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<li id="toc-Hellenistic–Renaissance_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic–Renaissance_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hellenistic–Renaissance eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic–Renaissance_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-speaking_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-speaking_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>English-speaking countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-speaking_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constructed_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constructed_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Constructed languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constructed_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radix_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radix_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Radix point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radix_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digit_grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digit_grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digit grouping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digit_grouping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digit grouping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digit_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_vis-à-vis_mask" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_vis-à-vis_mask"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Data vis-à-vis mask</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_vis-à-vis_mask-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions_to_digit_grouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions_to_digit_grouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Exceptions to digit grouping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions_to_digit_grouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-base-10_numbering_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-base-10_numbering_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In non-base-10 numbering systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_non-base-10_numbering_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_calculators_and_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_calculators_and_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence of calculators and computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_calculators_and_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conventions worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conventions_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conventions worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conventions_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindu–Arabic_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu–Arabic_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hindu–Arabic numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu–Arabic_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries_using_decimal_comma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_using_decimal_comma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Countries using decimal comma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_using_decimal_comma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countries_using_decimal_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_using_decimal_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Countries using decimal point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_using_decimal_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_numeral_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_numeral_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other numeral systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_numeral_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Decimal separator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فاصل عشري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصل عشري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Десетичен знак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Десетичен знак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separador_decimal" title="Separador decimal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Separador decimal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Вуншарлă пайлавçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вуншарлă пайлавçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desetinn%C3%A1_zna%C4%8Dka" title="Desetinná značka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Desetinná značka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwynt_degol" title="Pwynt degol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pwynt degol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezimaltrennzeichen" title="Dezimaltrennzeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dezimaltrennzeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separador_decimal" title="Separador decimal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Separador decimal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezimalen_bereizle" title="Dezimalen bereizle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dezimalen bereizle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جداکننده اعشار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جداکننده اعشار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9parateur_d%C3%A9cimal_et_s%C3%A9parateur_de_milliers" title="Séparateur décimal et séparateur de milliers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séparateur décimal et séparateur de milliers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separador_decimal" title="Separador decimal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Separador decimal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98%EC%A0%90" title="소수점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소수점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Տասնորդական տրոհիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տասնորդական տրոհիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81" title="दशमलव बिन्दु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दशमलव बिन्दु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemisah_Desimal" title="Pemisah Desimal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemisah Desimal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatore_decimale" title="Separatore decimale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Separatore decimale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נקודה עשרונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נקודה עשרונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizedesvessz%C5%91" title="Tizedesvessző – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tizedesvessző" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Децимален знак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Децимален знак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%95%B0%E7%82%B9" title="小数点 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小数点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desimaltegn" title="Desimaltegn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Desimaltegn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separator_dziesi%C4%99tny" title="Separator dziesiętny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Separator dziesiętny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separador_decimal" title="Separador decimal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Separador decimal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separator_zecimal" title="Separator zecimal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Separator zecimal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Десятичный разделитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Десятичный разделитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Decimal separator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desatinn%C3%A1_%C4%8Diarka" title="Desatinná čiarka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Desatinná čiarka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimalno_lo%C4%8Dilo" title="Decimalno ločilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Decimalno ločilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Децимални сепаратор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Децимални сепаратор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimaltecken" title="Decimaltecken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Decimaltecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Numeral_systems" title="Category:Numeral systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">Place-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numerals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi numerals">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_numerals" title="Odia numerals">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_numerals" title="Malayalam numerals">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script#Numerals" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script#Numerals" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_numerals" title="Balinese numerals">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerals" title="Burmese numerals">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script#Numerals" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_numerals" title="Sundanese numerals">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East Asian systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_numerals" title="Hokkien numerals">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_numerals" title="Suzhou numerals">Suzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counting_rods" title="Counting rods">Counting rods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_numerals" title="Tangut numerals">Tangut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other systems</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">History</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals" title="Babylonian cuneiform numerals">Babylonian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadic_numerals" title="Pentadic numerals">Pentadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_Numeral_Symbols" title="Rumi Numeral Symbols">Rumi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary#Numerals" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaktovik_numerals" title="Kaktovik numerals">Kaktovik</a> (Iñupiaq)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix/base</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Common radices/bases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_numeral_system" title="Quaternary numeral system">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senary" title="Senary">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodecimal" title="Duodecimal">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal">60</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Non-standard_positional_numeral_systems" title="Non-standard positional numeral systems">Non-standard radices/bases</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijective_numeration" title="Bijective numeration">Bijective</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Unary_numeral_system" title="Unary numeral system">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed-digit_representation" title="Signed-digit representation">Signed-digit</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Balanced_ternary" title="Balanced ternary">balanced