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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuit_interim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuit_interim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jesuit interim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuit_interim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autocephaly_after_independence_of_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocephaly_after_independence_of_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Autocephaly after independence of Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocephaly_after_independence_of_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgical_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Liturgical language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biblical canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Similarities to Judaism and Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarchs_and_bishops_of_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarchs_and_bishops_of_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Patriarchs and bishops of Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patriarchs_and_bishops_of_Eritrea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Patriarchs and bishops of Eritrea subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patriarchs_and_bishops_of_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_abunas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_abunas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of abunas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_abunas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrees-Ortodokse_Tewahedo-kerk" title="Eritrees-Ortodokse Tewahedo-kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eritrees-Ortodokse Tewahedo-kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كنيسة التوحيد الأرثوذكسية الإريترية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة التوحيد الأرثوذكسية الإريترية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_%C3%A8ritr%C3%A8y%C3%A8na_ortodoxe" title="Égllése èritrèyèna ortodoxe – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése èritrèyèna ortodoxe" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_ortodoxa_eritrea" title="Ilesia ortodoxa eritrea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia ortodoxa eritrea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Еритрейска православна църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еритрейска православна църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrejsk%C3%A1_pravoslavn%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Eritrejská pravoslavná církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eritrejská pravoslavná církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreisch-Orthodoxe_Tewahedo-Kirche" title="Eritreisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo-Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eritreisch-Orthodoxe Tewahedo-Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ερυθραϊκή Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθραϊκή Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ortodoxa_de_Eritrea" title="Iglesia ortodoxa de Eritrea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia ortodoxa de Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_Ortodoksa_Eklezio" title="Eritrea Ortodoksa Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eritrea Ortodoksa Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کلیسای ارتدکس توحیدی اریتره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای ارتدکس توحیدی اریتره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A9rythr%C3%A9enne_orthodoxe" title="Église érythréenne orthodoxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église érythréenne orthodoxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%95%84_%ED%85%8C%EC%99%80%ED%9E%88%EB%8F%84_%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="에리트레아 테와히도 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에리트레아 테와히도 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocin_Orthodox_na_Eritrea" title="Cocin Orthodox na Eritrea – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cocin Orthodox na Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Էրիթրեական ուղղափառ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրիթրեական ուղղափառ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrejska_pravoslavna_tevahedo_Crkva" title="Eritrejska pravoslavna tevahedo Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eritrejska pravoslavna tevahedo Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Tewahedo_Ortodoks_Eritrea" title="Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa_eritrea" title="Chiesa ortodossa eritrea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa ortodossa eritrea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greja_Tewahedo_Ortodoks_%C3%89ritr%C3%A9a" title="Greja Tewahedo Ortodoks Éritréa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Greja Tewahedo Ortodoks Éritréa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Kiorthodoksi_la_Eritrea" title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Eritrea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreai_ortodox_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Eritreai ortodox egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eritreai ortodox egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_%C3%94rt%C3%B4d%C3%B4ksa_Teoahedo_Eritreana" title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Teoahedo Eritreana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Teoahedo Eritreana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="എറിത്രിയൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ്‌ സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എറിത്രിയൻ ഓർത്തഡോക്സ്‌ സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كنيسة التوحيد الارثوذكسيه الاريتريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة التوحيد الارثوذكسيه الاريتريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrees-Orthodoxe_Tewahedo_Kerk" title="Eritrees-Orthodoxe Tewahedo Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eritrees-Orthodoxe Tewahedo Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_eritreisk-ortodokse_kirke" title="Den eritreisk-ortodokse kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den eritreisk-ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erytrejski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Ortodoksyjny" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination from Eritrea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg/40px-Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg/60px-Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg/80px-Eritrean_Orthodox_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span><br />Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti" style="font-style: normal;">ናይ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ኤርትራ</span></span><br /><i>Bet'ə K'rstian Tewahədo Ertra</i></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asmara,_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Enda Mariam Cathedral in Asmara, the seat of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/250px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/375px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG/500px-Asmara%2C_cattedrale_ortodossa_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, the seat of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">EOTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_theology" title="Oriental Orthodox theology">Oriental Orthodox theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Primate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basilos" title="Basilos">Basilos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritreans" title="Eritreans">Eritrean diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enda_Mariam_Cathedral,_Asmara" title="Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara">Enda Mariam Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">The Apostle and Evangelist Mark</a> in 42 AD <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a> in 328 AD <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> (according to the Eritrean Orthodox tradition), <br /> <a href="/wiki/Abune_Phillipos" title="Abune Phillipos">Abune Phillipos</a> in 1993 AD <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> (modern)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Independence</th><td class="infobox-data">From the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> in 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–3 million<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisantewahdo.org">www<wbr />.lisantewahdo<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a 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style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy"> a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:7a2cfe;font-size:14pt">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#7a2cfe; color:#FFFFFF;"> Oriental Orthodox churches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Independent churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Autonomous churches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic</a>: <a href="/wiki/French_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="French Coptic Orthodox Church">French Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Jacobite Syrian Christian Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">History of Oriental Orthodoxy</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Coptic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Ecumenical Councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Ephesus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Third Council of Ephesus">Ephesus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Dvin" title="First Council of Dvin">Dvin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Dvin" title="Second Council of Dvin">Dvin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Dvin" title="Third Council of Dvin">Dvin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Dvin" title="Fourth Council of Dvin">Dvin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Manzikert" title="Council of Manzikert">Manzikert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Capharthutha" title="Council of Capharthutha">Capharthutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Shirakavan" title="Council of Shirakavan">Shirakavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hromkla" title="Council of Hromkla">Hromkla</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Theology:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Theology">Oriental Orthodox Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgy and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li>Anaphora & Rites:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurobo" title="Holy Qurobo">Holy Qurobo</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Calendars:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Armenian_Apostolic_Church)" title="Calendar of saints (Armenian Apostolic Church)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Bible:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Bible">Coptic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Bible">Armenian Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Tewahedo Bible">Orthodox Tewahedo Bible</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Cross:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Coptic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_cross" title="Saint Thomas Christian cross">St. Thomas Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cross" title="Ethiopian cross">Ethiopian cross</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addai_of_Edessa" title="Addai of Edessa">Mor Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Saints" title="Nine Saints">Nine Saints of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Awgin" title="Mar Awgin">Mar Awgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumentius" title="Frumentius">Frumentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenoute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_of_Antioch" title="Severus of Antioch">Severus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_(Copt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham (Copt)">Abraham of Farshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yared" title="Yared">Yared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerses_IV_the_Gracious" title="Nerses IV the Gracious">Nerses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giyorgis_of_Segla" title="Giyorgis of Segla">Giyorgis of Segla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Mar Thoma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Abdal_Jaleel" title="Gregorios Abdal Jaleel">Gregorios Abdal Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Gregorios_of_Parumala" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala">Geevarghese Gregorios</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">Abuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_India" title="Catholicos of India">Catholicos of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch"> Patriarch of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphrian" title="Maphrian">Maphrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Ethiopian ecclesiastical titles">Ethiopian titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church-Ordinance" title="Apostolic Church-Ordinance">Apostolic Church-Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">Debtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tewahedo fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Oriental Orthodoxy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Oriental Orthodoxy">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Template talk:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental_Orthodox_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental Orthodox sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: <span lang="ti">ናይ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ኤርትራ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Tigrinya-language romanization"><i lang="ti-Latn">beta krstyan tawahdo ertra</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. It was given <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, after Eritrea gained its independence from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in 1993. Thus, the Eritrean Church accords a primacy of honor to the Coptic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TesfagiorgisM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TesfagiorgisM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeltonBaumann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeltonBaumann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources differ on the percentage of Christians in the Eritrean population, with most figures being close to one-half,<sup id="cite_ref-state_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arda_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arda-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some sources report slightly more than 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 90% of Eritrean Christians are followers of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arda_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arda-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the population is almost