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<ul id="toc-Two_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_missiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_missiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>On missiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_missiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Finnish_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Finnish_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>New Finnish School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Finnish_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Demonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontotheology" title="Ontotheology">Onto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_religions" title="Theology of religions">of religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie"><i>Nouvelle théologie</i> (<i>Ressourcement</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  •  Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_theology" title="Reconciliation theology">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">in Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopoetics" title="Theopoetics">Theopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_theology" title="Digital theology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">Systematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_theology" title="Constructive theology">Constructive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Eco-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" title="Luther's rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Distinctive theological concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity#Lutheranism" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Two states of the Church</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence#Lutheran_theology" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Other relevant topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Lutheran_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Lutheran Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage#Protestantism" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders#Lutheranism" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody">Lutheran hymnwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_church_music_during_and_after_the_Reformation#Emergence_of_Protestant_church_music" title="Protestant church music during and after the Reformation">Normative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical<br />Lutheran Conference</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional &<br />Missional Lutheran Forum</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High church Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Missionaries</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campanius" title="John Campanius">John Campanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Callenberg" title="Johann Heinrich Callenberg">Johann Heinrich Callenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henkel" title="Paul Henkel">Paul Henkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keyser" title="Christian Keyser">Christian Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christensen_(bishop)" title="Jens Christensen (bishop)">Jens Christensen</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Bible Translators</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiodoro_de_Reina" title="Casiodoro de Reina">Casiodoro de Reina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Yri" title="Kjell Magne Yri">Kjell Magne Yri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Ganno" title="Aster Ganno">Aster Ganno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Osvald_Vider%C3%B8" title="Kristian Osvald Viderø">Kristian Osvald Viderø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_Dahl" title="Jákup Dahl">Jákup Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius#Bible_translation" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Constantine_(priest)" title="George Constantine (priest)">George Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Roh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jozef Roháček">Jozef Roháček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Avetaranian" title="Johannes Avetaranian">Johannes Avetaranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Guðbrandur Þorláksson">Guðbrandur Þorláksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Ludvig Olsen Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Egede" title="Paul Egede">Paul Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fabricius" title="Otto Fabricius">Otto Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Vibe_Stockfleth" title="Nils Vibe Stockfleth">Nils Vibe Stockfleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krelj" title="Sebastian Krelj">Sebastian Krelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Bible_Society" title="Swedish Bible Society">Swedish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ludwik_Zasadius" title="Samuel Ludwik Zasadius">Samuel Ludwik Zasadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_M._Norlie" title="Olaf M. Norlie">Olaf M. Norlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brucioli" title="Antonio Brucioli">Antonio Brucioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs#Language_and_culture" title="Sorbs">Mikołaj Jakubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bel" title="Matthias Bel">Matthias Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Theologians</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sasse" title="Hermann Sasse">Hermann Sasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>theology of Martin Luther</b> was instrumental in influencing the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, specifically topics dealing with <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith</a>, the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a> (also an instrumental component of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed</a> theology), and various other theological ideas. Although Luther never wrote a systematic theology or a "summa" in the style of <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a>, many of his ideas were systematized in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Confessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Confessions">Lutheran Confessions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></div> <p>In the centuries leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, an "<a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian</a> Renaissance" revived interest in the thought of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354-430).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge198849_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198849-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine is widely regarded as the most influential <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic</a> figure for the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1987_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1987-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Luther, an <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian friar">Augustinian friar</a>, rooted his theology of salvation deeply in <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge198848_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198848-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1986153_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1986153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–1564).