ternary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_radix" title="Mixed radix">Mixed</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Factorial_number_system" title="Factorial number system">factorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_base" title="Negative base">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex-base_system" title="Complex-base system">Complex</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Quater-imaginary_base" title="Quater-imaginary base">2<i>i</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration" title="Non-integer base of numeration">Non-integer</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio_base" title="Golden ratio base">φ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sign-value_notation" title="Sign-value notation">Sign-value notation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Non-alphabetic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_numerals" title="Aegean numerals">Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script#Numerals" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_numerals" title="Chuvash numerals">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_numerals" title="Egyptian numerals">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi numerals">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-cuneiform" title="Proto-cuneiform">Proto-cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_marks" title="Tally marks">Tally marks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_numeral_system" title="Alphabetic numeral system">Alphabetic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_numerals" title="Armenian numerals">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphasyllabic_numeral_system" title="Alphasyllabic numeral system">Alphasyllabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksharapalli" title="Aksharapalli">Akṣarapallī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic numerals">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script#Numerals" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_numerals" title="Glagolitic numerals">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">List of numeral systems</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numeral_systems" title="Template talk:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numeral systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decimal_separators.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four types of separating decimals: a) 1,234.56. b) 1.234,56. c) 1'234,56. d) ١٬٢٣٤٫٥٦." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Decimal_separators.svg/220px-Decimal_separators.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Decimal_separators.svg/330px-Decimal_separators.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Decimal_separators.svg/440px-Decimal_separators.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Both a <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (or period) are generally accepted decimal separators for international use. The <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> and Arabic decimal separator are also used in certain contexts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thousands_separators.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Thousands_separators.gif" decoding="async" width="204" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Three ways to group the number ten thousand with digit group separators: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a>, the internationally recommended thousands separator.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Full stop</a> (or period), the thousands separator used in many non-English speaking countries.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a>, the thousands separator used in most English-speaking countries.</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>decimal separator</b> is a symbol that separates the <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> part from the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_part" title="Fractional part">fractional part</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">number</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> form. Different countries officially designate different symbols for use as the separator. The choice of symbol can also affect the choice of symbol for the <a href="#Digit_grouping">thousands separator</a> used in digit grouping. </p><p>Any such symbol can be called a <b>decimal mark</b>, <b>decimal marker</b>, or <b>decimal sign</b>. Symbol-specific names are also used; <b>decimal point</b> and <b>decimal comma</b> refer to a dot (either <a href="/wiki/Baseline_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseline dot">baseline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> respectively, when it is used as a decimal separator; these are the usual terms used in English,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aforementioned generic terms reserved for abstract usage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many contexts, when a number is spoken, the function of the separator is assumed by the spoken name of the symbol: <i>comma</i> or <i>point</i> in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some specialized contexts, the word <i>decimal</i> is instead used for this purpose (such as in <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a>-regulated <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> communications). In mathematics, the decimal separator is a type of <a href="#Radix_point">radix point</a>, a term that also applies to number systems with bases other than ten. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic–Renaissance_eras"><span id="Hellenistic.E2.80.93Renaissance_eras"></span>Hellenistic–Renaissance eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hellenistic–Renaissance eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Separatrix"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pythagorean_arc"></span> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, before printing, a <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">bar</a> ( ¯ ) over the <a href="/wiki/Units_digit" class="mw-redirect" title="Units digit">units digit</a> was used to separate the integral part of a number from its <a href="/wiki/Fractional_part" title="Fractional part">fractional part</a>, as in 9<span style="text-decoration:overline;">9</span>95 (meaning 99.95 in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> point format). A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal separator, as in 99<sup><span style="text-decoration: underline;">95</span></sup>. Later, a "separatrix" (i.e., a short, roughly vertical ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">Arab mathematicians</a> (e.g. 99<b>ˌ</b>95), while an L-shaped or <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> (|) served as the separatrix in England.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this character was <a href="/wiki/Typeset" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeset">typeset</a>, it was convenient to use the existing <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a> (99<b>,</b>95) or <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (99<b>.</b>95) instead. </p><p>Positional <a href="/wiki/Decimal_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal fraction">decimal fractions</a> appear for the first time in a book by the Arab mathematician <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_al-Uqlidisi" title="Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi">Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi</a> written in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Berggren_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berggren-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is ultimately derived from the decimal <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> mathematician <a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation of <a href="#Arithmetic">his work</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian numerals">Indian numerals</a> introduced the decimal <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional number system</a> to the Western world. His <i><a href="/wiki/Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing">Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing</a></i> presented the first systematic solution of <a href="/wiki/Linear_equation" title="Linear equation">linear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_equation" title="Quadratic equation">quadratic equations</a> in Arabic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Gerbert of Aurillac</a> marked triples of columns with an arc (called a "Pythagorean arc"), when using his Hindu–Arabic numeral-based abacus in the 10th century. <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a> followed this convention when writing numbers, such as in his influential work <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a></i></span> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known record of using the decimal point is in the astronomical tables compiled by the Italian merchant and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bianchini" title="Giovanni Bianchini">Giovanni Bianchini</a> in the 1440s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation#Indian_and_Arabic_numerals_and_notation" title="History of mathematical notation"><span title="This text contradicts material at the article 'History of mathematical notation#Indian and Arabic numerals and notation'.">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tables of <a href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithms</a> prepared by <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> in 1614 and 1619 used the period (full stop) as the decimal separator, which was then adopted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Briggs_(mathematician)" title="Henry Briggs (mathematician)">Henry Briggs</a> in his influential 17th century work. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the full stop was already in use in printing to make <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> more readable, so the comma was chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Santillana-1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santillana-1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other countries, such as Italy, also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position.<sup id="cite_ref-Santillana-1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santillana-1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been <a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 80000-2">made standard</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> for international blueprints.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits. In some countries, a raised dot or dash (<i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="upper_comma"></span><span class="vanchor-text">upper comma</span></span></i>) may be used for grouping or decimal separator; this is particularly common in handwriting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-speaking_countries">English-speaking countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English-speaking countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the full stop or period (.) is used as the standard decimal separator. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png/400px-Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png/600px-Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png/800px-Interpunct_as_decimal_point_in_Henderson_1839.png 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> (·) used as a decimal separator in a British print from 1839<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the nations of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> (and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>), the full stop could be used in typewritten material and its use was not banned, although the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> (a.k.a. decimal point, point or mid dot) was preferred as a decimal separator, in printing technologies that could accommodate it, e.g. <span class="nowrap"> 99·95 .</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> rejected its use as the decimal separator. </p><p>During the beginning of British <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a> in the late 1960s and with impending currency <a href="/wiki/Decimalisation" title="Decimalisation">decimalisation</a>, there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the <a href="/wiki/British_Standards_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standards Institution">British Standards Institution</a> and some sectors of industry advocated the comma and the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day">Decimal Currency Board</a> advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Technology" title="Ministry of Technology">Ministry of Technology</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg/90px-MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg/135px-MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg/180px-MUTCD-CA_G11-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>California milepost marker at mile 144.44</figcaption></figure> <p>When South Africa <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">adopted the metric system</a>, it adopted the comma as its decimal separator,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a number of house styles, including some English-language newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)" title="Sunday Times (South Africa)">The Sunday Times</a></i>, continue to use the full stop.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Previously, signs along <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> roads expressed distances in decimal numbers with the decimal part in superscript, as in 3<sup><u>7</u></sup>, meaning 3.7.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though California has since transitioned to <a href="/wiki/Mixed_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed number">mixed numbers</a> with <a href="/wiki/Common_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fraction">common fractions</a>, the older style remains on <a href="/wiki/California_postmile" title="California postmile">postmile</a> markers and bridge inventory markers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructed_languages">Constructed languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constructed languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three most spoken <a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">international auxiliary languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido" title="Ido">Ido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interlingua" title="Interlingua">Interlingua</a>, all use the comma as the decimal separator. </p><p>Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal separator since the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Interlingua:_A_Grammar_of_the_International_Language" title="Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language">Interlingua Grammar</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal separator, whilst thousands are usually separated by <a href="/wiki/Non-breaking_space" title="Non-breaking space">non-breaking spaces</a> (e.g. <span class="nowrap">5697766</span>). It is possible to separate thousands by a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (e.g. <span class="nowrap">12.345.678,9</span>), though this is not as common.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ido's <i>Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido</i> (Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido) officially states that commas are used for the decimal separator whilst full stops are used to separate thousands, millions, etc. So the number 12,345,678.90123 (in American notation), for instance, would be written <i>12.345.678,90123</i> in Ido. </p><p>The 1931 grammar of <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a> uses the comma as its decimal separator but, somewhat unusually, the middle dot as its thousands separator (12·345·678,90123).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal separator nearly stalled the development of the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> computer programming language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal separators, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a>) specify a dot. <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14#Digit_separators" title="C++14">C++</a> and a couple of others permit a quote (') as thousands separator, and many others like Python and Julia, (only) allow ‘_’ as such a separator (it's usually ignored, i.e. also allows 1_00_00_000 aligning with the Indian number style of 1,00,00,000 that would be 10,000,000 in the US). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radix_point">Radix point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Radix point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, a <b>radix point</b> or <b>radix character</b> is a symbol used in the display of numbers to separate the <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> part of the value from its <a href="/wiki/Fractional_part" title="Fractional part">fractional part</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and many other languages (including many that are written right-to-left), the integer part is at the left of the radix point, and the fraction part at the right of it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A radix point is most often used in <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> (base 10) notation, when it is more commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a> (the prefix <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deci-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deci-">deci-</a> implying <a href="/wiki/Base_10_number_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Base 10 number system">base 10</a>). In <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">English-speaking countries</a>, the decimal point is usually a small dot (.) placed either on the baseline, or halfway between the baseline and the top of the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digits</a> (<b>·</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-oracle_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oracle_quote_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle_quote-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many other countries, the radix point is a comma (,) placed on the baseline.<sup id="cite_ref-oracle_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oracle_quote_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle_quote-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conventions are generally used both in machine displays (<a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>. It is important to know which notation is being used when working in different software programs. The respective <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0#Numbers" title="ISO 31-0">ISO standard</a> defines both the comma and the small dot as decimal markers, but does not explicitly define universal radix marks for bases other than 10. </p><p>Fractional numbers are rarely displayed in other <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">number bases</a>, but, when they are, a radix character may be used for the same purpose. When used with the <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">base 2</a>) representation, it may be called "binary point". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_standards">Current standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 22nd <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a><sup id="cite_ref-CGPM-22nd-R10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-22nd-R10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared in 2003, “The symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line.” It further reaffirmed, </p> <dl><dd>“Numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups”<sup id="cite_ref-CGPM-22nd-R10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-22nd-R10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>(<span class="nowrap">1 000 000 000</span> for example).<sup id="cite_ref-CGPM-22nd-R10_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-22nd-R10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as the United States’ <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past versions of <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a>, but not the 2019 revision, also stipulated normative notation based on SI conventions, adding that the comma is preferred over the full stop.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/ISO_80000-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 80000-1">ISO 80000-1</a> stipulates, “The decimal sign is either a comma or a point on the line.” The standard does not stipulate any preference, observing that usage will depend on customary usage in the language concerned, but adds a note that as per ISO/IEC directives, all ISO standards should use the comma as the decimal marker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digit_grouping">Digit grouping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Digit grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For ease of reading, numbers with many digits (e.g. numbers over 999) may be divided into groups using a <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AMA10p793_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA10p793-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as comma "," or dot ".", half-space (or <a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a>) <span class="nowrap">" ",</span> <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> <span class="nowrap">" "</span>, underscore "_" (as in maritime "21_450") or apostrophe «'». In some countries, these "digit group separators" are only employed to the left of the decimal separator; in others, they are also used to separate numbers with a long <a href="/wiki/Fractional_part" title="Fractional part">fractional part</a>. An important reason for grouping is that it allows rapid judgement of the number of digits, via telling at a glance ("<a href="/wiki/Subitizing" title="Subitizing">subitizing</a>") rather than counting (contrast, for example, <span class="nowrap">100 000 000</span> with 100000000 for one hundred million). </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin spaces</a> as separators,<sup id="cite_ref-SIBrochure_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIBrochure-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 133">: 133 </span></sup> not dots or commas (for example: <span class="nowrap">20 000</span> and <span class="nowrap">1 000 000</span> for "twenty thousand" and "one million"), has been official policy of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> since 1948 (and reaffirmed in 2003) stating </p> <dl><dd>"neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups",<sup id="cite_ref-CGPM-22nd-R10_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGPM-22nd-R10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>as well as of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC),<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-old.iupac.org_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old.iupac.