entirely Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-state_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Timeline of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tewahedo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ተዋሕዶ</span> <i>täwaḥədo</i>) is a Geʽez word meaning "being made one". </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1917 edition) article on the <a href="/wiki/Henotikon" title="Henotikon">Henoticon</a>: around 500 AD bishops within the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> refused to accept the "two natures" doctrine decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451, thus separating themselves from the rest of Christianity since that time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separate Christian communion came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>. The Oriental Orthodox Churches, which today include the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a> of India, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonianism">Non-Chalcedonian</a>". These churches themselves describe their <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> as <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysite</a>, but outsiders often describe them as <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler199733-40-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201645-52_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201645-52-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuit_interim">Jesuit interim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jesuit interim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> (1491–1556) wished to attempt the task of conversion, but this did not happen. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> sent out <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Nunes_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Nunes Barreto (page does not exist)">João Nunes Barreto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Nunes_Barreto" class="extiw" title="pt:João Nunes Barreto">pt</a>]</span> as Patriarch of the East Indies, with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Oviedo" title="Andrés de Oviedo">Andrés de Oviedo</a> as bishop; and from <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> envoys (followed by Oviedo) went to Ethiopia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocephaly_after_independence_of_Eritrea">Autocephaly after independence of Eritrea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autocephaly after independence of Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first independent Patriarch of Eritrea was <a href="/wiki/Abune_Phillipos" title="Abune Phillipos">Abune Phillipos</a>, who died in 2002 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Yacob" title="Abune Yacob">Abune Yacob</a>. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Abune_Yacob" title="Abune Yacob">Abune Yacob</a> as Patriarch of Eritrea was very brief, as he died not long after his enthronement, and he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Antonios" title="Abune Antonios">Abune Antonios</a> as 3rd Patriarch of Eritrea. Abune Antonios was elected on 5 March 2004, and enthroned as the third Patriarch of Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Eritrea on 24 April 2004. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III</a> presided at the ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, together with the Holy Synod of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> delegation. </p><p>In August 2005, Abune Antonios, the Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, was confined to a strictly ceremonial role. In a letter dated 13 January 2006, Patriarch Abune Antonios was informed that following several sessions of the church's Holy Synod, he had been formally deposed. In a written response that was widely published, the Patriarch rejected the grounds of his dismissal, questioned the legitimacy of the synod, and excommunicated two signatories to the 13 January 2006 letter, including Yoftahe Dimetros, whom the Patriarch identified as being responsible for the church's recent upheavals. Patriarch Antonios also appealed his case to the Council of the Monasteries of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>. Abune Antonios was deposed by the Eritrean Holy Synod supposedly under pressure from the Eritrean government; as of 2006 he is under house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abuna Antonios was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Dioskoros" title="Abune Dioskoros">Abune Dioskoros</a> as the fourth Patriarch of the church. Patriarch Abuna Dioskoros died on 21 December 2015. <a href="/wiki/Qerlos" title="Qerlos">Qerlos</a> became the fifth patriarch of the church in June 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-shabait1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shabait1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shabait2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shabait2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common with all <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and Western Orthodox churches; the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> churches of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church professes belief in the seven sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">anointing of the sick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimony">matrimony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>. It regards the first four as being "necessary for every believer".<sup id="cite_ref-prairienet.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prairienet.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church holds the ancient Christian belief in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> stating that "The consecrated bread and wine are the body and blood of Christ. Jesus Christ is truly, really and substantially present in the consecrated elements. In the Eucharist, we eat the blessed flesh of our Lord and drink His precious blood under the form of bread and wine."<sup id="cite_ref-prairienet.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prairienet.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in other Eastern Christian traditions, the bond of marriage is able to be dissolved, but only on the grounds of adultery. To safeguard the practice of the faith, church members are discouraged from marrying people outside of the Orthodox communion. Church members who undergo a purely civil ceremony are not regarded as sacramentally married.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_language">Liturgical language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liturgical language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church is <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>. This was the language of the early <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Christians</a> of the region. Though Geʽez has no more native speakers, the language is still used for church liturgical functions and festivities. But the <i>sibket</i> or sermons are normally in given in the local <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya language</a>. Geʽez is currently being replaced by Tigrinya, as the principal language for church services.