1993) [First published 1975]. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Ballantine Books. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90820-8"><bdi>0-449-90820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Our+Will%3A+Men%2C+Women%2C+and+Rape&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-449-90820-8&rft.aulast=Brownmiller&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes.oct10-1971-142"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes.oct10-1971_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1971" class="citation news cs1">Browne, Malcolm W. (14 October 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf">"Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Horrors+of+East+Pakistan+Turning+Hope+into+Despair&rft.date=1971-10-14&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstrangelove.com%2Fuploads%2F1971%2Fforeign%2F19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamoon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muntassir_Mamoon" title="Muntassir Mamoon">Mamoon, Muntassir</a> (June 2000). The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh. Translated by Ibrahim, Kushal. Somoy Prokashon. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-458-210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-458-210-1"><bdi>978-984-458-210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vanquished+Generals+and+the+Liberation+War+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Somoy+Prokashon&rft.date=2000-06&rft.isbn=978-984-458-210-1&rft.aulast=Mamoon&rft.aufirst=Muntassir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-Genocide_they_wrote-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genocide_they_wrote_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genocide_they_wrote_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genocide_they_wrote_145-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955">"Genocide they wrote"</a>. The Daily Star. 2 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Genocide+they+wrote&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ffrontpage%2Fgenocide-they-wrote-180955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/">"Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?"</a>. Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW. 25 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+in+the+World+in+Association+with+The+New+York+Times+%E2%80%93+WITW&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+mass+sexualized+violence+of+Bangladesh%27s+Liberation+War+being+ignored%3F&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnytlive.nytimes.com%2Fwomenintheworld%2F2016%2F03%2F25%2Fwhy-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/">"1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=1971+Rapes%3A+Bangladesh+Cannot+Hide+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fworldviews%2F2012%2F05%2F21%2F1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army". <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a>. 2 July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=New+impartial+evidence+debunks+1971+rape+allegations+against+groups+working+for+Pakistan+and+also+some+members+of+the+Pakistani+Army&rft.date=2005-07-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollacott2011" class="citation news cs1">Woollacott, Martin (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review">"Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dead+Reckoning+by+Sarmila+Bose+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Woollacott&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fjul%2F01%2Fdead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatun" class="citation web cs1">Khatun, Salma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm">"Sarmila Bose rewrites history"</a>. Drishtipat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drishtipat&rft.atitle=Sarmila+Bose+rewrites+history&rft.aulast=Khatun&rft.aufirst=Salma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrishtipat.org%2Fsarmila%2Fsarmila.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010262-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010262_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beachler,_Donald_2007-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Beachler,_Donald_2007_152-0">^</a> Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 – 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144–145-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144–145_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144–145_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010144_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010145–146-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010145–146_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, p. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-shakeel-156"><a href="#cite_ref-shakeel_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhammed2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahammed, Mohammad Shakeel (23 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130118000209/http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653">"Ṭhākuragā'ōẏēra jāṭhibhāṅgā gaṇahatyā dibasa ud‌yāpana" <bdi lang="bn">ঠাকুরগাওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস উদ্‌যাপন</bdi></a> [Thakurgao's Jathibhanga Genocide Day celebrations]. bdreport24.com (in Bengali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdreport24.com/archives/19653">the original</a> on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bdreport24.com&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurag%C4%81%27%C5%8D%E1%BA%8F%C4%93ra+j%C4%81%E1%B9%ADhibh%C4%81%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+ga%E1%B9%87ahaty%C4%81+dibasa+ud%E2%80%8Cy%C4%81pana+%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.aulast=Ahammed&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Shakeel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdreport24.com%2Farchives%2F19653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karatoa-157"><a href="#cite_ref-karatoa_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928123440/http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463">"Ṭhākuragām̐ōẏēra jāṭhibhāṅgā gaṇahatyā dibasa pālita" <bdi lang="bn">ঠাকুরগাঁওয়ের জাঠিভাঙ্গা গণহত্যা দিবস পালিত</bdi></a> [Thakurgaon Jathibhanga Genocide Day celebrated]. Dainik Karatoa (in Bengali). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karatoa.com.bd/details.php?pub_no=546&menu_id=15&val=63463">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Karatoa&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurag%C4%81m%CC%90%C5%8D%E1%BA%8F%C4%93ra+j%C4%81%E1%B9%ADhibh%C4%81%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+ga%E1%B9%87ahaty%C4%81+dibasa+p%C4%81lita+%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karatoa.com.bd%2Fdetails.php%3Fpub_no%3D546%26menu_id%3D15%26val%3D63463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarmila_Bose" title="Sarmila Bose">Bose, Sarmila</a> (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst and Co. pp. 73, 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Reckoning%3A+Memories+of+the+1971+Bangladesh+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73%2C+122&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sarmila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usstatedept_south_asia_crisis-159"><a href="#cite_ref-usstatedept_south_asia_crisis_159-0">^</a> U.S. State Department, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy-160"><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_160-0">^</a> Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad." </li> <li id="cite_note-sundaytimes6_13_71-161"><a href="#cite_ref-sundaytimes6_13_71_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhas1971" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mascarenhas" title="Anthony Mascarenhas">Mascarenhas, Anthony</a> (13 June 1971). "Genocide". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. <q>The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Genocide&rft.date=1971-06-13&rft.aulast=Mascarenhas&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html">"Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere?"</a>. South Asia Analysis Group. 23 April 2001. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Analysis+Group&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+Bengali+Abbasi+Lurking+Somewhere%3F&rft.date=2001-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasiaanalysis.org%2Fpapers3%2Fpaper232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt8iYEgPYG_ECpgPA170_170]-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidt8iYEgPYG_ECpgPA170_170]_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170">170</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkPdKDwAAQBAJpgPG335_335]-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkPdKDwAAQBAJpgPG335_335]_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1994">Rummel 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG335">335</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanberg1971" class="citation news cs1">Schanberg, Sydney H. (14 July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/west-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html">"West Pakistan Pursues Subjugation of Bengalis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122061834/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/07/14/archives/west-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=West+Pakistan+Pursues+Subjugation+of+Bengalis&rft.date=1971-07-14&rft.aulast=Schanberg&rft.aufirst=Sydney+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F07%2F14%2Farchives%2Fwest-pakistan-pursues-subjugation-of-bengalis-west-pakistan-pursues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2007478-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachler2007478_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2007">Beachler 2007</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasHasan" class="citation news cs1">Das, Bijoyeta; Hasan, Khaled. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html">"In Pictures: Plight of Biharis in Bangladesh"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524210015/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/03/pictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+Plight+of+Biharis+in+Bangladesh&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Bijoyeta&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finpictures%2F2014%2F03%2Fpictures-plight-biharis-bangla-2014325152839952229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_2010_p101-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_2010_p101_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan_2010_p101_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanRahman2010" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Borhan Uddin; Rahman, Muhammad Mahbubur (2010). Hofmann, Rainer; Ugo, Caruso (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C">Minority Rights in South Asia</a>. Peter Lang. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631609163" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631609163"><bdi>978-3631609163</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142243/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Rights+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3631609163&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Borhan+Uddin&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Muhammad+Mahbubur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKCKe7J9Uq4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011103_169-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrOq4XV94wLsCpgPA292_292]-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrOq4XV94wLsCpgPA292_292]_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFink2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrOq4XV94wLsCpgPA292_292]_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFink2010">Fink 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292">292</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64">Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3</a>. Academic Press. 1999. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227010-9"><bdi>978-0-12-227010-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Violence%2C+Peace+and+Conflict%3A+Po+%E2%80%93+Z%2C+index.+3&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227010-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG2kN033mDkC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAR-1-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAR-1_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAR-1_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAR-1_172-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602055513/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103">"Chronology for Biharis in Bangladesh"</a>. The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77103">the original</a> on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Minorities+at+Risk+%28MAR%29+Project&rft.atitle=Chronology+for+Biharis+in+Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidcm.umd.edu%2Fmar%2Fchronology.asp%3FgroupId%3D77103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaYBrAgAAQBAJpgPA334_334]-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaYBrAgAAQBAJpgPA334_334]_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaYBrAgAAQBAJpgPA334_334]_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRummel1997">Rummel 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">334</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64">Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3</a>. Academic Press. 1999. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227010-9"><bdi>978-0-12-227010-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Violence%2C+Peace+and+Conflict%3A+Po+%E2%80%93+Z%2C+index.+3&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-12-227010-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG2kN033mDkC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid48N-XbOltMECpgPA148_148]-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid48N-XbOltMECpgPA148_148]_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148">148</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Linton" title="Suzannah Linton">Linton, Suzannah</a> (June 2010). "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Law_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Law Forum (page does not exist)">Criminal Law Forum</a>. 21 (2): 200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10609-010-9119-8">10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Law+Forum&rft.atitle=Completing+the+Circle%3A+Accountability+for+the+Crimes+of+the+1971+Bangladesh+War+of+Liberation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10609-010-9119-8&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Suzannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsan2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Badrul_Ahsan" title="Syed Badrul Ahsan">Ahsan, Syed Badrul</a> (28 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960">"Old images from a long-ago war"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012705/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Old+images+from+a+long-ago+war&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Badrul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-227960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanhope1971" class="citation news cs1">Stanhope, Henry (20 December 1971). "Mukti Bahini Bayonet Prisoners After Prayers". The Times. London. p. 4. <q>[Dateline: Dec 19] Four Razakar prisoners, who were bayoneted publicly after a rally yesterday ... The leader of the Mukti Bahini ... took part, casually beating the prisoners with has swagger stick before borrowing a bayonet to lunge at one of the trussed-up men. The leader, Mr Abdul Qader Siddiqui, the Mukti commander-in-chief for Dacca, Tangail, Mymensingh and Pusur, whose 'troops' are known as the Qaderi ... Mr Saddiqui's Mukti guards ... fixed bayonets and charged at the prisoners ... They stabed [sic] them through the neck, the chest, the stomach. One of the guards, dismayed at having no bayonet, shot one of the prisoners in the stomach with his sten gun. The crowd watched with interest and the photographers snapped away.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mukti+Bahini+Bayonet+Prisoners+After+Prayers&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1971-12-20&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> International Commission of Jurists, the Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study by the Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists 9 (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-WPP_2017-180"><a href="#cite_ref-WPP_2017_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm">"World Population Prostpects 2017"</a>. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Division+of+the+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs+of+the+United+Nations+Secretariat&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prostpects+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._N.Rabbee-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Dr._N.Rabbee_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbee2005" class="citation news cs1">Rabbee, N. 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Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft.atitle=US%2C+China+suppressed+genocide+reports+during+Bangladesh+liberation+war&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east%2Fus-china-suppressed-genocide-reports-during-bangladesh-liberation-war_1567599.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mishra, Pankaj (23 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3">"Unholy Alliances"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161402/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kennedy+Charges+Genocide+in+Pakistan%2C+Urges+Aid+Cutoff&rft.date=1971-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstrangelove.com%2Fuploads%2F1971%2Fforeign%2F19710817_wp_kennedy_charges_genocide_in_Pakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://december71.wordpress.com/2011/12/16/newspaper-reports-1971/">Archived</a> 28 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chowdhury, Shahid Kader (January–June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/11_1_399.pdf">"Age, Gender and Religion of the Victims of the Bangladesh Genocide: A Case Study"</a> (PDF). Jagannath University Journal of Arts. 11 (1). Dhaka: <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_University" title="Jagannath University">Jagannath University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810112754/https://jnu.ac.bd/journal/assets/pdf/11_1_399.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>The intensity of genocide, i.e. persecuting 3 million within just nine months on such a small geographical area, is unprecedented in history. The intensity is comparable to the Holocaust during World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jagannath+University+Journal+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Age%2C+Gender+and+Religion+of+the+Victims+of+the+Bangladesh+Genocide%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-01%2F2021-06&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=Shahid+Kader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnu.ac.bd%2Fjournal%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2F11_1_399.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookherjee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mookherjee, Nayanika (2011). "'Never again': aesthetics of 'genocidal' cosmopolitanism and the Bangladesh Liberation War Museum". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" title="Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute">Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</a>. 17 (s1). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</a>: S71–S91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2011.01690.x">10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01690.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23011426">23011426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=%27Never+again%27%3A+aesthetics+of+%27genocidal%27+cosmopolitanism+and+the+Bangladesh+Liberation+War+Museum&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=s1&rft.pages=S71-S91&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9655.2011.01690.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23011426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mookherjee&rft.aufirst=Nayanika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/discussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940">"Discussion in UN: Recognition of 1971 genocide sought"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(Bangladesh)" title="The Financial Express (Bangladesh)">The Financial Express</a>. 27 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327050406/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/discussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>Ambassador Sovaan Ke termed the 1971 genocide as the second largest genocide in the history after the holocaust.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Discussion+in+UN%3A+Recognition+of+1971+genocide+sought&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefinancialexpress.com.bd%2Fnational%2Fdiscussion-in-un-recognition-of-1971-genocide-sought-1648355940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDring1971" class="citation news cs1">Dring, S. (23 December 1971). "Pakistani officers on list for war crimes trials". The Times. London. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistani+officers+on+list+for+war+crimes+trials&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1971-12-23&rft.aulast=Dring&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"100 face genocide charges". The Times. London. 23 February 1972. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=100+face+genocide+charges&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1972-02-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharas1973" class="citation web cs1">Kharas, J. G. (11 May 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502182659/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf">"Case Concerning Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India): Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/60/10697.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Case+Concerning+Trial+of+Pakistani+Prisoners+of+War+%28Pakistan+v.+India%29%3A+Request+for+the+Indication+of+Interim+Measures+of+Protection&rft.date=1973-05-11&rft.aulast=Kharas&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F60%2F10697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Linton, Suzannah (2010). "Completing the circle: accountability for the crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh war of liberation". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Law_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminal Law Forum (page does not exist)">Criminal Law Forum</a>. 21 (2): 203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10609-010-9119-8">10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F124770">10722/124770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143939929">143939929</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2036374">2036374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Law+Forum&rft.atitle=Completing+the+circle%3A+accountability+for+the+crimes+of+the+1971+Bangladesh+war+of+liberation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F124770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143939929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2036374%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10609-010-9119-8&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Suzannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> President's Order No. 8 of 1972 (1972) (Bangl.); Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order (1972) (Bangl.). </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Linton_2010_p._205-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Linton_2010_p._205_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Linton_2010_p._205_205-1">b</a> S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> A. Mascarenhas, 'Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood', Hodder and Stoughton, 1986, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/">"How We Shortchanged Bangladesh"</a>. Newsweek Pakistan. 4 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/how-we-shortchanged-bangladesh/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek+Pakistan&rft.atitle=How+We+Shortchanged+Bangladesh&rft.date=2013-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweekpakistan.com%2Fhow-we-shortchanged-bangladesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhsanLiton2007" class="citation news cs1">Ahsan, Zayadul; Liton, Shakawat (14 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-15426">"Existing evidence enough to try killers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618140006/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-15426">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022. <q>To resume the trial process, the jurists said, the government could enact a new law, or revive the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972, which was revoked on December 31, 1975, burying the process of trial of the killers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Existing+evidence+enough+to+try+killers&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.aulast=Ahsan&rft.aufirst=Zayadul&rft.au=Liton%2C+Shakawat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fnews-detail-15426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh">"Gwynne Dyer: Genocide trials in Bangladesh"</a>. Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414143821/http://www.straight.com/news/402371/gwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Straight+Vancouver%27s+News+%26+Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gwynne+Dyer%3A+Genocide+trials+in+Bangladesh&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straight.com%2Fnews%2F402371%2Fgwynne-dyer-genocide-trials-bangladesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4bf3a6e92.html">"Torture in Bangladesh 1971–2004: Making International Commitments a Reality and Providing Justice and Reparations to Victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Redress_(charitable_organisation)" title="Redress (charitable organisation)">REDRESS</a>. August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012628/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4bf3a6e92.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torture+in+Bangladesh+1971%E2%80%932004%3A+Making+International+Commitments+a+Reality+and+Providing+Justice+and+Reparations+to+Victims&rft.pub=REDRESS&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fdocid%2F4bf3a6e92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdhikaryKhan2014" class="citation news cs1">Adhikary, Tuhin Shubhra; Khan, Mahbubur Rahman (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115">"Ghulam Azam dies in prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618140856/https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Azam+dies+in+prison&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.aulast=Adhikary&rft.aufirst=Tuhin+Shubhra&rft.au=Khan%2C+Mahbubur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SYG_2672_2006-213"><a href="#cite_ref-SYG_2672_2006_213-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm">Raymond Faisal Solaiman v People's Republic of Bangladesh & Ors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214084924/http://www.rayimmigration.com.au/pressrelease.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In The Federal Magistrates Court of Australia at Sydney. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> This judgement can be found via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/">Federal Court of Australia home page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903215345/http://esearch.fedcourt.gov.au/">Archived</a> 3 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by following the links and using SYG/2672/2006 as the key for the database </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Linton,_Criminal_Law_Forum_2010_p._228-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Linton,_Criminal_Law_Forum_2010_p._228_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Linton,_Criminal_Law_Forum_2010_p._228_215-1">b</a> S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wierda-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Wierda_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierdaAnthony_Triolo2012" class="citation book cs1">Wierda, Marieke; Anthony Triolo (2012). <a href="/wiki/Luc_Reydams" title="Luc Reydams">Luc Reydams</a>; Jan Wouters; Cedric Ryngaert (eds.). International Prosecutors. Oxford University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199554294" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199554294"><bdi>978-0199554294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Prosecutors&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199554294&rft.aulast=Wierda&rft.aufirst=Marieke&rft.au=Anthony+Triolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kibria-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Kibria_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibria2011" class="citation book cs1">Kibria, Nazli (2011). Muslims in Motion: Islam and National Identity in the Bangladeshi Diaspora. Rutgers University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813550565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813550565"><bdi>978-0813550565</bdi></a>. <q>The landslide victory of the Awami League in the 2008 election included a manifesto pledge to prosecute the war criminals of 1971.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Motion%3A+Islam+and+National+Identity+in+the+Bangladeshi+Diaspora&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0813550565&rft.aulast=Kibria&rft.aufirst=Nazli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahmanCraig_Baxter2010" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Syedur; Craig Baxter (2010). Historical dictionary of Bangladesh (4th ed.). 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Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+arrests+are+opening+act+of+war+crimes+tribunal&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAsia-South-Central%2F2010%2F0714%2FBangladesh-arrests-are-opening-act-of-war-crimes-tribunal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011144-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Costa2011144_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD'Costa2011">D'Costa 2011</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-dwonparty-221"><a href="#cite_ref-dwonparty_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674">"Will ban on Islamic party heal wounds?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 18 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012717/https://www.dw.com/en/will-ban-on-islamic-party-heal-wounds/a-16607674">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. 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Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Bangladesh%3A+Implications+of+Jamaat-e-Islami%27s+Indictment&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Rupak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcs.org%2Fcomm_select.php%3FarticleNo%3D4276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678">"Bangladesh Islamic party leaders indicted on war crimes charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 28 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012710/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bangladesh-islamic-party-leaders-indicted-on-war-crimes-charges-1.1228678">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. 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Retrieved 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Mollah+Execution%3A+Social+sites+explode%2C+global+media+abuzz&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fbeta2%2Fnews%2Fdebate-over-quader-mollah-execution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769">"Bangladesh war crimes trial: Delwar Hossain Sayeedi to die"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416214938/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war+crimes+trial%3A+Delwar+Hossain+Sayeedi+to+die&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-21611769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2014" class="citation news cs1">Habib, Haroon (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece">"Top Jamaat leader Sayedee to be in prison until death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915190713/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Top+Jamaat+leader+Sayedee+to+be+in+prison+until+death&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fsouth-asia%2Fbangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee%2Farticle6418811.