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20127–9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20127–9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine's theology was grounded in divine <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and implied a <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Luther's vision centered also on divine monergism, strictly applied to <a href="/wiki/Soteriological" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriological">soteriological</a> aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraton2020159_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraton2020159-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkinDockeryFinn2023Ch._History_of_the_Doctrine_of_Providence_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkinDockeryFinn2023Ch._History_of_the_Doctrine_of_Providence-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He affirmed that God governed both <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">reprobation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2011ch._9.2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2011ch._9.2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202060_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202060-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification_by_faith">Justification by faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Justification by faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_(Lutherhaus_Wittenberg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Gesetz_und_Gnade_%28Lutherhaus_Wittenberg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a> on Lutheran teachings, <a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," insisted Luther, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> tend to follow Luther in this matter. For the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">grace alone</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Christ alone</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Material_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Material principle">material principle</a> upon which all other teachings rest.<sup id="cite_ref-material_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-material-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther came to understand justification as being entirely the work of God. Against the teaching of his day that the believers are made righteous through the infusion of God's grace into the soul, Luther asserted that Christians receive that righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ, it actually <i>is</i> the righteousness of Christ, and remains outside of us but is merely imputed to us (rather than infused into us) through faith. "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," said Luther. "Faith is that which brings the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> through the merits of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-faith_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faith-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus faith, for Luther, is a gift from God, and ". . .a living, bold trust in God's grace, so certain of God's favor that it would risk death a thousand times trusting in it."<sup id="cite_ref-faith1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faith1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This faith grasps Christ's righteousness and appropriates it for itself in the believer's heart. </p><p>Luther's study and research led him to question the contemporary usage of terms such as <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a> in the Roman Catholic Church. He became convinced that the church had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity — the most important being the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> by faith alone. He began to teach that <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> is a gift of God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> through <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> received by <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Wriedt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wriedt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his lectures on the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, from 1513–1516, Luther "achieved an <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> breakthrough, an insight into the all-encompassing grace of God and all-sufficient merit of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was particularly in connection with Romans 1:17 "For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith, to faith: as it is written: 'The just shall live by faith.'" Luther came to one of his most important understandings, that the "righteousness of God" was not God's active, harsh, punishing wrath demanding that a person keep God's law perfectly in order to be saved, but rather Luther came to believe that God's righteousness is something that God gives to a person as a gift, freely, through Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitz,_332_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitz,_332-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Luther emerged from his tremendous struggle with a firmer trust in God and love for him. The doctrine of salvation by God's grace alone, received as a gift through faith and without dependence on human merit, was the measure by which he judged the religious practices and official teachings of the church of his day and found them wanting."<sup id="cite_ref-Spitz,_332_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitz,_332-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther explained justification this way in his <cite><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></cite>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24-25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23-25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us...Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> 13:31).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_Gospel">Law and Gospel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Law and Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_(Schloss_Friedenstein).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Verdammnis_und_Erl%C3%B6sung_%28Schloss_Friedenstein%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5293" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption><i>Law and Grace</i> painting by Lucas Cranach</figcaption></figure> <p>Another essential aspect of his theology was his emphasis on the "proper distinction"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a>. He believed that this principle of interpretation was an essential starting point in the study of the scriptures and that failing to distinguish properly between Law and Gospel was at the root of many fundamental theological errors.