<sup id="cite_ref-TesfagiorgisM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TesfagiorgisM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NgCheong-LumOrr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NgCheong-LumOrr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FahlbuschVischer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FahlbuschVischer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_canon">Biblical canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biblical canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a></div> <p>The Tewahedo Church Biblical Canon contains 81 books, including almost all of those which are accepted by other Orthodox and Oriental Christians; the exception is the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>, at least some of which are accepted in the Eastern Orthodox and other Oriental Orthodox churches, but not in the Tewahedo churches (the books of Meqabyan, which are accepted instead, have an etymologically connected name, but rather different content). The Eritrean Orthodox canon and the Ethiopian Orthodox canon are identical. </p> <ul><li>The Narrower Canon also contains <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Jubilees</a>, and three books of the <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Meqabyan</a>;</li> <li>The Broader Canon includes all of the books found in the Narrower Canon, as well as the two <i>Books of the Covenant</i>, Four <i>Books of Sinodos</i>, a <i>Book of Clement</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Didascalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didascalia">Didascalia</a>;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_to_Judaism_and_Islam">Similarities to Judaism and Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similarities to Judaism and Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Church</a>, the Eritrean Church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in other churches. Women are prohibited from entering the church temple during <a href="/wiki/Menses" class="mw-redirect" title="Menses">menses</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are also expected to <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">cover their hair</a> with a large scarf (or <i>shash</i>) while in church, as described in 1 Corinthians, chapter 11. As with Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, men and women sit separately in the Ethiopian church, with men on the left and women on the right (when facing the altar).<sup id="cite_ref-Hable1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hable1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Women covering their heads and separation of the sexes in churches officially is common to few other Christian traditions; it is also the rule in some non-Christian religions, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> among them).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before praying, the Eritrean Orthodox wash their hands and face, in order to be clean before and present their best to God; <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_the_home_and_houses_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship">shoes are removed</a> in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.<sup id="cite_ref-Amherst1906_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kosloski2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosloski2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritrean Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church temple,<sup id="cite_ref-Hable1997_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hable1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 3:5 (in which <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, while viewing the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>, was commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church like its Ethiopian counterpart is known to observe the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">seventh-day Sabbath</a> (Saturday, or the lesser Sabbath), in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> (Sunday, or the Christian Sabbath),<sup id="cite_ref-Binns2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Binns2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognizing both to be holy days of joy, prayer, and contemplation, although more emphasis, because of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a> of Christ, is laid upon Sunday. While the Tewahedo Churches are known for this practice, it is neither an innovation nor unique to them,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only became a theological dispute in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in the centuries leading up to the issue being rectified by Ewostatewos.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamrat_1972_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamrat_1972-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a> in his <i>Confession</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologia</a> of traditional beliefs and practices explicitly says "we do not honour it as the Jews do... but we so honour it that we celebrate thereon the Eucharist and have love-feasts, even as our Fathers the Apostles have taught us in the Didascalia".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eritrean Church does not call for circumcision, yet it is a cultural practice,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is abstention from pork and other meats deemed unclean. It is not regarded as being necessary to salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patriarchs_and_bishops_of_Eritrea">Patriarchs and bishops of Eritrea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patriarchs and bishops of Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Eritrea" title="List of abunas of Eritrea">List of abunas of Eritrea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After declaration of <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> in 1994, the newly established patriarchal seat of Eritrea remained vacant until 1999 when Philipos was elected <a href="/wiki/Abune_Phillipos" title="Abune Phillipos">Abune Phillipos</a> and the first patriarch of Eritrea (1999–2001). He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abune_Yacob" title="Abune Yacob">Abune Yacob</a> in 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Abune_Antonios" title="Abune Antonios">Abune Antonios</a> in 2004. Abune Antonios's objections to excommunicating heterodox monks and students in Asmara led to his exile via house arrest and excommunication. </p><p>In April 2007, the Synod elected a new patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Abune_Dioskoros" title="Abune Dioskoros">Abune Dioskoros</a>, who was the Patriarch of Eritrea until his death on 21 December 2015. </p><p>On December 9, 2024, Archbishop Abune Basilyos was elected as the 6th Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church. His enthronement is scheduled for January 26, 2025, at the Church of Saint Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_abunas">List of abunas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of abunas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vacant from 1994 to 1999, and from December 2015 to June 2021. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Phillipos" title="Abune Phillipos">Phillipos</a> (1999–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Yacob" title="Abune Yacob">Yacob</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Antonios" title="Abune Antonios">Antonios</a> (2004–2006) – Deposed by the Holy Synod of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Dioskoros" title="Abune Dioskoros">Dioskoros</a> (2007–2015) – Replaced Abune Antonios by a vote of confidence from the national body of the church in Eritrea.