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>'s widely followed <i><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></i>, and the UK <a href="/wiki/Metrication_Board" title="Metrication Board">Metrication Board</a>, among others. </p><p>The groups created by the delimiters tend to follow the usages of local languages, which vary. In European languages, large numbers are read in groups of thousands, and the delimiter—which occurs every three digits when it is used—may be called a "thousands separator". In <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian culture">East Asian cultures</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korea</a>, large numbers are read in groups of <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriads</a> (10 000s) but the delimiter commonly separates every three digits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> is somewhat more complex: It groups the rightmost three digits altogether (until the hundreds place) and thereafter groups by sets of two digits. For example, one <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Short_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Short scale">short scale</a>; a million millions) would thus be written as 10,00,00,00,00,000 or 10 <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">kharab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention for digit group separators historically varied among countries, but usually sought to distinguish the delimiter from the decimal separator. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> (except South Africa)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employed commas as the delimiter – 10,000 – and other European countries employed periods or spaces: 10.000 or <span class="nowrap">10 000</span>. Because of the confusion that could result in international documents, in recent years the use of spaces as separators has been advocated by the superseded <a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0#Numbers" title="ISO 31-0">SI/ISO 31-0 standard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nist.gov_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist.gov-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>, which have also begun advocating the use of a "<a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a>" in "groups of three".<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-old.iupac.org_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-old.iupac.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>'s widely followed <i><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></i> also calls for a thin space.<sup id="cite_ref-AMA10p793_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMA10p793-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In programming languages and online <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encoding</a> environments (for example, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-only) a thin space is not practical or available, in which case an underscore,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regular word space, or no delimiter are the alternatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_vis-à-vis_mask"><span id="Data_vis-.C3.A0-vis_mask"></span>Data vis-à-vis mask</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data vis-à-vis mask"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digit group separators can occur either as part of the data or as a mask through which the data is displayed. This is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_presentation_and_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of presentation and content">separation of presentation and content</a>, making it possible to display numbers with spaced digit grouping in a way that does not insert any <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace characters</a> into the string of digits in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_content" title="Digital content">content</a>. In many computing contexts, it is preferred to omit digit group separators from the data and instead overlay them as a mask (an <a href="/wiki/Input_mask" title="Input mask">input mask</a> or an output mask). </p><p>Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> in which currency values are entered without such marks but are displayed with them inserted. (Similarly, phone numbers can have hyphens, spaces or parentheses as a mask rather than as data.) In <a href="/wiki/Web_content" title="Web content">web content</a>, such digit grouping can be done with <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS style</a>. It is useful because the number can be <a href="/wiki/Cut,_copy,_and_paste" title="Cut, copy, and paste">copied and pasted</a> into <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a> (including a web browser's <a href="/wiki/Omnibox" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibox">omnibox</a>) and parsed by the computer as-is (i.e., without the user manually purging the extraneous characters). For example, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> content can display numbers this way, as in the following examples: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011149597870700000♠"></span>149<span style="margin-left:.25em;">597</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">870</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">700</span></span> metres is 1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></dd> <dd><span style="white-space:nowrap">3.14159<span style="margin-left:0.25em">26535</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">89793</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">23846</span></span> is <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a> rounded to 20 decimal places</dd> <dd><span style="white-space:nowrap">2.71828<span style="margin-left:0.25em">18284</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">59045</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">23536</span></span> is <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)">e</a></span> rounded to 20 decimal places.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, it is possible to group the digits in the program's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to make it easier to read; see <a href="/wiki/Integer_literal#Digit_separators" title="Integer literal">Integer literal: Digit separators</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 11em;"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ada_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada programming language">Ada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from version 7.0)</span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> <span class="nowrap"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from version 1.13)</span> </span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> <span class="nowrap">  <span style="font-size:85%;">(from GHC version 8.6.1)</span> </span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <span class="nowrap">  <span style="font-size:85%;">(from version <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_version_history#12th_Edition_–_ECMAScript_2021" title="ECMAScript version history">ES2021</a>)</span> </span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> <span class="nowrap">  <span style="font-size:85%;">(from version 3.6)</span> </span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> <span class="nowrap">  <span style="font-size:85%;">(from version 7.4)</span><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a></dd></dl> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>, and free-form <a href="/wiki/Fortran_90" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortran 90">Fortran 90</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore (_)</a> character for this purpose; as such, these languages allow seven hundred million to be entered as 700_000_000. </p><p>Fixed-form <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> ignores <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> (in all contexts), so 700 000 000 has always been accepted. <a href="/wiki/Fortran_90" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortran 90">Fortran 90</a> and its successors allow (ignored) underscores in numbers in free-form. </p><p><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_(programming_language)" title="Red (programming language)">Red</a> all allow the use of an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> for digit grouping, so 700'000'000 is permissible. </p><p>Below is shown an example of Kotlin code using separators to increase readability: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-kotlin mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="kd">val</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">exampleNumber</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">12</span><span class="n">_004_953</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Twelve million four thousand nine hundred fifty-three</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions_to_digit_grouping">Exceptions to digit grouping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exceptions to digit grouping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> states that "when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit".<sup id="cite_ref-BIPM_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIPM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, some <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">manuals of style</a> state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000</span> to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003999900000000000♠"></span>9999</span> inclusive where no decimal fractional part is shown (in other words, for four-digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousands separators and others use both. For example, <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a> stipulates a thousands separator for "most figures of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000</span> or more" except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc. </p><p>There are always "common-sense" country-specific exceptions to digit grouping, such as year numbers, <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postal codes</a>, and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_non-base-10_numbering_systems">In non-base-10 numbering systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In non-base-10 numbering systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In binary (base-2), a full space can be used between groups of four digits, corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Nibble" title="Nibble">nibble</a>, or equivalently to a <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> digit. For integer numbers, dots are used as well to separate groups of four bits.<sup id="cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_H_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-DEBUG_H-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, binary digits may be grouped by threes, corresponding to an <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a> digit. Similarly, in hexadecimal (base-16), full spaces are usually used to group digits into twos, making each group correspond to a <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_D_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-DEBUG_D-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, groups of eight bytes are often separated by a hyphen.