<sup id="cite_ref-Preus_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preus-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universal_priesthood_of_the_baptized">Universal priesthood of the baptized</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Universal priesthood of the baptized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></div><p> Luther developed his expositions of the "universal priesthood of believers" from New Testament scripture. Through his studies, Luther recognized that the hierarchical division of Christians into clergy and laity, stood in contrast to the Apostle Peter's teaching (<a href="/wiki/1_Peter_2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter 2">1Peter</a> 2:1-10).</p><blockquote><p>. . . <sup>9</sup>But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. <sup>10</sup>Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simul_justus_et_peccator"><i>Simul justus et peccator</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Simul justus et peccator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Latin simul, "simultaneous" + Latin justus, "righteous" + Latin et, "and" + Latin peccator, "sinner")<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman Catholic theology maintains that <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> washes away <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. However, "<a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a>" remains as an inclination to sin, which is not sin unless actualized.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther and the Reformers insisted that what was called "concupiscence" was actually sin. While not denying the validity of baptism, Luther maintains that the inclination to sin is truly sin.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Simul justus et peccator</i> means that a Christian is at the same time both righteous and a sinner. Human beings are justified by grace alone, but at the same time they will always remain sinners, even after baptism. The doctrine can be interpreted in two different ways. From the perspective of God, human beings are at the same time totally sinners and totally righteous in Christ (totus/totus). However, it would also be possible to argue that human beings are partly sinful and partly righteous (partim/partim). The doctrine of <i>simul justus</i> is not an excuse for <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">lawlessness</a>, or a license for continued sinful conduct; rather, properly understood, it comforts the person who truly wishes to be free from sin and is aware of the inner struggle within him. <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 7 is the key biblical passage for understanding this doctrine. </p><p>Luther also does not deny that the Christian may ever "improve" in his conduct. Instead, he wishes to keep Christians from either relying upon or despairing because of their own conduct or attitude. </p><p>18th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Radical_evil" title="Radical evil">radical evil</a> has been described as an adaptation of the Lutheran <i>simul justus et peccator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sacraments_and_the_means_of_grace">Sacraments and the means of grace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sacraments and the means of grace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two_Kingdoms">Two Kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Two Kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martin Luther's <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two kingdoms">doctrine of the two kingdoms</a> (or two reigns) of God teaches that God is the ruler of the whole world and that he rules in two ways, both by the law and by the gospel. </p><p>God rules the earthly kingdom through secular government, by means of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and the sword. As <a href="/wiki/Creation_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation deity">creator</a>, God would like to promote social justice, and this is done through the political use of the law. At the same time, God rules his spiritual kingdom in order to promote human righteousness before God. This is done through the gospel, according to which all humans are justified by God's grace alone. </p><p>This distinction has in Lutheran theology often been related to the idea that there is no particular Christian contribution to political and <a href="/wiki/Economic_ethics" title="Economic ethics">economic ethics</a>. Human reason is enough to understand what is a right act in political and economic life. The gospel does not give any contribution to the content of social ethics. From this perspective Lutheran theology has often supported those in political and economic power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_missiology">On missiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: On missiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luther's teaching on overseas mission is essentially in line with the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. It is primarily characterised by the idea of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God_(community)" title="Word of God (community)">word of God</a>. Sent out by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> had been spread worldwide through the preaching of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>: "This has also happened, that the gospel has been preached and thereby the kingdom of Christ has been greatly established in every place under heaven.“<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The course of the gospel also takes place in post-apostolic times, gathering people all over the world to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">kingdom of Christ</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a>. </p><p>An organised <a href="/wiki/Missionary_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary work">missionary work</a>, Luther added, is no longer necessary, especially since the apostolate and the accompanying vocation to world mission (Matthew 28:18-20) no longer exist. Nevertheless, when circumstances require it, every Christian is charged with missionary witness: "Christians should also produce much fruit through the word among all the Gentiles, convert many and save them, so that they should spread around them like a fire."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Finnish_School">New Finnish School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Finnish School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finnish scholarship in recent years has presented a distinctive view of Luther. <a href="/wiki/Tuomo_Mannermaa" title="Tuomo Mannermaa">Tuomo Mannermaa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> led "The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" that presents Luther's views on <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> in terms much closer to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a> rather than established interpretations of German Luther scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mannermaa's student Olli-Pekka Vainio has argued that Luther and other Lutherans in the sixteenth century (especially theologians who later wrote the Formula of Concord) continued to define justification as participation in Christ rather than simply forensic imputation. Vainio concludes that the Lutheran doctrine of justification can deny merit to human actions, "only if the new life given to the sinner is construed as participation in the divine Life in Christ. . . . The faith that has Christ as its object, and which apprehends Him and His merit, making Him present as the form of faith, is reckoned as righteousness".