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abune_Qerlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Abune Qerlos">Qerlos</a> (13 May 2021 – 2 December 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilos#:~:text=Abune_Basilos_is_the_sixth,the_Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church." title="Basilos">Basilos</a> (10 December 2024 - Present)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited 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World Council of Churches<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fnews%2Feritrean-orthodox-tewahdo-church-hosts-wcc-delegation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisantewahdo.org/">"Eritrean Orthodox Church"</a>. Lisan Tewahedo<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(February 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=prairienet.org%2F~dxmoges%2Fbasic.htm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prairienet.org%2F~dxmoges%2Fbasic.htm%23mat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NgCheong-LumOrr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NgCheong-LumOrr_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgCheong-LumOrr2020" class="citation book cs1">NgCheong-Lum, Roseline; Orr, Tamra (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj0mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>Eritrea</i></a>. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-5578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-5578-3"><bdi>978-1-5026-5578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eritrea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-5578-3&rft.aulast=NgCheong-Lum&rft.aufirst=Roseline&rft.au=Orr%2C+Tamra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doj0mEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FahlbuschVischer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FahlbuschVischer_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanBromileyMbiti1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Mbiti, John S.; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Barrett, David B.; Vischer, Lukas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA121"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wait%2C+I+thought+that+was+a+Muslim+thing%3F%21&rft.pub=Commonweal&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.aulast=Duffner&rft.aufirst=Jordan+Denari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fwait-i-thought-was-muslim-thing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). <i>A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i>. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosloski2017-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kosloski2017_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2017/10/16/did-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians/">"Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+you+know+Muslims+pray+in+a+similar+way+to+some+Christians%3F&rft.pub=Aleteia&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Kosloski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2017%2F10%2F16%2Fdid-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binns2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Binns2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2016" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (28 November 2016). <i>The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia: A History</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786720375" title="Special:BookSources/9781786720375"><bdi>9781786720375</bdi></a>. <q>The king presided, overruled the bishops who were committed to the more usual position that Sunday only was a holy day, and decreed that the Sabbatarian teaching of the northern monks became the position of the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+of+Ethiopia%3A+A+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.isbn=9781786720375&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suscopts.org/resources/literature/1137/the-sabbath-a-hallowed-and-holy-day/">"The Sabbath: A Hallowed and Holy Day"</a>. <i>Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States</i>. <q>Since the first century, Christians made Sunday the Christian Sabbath and kept Saturday as the Jewish Sabbath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft.atitle=The+Sabbath%3A+A+Hallowed+and+Holy+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuscopts.org%2Fresources%2Fliterature%2F1137%2Fthe-sabbath-a-hallowed-and-holy-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatt1834" class="citation web cs1">Platt, Thomas Pell (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rmAAAAMAAJ&q=sabbath">"The Ethiopic Didascalia: Or, the Ethiopic Version of the Apostolical Constitutions, Received in the Church of Abyssinia"</a>. <q>Assemble yourselves together in the church, evening and morning; offer up praises, and sing; and read the Psalms of David, the sixty-second, and moreover the hundred and fortieth. And especially on the Jewish Sabbath, and on the first day of the week, the Christian Sabbath, which is the day of His holy resurrection, offer up praises and thanksgivings and glory to the Lord, who hath created all things by his Son Jesus Christ, whom he sent unto us, who was pleased to suffer according to his will, and was buried in the tomb, and rose again from the dead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopic+Didascalia%3A+Or%2C+the+Ethiopic+Version+of+the+Apostolical+Constitutions%2C+Received+in+the+Church+of+Abyssinia&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Pell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6rmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsabbath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07158.htm">"Apostolic Constitutions (Book VIII)"</a>. <q>XXXIII. I Peter and Paul do make the following constitutions. Let the slaves work five days; but on the Sabbath day and the Lord's day let them have leisure to go to church for instruction in piety. We have said that the Sabbath is on account of the creation, and the Lord's day of the resurrection. Let slaves rest from their work all the great week, and that which follows it — for the one in memory of the passion, and the other of the resurrection; and there is need they should be instructed who it is that suffered and rose again, and who it is permitted Him to suffer, and raised Him again. Let them have rest from their work on the Ascension, because it was the conclusion of the dispensation by Christ. Let them rest at Pentecost, because of the coming of the Holy Spirit, which was given to those that believed in Christ. Let them rest on the festival of His birth, because on it the unexpected favour was granted to men, that Jesus Christ, the Logos of God, should be born of the Virgin Mary, for the salvation of the world. Let them rest on the festival of Epiphany, because on it a manifestation took place of the divinity of Christ, for the Father bore testimony to Him at the baptism; and the Paraclete, in the form of a dove, pointed out to the bystanders Him to whom testimony was borne. Let them rest on the days of the apostles: for they were appointed your teachers to bring you to Christ, and made you worthy of the Spirit. Let them rest on the day of the first martyr Stephen, and of the other holy martyrs who preferred Christ to their own life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Constitutions+%28Book+VIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F07158.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamrat_1972-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamrat_1972_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamrat1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taddesse_Tamrat" title="Taddesse Tamrat">Tamrat, Taddesse</a> (1972). <i>Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821671-1"><bdi>978-0-19-821671-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/653228">653228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Ethiopia%2C+1270-1527&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F653228&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821671-1&rft.aulast=Tamrat&rft.aufirst=Taddesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir2013" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-28090-0"><bdi>978-1-136-28090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-28090-0&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishorthodox.org/glastonburyreview/issue-122-circumcision-and-the-copts/">"Issue 122 – Circumcision and the Copts | the British Orthodox Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issue+122+%E2%80%93+Circumcision+and+the+Copts+%26%23124%3B+the+British+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishorthodox.org%2Fglastonburyreview%2Fissue-122-circumcision-and-the-copts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keraneyo-medhanealem.com/post/gizret-%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5-circumcision">"Gizret - ግዝረት [Circumcision]"</a>. 