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2012" class="citation news cs1">Kapur, Roshni (15 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence.">"Bangladesh Hangs Another Islamist Leader"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129082100/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence.">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Hangs+Another+Islamist+Leader&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Roshni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F05%2Fbangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNizami%252C%2520formerly%2520the%2520head%2520of%2520Jammat-e-Islami%252C%2520the%2520country%25E2%2580%2599s%2Cfrom%2520President%2520Abdul%2520Hamid%2520against%2520his%2520death%2520sentence.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2015" class="citation news cs1">Habib, Haroon (21 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece">"Two top Bangladesh war criminals hanged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128041343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Two+top+Bangladesh+war+criminals+hanged&rft.date=2015-11-21&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Ftwo-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged%2Farticle7904194.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html">"Bangladesh Hangs 2 Leaders Convicted of War Crimes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 22 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/asia/bangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+Hangs+2+Leaders+Convicted+of+War+Crimes&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbangladesh-hangs-2-leaders-convicted-of-war-crimes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html">"Bangladesh executes last prominent Jamaat leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304142819/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/bangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+executes+last+prominent+Jamaat+leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F09%2Fbangladesh-executes-prominent-jamaat-leader-160903135231345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/">"The Digital Security Act, 2016 (Draft) : A Sneak Peek"</a>. The FutureLaw Initiative. 7 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033240/http://futrlaw.org/the-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FutureLaw+Initiative&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Security+Act%2C+2016+%28Draft%29+%3A+A+Sneak+Peek&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffutrlaw.org%2Fthe-digital-security-act-2016-draft-a-sneak-peek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA11_11]-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeachler2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXeDHAAAAQBAJpgPA11_11]_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2011">Beachler 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157260-9"><bdi>978-0-19-157260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157260-9&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Moses%2C+A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report">"The Hamood-ur-Rahman Commission Report"</a>. Story of Pakistan. June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012634/http://storyofpakistan.com/the-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Story+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=The+Hamood-ur-Rahman+Commission+Report&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fthe-hamood-ur-rahman-commission-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeachler2007">Beachler 2007</a>: "Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayaslian-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayaslian_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayaslian">Payaslian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedLiton2015" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Inam; Liton, Shakhawat (6 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016">"The blueprint for massacre"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012702/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/the-blueprint-massacre-183016">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=The+blueprint+for+massacre&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Inam&rft.au=Liton%2C+Shakhawat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ffrontpage%2Fthe-blueprint-massacre-183016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedLiton2015" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Inam; Liton, Shakhawat (7 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616">"Partners in the genocide"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012719/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Partners+in+the+genocide&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Inam&rft.au=Liton%2C+Shakhawat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Ffrontpage%2Fpartners-the-genocide-183616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Dummett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Dummett (page does not exist)">Dummett, Mark</a> (16 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201">"Bangladesh war: The article that changed history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012640/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2011. <q>His article was – from Pakistan's point of view – a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+war%3A+The+article+that+changed+history&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16207201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachler" class="citation web cs1">Beachler, Donald W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426074152/http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc">"Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh"</a>. Institute for the Study of Genocide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/events/2005iagsconference/abstracts/IAGS%202005.proposal.doc">the original</a> on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Genocide&rft.atitle=Genocide+Denial%3B+The+Case+of+Bangladesh&rft.aulast=Beachler&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org%2Fevents%2F2005iagsconference%2Fabstracts%2FIAGS%25202005.proposal.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensher2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hensher" title="Philip Hensher">Hensher, Philip</a> (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html#">"The war Bangladesh can never forget"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+war+Bangladesh+can+never+forget&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=Hensher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthe-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/">"Text of the tri-patriate agreement of Bangladesh-Pakistan-India"</a>. Bangladesh Genocide Archive. 2 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012708/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/text-of-the-tri-patriate-agreement-of-bangladesh-pakistan-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2020. 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The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385350471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385350471"><bdi>978-0385350471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blood+Telegram%3A+Nixon%2C+Kissinger%2C+and+a+Forgotten+Genocide&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0385350471&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2013b" class="citation magazine cs1">Bass, Gary (19 November 2013b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide">"Looking Away from Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121105/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/looking-away-from-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Looking+Away+from+Genocide&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Flooking-away-from-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beachler, Donald (1 December 2007). "The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh". <a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a>. 41 (5): 467–492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313220701657286">10.1080/00313220701657286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220344166">220344166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+genocide+scholarship%3A+the+case+of+Bangladesh&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=467-492&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313220701657286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220344166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beachler&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeachler2011" class="citation book cs1">Beachler, Donald W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ">The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11414-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11414-2"><bdi>978-0-230-11414-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genocide+Debate%3A+Politicians%2C+Academics%2C+and+Victims&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11414-2&rft.aulast=Beachler&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeDHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher2008" class="citation book cs1">Brecher, Michael (2008). International political earthquakes. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472070015" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472070015"><bdi>978-0472070015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+political+earthquakes&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0472070015&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodmanTohidi1998" class="citation book cs1">Bodman, Herbert L.; Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998). Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555875785" title="Special:BookSources/1555875785"><bdi>1555875785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Muslim+societies%3A+diversity+within+unity&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1555875785&rft.aulast=Bodman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+L.