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id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>In Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Christian right</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_denomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_denomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By denomination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_denomination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By denomination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_denomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_Baptist_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Baptist_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Independent Baptist Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Baptist_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nondenominationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nondenominationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nondenominationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nondenominationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed_fundamentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed_fundamentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reformed fundamentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed_fundamentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian fundamentalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مسيحية أصولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحية أصولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonamentalisme_cristi%C3%A0" title="Fonamentalisme cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonamentalisme cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%BD_fundamentalismus" title="Křesťanský fundamentalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanský fundamentalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlicher_Fundamentalismus" title="Christlicher Fundamentalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlicher Fundamentalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalismo_cristiano" title="Fundamentalismo cristiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundamentalismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_fundamentismo" title="Kristana fundamentismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana fundamentismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="بنیادگرایی مسیحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنیادگرایی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondamentalisme_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Fondamentalisme chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fondamentalisme chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EA%B7%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="기독교 근본주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 근본주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_fundamentalizam" title="Kršćanski fundamentalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanski fundamentalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalisme_Kristen" title="Fundamentalisme Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fundamentalisme Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondamentalismo_cristiano" title="Fondamentalismo cristiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fondamentalismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalismus_Christianus" title="Fundamentalismus Christianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fundamentalismus Christianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dioni%C5%A1kasis_fundamentalizmas" title="Krikščioniškasis fundamentalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikščioniškasis fundamentalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4ndamentalisma_kristiana" title="Fôndamentalisma kristiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fôndamentalisma kristiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مسيحيه اصوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيه اصوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christenfundamentalisme" title="Christenfundamentalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christenfundamentalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="キリスト教根本主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教根本主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalistisk_kristendom" title="Fundamentalistisk kristendom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fundamentalistisk kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ski_fundamentalizm" title="Chrześcijański fundamentalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijański fundamentalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalismo_crist%C3%A3o" title="Fundamentalismo cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundamentalismo cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Христианский фундаментализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианский фундаментализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хришћански фундаментализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћански фундаментализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%C5%A1%C4%87anski_fundamentalizam" title="Hrišćanski fundamentalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrišćanski fundamentalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristillinen_fundamentalismi" title="Kristillinen fundamentalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristillinen fundamentalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_fundamentalism" title="Kristen fundamentalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen fundamentalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="క్రైస్తవ ఛాందసవాదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రైస్తవ ఛాందసవాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Християнський фундаменталізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнський фундаменталізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E8%A6%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基督教基要主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基督教基要主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of 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Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian 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title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" 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title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christian fundamentalism</b>, also known as <b>fundamental Christianity</b> or <b>fundamentalist Christianity</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> movement emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mwebster_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwebster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its modern form, it began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries among <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protestantism in the United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestants</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">theological liberalism</a> and cultural <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalists</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century#Modernism_in_Christian_theology" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th-century modernist theologians</a> had misunderstood or rejected certain <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrines</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">biblical inerrancy</a>, which they considered the fundamentals of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandeen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandeen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamentalists are almost always described as upholding beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">biblical infallibility</a> and biblical inerrancy,<sup id="cite_ref-Melton1988_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton1988-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">biblical interpretation</a>, the role of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and the role of the church in society. Fundamentalists usually believe in a core of Christian beliefs, typically called the "Five Fundamentals", this arose from the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church">Presbyterian Church</a> issuance of "The Doctrinal Deliverance of 1910".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topics included are statements on the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">historical accuracy of the Bible</a> and all of the events which are recorded in it as well as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Jesus Christ">Second Coming of Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamentalism manifests itself in various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> which believe in various theologies, rather than a single <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamora1982_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamora1982-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideology became active in the 1910s after the release of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fundamentals" title="The Fundamentals">The Fundamentals</a></i>, a twelve-volume set of essays, <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apologetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a>, written by conservative Protestant theologians in an attempt to defend beliefs which they considered Protestant <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>. The movement became more organized within U.S. Protestant churches in the 1920s, especially among <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many churches which embraced fundamentalism adopted a militant attitude with regard to their core beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_fundamentalism" title="Reformed fundamentalism">Reformed fundamentalists</a> lay heavy emphasis on historic <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions of faith">confessions of faith</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, as well as uphold <a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1930, many fundamentalist churches in the Baptist tradition (who generally affirm <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a>) have been represented by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Fundamental_Churches_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Fundamental Churches of America">Independent Fundamental Churches of America</a> (renamed IFCA International in 1996), while many theologically conservative <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connexions</a> in the Methodist tradition (who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a>) align with the <a href="/wiki/Interchurch_Holiness_Convention" title="Interchurch Holiness Convention">Interchurch Holiness Convention</a>; in various countries, national bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Christian_Churches" title="American Council of Christian Churches">American Council of Christian Churches</a> exist to encourage dialogue between fundamentalist bodies of different denominational backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasper2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasper2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fundamentalist denominations have little contact with other bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few scholars <a href="/wiki/Labelling#Labelling_in_argumentation" title="Labelling">label</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> activist conservative associations who reject modern <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> in favor of more traditional doctrines as fundamentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingesHitchcock1991_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingesHitchcock1991-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is sometimes mistakenly confused with the term <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>fundamentalism</i> entered the English language in 1922, and it is often capitalized when it is used in reference to the religious movement.