<sup id="cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_D_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-DEBUG_D-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_calculators_and_computers">Influence of calculators and computers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence of calculators and computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international" notation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> because of the influence of devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic calculator">electronic calculators</a>, which use the decimal point. Most computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> allow selection of the decimal separator; programs that have been carefully <a href="/wiki/I18n" class="mw-redirect" title="I18n">internationalized</a> will follow this, but some programs ignore it and a few may even fail to operate if the setting has been changed. </p><p>Computer interfaces may be set to the Unicode international "Common locale" using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LC_NUMERIC=C</code> as defined at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cldr.unicode.org/index">"Unicode CLDR project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Consortium&rft.atitle=Unicode+CLDR+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcldr.unicode.org%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span> Details of the current (2020) definitions may be found at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01102-POSIX15897.htm">"01102-POSIX15897"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Consortium&rft.atitle=01102-POSIX15897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2001%2F01102-POSIX15897.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions_worldwide">Conventions worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conventions worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DecimalSeparator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DecimalSeparator.svg/600px-DecimalSeparator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DecimalSeparator.svg/900px-DecimalSeparator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/DecimalSeparator.svg/1200px-DecimalSeparator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Decimal separators: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b7ef; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Dot (.)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a8e61d; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Comma (,)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#54ce86; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Both (may vary by location or other factors)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ed1c24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="#Other_numeral_systems">Arabic decimal separator</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">٫</span>‎)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Data unavailable</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section and the section that follows it may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Use by region is inconsistent, inaccurate, and are poorly formatted.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Decimal_separator" title="Special:EditPage/Decimal separator">improve this section and the section that follows it</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Decimal_separator" title="Special:EditPage/Decimal separator">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Decimal+separator%22">"Decimal separator"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Decimal+separator%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Decimal+separator%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Decimal+separator%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Decimal+separator%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Decimal+separator%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu–Arabic_numerals"><span id="Hindu.E2.80.93Arabic_numerals"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hindu–Arabic_numeral_system"></span>Hindu–Arabic numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hindu–Arabic numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Countries_using_decimal_comma">Countries using decimal comma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Countries using decimal comma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries where a comma "," is used as decimal separator include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Albania</li> <li>Algeria</li> <li>Andorra</li> <li>Angola</li> <li>Argentina</li> <li>Armenia</li> <li>Austria</li> <li>Azerbaijan</li> <li>Belarus</li> <li>Belgium</li> <li>Bolivia</li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li>Brazil</li> <li>Bulgaria<sup id="cite_ref-fn3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cabo Verde</li> <li>Cameroon</li> <li>Canada (when using French)</li> <li>Chile</li> <li>Colombia</li> <li>Costa Rica</li> <li>Croatia</li> <li>Cuba</li> <li>Cyprus</li> <li>Czech Republic</li> <li>Denmark</li> <li>East Timor</li> <li>Ecuador</li> <li>Estonia</li> <li>Faroes</li> <li>Finland</li> <li>France</li> <li>Germany</li> <li>Georgia</li> <li>Greece</li> <li>Greenland</li> <li>Hungary</li> <li>Iceland</li> <li>Italy</li> <li>Kazakhstan</li> <li>Kyrgyzstan</li> <li>Laos</li> <li>Latvia</li> <li>Lebanon</li> <li>Lithuania</li> <li>Luxembourg</li> <li>Macau (in Portuguese text)</li> <li>Mauritania</li> <li>Moldova</li> <li>Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-fn4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li>Morocco</li> <li>Mozambique</li> <li>Namibia (uses both marks)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Netherlands</li> <li>North Macedonia</li> <li>Norway</li> <li>Paraguay</li> <li>Peru<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland</li> <li>Portugal</li> <li>Romania</li> <li>Russia</li> <li>San Marino</li> <li>Serbia</li> <li>Slovakia</li> <li>Slovenia</li> <li>Somalia</li> <li>South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-za_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-za-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-za-sadev_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-za-sadev-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spain<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suriname</li> <li>Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tunisia</li> <li>Turkey</li> <li>Turkmenistan</li> <li>Ukraine</li> <li>Uruguay</li> <li>Uzbekistan</li> <li>Venezuela</li> <li>Vietnam</li> <li>Zimbabwe</li></ul></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Dot_countries"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Countries_using_decimal_point">Countries using decimal point</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Countries using decimal point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries where a dot "." is used as decimal separator include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>Australia</li> <li>Bahamas, The</li> <li>Bangladesh</li> <li>Botswana</li> <li>British West Indies</li> <li>Cambodia</li> <li>Canada (when using English)</li> <li>China</li> <li>Cyprus (currency numbers)</li> <li>Dominican Republic</li> <li>Egypt</li> <li>El Salvador</li> <li>Ethiopia</li> <li>Ghana</li> <li>Guatemala</li> <li>Guyana</li> <li>Honduras</li> <li>Hong Kong</li> <li>India</li> <li>Indonesia</li> <li>Ireland</li> <li>Israel</li> <li>Jamaica</li> <li>Japan</li> <li>Jordan</li> <li>Kenya</li> <li>Korea, North</li> <li>Korea, South</li> <li>Libya</li> <li>Liechtenstein</li> <li>Macau (in Chinese and English text)</li> <li>Malaysia</li> <li>Maldives</li> <li>Malta</li> <li>Mexico</li> <li>Myanmar</li> <li>Namibia (uses both marks)</li> <li>Nepal</li> <li>New Zealand</li> <li>Nicaragua</li> <li>Nigeria</li> <li>Pakistan</li> <li>Panama</li> <li>Peru (currency numbers)</li> <li>Philippines</li> <li>Qatar</li> <li>Saudi Arabia</li> <li>Singapore</li> <li>Somalia</li> <li>Sri Lanka</li> <li>Switzerland<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Syria</li> <li>Taiwan</li> <li>Tanzania</li> <li>Thailand<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Uganda</li> <li>United Arab Emirates</li> <li>United Kingdom</li> <li>United States (including <a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">insular areas</a>)</li></ul></div><p>Notes:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The comma as a decimal separator is the national literary convention, but many places use the dot as decimal separator due to prevalence of imported tech that internally uses dot as the decimal separator (because the tech usually utilizes the dot decimal separator convention of the country where it was made, which is mostly USA-&-<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-oriented, or is made in China where the dot is utilized as a decimal separator). To sum up, the comma is the conventional decimal separator in Bulgaria, but both the comma and the dot are in <i>de facto</i> usage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The comma as a decimal separator is the national literary convention, but many places use the dot as decimal separator due to prevalence of imported tech that internally uses dot as the decimal separator (because the tech usually utilizes the dot decimal separator convention of the country where it was made, which is mostly USA-&-<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-oriented, or is made in China where the dot is utilized as a decimal separator). To sum up, the comma is the conventional decimal separator in Mongolia, but the dot is more commonly used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">According to several software developers.<sup id="cite_ref-software_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-software-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The decimal point is used in some <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> (for example the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">Canton of St. Gallen</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and is used in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>. The decimal comma is used for federal publications<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_numeral_systems">Other numeral systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other numeral systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unicode defines a <i>decimal separator key symbol</i> (⎖ in hex U+2396, decimal 9110) which looks similar to the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>. This symbol is from <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">ISO/IEC 9995</a> and is intended for use on a keyboard to indicate a key that performs decimal separation. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a> are used for writing numbers, a different character is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of numbers. It is referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">Arabic decimal separator</a> (U+066B, rendered: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">٫</span>‎) in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. An Arabic thousands separator (U+066C, rendered: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">٬</span>‎) also exists. Example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">۹٬۹۹۹٫۹۹</span>‎ (9,999.99) </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the decimal separator is called <a href="#Other_numeral_systems">momayyez</a>. The Unicode Consortium's investigation concluded that "computer programs should render U+066B as a shortened, lowered, and possibly more slanted <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">٫</span>); this should be distinguishable from the slash at the first sight." To separate <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequences</a> of three digits, an Arabic thousands separator (rendered as: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">٬</span>), a Latin comma, or a <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">blank space</a> may be used; however this is not a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۹٬۹۹۹٫۹۹</span> (9,999.99) </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English Braille</a>, the decimal point, <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46) U+2828" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠨</span>, is distinct from both the comma, <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) U+2802" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠂</span>, and the full stop, <span class="brai_cell" title=" ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) U+2832" style="background: #eaecf0;">⠲</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_use">Examples of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examples of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following examples show the decimal separator and the thousands separator in various countries that use the Arabic numeral system. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Style</th> <th>Countries and regions </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>234<b>,</b>567<b>.</b>89</td> <td>Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodia, Canada (English-speaking; unofficial), China,<sup id="cite_ref-SAMR2011_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMR2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyprus (currency numbers), Hong Kong, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Macau (in Chinese and English text), Malaysia, Mexico, Namibia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru (currency numbers), Philippines, Singapore, South Africa (English-speaking; unofficial), Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom and other Commonwealth states except Mozambique, United States. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>.</b>89</span></span></td> <td>Canada (English-speaking; official), China,<sup id="cite_ref-SAMR2011_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMR2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonia (currency numbers), Hong Kong (in education), Mexico, Namibia, South Africa (English-speaking; unofficial), Sri Lanka, Switzerland (in federal texts for currency numbers only<sup id="cite_ref-bk_admin_ch_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bk_admin_ch-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), United Kingdom (in education), United States (in education)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Based on my experience, the overwhelming majority of academia in the US uses the thousand separator. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. SI style (English version) but SI doesn't include currency. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>,</b>89</span></span></td> <td>Albania, Belgium (French), Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada (French-speaking), Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France, Hungary, Italy (in education), Latin America, Latin Europe, Latvia, Lithuania, Macau (in Portuguese text), Mozambique, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia (informal), Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa (official<sup id="cite_ref-SAHPRA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAHPRA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Spain (official use since 2010, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a></i>), Sweden, Switzerland (in federal texts, except currency numbers<sup id="cite_ref-bk_admin_ch_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bk_admin_ch-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Ukraine, Vietnam (in education). SI style (French version) but SI doesn't include currency. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>.</b>234<b>.</b>567<b>,</b>89</td> <td>Austria, Belgium (Dutch), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil (informal and in <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>), Chile, Colombia, Croatia (in <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> and technology),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Latin America (informal), Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia, Spain (used until 2010, inadvisable use according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council"><i>CSIC</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ortografia_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ortografia-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey, Uruguay, Vietnam. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>234<b>,</b>567<b>·</b>89</td> <td>Malaysia, Malta, Philippines (uncommon today), Singapore, Taiwan, United Kingdom (older, typically handwritten; in education) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">12<b>,</b>34<b>,</b>567<b>.</b>89</td> <td rowspan="2">Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan (see <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">12<span style="margin-left:0.25em">34</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>.</b>89</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>'</b>234<b>'</b>567<b>.</b>89</td> <td>Switzerland (computing), Liechtenstein. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>'</b>234<b>'</b>567<b>,</b>89</td> <td>Switzerland (handwriting), Italy (handwriting). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>.</b>234<b>.</b>567<b>'</b>89</td> <td>Spain (handwriting, used until 1980s, inadvisable use according to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy"><i>RAE</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In Belgium (Dutch), Brazil, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Sweden and much of Europe: <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>,</b>89</span></span> or 1<b>.</b>234<b>.</b>567<b>,</b>89. In <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>, 1<b>˙</b>234<b>˙</b>567<b>,</b>89 is also seen, but never in Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia or Sweden. In Italy, a straight apostrophe is also used in handwriting: 1<b>'</b>234<b>'</b>567<b>,</b>89. In the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium, the points thousands separator is used, and is preferred for currency amounts, but the space is recommended by some style guides, mostly in technical writing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Estonia, currency numbers often use a dot "<b>.</b>" as the decimal separator, and a space as a thousands separator. This is most visible on shopping receipts and in documents that also use other numbers with decimals, such as measurements. This practice is used to better distinguish between prices and other values with decimals. An older convention uses dots to separate thousands (with commas for decimals) — this older practice makes it easier to avoid word breaks with larger numbers.</li> <li>Historically, in Germany and Austria, thousands separators were occasionally denoted by alternating uses of comma and point, e.g. 1<b>.</b>234<b>,</b>567<b>.</b>890<b>,</b>12<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for "eine Milliarde 234 Millionen ...", but this is never seen in modern days and requires explanation to a contemporary German reader.</li> <li>Switzerland: There are two cases: An apostrophe as a thousands separator along with a dot "<b>.</b>" as the decimal separator are used for currency values (for example: 1<b>'</b>234<b>'</b>567<b>.</b>89). For other values, the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a>-style <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>,</b>89</span></span> is used with a comma "<b>,</b>" as the decimal separator. The apostrophe is also the most common variety for non-currency values: 1<b>'</b>234<b>'</b>567<b>,</b>89 —.</li> <li>In Ireland, Israel, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (both), Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States: 1,234,567<b>.</b>89 or 1,234,567<b>·</b>89; the latter is generally found only in older, and especially <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">handwritten</a> documents.</li> <li>English Canada: There are two cases: The preferred method for currency values is $10<b>,</b>000<b>.</b>00 —while for numeric values, it is <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>.</b>89</span></span>; however, commas are also sometimes used, although no longer taught in school or used in official publications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> style: <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>.</b>89</span></span> or <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">234</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">567<b>,</b>89</span></span> (in their own publications, the dot "<b>.</b>" is used in the English version, and the comma "<b>,</b>" in the official French version).</li> <li>In China, comma and space are used to mark digit groups, because dot is used as decimal separator. There is no universal convention on digit grouping, so both thousands grouping and no digit grouping can be found. Japan and Taiwan are similar; although when grouping by myriads, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">kanji</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">characters</a> are frequently used as separators: 1億2345万6789 / 1億2345萬6789. Commas are used when grouping by thousands.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, due to a numeral system using <i><a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakhs</a></i> (<i>lacs</i>) (1<b>,</b>23<b>,</b>456 equal to 123<b>,</b>456) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crores</a></i> (1<b>,</b>23<b>,</b>45<b>,</b>678 equal to <span class="nowrap">12<b>,</b>345<b>,</b>678</span>), a comma is used at levels of thousand, lakh, and crore. For example, 10 million (1 crore) would be written as 1<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000. In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, there is a greater tendency to use the standard western system, while using the Indian numbering system when conducting business in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the currency sometimes used the colon as decimal separator (1 234 567:89).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indian value </th> <th>Value </th> <th>Equivalent western notation </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">One </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td>One </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Ten </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td>Ten </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Hundred </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td>Hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Thousand </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>Thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Lakh </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>One hundred thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Crore </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>Ten million </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Arab (not normally used) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short</a> billion (one thousand million) </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Kharab (not normally used) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>One hundred short billion </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Lakh crore </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>00<b>,</b>000 </td> <td>One short trillion (one long (European) billion) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:Left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_characters">Unicode characters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unicode characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used with <a href="/wiki/Western_Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Arabic numerals">Western Arabic numerals</a> (0123456789): </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0020</span> </span><span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em"> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SPACE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0027</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">'</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">APOSTROPHE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&apos;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">,</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&comma;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">.