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finnish approach argues that it is due to a much later interpretation of Luther that he is popularly known as centering his doctrine of human salvation in the belief that people are saved by the imputation to them of a righteousness not their own, Christ's own ("alien") righteousness. This is known as the theological doctrine of forensic justification. Rather, the Finnish School asserts that Luther's doctrine of salvation was similar to that of Eastern Orthodoxy, theosis (divinization). The Finnish language is deliberately borrowed from the Greek Orthodox tradition, and thus it reveals the intention and context of this theological enterprise: it is an attempt by Lutherans to find common ground with Orthodoxy, an attempt launched amid the East-West détente of the 1970s, but taking greater impetus in a post-1989 world as such dialogue appears much more urgent for churches around the Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Finnish Interpretation has been challenged because it ignores Luther's roots and theological development in Western Christendom, and it characterizes Luther's teaching on <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a> as based on Jesus Christ's righteousness which indwells the believer rather than his righteousness as imputed to the believer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolb and Arand (2008) argue that, "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the anthology <i>Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther</i> the topic of Osiandrianism is addressed because the Finnish School is perceived as a repristination of <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a>'s doctrine of salvation through Christ's indwelling the believer with his divine nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demonology">Demonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luther continued a tradition of Christian engagement with the demonic from his medieval predecessors. For instance, during his <a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Table Talks</a>, he references Mechthild of Magdeburg's <i>The Flowing Light of the Godhead</i>, an example of the pre-reformation piety which Luther was immersed in that associate the Devil with excrement. Luther references Mechtihild's work, suggesting that those in a state of mortal sin are eventually excreted by the Devil.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Smith states that Luther's advice regarding the Devil, is "that one should address the devil as such" quoting: </p><p>"Devil, I also shat into my pants, did you smell it, and did you record it with my others sins?’ (Tischreden 261,b) </p><p>Other instances include him rehearsing medieval <a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">scatalogical</a> limericks: </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Devil: You monk on the latrine,<br /> you may not read the matins here!<br /> <br /> Monk: I am cleansing my bowels<br /> and worshipping God Almighty;<br /> You deserve what descends<br /> and God what ascends."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>He separately states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Reader, be commended to God, and pray for the increase of preaching against Satan. For he is powerful and wicked, today more dangerous than ever before because he knows that he has only a short time left to rage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Lutheran Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns by Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Althaus, Paul. <i>The theology of Martin Luther</i> (1966) 464 pages</li> <li>Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. <i>The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology</i> (2004) 289 pp.</li> <li>Bainton, Roland H. <i>Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther</i> (1950) 386 pages</li> <li>Bayer, Oswald, <i>Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation</i> (2008) 354 pages</li> <li>Brendler, Gerhard. <i>Martin Luther: theology and revolution</i> (1991) 383 pages</li> <li>Gerrish, B. A. <i>Grace and Reason: A Study in the Theology of Luther</i> (2005) 188 pages</li> <li>Kolb, Robert. <i>Bound Choice, Election, and Wittenberg Theological Method: From Martin Luther to the Formula of Concord.</i> (2005) 382 pp.</li> <li>Kramm, H. H. <i>The Theology of Martin Luther</i> (2009) 152 pages</li> <li>Lehninger, Paul. <i>Luther and theosis: deification in the theology of Martin Luther</i> (1999) 388 pages</li> <li>McKim, Donald K., ed. <i>The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther</i> (2003) 320 pages</li> <li>Osborne, Thomas M. "Faith, Philosophy, and the Nominalist Background to Luther's Defense of the Real Presence," <i>Journal of the History of Ideas,</i> Volume 63, Number 1, January 2002, pp. 63–82</li> <li>Paulson, Steven D., <i>Luther for Armchair Theologians</i> (2004) 208 pages</li> <li>Trigg, Jonathan D. <i>Baptism in the theology of Martin Luther</i> (2001) 234 pages</li> <li>Wengert, Timothy J. <i>The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther's Practical Theology</i> (2009) 380 pages</li> <li>Zachman, Randall C. <i>The Assurance Of Faith: Conscience In The Theology Of Martin Luther And John Calvin</i> (2005), 272pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198849-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge198849_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1988">George 1988</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1987-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1987_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelikan1987">Pelikan 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198848-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge198848_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1988">George 1988</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens1986153-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens1986153_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens1986">Stephens 1986</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20127–9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahon20127–9_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMahon2012">McMahon 2012</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2013xxvii&#x200c;_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2013">Barrett 2013</a>, p. xxvii, ‌. "[D]ivine monergism is the view of Augustine and the Augustinians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998103-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998103_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 103. "If one asks, whether double predestination is a logical implication or development of Augustine's doctrine, the answer must be in the affirmative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStraton2020159-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStraton2020159_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStraton2020">Straton 2020</a>, p. 159. "Luther: A person's will is in bondage to sin and cannot, without the grace of God, respond to the gospel. However, apart from salvation-related issues, people can choose freely".