<sup id="cite_ref-mwebster_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwebster-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 20th century, the term <i>fundamentalism</i> acquired a pejorative connotation, denoting <a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">religious fanaticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>, especially when such <a href="/wiki/Labelling#Labelling_in_argumentation" title="Labelling">labeling</a> extended beyond the original movement which coined the term and those who self-identify as fundamentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some who hold certain, but not all beliefs in common with the original fundamentalist movement reject the label <i>fundamentalism</i>, due to its perceived <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> nature, while others consider it a banner of pride. In certain parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, using the term <i>fundamentalist</i> with the intent to stir up religious hatred is a violation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Racial_and_Religious_Hatred_Act_2006" title="Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006">Racial and Religious Hatred Act</a></i> of 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement has its origins in 1878 in a meeting of the "Believers' Meeting for Bible Study" (<a href="/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference" title="Niagara Bible Conference">Niagara Bible Conference</a>) in the United States, where 14 fundamental beliefs were established by evangelical pastors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamentalism draws from multiple traditions in British and American theologies during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to authors Robert D. Woodberry and Christian S. Smith, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, tensions developed between Northern evangelical leaders over <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> and higher <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>; Southerners remained unified in their opposition to both. ... Modernists attempted to update <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to match their view of science. They denied biblical miracles and argued that God manifests himself through the social evolution of society. Conservatives resisted these changes. These latent tensions rose to the surface after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in what came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">fundamentalist/modernist split</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the split does not mean that there were just two groups: modernists and fundamentalists. There were also people who considered themselves neo-evangelicals, separating themselves from the extreme components of fundamentalism. These neo-evangelicals also wanted to separate themselves from both the fundamentalist movement and the mainstream evangelical movement due to their anti-intellectual approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1910 until 1915, a series of essays titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fundamentals" title="The Fundamentals">The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth</a></i> was published by the Testimony Publishing Company of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Presbyterian Church (now <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a>) influenced the movement with the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy#The_Doctrinal_Deliverance_of_1910_(the_Five_Fundamentals)" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">five "fundamentals"</a> in 1910, namely </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrancy</a> of Scripture as a result of this.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> of Christ.</li> <li>The belief that Christ's death was an <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> for sin.</li> <li>The bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">resurrection of Christ</a>.</li> <li>The historical reality of <a href="/wiki/Miracles_attributed_to_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracles attributed to Jesus">Christ's miracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweeney-2005-165_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweeney-2005-165-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg/220px-Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg/330px-Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg/440px-Princeton_Theological_Seminary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Princeton Seminary in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a>, which responded to <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> of the Bible by developing from the 1840s to 1920 the doctrine of inerrancy, was another influence in the movement. This doctrine, also called biblical inerrancy, stated that the Bible was divinely inspired, religiously authoritative, and without error.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Seminary</a> professor of theology <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a> insisted that the Bible was inerrant because God inspired or "breathed" his exact thoughts into the biblical writers (<a href="/wiki/2_Timothy_3" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Timothy 3">2 Timothy 3</a>:16). Princeton theologians believed that the Bible should be read differently than any other historical document, and they also believed that Christian <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> led people to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> just like non-Christian religions did.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee_1998_484_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee_1998_484-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical inerrancy was a particularly significant rallying point for fundamentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach to the Bible is associated with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> evangelical <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutical</a> approaches to Scripture, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">historical-grammatical method</a> to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary" title="Dallas Theological Seminary">Dallas Theological Seminary</a>, founded in 1924 in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, would have a considerable influence in the movement by training students who will establish various independent <a href="/wiki/Bible_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible College">Bible Colleges</a> and fundamentalist churches in the southern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, fundamentalism was viewed by many as a "last gasp" vestige of something from the past<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> scholars have shifted away from that view.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1940s, evangelicals and fundamentalist Christians began to part ways over whether to separate from modern culture (the fundamentalist approach) or engage with it.<sup id="cite_ref-split-beliefnet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-beliefnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An organization very much on the side of separation from modernity was the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Christian_Churches" title="American Council of Christian Churches">American Council of Christian Churches</a>, founded in 1941 by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Carl_McIntire" title="Carl McIntire">Carl McIntire</a>. Another group "for conservative Christians who wanted to be culturally engaged" was the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a> (NAE) founded in 1942, by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ockenga" title="Harold Ockenga">Harold Ockenga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-split-beliefnet_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-split-beliefnet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changing_interpretations">Changing interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changing interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg/220px-Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg/330px-Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg/440px-Christian_Demonstrator_Preaching_at_Bele_Chere_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>A Christian demonstrator preaching at <a href="/wiki/Bele_Chere" title="Bele Chere">Bele Chere</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The interpretations given the fundamentalist movement have changed over time, with most older interpretations being based on the concepts of social displacement or cultural lag.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the 1930s, including <a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a>, understood the conflict between fundamentalism and modernism to be part of a broader social conflict between the cities and the country.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this view the fundamentalists were country and small-town dwellers who were reacting against the progressivism of city dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamentalism was seen as a form of anti-intellectualism during the 1950s; in the early 1960s American intellectual and historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> interpreted it in terms of status anxiety, social displacement, and 'Manichean mentality'.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1960s, the movement began to be seen as "a bona fide religious, theological and even intellectual movement in its own right".<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of interpreting fundamentalism as a simple <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>, Paul Carter argued that "fundamentalists were simply intellectual in a way different than their opponents".<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving into the 1970s, Earnest R. Sandeen saw fundamentalism as arising from the confluence of Princeton theology and <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Marsden" title="George Marsden">George Marsden</a> defined fundamentalism as "militantly anti-modernist Protestant evangelicalism" in his 1980 work <i>Fundamentalism and American Culture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Militant</i> in this sense does not mean 'violent', it means 'aggressively active in a cause'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsden saw fundamentalism arising from a number of preexisting evangelical movements that responded to various perceived threats by joining forces.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that Christian <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalists">fundamentalists</a> were American evangelical Christians who in the 20th century opposed "both modernism in theology and the cultural changes that modernism endorsed. Militant opposition to modernism was what most clearly set off fundamentalism."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others viewing militancy as a core characteristic of the fundamentalist movement include Philip Melling, Ung Kyu Pak and Ronald Witherup.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_McKim" title="Donald McKim">Donald McKim</a> and David Wright (1992) argue that "in the 1920s, militant conservatives (fundamentalists) united to mount a conservative counter-offensive. Fundamentalists sought to rescue their denominations from the growth of modernism at home."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marsden, recent scholars differentiate "fundamentalists" from "evangelicals" by arguing the former were more militant and less willing to collaborate with groups considered "modernist" in theology. In the 1940s the more moderate faction of fundamentalists maintained the same theology but began calling themselves "evangelicals" to stress their less militant position.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Olson" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Olson">Roger Olson</a> (2007) identifies a more moderate faction of fundamentalists, which he calls "postfundamentalist", and says "most postfundamentalist evangelicals do not wish to be called fundamentalists, even though their basic theological orientation is not very different". According to Olson, a key event was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a> (NAE) in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry Hankins (2008) has a similar view, saying "beginning in the 1940s....militant and separatist evangelicals came to be called fundamentalists, while culturally engaged and non-militant evangelicals were supposed to be called evangelicals."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timothy Weber views fundamentalism as "a rather distinctive modern reaction to religious, social and intellectual changes of the late 1800s and early 1900s, a reaction that eventually took on a life of its own and changed significantly over time".<sup id="cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_America">In North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentalist movements existed in most North American Protestant denominations by 1919 following attacks on modernist theology in <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> denominations. Fundamentalism was especially controversial among Presbyterians.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Canada">In Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, fundamentalism was less prominent,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an early leader was English-born <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todhunter_Shields" title="Thomas Todhunter Shields">Thomas Todhunter Shields</a> (1873–1955), who led 80 churches out of the Baptist federation in Ontario in 1927 and formed the Union of Regular Baptist Churches of Ontario and Quebec. He was affiliated with the Baptist Bible Union, based in the United States. His newspaper, <i>The Gospel Witness,</i> reached 30,000 subscribers in 16 countries, giving him an international reputation. He was one of the founders of the international Council of Christian Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oswald_J._Smith" title="Oswald J. Smith">Oswald J. Smith</a> (1889–1986), reared in rural Ontario and educated at <a href="/wiki/Moody_Church" title="Moody Church">Moody Church</a> in Chicago, set up The Peoples Church in Toronto in 1928. A dynamic preacher and leader in Canadian fundamentalism, Smith wrote 35 books and engaged in missionary work worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> called him "the greatest combination pastor, hymn writer, missionary statesman, an evangelist of our time."