&rft.au=Tohidi%2C+Nayereh+Esfahlani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasguptaTogawaBarkat2011" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Abhijit; Togawa, Masahiko; Barkat, Abul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ">Minorities and the State: Changing Social and Political Landscape of Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0766-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-0766-8"><bdi>978-81-321-0766-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808140607/https://books.google.com/books?id=VdqGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+the+State%3A+Changing+Social+and+Political+Landscape+of+Bengal&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-321-0766-8&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Abhijit&rft.au=Togawa%2C+Masahiko&rft.au=Barkat%2C+Abul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdqGAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa2011" class="citation book cs1">D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56566-0"><bdi>978-0-415-56566-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationbuilding%2C+Gender+and+War+Crimes+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56566-0&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Bina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2010" class="citation book cs1">Fink, George (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC">Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster</a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381382-4"><bdi>978-0-12-381382-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142138/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress+of+War%2C+Conflict+and+Disaster&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-12-381382-4&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOq4XV94wLsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly2002" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Sumit (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang">Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231123693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231123693"><bdi>978-0231123693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+Unending%3A+India-Pakistan+Tensions+Since+1947&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0231123693&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictunending0000gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2010" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Christian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA144">Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70681-0"><bdi>978-0-521-70681-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142247/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremely+Violent+Societies%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70681-0&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48N-XbOltMEC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagertyGanguly2005" class="citation book cs1">Hagerty, Devin T.; Ganguly, Šumit (2005). Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-98635-7"><bdi>978-0-295-98635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fearful+Symmetry%3A+India-Pakistan+Crises+In+The+Shadow+Of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98635-7&rft.aulast=Hagerty&rft.aufirst=Devin+T.&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+%C5%A0umit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggett2001" class="citation book cs1">Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent (2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7289-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography%3A+The+Indian+subcontinent&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6&rft.aulast=Haggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarder2010" class="citation book cs1">Harder, Hans (2010). Ende, Werner; Steinbac, Udo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse">Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4571-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-4571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World+Today%3A+A+Handbook+of+Politics%2C+Religion%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4571-2&rft.aulast=Harder&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminworldtoda00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤaqqānī2005" class="citation book cs1">Ḥaqqānī, Ḥusain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq">Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military</a>. Carnegie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Between+Mosque+and+Military&rft.pub=Carnegie&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%A4aqq%C4%81n%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4usain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanbetweenm00haqq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossainTollefson2006" class="citation book cs1">Hossain, Tania; Tollefson, James W. (2006). "Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh". In Tsui, Amy; Tollefson, James W. (eds.). Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5693-4"><bdi>978-0-8058-5693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Policy+in+Education+in+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Language+Policy%2C+Culture%2C+and+Identity+in+Asian+Contexts&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-5693-4&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft.au=Tollefson%2C+James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslam2019" class="citation book cs1">Islam, M. Rafiqul (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">National Trials of International Crimes in Bangladesh: Transitional Justice as Reflected in Judgments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 175–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38938-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38938-0"><bdi>978-90-04-38938-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Trials+of+International+Crimes+in+Bangladesh%3A+Transitional+Justice+as+Reflected+in+Judgments&rft.pages=175-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38938-0&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=M.+Rafiqul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8KODwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2010). 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Retrieved 1 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Eye+of+the+Storm&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10147-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8iYEgPYG_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidlarsky2011" class="citation book cs1">Midlarsky, Manus I. (2011). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87708-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87708-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Political+Extremism%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Twentieth+Century+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87708-4&rft.aulast=Midlarsky&rft.aufirst=Manus+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolla2004" class="citation book cs1">Molla, Gyasuddin (2004). 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Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1900&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-145-4&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPdKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, R. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ">Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-927-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214903/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. 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Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5038-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-5038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+War%2C+and+the+Making+of+Bangladesh%3A+Remembering+1971&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5038-5&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajjad2012" class="citation book cs1">Sajjad, Tazreena (2012) [First published 2009]. "The Post-Genocidal Period and Its Impact on Women". 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Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0557-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0557-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-0557-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadly+Embrace%3A+Pakistan%2C+America%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+Global+Jihad&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0557-4&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Rituparna (2010). South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-245-5"><bdi>978-90-8964-245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Partition+Fiction+in+English%3A+From+Khushwant+Singh+to+Amitav+Ghosh&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-245-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Rituparna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schendel2009" class="citation book cs1">van Schendel, Willem (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ">A History of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-26497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-26497-3"><bdi>978-1-316-26497-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214523/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023. 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The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41157-8"><bdi>978-0-415-41157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41157-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1997" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997). The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. 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New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713687893">10.1080/713687893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144966485">144966485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Rape+as+Genocide%3A+Bangladesh%2C+the+Former+Yugoslavia%2C+and+Rwanda&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=89-102&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713687893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144966485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharlach&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehabuddin2010" class="citation book cs1">Shehabuddin, Elora (2010). "Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics". In <a href="/wiki/Ali_Riaz" title="Ali Riaz">Riaz, Ali</a>; Fair, C. Christine (eds.). Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57673-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57673-4"><bdi>978-0-415-57673-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+civil+society+and+Islamist+politics&rft.btitle=Political+Islam+and+Governance+in+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57673-4&rft.aulast=Shehabuddin&rft.aufirst=Elora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSissonRose1992" class="citation book cs1">Sisson, Richard; Rose, Leo E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC">War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07665-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07665-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808141629/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Secession%3A+Pakistan%2C+India%2C+and+the+Creation+of+Bangladesh&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07665-5&rft.aulast=Sisson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy85KOHHVT5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2012" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Philip (2012). Genocide Since 1945. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415606349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415606349"><bdi>978-0415606349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+Since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415606349&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, H. R. (2007). Simpson, Andrew (ed.). Language and National Identity in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926748-4"><bdi>978-0-19-926748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+National+Identity+in+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926748-4&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Tomsen, Peter (2011). The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers. Public Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-763-8"><bdi>978-1-58648-763-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Afghanistan%3A+Messianic+Terrorism%2C+Tribal+Conflicts%2C+and+the+Failures+of+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-763-8&rft.aulast=Tomsen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangladesh+genocide" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Barkat_(economist)" title="Abul Barkat (economist)">Abul Barkat</a>, An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O</li> <li>Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html">Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971</a>, A Gendercide Watch case study</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/">State of Hindus in Bangladesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/">Bangladesh Genocide Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon">Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age_(Bangladesh)" title="New Age (Bangladesh)">New Age</a>, 14 March 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/">Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day</a> by Delwar Jahid</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23">Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25">Genocide Day today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192304/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html">Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, 23 March 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html">How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, 22 September 2016</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget">By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget</a>, Scroll.in, 25 March 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/20px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan Movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim National Guard">Muslim National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">East Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League" title="Pakistan Muslim League">Pakistan Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Awami_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All Pakistan Awami Muslim League">All Pakistan Awami Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Awami League">Awami League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_(East_Pakistan)" title="United Front (East Pakistan)">United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="One Unit">One Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">Constitution of Pakistan of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Pakistani coup d'état">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1962" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1962">Constitution of Pakistan of 1962</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bengali self-determination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Biplobi_Parishad" title="Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad">Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agartala_Conspiracy_Case" title="Agartala Conspiracy Case">Agartala Conspiracy Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 uprising in East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election" title="1970 Pakistani general election">1970 Pakistani general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Declaration of war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Bangabandhu" class="mw-redirect" title="7 March Speech of Bangabandhu">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's speech of 7 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1971)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1971)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_A._Rodionov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksei A. Rodionov">Rodionov message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Admiral Ahsan Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Massacres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Massacres</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukti_Bahini" title="Mukti Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Bangladesh Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="K Force (Bangladesh)">K Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="S Force (Bangladesh)">S Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_Force_(Bangladesh)" title="Z Force (Bangladesh)">Z Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Bangladesh Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Bangladesh Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Bangladesh Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Bangladesh Police</a> </li> <li>Special Guerrilla Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonobahini_(Mukti_Bahini)" title="Gonobahini (Mukti Bahini)">Gono Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujib_Bahini" title="Mujib Bahini">Mujib Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Bahini" title="Kader Bahini">Kader Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baten_Bahini" title="Baten Bahini">Baten Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsar_Bahini" title="Afsar Bahini">Afsar Bahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemayet_Bahini" title="Hemayet Bahini">Hemayet Bahini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_Platoon" title="Crack Platoon">Crack Platoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">Central Peace Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razakar_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razakar (Pakistan)">Razakars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al-Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al-Shams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Indian allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_Order_of_Battle_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971">Mitro Bahini</a> (Indo-Bangali group)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Eastern_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command">Pakistan Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight_order_of_battle:_Pakistan" title="Operation Searchlight order of battle: Pakistan">Order of Battle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barisal" title="Operation Barisal">Operation Barisal</a></li> <li>Cable 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sectors_in_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War">Sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_plans_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_Heli_Bridge" title="Meghna Heli Bridge">Meghna Heli Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackpot" title="Operation Jackpot">Operation Jackpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNS_Mangro_(S133)" title="PNS Mangro (S133)">Mutiny on PNS Mangro in Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Python" title="Operation Python">Operation Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_order_of_battle,_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971">Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitro_Bahini_Order_of_Battle_December_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971">Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_PNS_Ghazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of PNS Ghazi">Sinking of PNS Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations,_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971">East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chengiz_Khan" title="Operation Chengiz Khan">Operation Chengiz Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation Cactus-Lilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daruin" title="Battle of Daruin">Battle of Daruin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rangamati-Mahalchari_waterway" title="Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway">Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goalhati" title="Battle of Goalhati">Battle of Goalhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidur_Rahman" title="Hamidur Rahman">Battle of Dhalai Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhalai" title="Battle of Dhalai">Battle of Dhalai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ajmiriganj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ajmiriganj (page does not exist)">Battle of Ajmiriganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garibpur" title="Battle of Garibpur">Battle of Garibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hilli" title="Battle of Hilli">Battle of Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basantar" title="Battle of Basantar">Battle of Basantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kushtia" title="Battle of Kushtia">Battle of Kushtia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyra" title="Battle of Boyra">Battle of Boyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Atgram">Battle of Atgram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Telegram">Blood Telegram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees#1970s" title="East Bengali refugees">Refugees in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhin_Bangla_Betar_Kendra" title="Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra">Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhin_Bangla_football_team" title="Shadhin Bangla football team">Shadhin Bangla Football Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh" title="The Concert for Bangladesh">The Concert for Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(album)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (album)">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh_(film)" title="The Concert for Bangladesh (film)">Film</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="List of massacres in Bangladesh">List of massacres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">1971 Dhaka University massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharibazar_massacre" title="Shankharibazar massacre">Shankharibazar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramna_massacre" title="Ramna massacre">Ramna massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutrapur_massacre" title="Sutrapur massacre">Sutrapur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demra_massacre" title="Demra massacre">Demra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyapara_massacre" title="Madhyapara massacre">Madhyapara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohagpur_massacre" title="Sohagpur massacre">Sohagpur massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Massacres in Bangladesh">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._A._G._Osmani" title="M. A. G. Osmani">M. A. G. Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman" title="Ziaur Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mosharraf" title="Khaled Mosharraf">Khaled Mosharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_M_Shafiullah" class="mw-redirect" title="K M Shafiullah">K M Shafiullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafaat_Jamil" title="Shafaat Jamil">Shafaat Jamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Khandker" title="A. K. Khandker">A. K. Khandker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Hamidullah Khan">Muhammad Hamidullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rahman_(military_pilot)" title="Matiur Rahman (military pilot)">Matiur Rahman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazrul_Islam" title="Syed Nazrul Islam">Syed Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajuddin_Ahmad" title="Tajuddin Ahmad">Tajuddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasnat_Muhammad_Qamaruzzaman" title="Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman">AHM Qamaruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Hamidullah Khan">Muhammad Hamidullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serajul_Alam_Khan" title="Serajul Alam Khan">Serajul Alam Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nuruzzaman" title="Kazi Nuruzzaman">Kazi Nuruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitta_Ranjan_Dutta" title="Chitta Ranjan Dutta">Chitta Ranjan Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mansur_Ali" title="Muhammad Mansur Ali">Muhammad Mansur Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khondaker_Mostaq_Ahmad" title="Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad">Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Hannan" title="M. A. Hannan">M. A. Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayeed_Chowdhury" title="Abu Sayeed Chowdhury">Abu Sayeed Chowdhury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">S.M. Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._A._K._Niazi" title="A. A. K. Niazi">A.K. Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabzada_Yaqub_Khan" title="Sahabzada Yaqub Khan">Yaqub Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shariff" title="Mohammad Shariff">Mohammad Shariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboobaker_Osman_Mitha" title="Aboobaker Osman Mitha">A.O. Mitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadim_Hussain_Raja" title="Khadim Hussain Raja">Khadim Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Masud" title="Zafar Masud">Mitty Masud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zamir" title="Ahmad Zamir">Ahmad Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamul_Haque_Khan" title="Inamul Haque Khan">Inamul Haque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddique_Salik" title="Siddique Salik">Siddique Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">K.M. Arif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Motaleb_Malik" title="Abdul Motaleb Malik">Dr. Abdul Motaleb Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Amin" title="Nurul Amin">Nurul Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Azizur_Rahman" title="Shah Azizur Rahman">Shah Azizur Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">J.A. Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridev_Roy" title="Tridev Roy">Tridev Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Indian allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">S. M. Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">P. C. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Aurora" title="Jagjit Singh Aurora">Jagjit Singh Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhiraman_Palat_Candeth" title="Kunhiraman Palat Candeth">K. P. Candeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Gurunath_Bewoor" title="Gopal Gurunath Bewoor">Gopal Gurunath Bewoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sourendra_Nath_Kohli" title="Sourendra Nath Kohli">Sourendra Nath Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_Krishnan" title="Nilakanta Krishnan">Nilakanta Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoo_Merwan_Engineer" title="Minoo Merwan Engineer">Minoo Merwan Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Chand_Dewan" title="Hari Chand Dewan">Hari Chand Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagat_Singh" title="Sagat Singh">Sagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapishwar_Narain_Raina" title="Tapishwar Narain Raina">T. N. Raina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khem_Karan_Singh" title="Khem Karan Singh">Khem Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Singh_(general)" title="Sartaj Singh (general)">Sartaj Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inderjit_Singh_Gill" title="Inderjit Singh Gill">Inderjit Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._R._Jacob" title="J. F. R. Jacob">J. F. R. Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenjikal_Chandy_Kuruvila" title="Elenjikal Chandy Kuruvila">E. C. Kuruvila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Sarma" title="S. H. Sarma">S. H. Sarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Swarup_Pathak" title="Gopal Swarup Pathak">Gopal Swarup Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._N._Kao" title="R. N. Kao">Rameshwar Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Bangladesh" title="International recognition of Bangladesh">International recognition of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission_Report" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report">War Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_during_the_Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 Prisoners of War Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh–India relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Bangla_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Peace" title="Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace">Indira-Mujib Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border_clashes" title="2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes">2001 Indo-Bangla skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_along_the_Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_border" title="Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border">Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Bangladesh–Pakistan relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_siege_of_the_Pakistani_embassy_in_Dhaka" title="2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka">2013 Pakistan Embassy siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations#2015_incidents:_Diplomatic_Rifts" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">2015 Expulsion of Pakistani diplomats from Dhaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics_*_Categories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li>Categories</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Memorial" title="Martyred Intellectuals Memorial">Martyred Intellectuals Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhinata_Stambha" title="Swadhinata Stambha">Swadhinata Stambha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_War_Memorial_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation War Memorial Trust (page does not exist)">Liberation War Memorial Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_War_Museum" title="Liberation War Museum">Liberation War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police_Liberation_War_Museum" title="Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum">Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparajeyo_Bangla" title="Aparajeyo Bangla">Aparajeyo Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabash_Bangladesh" title="Shabash Bangladesh">Shabash Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anniversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day">Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Independence Day (Bangladesh)">Independence Day (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(Bangladesh)" title="Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)">Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyred_Intellectuals_Day" title="Martyred Intellectuals Day">Martyred Intellectuals Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_day_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory day of Bangladesh">Victory day of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Diwas_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijay Diwas (India)">Vijay Diwas (India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Decorations and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktijuddho_e-Archive" title="Muktijuddho e-Archive">Muktijuddho e-Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_depictions_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Awards and decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">2013 Shahbag protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_demanding_trial_of_war_criminals_(Bangladesh)" title="Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)">Movement demanding trial of war criminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="Timeline of the International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Crimes_Fact_Finding_Committee" title="War Crimes Fact Finding Committee">War Crimes Fact Finding Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Bangladesh Liberation War">Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_based_on_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Causes_and_prelude_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Causes and prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Military personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="Template:1971 Bangladesh genocide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="Template talk:1971 Bangladesh genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1971_Bangladesh_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1971 Bangladesh genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikka_Khan" title="Tikka Khan">Tikka Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Farman_Ali" title="Rao Farman Ali">Rao Farman Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Quader_Molla" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Quader Molla">Abdul Quader Molla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad_(Bachchu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad (Bachchu)">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ahsan_Mohammad_Mojaheed" title="Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed">Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwar_Hossain_Sayeedi" title="Delwar