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkinDockeryFinn2023Ch._History_of_the_Doctrine_of_Providence-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkinDockeryFinn2023Ch._History_of_the_Doctrine_of_Providence_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkinDockeryFinn2023">Akin, Dockery & Finn 2023</a>, Ch. History of the Doctrine of Providence. "Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin fully embraced the monergism incipient in Augustine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2011ch._9.2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2011ch._9.2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorton2011">Horton 2011</a>, ch. 9.2. "In fact, Luther affirmed both election and reprobation in the strongest terms."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESammons202060-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESammons202060_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSammons2020">Sammons 2020</a>, p. 60. "Luther presents double predestination clearly, basing it on his understanding of God."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions," <cite>Concordia Theological Monthly</cite> 26 (November 1955) No. 11:801.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512021427/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/577">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.edu%2Flibrary%2Ffiles%2Fpb%2F577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-material-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-material_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert J. A. Bouman, "The Doctrine of Justification," 801-802.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faith-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faith_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt">"Martin Luther's Definition of Faith"</a>. <i>projectwittenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=projectwittenberg.org&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Definition+of+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ProjectWittenberg.org%2Fpub%2Fresources%2Ftext%2Fwittenberg%2Fluther%2Fluther-faith.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faith1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faith1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/l/luther/romans/pref_romans.html">"Preface to Romans by Martin Luther"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Preface+to+Romans+by+Martin+Luther&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fl%2Fluther%2Fromans%2Fpref_romans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wriedt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wriedt_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus Wriedt, "Luther's Theology," in <cite>The Cambridge Companion to Luther</cite> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 88-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis W. Spitz, <cite>The Renaissance and Reformation Movements</cite>, Revised Ed. (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987), 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitz,_332-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitz,_332_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitz,_332_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spitz, 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther, <cite>The Smalcald Articles</cite> in <cite>Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions</cite> (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005), 289, Part two, Article 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald Plass, "Law and Gospel", in <cite>What Luther Says: An Anthology</cite> (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1959), 2:732, no. 2276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preus-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preus_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preus, Robert D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458">"Luther and the Doctrine of Justification"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909100829/http://www.ctsfw.edu/library/files/pb/1458">Archived</a> 2006-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Theological_Quarterly" title="Concordia Theological Quarterly">Concordia Theological Quarterly</a></i></cite> 48 (1984) no. 1:11-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704054706/http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/">"Simul justus et peccator | Theological Word of the Day"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org/blogs/2009/06/24/simul-justus-et-peccator/">the original</a> on 2009-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simul+justus+et+peccator+%26%23124%3B+Theological+Word+of+the+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordoftheday.reclaimingthemind.org%2Fblogs%2F2009%2F06%2F24%2Fsimul-justus-et-peccator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, 4.4 (30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apology of the Augsburg Confession 2.38-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Frierson (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://place.asburyseminary.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2288&context=faithandphilosophy">Providence And Divine Mercy In Kant's Ethical Cosmopolitanism</a>, <i>Faith and Philosophy Volume 24</i>, Issue 2, April 2007, page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interpretation of the first and second chapters of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">St John</a> in sermons (1537/38), quoted from: Werner Raupp (ed.): Mission in Quellentexten, Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990 (ISBN 3-87214-238-0/3-88002-424-3), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The prophet Zechariah interpreted (1527), quoted from: Werner Raupp (ed.): Mission in Quellentexten, Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990 (ISBN 3-87214-238-0 / 3-88002-424-3), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Carl_Braaten" title="Carl Braaten">Carl E. Braaten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert W. Jenson</a>, eds. <i>Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther</i> (1998); also Ted Dorman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3240">Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther"</a>. <i>First Things</i>, 1999. Retrieved 2007-05-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olli-Pekka Vainio, <i>Justification and Participation in Christ: The Development of Justification from Luther to the Formula of Concord (1580)</i> Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions (Leiden: Brill, 2008). p 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diarmaid MacCulloch, "Protestantism in Mainland Europe: New Directions," <i>Renaissance Quarterly,</i> Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2006, pp. 698-706</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of <i>Theosis</i> in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, <i>The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church</i>, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechthild of Magdeburg, <i>Das fliessende Licht der Gottheit</i> ("The Glowing Light of the Godhead"), Chapter 3, 21 in Schmidt, Joseph with Mary Simon. "Holy and Unholy Shit: The Pragmatic Context of Scatological Curses in Early German Reformation Satire". In <i>Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology</i>. Edited by Jeff Persels andRussell Ganim, 109-117. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2004. see page 170 EPUB edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Tischreden [Table Talk], vols. I -6 (Weimar, 1912-21). WAT no. 2307; 413, 14-19; 1531. in Oberman, Heiko Augustinus. Luther : Man Between God and the Devil  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. page 154,</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theology_of_Martin_Luther&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkinDockeryFinn2023" class="citation book cs1">Akin, Daniel L.; Dockery, David S.; Finn, Nathan A. (2023). <i>A Handbook of Theology</i>. Brentwood, TN: B&H Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Theology&rft.place=Brentwood%2C+TN&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Dockery%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Finn%2C+Nathan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2013" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Matthew (2013). <i>Salvation by Grace: The Case for Effectual Calling and Regeneration</i>. Phillipsburg: P & R Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvation+by+Grace%3A+The+Case+for+Effectual+Calling+and+Regeneration&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=P+%26+R+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1988" class="citation book cs1">George, T. (1988). <i>Theology of the Reformers</i>. Nashville: Broadman Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+Reformers&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Broadman+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2011" class="citation book cs1">Horton, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michael-horton-the-christian-faith-a-systematic-theology-for-pilgrims-on-the-way/"><i>The Christian Faith: A Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way</i></a>. Grand Rapids, MI (US): Zondervan Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Faith%3A+A+Systematic+Theology+for+Pilgrims+on+the+Way&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI+%28US%29&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichael-horton-the-christian-faith-a-systematic-theology-for-pilgrims-on-the-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. (1998). <i>Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer</i>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Martyr+Vermigli+and+Predestination%3A+The+Augustinian+Inheritance+of+an+Italian+Reformer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2012" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, C. Matthew (2012). <i>Augustine's Calvinism: The Doctrines of Grace in Augustine's Writings</i>. Coconut Creek, FL: Puritan Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Calvinism%3A+The+Doctrines+of+Grace+in+Augustine%27s+Writings&rft.place=Coconut+Creek%2C+FL&rft.pub=Puritan+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=C.+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1987" class="citation journal cs1">Pelikan, Jaroslav (1987). "An Augustinian Dilemma: Augustine's Doctrine of Grace versus Augustine's Doctrine of the Church?". <i>Augustinian Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Faugstudies1987186">10.5840/augstudies1987186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustinian+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Augustinian+Dilemma%3A+Augustine%27s+Doctrine+of+Grace+versus+Augustine%27s+Doctrine+of+the+Church%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Faugstudies1987186&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammons2020" class="citation book cs1">Sammons, Peter (2020). <i>Reprobation: from Augustine to the Synod of Dort: The Historical Development of the Reformed Doctrine of Reprobation</i>. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reprobation%3A+from+Augustine+to+the+Synod+of+Dort%3A+The+Historical+Development+of+the+Reformed+Doctrine+of+Reprobation&rft.place=Gottingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sammons&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens1986" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, W.P. (1986). <i>The Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theology+of+Huldrych+Zwingli&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=W.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraton2020" class="citation book cs1">Straton, Timothy A. (2020). <i>Human Freedom, Divine Knowledge, and Mere Molinism: A Biblical, Historical, Theological, and Philosophical Analysis</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Freedom%2C+Divine+Knowledge%2C+and+Mere+Molinism%3A+A+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Philosophical+Analysis&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Straton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheology+of+Martin+Luther" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> (1517)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a></i> (1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Magnificat" title="Commentary on the Magnificat">Commentary on the Magnificat</a></i> (1521)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a></i> (1522)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></i> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Way_to_Pray" title="A Simple Way to Pray">A Simple Way to Pray</a></i> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a></i> (1539)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's <i>Table Talk</i></a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a></i> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine"><i>Exsurge Domine</i>, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem"><i>Decet Romanum Pontificem</i>, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo"><i>Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo</i> (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther <small>(parents)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)"><i>Luther</i> (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic"><i>Martin Luther, Heretic</i> (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)"><i>Luther</i> (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)"><i>Luther and I</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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