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrinal_Statement_of_the_World_Conference_on_Christian_Fundamentals_1919" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Doctrinal Statement of the World Conference on Christian Fundamentals 1919">The Doctrinal Statement of the World Conference on Christian Fundamentals 1919</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>A leading organizer of the fundamentalist campaign against <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in the United States was <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Riley" title="William Bell Riley">William Bell Riley</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Baptist_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Baptist Convention">Northern Baptist</a> based in Minneapolis, where his <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northwestern_%E2%80%93_St._Paul" title="University of Northwestern – St. Paul">Northwestern Bible and Missionary Training School</a> (1902), Northwestern Evangelical Seminary (1935), and Northwestern College (1944) produced thousands of graduates. At a large conference in Philadelphia in 1919, Riley founded the <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Fundamentals_Association" title="World Christian Fundamentals Association">World Christian Fundamentals Association</a> (WCFA), which became the chief interdenominational fundamentalist organization in the 1920s. Some mark this conference as the public start of Christian fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the fundamentalist drive to take control of the major Protestant denominations failed at the national level during the 1920s, the network of churches and missions fostered by Riley showed that the movement was growing in strength, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the U.S. South</a>. Both rural and urban in character, the flourishing movement acted as a denominational surrogate and fostered a militant evangelical Christian orthodoxy. Riley was president of WCFA until 1929, after which the WCFA faded in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Fundamental_Churches_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Fundamental Churches of America">Independent Fundamental Churches of America</a> became a leading association of independent U.S. fundamentalist churches upon its founding in 1930. The <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Christian_Churches" title="American Council of Christian Churches">American Council of Christian Churches</a> was founded for fundamental Christian denominations as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machen_Hall,_Westminster_Theological_Seminary,_Glenside_PA_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG/220px-Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG/330px-Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG/440px-Machen_Hall%2C_Westminster_Theological_Seminary%2C_Glenside_PA_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>J. Gresham Machen Memorial Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the enthusiasm for mobilizing fundamentalism came from Protestant seminaries and Protestant "Bible colleges" in the United States. Two leading fundamentalist seminaries were the dispensationalist <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Theological_Seminary" title="Dallas Theological Seminary">Dallas Theological Seminary</a>, founded in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sperry_Chafer" title="Lewis Sperry Chafer">Lewis Sperry Chafer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology#Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">Reformed</a> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Seminary" title="Westminster Theological Seminary">Westminster Theological Seminary</a>, formed in 1929 under the leadership and funding of former <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a> professor <a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">J. Gresham Machen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Bible colleges were modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a> in Chicago. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Moody" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Moody">Dwight Moody</a> was influential in preaching the imminence of the Kingdom of God that was so important to dispensationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bible colleges prepared ministers who lacked college or seminary experience with intense study of the Bible, often using the <i><a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a></i> of 1909, a <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> with detailed notes which interprets passages from a dispensational perspective. </p><p>Although U.S. fundamentalism began in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>, the movement's largest base of popular support was in the South, especially among <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptists</a>, where individuals (and sometimes entire churches) left the convention and joined other Baptist denominations and movements which they believed were "more conservative" such as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a> movement. By the late 1920s the national media had identified it with the South, largely ignoring manifestations elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-twentieth century, several Methodists left the mainline <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church (USA)">Methodist Church</a> and established fundamental Methodist denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church" title="Evangelical Methodist Church">Evangelical Methodist Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Methodist_Conference,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc.">Fundamental Methodist Conference</a> (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a></i>); others preferred congregating in Independent Methodist churches, many of which are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Methodists" title="Association of Independent Methodists">Association of Independent Methodists</a>, which is fundamentalist in its theological orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Crespino2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespino2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1970s Protestant fundamentalism was deeply entrenched and concentrated in the U.S. South. In 1972–1980 <a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Surveys</a>, 65 percent of respondents from the "East South Central" region (comprising <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>) self-identified as fundamentalist. The share of fundamentalists was at or near 50 percent in "West South Central" (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>) and "South Atlantic" (Florida to Maryland), and at 25 percent or below elsewhere in the country, with the low of nine percent in New England. The pattern persisted into the 21st century; in 2006–2010 surveys, the average share of fundamentalists in the East South Central Region stood at 58 percent, while, in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, it climbed slightly to 13 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Evolution">Evolution</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, Christian fundamentalists "differed on how to understand the account of creation in Genesis" but they "agreed that God was the author of creation and that humans were distinct creatures, separate from animals, and made in the image of God."<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of them advocated the belief in <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> and a few of them even advocated the belief in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary creation">evolutionary creation</a>, other "strident fundamentalists" advocated <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth Creationism">Young Earth Creationism</a> and "associated evolution with last-days atheism."<sup id="cite_ref-Sutton2019_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutton2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "strident fundamentalists" in the 1920s devoted themselves to fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Teaching_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching of evolution">teaching of evolution</a> in the nation's schools and colleges, especially by passing state laws that affected public schools. <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Riley" title="William Bell Riley">William Bell Riley</a> took the initiative in the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial</a> by bringing in famed politician <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> and hiring him to serve as an assistant to the local prosecutor, who helped draw national media attention to the trial. In the half century after the Scopes Trial, fundamentalists had little success in shaping government policy, and they were generally defeated in their efforts to reshape the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline denominations</a>, which refused to join fundamentalist attacks on evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kee_1998_484_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kee_1998_484-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly after the Scopes Trial, liberals saw a division between Christians in favor of the teaching of evolution, whom they viewed as educated and tolerant, and Christians against evolution, whom they viewed as narrow-minded, tribal, and obscurantist.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edwards (2000), however, challenges the consensus view among scholars that in the wake of the Scopes trial, fundamentalism retreated into the political and cultural background, a viewpoint which is evidenced in the movie <a href="/wiki/Inherit_the_Wind_(1960_film)" title="Inherit the Wind (1960 film)"><i>Inherit the Wind</i></a> and the majority of contemporary historical accounts. Rather, he argues, the cause of fundamentalism's retreat was the death of its leader, Bryan. Most fundamentalists saw the trial as a victory rather than a defeat, but Bryan's death soon afterward created a leadership void that no other fundamentalist leader could fill. Unlike the other fundamentalist leaders, Bryan brought name recognition, respectability, and the ability to forge a broad-based coalition of fundamentalist religious groups to argue in favor of the anti-evolutionist position.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gatewood (1969) analyzes the transition from the anti-evolution crusade of the 1920s to the <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a> movement of the 1960s. Despite some similarities between these two causes, the creation science movement represented a shift from religious to <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> objections to Darwin's theory. Creation science also differed in terms of popular leadership, rhetorical tone, and sectional focus. It lacked a prestigious leader like Bryan, utilized pseudoscientific argument rather than religious rhetoric, and was a product of California and Michigan rather than the South.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Webb (1991) traces the political and legal struggles between strict creationists and Darwinists to influence the extent to which evolution would be taught as science in Arizona and California schools. After Scopes was convicted, creationists throughout the United States sought similar anti-evolution laws for their states. These included Reverends R. S. Beal and Aubrey L. Moore in Arizona and members of the Creation Research Society in California, all supported by distinguished laymen. They sought to ban evolution as a topic for study, or at least relegate it to the status of unproven theory perhaps taught alongside the biblical version of creation. Educators, scientists, and other distinguished laymen favored evolution. This struggle occurred later in the Southwest than in other US areas and persisted through the Sputnik era.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent times, the courts have heard cases on whether or not the Book of Genesis's creation account should be taught in science classrooms alongside evolution, most notably in the 2005 federal court case <i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncse.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncse.com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creationism was presented under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, with the book <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a></i> being its textbook. The trial ended with the judge deciding that teaching intelligent design in a science class was unconstitutional as it was a religious belief and not science.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original fundamentalist movement divided along clearly defined lines within conservative evangelical Protestantism as issues progressed. Many groupings, large and small, were produced by this schism. <a href="/wiki/Neo-evangelicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-evangelicalism">Neo-evangelicalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(author)" title="David Barton (author)">Heritage movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Orthodoxy">Paleo-Orthodoxy</a> have all developed distinct identities, but none of them acknowledge any more than an historical overlap with the fundamentalist movement, and the term is seldom used of them. The broader term "<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a>" includes fundamentalists as well as people with similar or identical religious beliefs who do not engage the outside challenge to the Bible as actively.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in 2023, conservative Christian journalist <a href="/wiki/David_French_(political_commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="David French (political commentator)">David French</a> quotes a former president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>'s Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Land" title="Richard Land">Richard Land</a>, as identifying fundamentalism as "far more a psychology than a theology," with characteristics shared by competing Christian theologies and competing religions. According French, that psychology is one that shares "three key traits": certainty (of a mind unclouded by doubt), ferocity (against perceived enemies of their religion) and solidarity (of "comrades in the foxhole", a virtue surpassing even piety in importance).