Hossain Sayeedi">Delwar Hossain Sayeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Quader_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazlul Quader Chowdhury">Fazlul Quader Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kamaruzzaman" title="Muhammad Kamaruzzaman">Muhammad Kamaruzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_Quader_Chowdhury" title="Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury">Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrafuz_Zaman_Khan" title="Ashrafuz Zaman Khan">Ashrafuz Zaman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury_Mueen-Uddin" title="Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin">Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razakars_(Pakistan)" title="Razakars (Pakistan)">Razakars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Central_Peace_Committee" title="East Pakistan Central Peace Committee">East Pakistan Central Peace Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Badr (East Pakistan)">Al Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shams_(East_Pakistan)" title="Al-Shams (East Pakistan)">Al Shams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barguna_massacre" title="Barguna massacre">Barguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimnali_massacre" title="Bhimnali massacre">Bhimnali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabha_Narerkathi_massacre" title="Gabha Narerkathi massacre">Gabha Narerkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketnar_Bil_massacre" title="Ketnar Bil massacre">Ketnar Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suryamani_massacre" title="Suryamani massacre">Suryamani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comilla_Cantonment_massacre" title="Comilla Cantonment massacre">Comilla Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad_massacre" title="Muzaffarabad massacre">Muzaffarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomara_massacre" title="Pomara massacre">Pomara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrabad_massacre" title="Bakhrabad massacre">Bakhrabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakchar_massacre" title="Bakchar massacre">Bakchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baria_massacre" title="Baria massacre">Baria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Bhadrasan_massacre" title="Char Bhadrasan massacre">Char Bhadrasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Dhaka_University_massacre" title="1971 Dhaka University massacre">Dhaka University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasamdia_massacre" title="Hasamdia massacre">Hasamdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishangopalpur_massacre" title="Ishangopalpur massacre">Ishangopalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandi_massacre" title="Jandi massacre">Jandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinjira_massacre" title="Jinjira massacre">Jinjira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyapara_massacre" title="Madhyapara massacre">Madhyapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikli_massacre" title="Nikli massacre">Nikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramna_massacre" title="Ramna massacre">Ramna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanikhil_massacre" title="Satanikhil massacre">Satanikhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendia_massacre" title="Sendia massacre">Sendia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharibazar_massacre" title="Shankharibazar massacre">Shankharibazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Angan_massacre" title="Sree Angan massacre">Sree Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutrapur_massacre" title="Sutrapur massacre">Sutrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terosree_massacre" title="Terosree massacre">Terosree massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuknagar_massacre" title="Chuknagar massacre">Chuknagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakra_massacre" title="Dakra massacre">Dakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankharikathi_massacre" title="Shankharikathi massacre">Shankharikathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagbati_massacre" title="Bagbati massacre">Bagbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demra_massacre" title="Demra massacre">Demra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai_Kadipur_massacre" title="Karai Kadipur massacre">Karai Kadipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_massacre" title="Gopalpur massacre">Gopalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogisho_and_Palsha_massacre" title="Jogisho and Palsha massacre">Jogisho and Palsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhira_massacre" title="Akhira massacre">Akhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhapdhup_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhapdhup Massacre">Dhapdhup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golahat_massacre" title="Golahat massacre">Golahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathibhanga_massacre" title="Jathibhanga massacre">Jathibhanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliganj_massacre" title="Kaliganj massacre">Kaliganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityapur_massacre" title="Adityapur massacre">Adityapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunga_massacre" title="Burunga massacre">Burunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galimpur_massacre" title="Galimpur massacre">Galimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnapur_massacre" title="Krishnapur massacre">Krishnapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalkandi_massacre" title="Makalkandi massacre">Makalkandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naria_massacre" title="Naria massacre">Naria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Mahmud" title="Altaf Mahmud">Altaf Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anudvaipayan_Bhattacharya" title="Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya">Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Pasha" title="Anwar Pasha">Anwar Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendranath_Datta" title="Dhirendranath Datta">Dhirendranath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Chandra_Dev" title="Govinda Chandra Dev">Govinda Chandra Dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harinath_Dey" title="Harinath Dey">Harinath Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Jogesh Chandra Ghosh">Jogesh Chandra Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmoy_Guhathakurta" title="Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta">Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Das" title="Laxman Das">Laxman Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufazzal_Haider_Chaudhury" title="Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury">Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munier_Choudhury" title="Munier Choudhury">Munier Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranadaprasad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranadaprasad Saha">Ranada Prasad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosh_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya">Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Parvin" title="Selina Parvin">Selina Parvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahidullah_Kaiser" title="Shahidullah Kaiser">Shahidullah Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_killing_of_Bengali_intellectuals" title="1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_demanding_trial_of_war_criminals_(Bangladesh)" title="Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)">Movement demanding trial of war criminals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Shahbag_protests" title="2013 Shahbag protests">2013 Shahbag protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamoodur_Rahman_Commission" title="Hamoodur Rahman Commission">Hamoodur Rahman Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Telegram#The_Blood_telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Telegram">Blood Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh" title="The Concert for Bangladesh">Concert for Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Searchlight" title="Operation Searchlight">Operation Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">Persecution of Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Genocide_Remembrance_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template talk:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Founding kingdom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Classical empires: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sultanates: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li>British Bengal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li>Nature: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Places: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> (parliament): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li>Industries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finance sectors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank (central bank)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stock Exchange: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Energy and resources: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li>Infrastructure: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Bangladesh–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangladesh&#124;link=Bangladesh_Bangladesh–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Bangladesh–Pakistan relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Bangladesh,_Islamabad" title="High Commission of Bangladesh, Islamabad">High Commission of Bangladesh, Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_Bangladesh_to_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of Bangladesh to Pakistan">High Commissioners of Bangladesh to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_High_Commission_of_Bangladesh,_Karachi" title="Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh, Karachi">Deputy High Commission of Bangladesh, Karachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">1971 Bangladesh genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Biharis_in_Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh">Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_during_the_Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ahsan_Mission" title="Admiral Ahsan Mission">Admiral Ahsan Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_siege_of_the_Pakistani_embassy_in_Dhaka" title="2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka">2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations">Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/30px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari 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