</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULL STOP</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&period;</span>) - <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">Full stop punctuation mark.</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B7</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">·</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MIDDLE DOT</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&middot;, &CenterDot;, &centerdot;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2009</span> </span><span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em"> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">THIN SPACE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&thinsp;, &ThinSpace;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+202F</span> </span><span class="Unicode" style="background:lightblue;line-height:1em"> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02D9</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">˙</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOT ABOVE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&DiacriticalDot;, &dot;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+005F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">_</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LOW LINE</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&lowbar;, &UnderBar;</span>) - <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underscore</a></li></ul> <p>Used with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a> (٠١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨٩): </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+066B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">٫</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+066C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">٬</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC THOUSANDS SEPARATOR</span></li></ul> <p>Used with keyboards: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2396</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⎖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DECIMAL SEPARATOR KEY SYMBOL</span> (resembles an apostrophe)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorism" title="Algorism">Algorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cifr%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Cifrão">Cifrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">Decimal floating point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal place">Decimal place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_representation" title="Decimal representation">Decimal representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">Scriptio continua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space (punctuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_section_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal section numbering">Decimal section numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">Dot-decimal notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">ISO 2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">RKM code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_numbering" class="mw-redirect" title="Version numbering">Version numbering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oracle_quote-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oracle_quote_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oracle_quote_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Great Britain and the United States are two of the few places in the world that use a period to indicate the decimal place. Many other countries use a comma instead. The decimal separator is also called the <i>radix</i> character. Likewise, while the U.K. and U.S. use a comma to separate groups of thousands, many other countries use a period instead...<sup id="cite_ref-oracle_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oracle-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-DEBUG_H-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_H_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> As an example, the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> <a href="/wiki/DEBUG_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEBUG (DOS command)">DEBUG</a> <code>H</code> command displays the entered number in decimal (with an unexplained '#4660' annotation), and after a '\' in octal and after a '%' in binary:<pre>-h 1234 1234 #4660 \011064 %0001.0010.0011.0100</pre></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DR-DEBUG_D-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_D_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DR-DEBUG_D_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> As an example, the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> <a href="/wiki/DEBUG_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEBUG (DOS command)">DEBUG</a> <code>D</code> command dumps the memory byte-wise in hexadecimal notation, with bytes separated by spaces and groups of eight bytes separated by hyphens:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-hexdump mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="err">-d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">0</span> <span class="nl">1234</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nl">0000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">57</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">69</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">6B</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">69</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">70</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">65</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">64</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">69</span><span class="p">-</span><span class="mh">61</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">20</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">68</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">65</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">6C</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">70</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">73</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mh">21</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Wikipedia helps!</span> </pre></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">... when writing numbers more than four figures, these will be grouped into threes, starting from the right, and separating the groups by whitespace. (Exceptions: Never written with periods, commas or white separation numbers that refer to years, pages, verses, urban roads, postal codes, legal articles, decrees or laws.)<sup id="cite_ref-test_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/decimal-point">"Decimal point definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Decimal+point+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fdecimal-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">"Decimal Point"</a>. <i>mathworld.wolfram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mathworld.wolfram.com&rft.atitle=Decimal+Point&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDecimalPoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/decimal-point">"decimal point Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=decimal+point+Meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fdecimal-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/245510/how-to-change-excels-decimal-separators-from-periods-to-commas/">"How to Change Excel's Decimal Separators from Periods to Commas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+to+Change+Excel%27s+Decimal+Separators+from+Periods+to+Commas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F245510%2Fhow-to-change-excels-decimal-separators-from-periods-to-commas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartickmethod.com/blog/math/learning-resources/decimal-separators/">"Decimal Separators: Points or commas? - Elementary Math"</a>. <i>Elementary Math</i>. 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elementary+Math&rft.atitle=Decimal+Separators%3A+Points+or+commas%3F+-+Elementary+Math&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartickmethod.com%2Fblog%2Fmath%2Flearning-resources%2Fdecimal-separators%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/decimal-point.html">"Definition of Decimal Point"</a>. <i>www.mathsisfun.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grammarphobia&rft.atitle=Mythematics%3A+a+decimal+point&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammarphobia.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F02%2Fdecimal-point.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"separatrix, <i>n.</i>". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=separatrix%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berggren-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berggren_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerggren2007" class="citation book cs1">Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). "Mathematics in Medieval Islam". In Katz, Victor J. (ed.). <i>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A sourcebook</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11485-9"><bdi>978-0-691-11485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mathematics+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+A+sourcebook&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11485-9&rft.aulast=Berggren&rft.aufirst=J.+Lennart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer,_L.Reimer,_W.1995" class="citation book cs1">Reimer, L.; Reimer, W. (1995). <i>Mathematicians are People, too: Stories from the lives of great mathematicians</i>. Vol. 2. Parsippany, NJ: Pearson Education, / Dale Seymor Publications. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86651-823-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86651-823-1"><bdi>0-86651-823-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematicians+are+People%2C+too%3A+Stories+from+the+lives+of+great+mathematicians&rft.place=Parsippany%2C+NJ&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+%2F+Dale+Seymor+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86651-823-1&rft.au=Reimer%2C+L.&rft.au=Reimer%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618081123/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1305">"Khwarizmi, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-"</a>. <i>Oxford Islamic Studies Online</i> (biography). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1305">the original</a> on 18 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Khwarizmi%2C+Abu+Jafar+Muhammad+ibn+Musa+al-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Devlin, Keith (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofnumbersfibo0000devl"><i>The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Walker & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofnumbersfibo0000devl/page/44">44–45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802779083" title="Special:BookSources/9780802779083"><bdi>9780802779083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+of+Numbers%3A+Fibonacci%27s+Arithmetic+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802779083&rft.aulast=Devlin&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanofnumbersfibo0000devl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchant2024" class="citation journal cs1">Marchant, Jo (19 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00473-2">"The decimal point is 150 years older than historians thought"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-00473-2">10.1038/d41586-024-00473-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38374392">38374392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+decimal+point+is+150+years+older+than+historians+thought&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-024-00473-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38374392&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-024-00473-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santillana-1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santillana-1996_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santillana-1996_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Comma". <i>Enciclopedia Universal Santillana</i>. Barcelona, Spain: Santillana S.A. 1996. def. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-294-5129-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-294-5129-3"><bdi>84-294-5129-3</bdi></a>. <q>coma: MAT. Signo utilizado en los números no enteros para separar la parte entera de la parte decimal o fraccionaria; p. ej., <span class="nowrap"> 2,123 .</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comma&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Universal+Santillana&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pages=def.-2&rft.pub=Santillana+S.A.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-294-5129-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=31887">"Part 2: Mathematical signs and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology"</a>. Quantities and units (Report). <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. 2009. ISO 80000-2:2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Quantities+and+units&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fcatalogue_detail%3Fcsnumber%3D31887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson,_Thomas1839" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Thomas (3 January 1839). "On the parallax of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">α</span> Centauri". <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society">Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>64, esp. 64. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1840MmRAS..11...61H">1840MmRAS..11...61H</a> – via scan published by <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+parallax+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%3B%22%3E%CE%B1%3C%2Fspan%3E+Centauri&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E64%2C+esp.+64&rft.date=1839-01-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1840MmRAS..11...61H&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer,_L.Reimer,_W.1990" class="citation book cs1">Reimer, L.; Reimer, W. (1990). <i>Mathematicians are People, too: Stories from the lives of great mathematicians</i>. Vol. 1. Parsippany, NJ: Pearson Education / Dale Seymor Publications. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86651-509-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86651-509-7"><bdi>0-86651-509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematicians+are+People%2C+too%3A+Stories+from+the+lives+of+great+mathematicians&rft.place=Parsippany%2C+NJ&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+%2F+Dale+Seymor+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-86651-509-7&rft.au=Reimer%2C+L.&rft.au=Reimer%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F218111c0">"Victory on points"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>218</b> (5137): 111. 1968. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Natur.218S.111.">1968Natur.218S.111.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F218111c0">10.1038/218111c0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Victory+on+points&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=5137&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F218111c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Natur.218S.111.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F218111c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308203659/https://laws.parliament.na/cms_documents/gg-4326-a7726e51e7.pdf">"Government Notice R. 1144"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government Gazette</i>. No. 4326. 5 July 1974. p. 55. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws.parliament.na/cms_documents/gg-4326-a7726e51e7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+Gazette&rft.atitle=Government+Notice+R.+1144&rft.issue=4326&rft.pages=55&rft.date=1974-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws.parliament.na%2Fcms_documents%2Fgg-4326-a7726e51e7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516201404/http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/numerals.html">"Parts of Speech – Numerals"</a>. Grammar of Interlingua. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.optus.net/~ado_hall/interlingua/gi/parts_of_speech/numerals.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parts+of+Speech+%E2%80%93+Numerals&rft.series=Grammar+of+Interlingua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.optus.net%2F~ado_hall%2Finterlingua%2Fgi%2Fparts_of_speech%2Fnumerals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWennergren2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wennergren, Bertilo (5 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bertilow.com/pmeg/skribo_elparolo/skribo/helposignoj.html">"Helposignoj"</a> [Helping Symbols]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bertilow.com/pmeg/"><i>Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko</i></a> [<i>Complete Manual of Esperanto Grammar</i>] (in Esperanto) (15.4 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helposignoj&rft.btitle=Plena+Manlibro+de+Esperanta+Gramatiko&rft.edition=15.4&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft.aulast=Wennergren&rft.aufirst=Bertilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbertilow.com%2Fpmeg%2Fskribo_elparolo%2Fskribo%2Fhelposignoj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong,_Arie2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arie_de_Jong" title="Arie de Jong">de Jong, Arie</a> (2012). Everson, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evertype.com/books/dejong-gramat.html"><i>Gramat Volapüka. Cathair na Mart</i></a>. Evertype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-94-7"><bdi>978-1-904808-94-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramat+Volap%C3%BCka.+Cathair+na+Mart&rft.pub=Evertype&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-904808-94-7&rft.au=de+Jong%2C+Arie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevertype.com%2Fbooks%2Fdejong-gramat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perlis, Alan, <i>The American Side of the Development of ALGOL</i>, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, August 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_VerthBishop2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Verth, James M.; Bishop, Lars M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkEY9RIm4WkC&pg=PA7"><i>Essential Mathematics for Games and Interactive Applications: A programmers' guide</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123742971" title="Special:BookSources/9780123742971"><bdi>9780123742971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Mathematics+for+Games+and+Interactive+Applications%3A+A+programmers%27+guide&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780123742971&rft.aulast=Van+Verth&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Bishop%2C+Lars+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkEY9RIm4WkC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oracle-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oracle_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oracle_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oracle_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115042427/https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-0169/overview-9/index.html">International Language Environments Guide</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation Docs</a></i> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrvatski+pravopis&rft.atitle=To%C4%8Dka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravopis.hr%2Fpravilo%2Ftocka%2F55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140118023207/http://lema.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?key=n%FAmeros#2"><i>Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/dpd/srv/search?key=n%FAmeros#2">the original</a> on 18 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+dudas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flema.rae.es%2Fdpd%2Fsrv%2Fsearch%3Fkey%3Dn%25FAmeros%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortografia-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ortografia_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplica.rae.es/orweb/cgi-bin/v.cgi?i=KnJfwDWVQQYgmiw,"><i>Ortografía de la lengua española</i></a>. <q>For the purpose of promoting a process tending towards unification, the use of the point as decimal separator is recommended.(2.2.1.2.1)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortograf%C3%ADa+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplica.rae.es%2Forweb%2Fcgi-bin%2Fv.cgi%3Fi%3DKnJfwDWVQQYgmiw%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaalunieversum" class="citation web cs1">Taalunieversum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1/10000000_10_000_000/">"10.000.000 / 10 000 000"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10.000.000+%2F+10+000+000&rft.au=Taalunieversum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaaladvies.net%2Ftaal%2Fadvies%2Fvraag%2F1%2F10000000_10_000_000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöll" class="citation web cs1">Röll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Union+Pacific-Eisenbahn">"Union Pacific-Eisenbahn"</a>. <i>Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+des+Eisenbahnwesens&rft.atitle=Union+Pacific-Eisenbahn&rft.au=R%C3%B6ll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FRoell-1912%2FA%2FUnion%2BPacific-Eisenbahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span>, entry "Union Pacific-Eisenbahn", largest numbers in table</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöll" class="citation web cs1">Röll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Bilanz">"Bilanz"</a>. <i>Enzyklopädie des Eisenbahnwesens</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+des+Eisenbahnwesens&rft.atitle=Bilanz&rft.au=R%C3%B6ll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FRoell-1912%2FA%2FBilanz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADecimal+separator" class="Z3988"></span>, entry "Bilanz", sums in last table</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&oldid=1276179094">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimal_separator&oldid=1276179094</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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