<sup id="cite_ref-French-love-7-12-2023_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-French-love-7-12-2023-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Christian_right">Christian right</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian right"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/170px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/255px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg/340px-Jerry_Falwell_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>, whose founding of the <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> was a key step in the formation of the "New Christian Right"</figcaption></figure> <p>The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed a surge of interest in organized political activism by U.S. fundamentalists. Dispensational fundamentalists viewed the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of the state of Israel</a> as an important sign of the fulfillment of biblical prophecy, and support for Israel became the centerpiece of their approach to U.S. foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States Supreme Court decisions also ignited fundamentalists' interest in organized politics, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> in 1962, which prohibited state-sanctioned prayer in public schools, and <i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> in 1963, which prohibited mandatory Bible reading in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> ran for the presidency in 1980, fundamentalist preachers, like the prohibitionist ministers of the early 20th century, were organizing their congregations to vote for supportive candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaders of the newly political fundamentalism included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grant_(Christian_leader)" title="Robert Grant (Christian leader)">Rob Grant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a>. Beginning with Grant's American Christian Cause in 1974, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Voice (USA)">Christian Voice</a> throughout the 1970s and Falwell's <a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> in the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Right">Christian Right</a> began to have a major impact on American politics. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Christian Right was influencing elections and policy with groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">Family Research Council</a> (founded 1981 by <a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">James Dobson</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">Christian Coalition</a> (formed in 1989 by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>) helping conservative politicians, especially <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, to win state and national elections.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Australia">In Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major organization of fundamentalist, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">pentecostal</a> churches in Australia is the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Churches" title="International Network of Churches">International Network of Churches</a>, formerly known as the "Christian Outreach Centre".<sup id="cite_ref-SMH2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A former influential group was the <a href="/wiki/Logos_Foundation_(Australia)" title="Logos Foundation (Australia)">Logos Foundation</a>. The Logos Foundation, led by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter_(evangelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Carter (evangelist)">Howard Carter</a>, was a controversial Christian ministry in the 1970s and 1980s that promoted <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Reconstructionism">Reconstructionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominionist</a> theology. They also actively campaigned for several candidates for <a href="/wiki/Queensland,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland, Australia">Queensland, Australia</a> public office that shared their values (e.g., anti-abortion). The Logos Foundation disbanded shortly after an adulterous affair by Carter became public in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-SMH1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMH2_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMH2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hey_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Russia">In Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a>, <a href="/wiki/VSKhSON" title="VSKhSON">VSKhSON</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorok_Sorokov_Movement" title="Sorok Sorokov Movement">Sorok Sorokov Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Banner-Bearers" title="Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers">Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Christian fundamentalism is often based around the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Old-Rite_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church">Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church</a>. Orthodox Christian fundamentalism was often connected strongly to a sense of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a>, since the Russian Orthodox Church often has a strong connection to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian state</a>. This Church-state connection has arguably existed since the time of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a>'s conversion. </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> Andrei Kormukhin and <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athlete</a> Vladimir Nosov founded the Orthodox fundamentalist and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christianity" title="Conservative Christianity">conservative Christian</a> organization known as the <a href="/wiki/Sorok_Sorokov_Movement" title="Sorok Sorokov Movement">Sorok Sorokov Movement</a>. The Sorok Sorokov Movement was founded in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Pussy_Riot" title="Pussy Riot">Pussy Riot</a>'s 2012 protests, which were themselves against increasingly <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> policies in Russia, including moves towards <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia#Decriminalization" title="Domestic violence in Russia">decriminalizing wifebeating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">criminalizing homosexuality</a>. The Sorok Sorokov Movement has received support from many <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> of the Russian Orthodox Church, most notably <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy#Rules_for_Christian_clergy" title="Clerical celibacy">celebrate</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Chaplin" title="Vsevolod Chaplin">Vsevolod Chaplin</a>. Chaplin in particular supported the creation of "Orthodox squads" in order to punish people from carrying out "blasphemous acts" in religious places. Some have argues that the Sorok Sorkov Movement has been involved in protecting the construction of Russian Orthodox churches in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, though the facts have been hard to verify with this. Just as many sources have argued that these acts were more in line with violent <a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a> against LGBT people in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sorok Sorokov Movement has also been connected to the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Russian far-right</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">neo-Nazis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sorok Sorokov Movement has its own political party as well, called <a href="/wiki/For_the_Family_(political_party)" title="For the Family (political party)">For the Family</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">far-right Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#Russia" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalists</a> have been highly supportive of <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukraine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Ukraine War">Russia's unprovoked war with Ukraine</a>. One such group supportive of Russian Orthodox Christian fundamentalist-nationalism is the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Banner-Bearers" title="Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers">Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers</a>. Known for their <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book burnings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">political rallies</a>, their primary goal is to see <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">a return of the Russian Tsar as supreme autocrat of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group as a particular affinity for <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas II">Tsar Nicolas II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has at times referred to <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as a modern Tsar, though it is unclear as to whether or not this is a message of support for Putin or not.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_denomination">By denomination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By denomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Baptist_Churches">Independent Baptist Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Independent Baptist Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></div> <p>Bible Baptist Churches, Fundamental Baptist Churches or Independent Baptist Churches refuse any form of ecclesial authority other than that of the local church.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great emphasis is placed on the <a href="/wiki/Literal_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literal interpretation">literal interpretation</a> of the Bible as the primary method of Bible study as well as the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">biblical inerrancy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">infallibility</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpretation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a> is common among Independent Baptists. They are opposed to any <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> movement with denominations that do not have the same beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Independent Fundamentalist Baptist (IFB) churches adhere to only using the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>, a position known as <a href="/wiki/King_James_Onlyism" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Onlyism">King James Onlyism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodism">Methodism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Holiness Movement">Conservative Holiness Movement</a></div> <p>Fundamental Methodism includes several <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connexions</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_of_America" title="Evangelical Methodist Church of America">Evangelical Methodist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Methodist_Conference,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Methodist Conference, Inc.">Fundamental Methodist Conference</a>, along with their seminaries such as <a href="/wiki/Breckbill_Bible_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Breckbill Bible College">Breckbill Bible College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Methodist connexions in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>, herald the beliefs of "separation from the world, from false doctrines, from other ecclesiastical connections" as well as place heavy emphasis on practicing <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">holiness standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham2013_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham2013-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nondenominationalism">Nondenominationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nondenominationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational Christianity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical</a> variety, the word <i>biblical</i> or <i>independent</i> often appears in the name of the church or denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The independence of the church is claimed and affiliation with a <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> is infrequent, although there are fundamentalist denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_fundamentalism">Reformed fundamentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reformed fundamentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformed_fundamentalism" title="Reformed fundamentalism">Reformed fundamentalism</a></div> <p>Reformed fundamentalism includes those denominations in the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed tradition</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Anglican">Reformed Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Baptist">Reformed Baptist</a> Churches) who adhere to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">biblical infallibility</a> and lay heavy emphasis on historic confessions of faith, such as the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorrien1998_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorrien1998-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of Reformed fundamentalist denominations include the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Presbyterian_Church" title="Orthodox Presbyterian Church">Orthodox Presbyterian Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dorrien1998_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorrien1998-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentalists' literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> has been criticized by practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a> for failing to take into account the circumstances in which the Christian Bible was written. Critics claim that this "literal interpretation" is not in keeping with the message which the scripture intended to convey when it was written,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it also uses the Bible for political purposes by presenting God "more as a God of judgement and punishment than as a God of love and mercy."