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gizret+-+%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5+%26%2391%3BCircumcision%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keraneyo-medhanealem.com%2Fpost%2Fgizret-%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%258B%259D%25E1%2588%25A8%25E1%2589%25B5-circumcision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisantewahdo.org/index.php/2019-09-27-19-45-59/2019-09-30-10-44-29/item/2080-6">"ሊቀ ጳጳስ ብፁዕ አቡነ ባስልዮስ 6ይ ፓትርያርክ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ኤርትራ ኮይኖም ተመሪጾም!"</a>. <i>lisantewahdo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lisantewahdo.org&rft.atitle=%E1%88%8A%E1%89%80+%E1%8C%B3%E1%8C%B3%E1%88%B5+%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%81%E1%8B%95+%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%90+%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%B5+6%E1%8B%AD+%E1%8D%93%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD+%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B6%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5+%E1%89%B0%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%95%E1%8B%B6+%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0+%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95+%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB+%E1%8A%AE%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%96%E1%88%9D+%E1%89%B0%E1%88%98%E1%88%AA%E1%8C%BE%E1%88%9D%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisantewahdo.org%2Findex.php%2F2019-09-27-19-45-59%2F2019-09-30-10-44-29%2Fitem%2F2080-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocpsociety.org/abune-basilyos-elected-as-patriarch-of-eritrean-orthodox-church/">"Abune Basilyos Elected as Patriarch of Eritrean Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE</i>. 9 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxy+Cognate+PAGE&rft.atitle=Abune+Basilyos+Elected+as+Patriarch+of+Eritrean+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focpsociety.org%2Fabune-basilyos-elected-as-patriarch-of-eritrean-orthodox-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mospat.ru/ru/news/89851/">"Скончался Предстоятель Эритрейской Церкви: новость ОВЦС"</a>. <i>Отдел внешних церковных связей. Московского Патриархата</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A6%D0%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmospat.ru%2Fru%2Fnews%2F89851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinns2016" class="citation book cs1">Binns, John (2016). <i>The Orthodox Church of Ethiopia: A History</i>. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784536954" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784536954"><bdi>978-1784536954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church+of+Ethiopia%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1784536954&rft.aulast=Binns&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian P. Brock">Brock, Sebastian P.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwKJDAEACAAJ">"Miaphysite, not Monophysite!"</a>. <i>Cristianesimo Nella Storia</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788815261687" title="Special:BookSources/9788815261687"><bdi>9788815261687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cristianesimo+Nella+Storia&rft.atitle=Miaphysite%2C+not+Monophysite%21&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788815261687&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Sebastian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwKJDAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.</i></a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410563"><bdi>9780881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450-680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler1997" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15344445">"Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology"</a>. <i>The Harp</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harp&rft.atitle=Miaphysitism%3A+A+New+Term+for+Use+in+the+History+of+Dogma+and+in+Ecumenical+Theology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15344445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEritrean+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-eritrean-orthodox-church/">Article on Eritrean Orthodox Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tewahdo.org/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Africa282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa">Oriental Orthodoxy in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Egypt" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Africa (page does not exist)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Uganda (page does not exist)">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Zimbabwe (page does not exist)">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oriental_Orthodoxy476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oriental_Orthodoxy_footer" title="Template:Oriental Orthodoxy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oriental_Orthodoxy_footer" title="Template talk:Oriental Orthodoxy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental_Orthodoxy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oriental Orthodoxy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">communion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">churches</a> from <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia" title="Nubia">Sudan</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous<br />churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Holy See of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristCopticArt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/50px-ChristCopticArt.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/75px-ChristCopticArt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ChristCopticArt.png/100px-ChristCopticArt.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><i>Armenian Apostolic</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Syriac Orthodox</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Malankara Jacobite</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</i>:</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmavar_(Goan)_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church">Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Independent_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="List of Christian denominations">Independent<br />churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Isles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syncreticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncreticism">Syncretic Oriential Catholic Churches</a>: Communion of Western Orthodox Churches <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church" title="Celtic Orthodox Church">Celtic Orthodox Church</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphora_of_Saint_Gregory" title="Anaphora of Saint Gregory">Anaphora of Saint Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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