<sup id="cite_ref-God_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-God-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the higher criticism, fundamentalism claims to keep the Bible open for the people. However, through the complexity of the <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensational</a> framework, it has actually forced lay readers to remain dependent upon the inductive methods of Bible teachers and ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian fundamentalism has also been linked to <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most practitioners believing that the Bible requires them to <a href="/wiki/Spank" class="mw-redirect" title="Spank">spank</a> their children.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists have addressed the issues of Christian fundamentalism,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one providing a slogan "America's Premier Child Abuse Brand."<sup id="cite_ref-childabuse_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-childabuse-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers find evidence anchoring Christian fundamentalism with beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">modern flat Earth beliefs</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and linking extreme religious fervour with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamentalists have attempted and continue to attempt to teach <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, a hypothesis with <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> as its base, in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> in public schools. This has resulted in legal challenges such as the federal case of <i><a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a></i> which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania</a> ruling the teaching of intelligent design to be unconstitutional due to its religious roots.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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fundamentalism and conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_evangelicalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom">Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Dixon" title="A. C. Dixon">A. C. Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu fundamentalism">Hindu fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Ironside" class="mw-redirect" title="H. A. Ironside">H. A. Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Christianity" title="Moderate Christianity">Moderate Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_fundamentalism" title="Reformed fundamentalism">Reformed fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Baptist">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Torrey" title="R. A. Torrey">R. A. Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mwebster-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mwebster_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwebster_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundamentalism">"Fundamentalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamentalism&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffundamentalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsden_1980,_pp._55-62,_118-23_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden (1980), pp. 55–62, 118–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandeen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandeen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeen (1970), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton1988-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melton1988_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton1988" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (1988). <i>The Encyclopedia of American Religions, Religious Creeds: A Compilation of More Than 450 Creeds, Confessions, Statements of Faith, and Summaries of Doctrine of Religious and Spiritual Groups in the United States and Canada</i>. Gale Research Company. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-2132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-2132-8"><bdi>978-0-8103-2132-8</bdi></a>. <q>Statements of faith from fundamentalist churches will often affirm both infallibility and inerrancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+American+Religions%2C+Religious+Creeds%3A+A+Compilation+of+More+Than+450+Creeds%2C+Confessions%2C+Statements+of+Faith%2C+and+Summaries+of+Doctrine+of+Religious+and+Spiritual+Groups+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-2132-8&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcahistory.org/documents/deliverance.html">"The Doctrinal Deliverance of 1910"</a>. <i>pcahistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pcahistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Doctrinal+Deliverance+of+1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcahistory.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdeliverance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/35662">"Britannica Academic"</a>. <i>academic.eb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.eb.com&rft.atitle=Britannica+Academic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2F35662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamora1982-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zamora1982_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora1982" class="citation book cs1">Zamora, Lois Parkinson (1982). <i>The Apocalyptic Vision in America: Interdisciplinary Essays on Myth and Culture</i>. Bowling Green University Popular Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-190-9"><bdi>978-0-87972-190-9</bdi></a>. <q>Hence it is impossible to speak of fundamentalists as a discrete group. Rather, one must speak of fundamentalist Baptists, fundamentalist Methodists, fundamentalist Presbyterians, fundamentalist independents, and the like.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocalyptic+Vision+in+America%3A+Interdisciplinary+Essays+on+Myth+and+Culture&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-190-9&rft.aulast=Zamora&rft.aufirst=Lois+Parkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmerman1991_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmerman1991">Ammerman 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2019" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Paul (18 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.thegospelcoalition.org/columns/ad-fontes/what-is-a-reformed-fundamentalist/">"What Is a Reformed Fundamentalist?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_Coalition" title="The Gospel Coalition">The Gospel Coalition</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+a+Reformed+Fundamentalist%3F&rft.pub=The+Gospel+Coalition&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.thegospelcoalition.org%2Fcolumns%2Fad-fontes%2Fwhat-is-a-reformed-fundamentalist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasper2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gasper2020_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasper2020" class="citation book cs1">Gasper, Louis (18 May 2020). <i>The Fundamentalist Movement</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-231758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-231758-7"><bdi>978-3-11-231758-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentalist+Movement&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft.isbn=978-3-11-231758-7&rft.aulast=Gasper&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Julie Scott (15 April 2016). <i>Being the Chosen: Exploring a Christian Fundamentalist Worldview</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-17535-3"><bdi>978-1-317-17535-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+the+Chosen%3A+Exploring+a+Christian+Fundamentalist+Worldview&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-317-17535-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Julie+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keating_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keating, Karl (1988). <i>Catholicism and Fundamentalism</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-177-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-177-5">0-89870-177-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDingesHitchcock1991-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDingesHitchcock1991_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDingesHitchcock1991">Dinges & Hitchcock 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillKnitterMadges1997" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Brennan; Knitter, Paul F.; Madges, William (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ek6bzhrlJL8C&pg=PA326"><i>Faith, Religion & Theology: A Contemporary Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-Third Publications">Twenty-Third Publications</a>. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-725-5"><bdi>978-0-89622-725-5</bdi></a>. <q>Catholic fundamentalists, like their Protestant counterparts, fear that the church has abandoned the unchanging truth of past tradition for the evolving speculations of modern theology. They fear that Christian societies have replaced systems of absolute moral norms with subjective decision making and relativism. Like Protestant fundamentalists, Catholic fundamentalists propose a worldview that is rigorous and clear cut.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Religion+%26+Theology%3A+A+Contemporary+Introduction&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89622-725-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brennan&rft.au=Knitter%2C+Paul+F.&rft.au=Madges%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dek6bzhrlJL8C%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanGreen2004" class="citation web cs1">Waldman, Steve; Green, John C. (29 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jesus/evangelicals/vs.html">"Evangelicals v. Fundamentalists"</a>. <i>pbs.org/wgbh</i>. Frontline: The Jesus Factor. Boston: PBS/WGBH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org%2Fwgbh&rft.atitle=Evangelicals+v.+Fundamentalists&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Green%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fjesus%2Fevangelicals%2Fvs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Arrigo, Heather Bersot, <i>The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies</i>, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2013, p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary J. Dorrien, <i>The Remaking of Evangelical Theology</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 1998, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeen (1970), ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodberrySmith1998" class="citation journal cs1">Woodberry, Robert D; Smith, Christian S. (1998). "Fundamentalism et al: conservative Protestants in America". <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 25–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.24.1.25">10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.25</a> – via AcademicOne File.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism+et+al%3A+conservative+Protestants+in+America&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-56&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.24.1.25&rft.aulast=Woodberry&rft.aufirst=Robert+D&rft.au=Smith%2C+Christian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall Herbert Balmer, <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition</i>, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030101082327/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm">"<i>The Fundamentals A Testimony to the Truth</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+A+Testimony+to+the+Truth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FAthens%2FParthenon%2F6528%2Ffundcont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George M. Marsden, <i>Fundamentalism and American Culture</i>, Oxford University Press, UK, 1980, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luc Chartrand, <i>La Bible au pied de la lettre, Le fondamentalisme questionné</i>, Mediaspaul, France, 1995, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweeney-2005-165-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweeney-2005-165_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2005" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Douglas A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_-Ic_tFoTIC&dq=5+fundamentals+%22The+Five+Point+Deliverance%22&pg=PA165"><i>The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement</i></a>. Baker Publishing Group. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2658-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-2658-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Evangelical+Story%3A+A+History+of+the+Movement&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2658-4&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_-Ic_tFoTIC%26dq%3D5%2Bfundamentals%2B%2522The%2BFive%2BPoint%2BDeliverance%2522%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden (1980), pp 109–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeen (1970) pp 103–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kee_1998_484-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kee_1998_484_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kee_1998_484_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeEmily_AlbuCarter_LindbergJ._William_Frost1998" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Howard Clark; <a href="/wiki/Emily_Albu" title="Emily Albu">Emily Albu</a>; Carter Lindberg; J. William Frost; Dana L. Robert (1998). <i>Christianity: A Social and Cultural History</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-578071-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-578071-3"><bdi>0-13-578071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-13-578071-3&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Howard+Clark&rft.au=Emily+Albu&rft.au=Carter+Lindberg&rft.au=J.+William+Frost&rft.au=Dana+L.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1995" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, George M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uufvZyG-hjEC&pg=PA33"><i>Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+Fundamentalism%3A+Fuller+Seminary+and+the+New+Evangelicalism&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0870-7&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuufvZyG-hjEC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&se=gglsc&d=97803346"><i>Beyond Biblical Literalism and Inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the Hermeneutic Interpretation of Scripture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o">Archived</a> 20 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, John Bartkowski, Sociology of Religion, 57, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_S._Hill_2006,_p._77_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, <i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 1: Religion</i>, University of North Carolina Press, USA, 2006, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Parent" title="Mark Parent">Parent, Mark</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1tfx6Y46s0C"><i>Spirit Scapes: Mapping the Spiritual & Scientific Terrain at the Dawn of the New Millennium</i></a>. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77064-295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77064-295-9"><bdi>978-1-77064-295-9</bdi></a>. <q>By the beginning of the 1930s [...] fundamentalism appeared to be in disarray everywhere. Scholarly studies sprang up which claimed that fundamentalism was the last gasp of a dying religious order that was quickly vanishing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+Scapes%3A+Mapping+the+Spiritual+%26+Scientific+Terrain+at+the+Dawn+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Wood+Lake+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-77064-295-9&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1tfx6Y46s0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOCA_1990-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOCA_1990_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, D. G., Linder, R. D., Shelley, B. L., & Stout, H. S. (1990). In Dictionary of Christianity in America. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Entry on <i>Fundamentalism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins2008" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Barry (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're All Evangelicals Now': The Existential and Backward Historiography of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism". In Harper, Keith (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgwJeUn-GKkC"><i>American Denominational History: Perspectives on the Past, Prospects for the Future</i></a>. Religion & American Culture. Vol. 68. University of Alabama Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5512-8"><bdi>978-0-8173-5512-8</bdi></a>. <q>[...] in 1970 [...] Ernest Shandeen's <i>The Roots of Fundamentalism</i> [...] shifted the interpretation away from the view that fundamentalism was a last-gasp attempt to preserve a dying way of life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+All+Evangelicals+Now%27%3A+The+Existential+and+Backward+Historiography+of+Twentieth-Century+Evangelicalism&rft.btitle=American+Denominational+History%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Past%2C+Prospects+for+the+Future&rft.series=Religion+%26+American+Culture&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5512-8&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgwJeUn-GKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-split-beliefnet-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-split-beliefnet_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-split-beliefnet_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/2005/06/the-fundamentalist-evangelical-split.aspx">"The Fundamentalist-Evangelical Split"</a>. <i>Beliefnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beliefnet&rft.atitle=The+Fundamentalist-Evangelical+Split&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Ffaiths%2F2005%2F06%2Fthe-fundamentalist-evangelical-split.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden. (1980), 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Militant" in <i> Merriam Webster Third Unabridged Dictionary</i> (1961) which cites "militant suffragist" and "militant trade unionism" as example.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsden (1980), <i>Fundamentalism and American Culture</i> p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip H. Melling, Fundamentalism in America: millennialism, identity and militant religion (1999). As another scholar points out, "One of the major distinctives of fundamentalism is militancy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ung Kyu Pak, <i>Millennialism in the Korean Protestant Church</i> (2005) p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald D. Witherup, a Catholic scholar, says: "Essentially, fundamentalists see themselves as defending authentic Christian religion... The militant aspect helps to explain the desire of fundamentalists to become active in political change." Ronald D. Witherup, <i>Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know</i> (2001) p 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_K._McKim" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald K. McKim">Donald K. McKim</a> and David F. Wright, <i>Encyclopedia of the Reformed faith</i> (1992) p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_M._Marsden1995" class="citation book cs1">George M. Marsden (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uufvZyG-hjEC&pg=PR11"><i>Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+Fundamentalism%3A+Fuller+Seminary+and+the+New+Evangelicalism&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0870-7&rft.au=George+M.+Marsden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuufvZyG-hjEC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger E. Olson, <i>Pocket History of Evangelical Theology</i> (2007) p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry Hankins, <i>Francis Schaeffer and the shaping of Evangelical America</i> (2008) p 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1995" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, George M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uufvZyG-hjEC&pg=PA33"><i>Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 109–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+Fundamentalism%3A+Fuller+Seminary+and+the+New+Evangelicalism&rft.pages=109-118&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0870-7&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuufvZyG-hjEC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John G. Stackhouse, <i>Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century</i> (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Allyn Russell, "Thomas Todhunter Shields: Canadian Fundamentalist," <i>Foundations</i>, 1981, Vol. 24 Issue 1, pp 15–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Elliott, "Knowing No Borders: Canadian Contributions to American Fundamentalism," in George A. Rawlyk and Mark A. Noll, eds., <i>Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States</i> (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollinger2019" class="citation news cs1">Trollinger, William (8 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651-20191008-story.html">"Fundamentalism turns 100, a landmark for the Christian Right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fundamentalism+turns+100%2C+a+landmark+for+the+Christian+Right&rft.date=2019-10-08&rft.aulast=Trollinger&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fsns-fundamentalism-turns-100-a-landmark-for-the-christian-right-123651-20191008-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2019" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Matthew Avery (25 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/25/opinion/the-day-christian-fundamentalism-was-born.html">"The Day Christian Fundamentalism Was Born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Day+Christian+Fundamentalism+Was+Born&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fthe-day-christian-fundamentalism-was-born.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Vance Trollinger, Jr. "Riley's Empire: Northwestern Bible School and Fundamentalism in the Upper Midwest". <i>Church History</i> 1988 57(2): 197–212. 0009–6407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1995" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, George M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uufvZyG-hjEC&pg=PA33"><i>Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0870-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+Fundamentalism%3A+Fuller+Seminary+and+the+New+Evangelicalism&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0870-7&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuufvZyG-hjEC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeEmily_AlbuCarter_LindbergJ._William_Frost1998" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Howard Clark; <a href="/wiki/Emily_Albu" title="Emily Albu">Emily Albu</a>; Carter Lindberg; J. William Frost; Dana L. Robert (1998). <i>Christianity: A Social and Cultural History</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=484&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Howard+Clark&rft.au=Emily+Albu&rft.au=Carter+Lindberg&rft.au=J.+William+Frost&rft.au=Dana+L.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Beth Swetnam Mathews, <i>Rethinking Zion: how the print media placed fundamentalism in the South</i> (2006) page xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespino2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crespino2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespino2007" class="citation book cs1">Crespino, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdCApZN4xjwC&pg=PA169"><i>In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12209-0"><bdi>978-0-691-12209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Another+Country%3A+Mississippi+and+the+Conservative+Counterrevolution&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12209-0&rft.aulast=Crespino&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdCApZN4xjwC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sda.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/hsda?harcsda+gss10nw">"General Social Survey database"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Social+Survey+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsda.berkeley.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fhsda%3Fharcsda%2Bgss10nw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton2019-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton2019_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sutton2019_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2019" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Matthew Avery (25 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/25/opinion/the-day-christian-fundamentalism-was-born.html">"The Day Christian Fundamentalism Was Born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2019</span>. <q>Although fundamentalists differed on how to understand the account of creation in Genesis, they agreed that God was the author of creation and that humans were distinct creatures, separate from animals, and made in the image of God. Some believed than an <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">old earth</a> could be reconciled with the Bible, and others were comfortable teaching some forms of God-directed evolution. Riley and the more strident fundamentalists, however, associated evolution with last-days atheism, and they made it their mission to purge it from the schoolroom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Day+Christian+Fundamentalism+Was+Born&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fthe-day-christian-fundamentalism-was-born.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Goetz, "The Monkey Trial". <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_History" title="Christian History">Christian History</a></i> 1997 16(3): 10–18. 0891–9666; Burton W. Folsom, Jr. "The Scopes Trial Reconsidered." <i>Continuity</i> 1988 (12): 103–127. 0277–1446, by a leading conservative scholar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edwards, "Rethinking the Failure of Fundamentalist Political Antievolutionism after 1925". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fides_Et_Historia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fides Et Historia (page does not exist)">Fides Et Historia</a></i> 2000 32(2): 89–106. 0884–5379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., ed. <i>Controversy in the Twenties: Fundamentalism, Modernism, & Evolution</i> (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1991" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, George E. (1991). "The Evolution Controversy in Arizona and California: From the 1920s to the 1980s". <i>Journal of the Southwest</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 133–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southwest&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+Controversy+in+Arizona+and+California%3A+From+the+1920s+to+the+1980s&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-150&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1986" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, Christopher K. (1986). "Mississippi's Anti-Evolution Law of 1926". <i>Journal of Mississippi History</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 15–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mississippi+History&rft.atitle=Mississippi%27s+Anti-Evolution+Law+of+1926&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Christopher+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncse.com-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncse.com_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncse.com/creationism/legal/intelligent-design-trial-kitzmiller-v-dover">"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Intelligent Design on Trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>. 17 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitzmiller+v.+Dover%3A+Intelligent+Design+on+Trial&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Science+Education&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncse.com%2Fcreationism%2Flegal%2Fintelligent-design-trial-kitzmiller-v-dover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District_et_al." class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District et al.">s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District et al.</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum,_Conclusion#H._Conclusion" class="extiw" title="s:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District/6:Curriculum, Conclusion">H. Conclusion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Harriet A. <i>Fundamentalism and Evangelicals</i> (2008), pp. 39, 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-French-love-7-12-2023-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-French-love-7-12-2023_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2023" class="citation news cs1">French, David (7 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/opinion/donald-trump-fundamentalists-evangelical.html">"Why Fundamentalists Love Trump"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dierenfield, <i>The Battle over School Prayer</i> (2007), page 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oran Smith, <i>The Rise of Baptist Republicanism</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert J. Menendez, <i>Evangelicals at the Ballot Box</i> (1996), pp. 128–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMH2_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMH2_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/121360791/">Gregg Roberts, "Sex Scandal Divides the Bible Belt", Sydney Morning Herald, 13 October 1990, p.74</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMH1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SMH1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/123509858/">Lyons, J., "God Remains an Issue in Queensland", <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>, 18 November 1989.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hey-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hey_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHey2010" class="citation web cs1">Hey, Sam (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412074558/https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/cb4cc218-5145-a604-f5ec-180d9177971d/1/Hey_2011_02Thesis.pdf">"God in the Suburbs and Beyond: The Emergence of and Australian Megachurch and Denomination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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School of Journalism & Communication, The University of Queensland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logos+Foundation%3A+The+rise+and+fall+of+Christian+Reconstructionism+in+Australia&rft.pub=School+of+Journalism+%26+Communication%2C+The+University+of+Queensland&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A8027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/dfrlab/analysis-sexism-homophobia-and-anti-western-narratives-on-russian-social-media-30d1dee5aafd">"Analysis: Sexism, homophobia, and anti-Western narratives on Russian social media"</a>. <i>DFRLab</i>. 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DFRLab&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Sexism%2C+homophobia%2C+and+anti-Western+narratives+on+Russian+social+media&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fdfrlab%2Fanalysis-sexism-homophobia-and-anti-western-narratives-on-russian-social-media-30d1dee5aafd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/dfrlab/analysis-sexism-homophobia-and-anti-western-narratives-on-russian-social-media-30d1dee5aafd">"Analysis: Sexism, homophobia, and anti-Western narratives on Russian social media"</a>. <i>DFRLab</i>. 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DFRLab&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Sexism%2C+homophobia%2C+and+anti-Western+narratives+on+Russian+social+media&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fdfrlab%2Fanalysis-sexism-homophobia-and-anti-western-narratives-on-russian-social-media-30d1dee5aafd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/russian-orthodox-nationalists-hope-for-tsars-return">"Russian Orthodox nationalists hope for tsar's return"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+nationalists+hope+for+tsar%27s+return&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiderimage.reuters.com%2Fstory%2Frussian-orthodox-nationalists-hope-for-tsars-return&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/russian-orthodox-nationalists-hope-for-tsars-return">"Russian Orthodox nationalists hope for tsar's return"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+nationalists+hope+for+tsar%27s+return&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiderimage.reuters.com%2Fstory%2Frussian-orthodox-nationalists-hope-for-tsars-return&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNews" class="citation web cs1">News, A. B. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/russian-nationalists-hope-return-czar/story?id=57133945">"Russian nationalists hope for return of a czar"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+nationalists+hope+for+return+of+a+czar&rft.aulast=News&rft.aufirst=A.+B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Frussian-nationalists-hope-return-czar%2Fstory%3Fid%3D57133945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> William H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i>, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 234-235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Glenn Jonas Jr., <i>The Baptist River: Essays on Many Tributaries of a Diverse Tradition</i>, Mercer University Press, USA, 2008, p. 125: "Independents assert that the Bible is a unified document containing consistent propositional truths. They accept the supernatural elements of the Bible, affirm that it is infallible in every area of reality, and contend that it is to be interpreted literally in the vast majority of cases. Ultimately, they hold not merely to the inerrancy of Scripture, but to the infallibility of their interpretation of Scripture. The doctrine of premillennialism serves as a case in point. Early on in the movement, Independents embraced premillennialism as the only acceptable eschatological view. The BBU made the doctrine a test of fellowship. When Norris formed his Premillennial Missionary Baptist Fellowship (1933), he made premillennialism a requirement for membership. He held this doctrine to be the only acceptable biblical position, charging conventionism with being postmillennial in orientation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill J. Leonard, <i>Baptists in America</i>, Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill J. Leonard, <i>Baptists in America</i>, Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurianLamport2016" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (10 November 2016). <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 931. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4432-0"><bdi>978-1-4422-4432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=931&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4432-0&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham2013-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham2013_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2013" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Andrew James (2013). <i>Conservative Holiness Pastsors' Ability to Assess Depression and their Willingness to refer to Mental Health Professionals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Holiness+Pastsors%27+Ability+to+Assess+Depression+and+their+Willingness+to+refer+to+Mental+Health+Professionals&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Liberty+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Andrew+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i>, Mercer University Press, USA, 2005, p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorrien1998-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorrien1998_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorrien1998_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrien1998" class="citation book cs1">Dorrien, Gary J. (1 January 1998). <i>The Remaking of Evangelical Theology</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25803-0"><bdi>978-0-664-25803-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remaking+of+Evangelical+Theology&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25803-0&rft.aulast=Dorrien&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infidels.org/library/modern/steven_conifer/fundamentalism.html">"A Critique of Fundamentalism"</a>. <i>infidels.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infidels.org&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+Fundamentalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fmodern%2Fsteven_conifer%2Ffundamentalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-God-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-God_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan_HillPaul_F._KnitterWilliam_Madges1997" class="citation book cs1">Brennan Hill; Paul F. Knitter; William Madges (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ek6bzhrlJL8C&pg=PA326"><i>Faith, Religion & Theology: A Contemporary Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Third_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-Third Publications">Twenty-Third Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89622-725-5"><bdi>978-0-89622-725-5</bdi></a>. <q>In fundamentalists circles, both Catholic and Protestant, God is often presented more as a God of judgment and punishment than as a God of love and mercy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+Religion+%26+Theology%3A+A+Contemporary+Introduction&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89622-725-5&rft.au=Brennan+Hill&rft.au=Paul+F.+Knitter&rft.au=William+Madges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dek6bzhrlJL8C%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Jonathan J. (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7k8VBwAAQBAJ"><i>Superchurch: The Rhetoric and Politics of American Fundamentalism</i></a>. MSU Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62895-170-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62895-170-7"><bdi>978-1-62895-170-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superchurch%3A+The+Rhetoric+and+Politics+of+American+Fundamentalism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=MSU+Press&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62895-170-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7k8VBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-dimension/201511/fundamentalist-christianity-and-child-abuse-taboo-topic">"Fundamentalist Christianity and Child Abuse: A Taboo Topic"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Fundamentalist+Christianity+and+Child+Abuse%3A+A+Taboo+Topic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-human-dimension%2F201511%2Ffundamentalist-christianity-and-child-abuse-taboo-topic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrightbill" class="citation news cs1">Brightbill, Kathryn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-evangelical-roy-moore-girls-1115-20171114-story.html">"The larger problem of sexual abuse in evangelical circles"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ACLU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Victory+in+the+Challenge+to+Intelligent+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fother%2Fvictory-challenge-intelligent-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Almond, Gabriel A., <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Appleby" title="R. Scott Appleby">R. Scott Appleby</a>, and Emmanuel Sivan, eds. (2003). <i>Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms around the World.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmerman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ammerman" title="Nancy Ammerman">Ammerman, Nancy T.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA1">"North American Protestant Fundamentalism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Appleby" title="R. Scott Appleby">Appleby, R. Scott</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC"><i>Fundamentalisms Observed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism_Project" title="Fundamentalism Project">The Fundamentalism Project</a>, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1"><bdi>0-226-50878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+American+Protestant+Fundamentalism&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+1&rft.pages=1-65&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-50878-1&rft.aulast=Ammerman&rft.aufirst=Nancy+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_God" title="The Battle for God">The Battle for God</a>.</i> New York: Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-39169-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-39169-1">0-345-39169-1</a>.</li> <li>Balmer, Randall (2nd ed 2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism</i></li> <li>Balmer, Randall (2010). <i>The Making of Evangelicalism: From Revivalism to Politics and Beyond</i>, 120pp</li> <li>Balmer, Randall (2000). <i>Blessed Assurance: A History of Evangelicalism in America</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bebbington" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bebbington">Bebbington, David W.</a> (1990). "Baptists and Fundamentalists in Inter-War Britain". In Keith Robbins, ed. <i>Protestant Evangelicalism: Britain, Ireland, Germany and America <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span>.</i> Studies in Church History subsidia 7, 297–326. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17818-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17818-X">0-631-17818-X</a>.</li> <li>Bebbington, David W. (1993). "Martyrs for the Truth: Fundamentalists in Britain". In Diana Wood, ed. <i>Martyrs and Martyrologies,</i> Studies in Church History Vol. 30, 417–451. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18868-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18868-1">0-631-18868-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">Barr, James</a> (1977). <i>Fundamentalism.</i> London: SCM Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-00503-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-00503-5">0-334-00503-5</a>.</li> <li>Caplan, Lionel (1987). <i>Studies in Religious Fundamentalism.</i> London: The MacMillan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-518-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-518-X">0-88706-518-X</a>.</li> <li>Carpenter, Joel A. (1999). <i>Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism.</i> Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512907-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512907-5">0-19-512907-5</a>.</li> <li>Cole, Stewart Grant (1931). <i>The History of Fundamentalism</i>, Greenwood Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5683-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-5683-1">0-8371-5683-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingesHitchcock1991" class="citation book cs1">Dinges, William D.; Hitchcock, James (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA66">"Roman Catholic Traditionalism and Activist Conservatism in the United States"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Scott_Appleby" title="R. Scott Appleby">Appleby, R. Scott</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC"><i>Fundamentalisms Observed</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism_Project" title="Fundamentalism Project">The Fundamentalism Project</a>, 1. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 66–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50878-1"><bdi>0-226-50878-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic+Traditionalism+and+Activist+Conservatism+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.series=The+Fundamentalism+Project%2C+1&rft.pages=66-141&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-226-50878-1&rft.aulast=Dinges&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Hitchcock%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd5yzP5hdiEC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Doner, Colonel V. (2012). <i>Christian Jihad: Neo-Fundamentalists and the Polarization of America</i>, Samizdat Creative</li> <li>Elliott, David R. (1993). "Knowing No Borders: Canadian Contributions to Fundamentalism". In George A. Rawlyk and Mark A. Noll, eds. <i>Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States.</i> Grand Rapids: Baker. 349–374, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1214-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1214-4">0-7735-1214-4</a>.</li> <li>Dollar, George W. (1973). <i>A History of Fundamentalism in America.</i> Greenville: Bob Jones University Press.</li> <li>Hankins, Barry. (2008). <i>American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of A Mainstream Religious Movement.</i></li> <li>Harris, Harriet A. (1998). <i>Fundamentalism and Evangelicals.</i> Oxford University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826960-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826960-9">0-19-826960-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/D.G._Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="D.G. Hart">Hart, D. G.</a> (1998). "The Tie that Divides: Presbyterian Ecumenism, Fundamentalism and the History of Twentieth-Century American Protestantism". <i>Westminster Theological Journal</i>. <b>60</b>: 85–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Tie+that+Divides%3A+Presbyterian+Ecumenism%2C+Fundamentalism+and+the+History+of+Twentieth-Century+American+Protestantism&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=85-107&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hughes, Richard Thomas (1988). <i>The American quest for the primitive church</i> 257pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JW3kYxc7Fl0C">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Keating, Karl (1988). <i>Catholicism and Fundamentalism</i>. San Francisco, Ca: Ignatius. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-177-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-177-5">0-89870-177-5</a>.</li> <li>Laats, Adam (Feb. 2010). "Forging a Fundamentalist 'One Best System': Struggles over Curriculum and Educational Philosophy for Christian Day Schools, 1970–1989", <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>, 50 (Feb. 2010), 55–83.</li> <li>Longfield, Bradley J. (1991). <i>The Presbyterian Controversy.</i> New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508674-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508674-0">0-19-508674-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marsden" title="George Marsden">Marsden, George M.</a> (1995). "Fundamentalism as an American Phenomenon". In D. G. Hart, ed. <i>Reckoning with the Past,</i> 303–321. Grand Rapids: Baker.</li> <li>Marsden; George M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98828304">(1980)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330041425/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98828304">Archived</a> 30 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Fundamentalism and American Culture.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502758-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502758-2">0-19-502758-2</a>; the standard scholarly history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195300475/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Marsden, George M. (1991). <i>Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCune1998" class="citation journal cs1">McCune, Rolland D (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910120553/http://www.dbts.edu/dbts/journals/1998/McCune.pdf">"The Formation of New Evangelicalism (Part One): Historical and Theological Antecedents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal</i>. <b>3</b>: 3–34. Archived from the original on 10 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Baptist+Seminary+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+New+Evangelicalism+%28Part+One%29%3A+Historical+and+Theological+Antecedents&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=3-34&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=Rolland+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbts.edu%2Fdbts%2Fjournals%2F1998%2FMcCune.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li>McLachlan, Douglas R. (1993). <i>Reclaiming Authentic Fundamentalism</i>. Independence, Mo.: American Association of Christian Schools. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918407-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-918407-02-8">0-918407-02-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark</a> (1992). <i>A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada.</i>. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 311–389. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0651-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0651-1">0-8028-0651-1</a>.</li> <li>Noll, Mark A., David W. Bebbington and George A. Rawlyk eds. (1994). <i>Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1990.</i></li> <li>Rawlyk, George A., and Mark A. Noll, eds. (1993). <i>Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States</i>.</li> <li>Rennie, Ian S. (1994). "Fundamentalism and the Varieties of North Atlantic Evangelicalism". in Mark A. Noll, David W. Bebbington and George A. Rawlyk eds. <i>Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1990.</i> New York: Oxford University Press. 333–364, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508362-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508362-8">0-19-508362-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1976" class="citation cs2">Russell, C. Allyn (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XN_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Voices of American Fundamentalism: Seven Biographical Studies</i></a>, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox_Press" title="Westminster John Knox Press">Westminster Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-20814-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-20814-2"><bdi>0-664-20814-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+American+Fundamentalism%3A+Seven+Biographical+Studies&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-664-20814-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=C.+Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXN_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ruthven, Malise (2007). <i>Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction.</i></li> <li>Sandeen, Ernest Robert (1970). <i>The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-73467-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-73467-6">0-226-73467-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Seat" title="Leroy Seat">Seat, Leroy</a> (2007). <i>Fed Up with Fundamentalism: A Historical, Theological, and Personal Appraisal of Christian Fundamentalism</i>. Liberty, MO: 4-L Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59526-859-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59526-859-4">978-1-59526-859-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2004" class="citation book cs1">Small, Robyn (2004). <i>A Delightful Inheritance</i> (1st ed.). Wilsonton, Queensland: Robyn Small. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920855-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920855-73-4"><bdi>978-1-920855-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Delightful+Inheritance&rft.place=Wilsonton%2C+Queensland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Robyn+Small&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-920855-73-4&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+fundamentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stackhouse, John G. (1993). <i>Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century</i></li> <li>Trollinger, William V. (1991). <i>God's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwestern Fundamentalism.</i></li> <li>Utzinger, J. Michael (2006). <i>Yet Saints Their Watch Are Keeping: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and the Development of Evangelical Ecclesiology, 1887–1937</i>, Macon: Mercer University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-902-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-902-8">0-86554-902-8</a></li> <li>Witherup, S. S., Ronald, D. (2001). <i>Biblical Fundamentalism: What Every Catholic Should Know</i>, 101pp</li> <li>Woods, Thomas E. et al. "Fundamentalism: What Role did the Fundamentalists Play in American Society of the 1920s?" in <i>History in Dispute Vol. 3: American Social and Political Movements, 1900–1945: Pursuit of Progress</i> (Gale, 2000), 13pp online at Gale.</li> <li>Young, F. Lionel, III, (2005). "To the Right of Billy Graham: John R. Rice's 1957 Crusade Against New Evangelicalism and the End of the Fundamentalist-Evangelical Coalition". Th. M. Thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hankins, Barr, ed. (2008). <i>Evangelicalism and Fundamentalism: A Documentary Reader.</i></li> <li>Torrey, R. A., Dixon, A. C., et al. (eds.) (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030101082327/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm"><i>The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth</i></a> partial version at web.archive.org. Accessed 2011-07-26.</li> <li>Trollinger, William Vance Jr., ed. (1995). <i>The Antievolution Pamphlets of William Bell Riley.</i> (Creationism in Twentieth-Century America: A Ten-Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903–1961. Vol. 4.) New York: Garland, 221 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_fundamentalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrinal_Statement_of_the_World_Conference_on_Christian_Fundamentals_1919" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Doctrinal Statement of the World Conference on Christian Fundamentals 1919">The Doctrinal Statement of the World Conference on Christian Fundamentals 1919</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_fundamentalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Christian_fundamentalism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912144906/http://www.dbts.edu/journals/1996_1/ACDIXON.PDF"><i>A. C. Dixon, Chicago Liberals and the Fundamentals</i> by Gerald L. Priest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302201152/http://www.waccglobal.org/wacc/publications/media_development/2005_2/christian_fundamentalism_and_the_media">Christian Fundamentalism and the Media</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcahistory.org/documents/deliverance.html">Earliest Written Version of The Five Essentials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615010407/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/fund.html">Fundamentalism Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030101082327/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6528/fundcont.htm"><i>The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth</i></a> Online version of "The Fundamentals", not complete at 2011-07-26.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/commentaries/torrey_ra/">The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111113936/http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl%401518cutopic_topicid55cuitem_itemid10285.htm">WELS Topical Q&A: Essential Christian Doctrine</a> (A <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutheran</a> perspective)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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