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text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forest_of_Bowland&params=53.95_N_2.59_W_dim:30000_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.95°N 2.59°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.95; -2.59</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upland conservation area in Lancashire, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Forest of Bowland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ward%27s_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ward%27s_Stone.jpg/284px-Ward%27s_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ward%27s_Stone.jpg/426px-Ward%27s_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ward%27s_Stone.jpg/568px-Ward%27s_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Ward%27s_Stone" title="Ward's Stone">Ward's Stone</a> is the highest point in the Forest of Bowland at 1,841 feet (561 m).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png/284px-Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png/426px-Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png/568px-Bowland_%26_Lancs_with_UK.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Forest of Bowland <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">AONB</a> shown (in green) with the district boundaries of Lancashire</div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1964<span class="noprint">; 60 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1964</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlick_234-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parlick_234-34.jpg/280px-Parlick_234-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parlick_234-34.jpg/420px-Parlick_234-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Parlick_234-34.jpg/560px-Parlick_234-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parlick" title="Parlick">Parlick</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Forest of Bowland</b>, also known as the <b>Bowland Fells</b> and formerly the <b>Chase of Bowland</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-porter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an area of <a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">gritstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a>, deep valleys and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a>, mostly in north-east <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England, with a small part in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> (however roughly half of the area falls into the area of the historic <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>). It is a western outlier of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_Britain_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Britain-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Forest of Bowland was designated an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a> (AONB) in 1964. The AONB also includes a detached part known as the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Pendle" title="Forest of Pendle">Forest of Pendle</a> separated from the main part by the <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a> Valley, and anciently a <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal forest</a> with its own separate history. One of the best-known features of the area is <a href="/wiki/Pendle_Hill" title="Pendle Hill">Pendle Hill</a>, which lies in Pendle Forest. There are more than 500 <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> and 18 <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monuments</a> within the AONB. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trough_of_Bowland" title="Trough of Bowland">Trough of Bowland</a> is a pass connecting the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wyre" title="River Wyre">Marshaw Wyre</a> with that of <a href="/wiki/Langden_Brook" title="Langden Brook">Langden Brook</a>, and dividing the upland core of Bowland into two main blocks. </p><p>The hills on the western side of the Forest of Bowland attract walkers from <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancaster, England">Lancaster</a> and the surrounding area. Overlooking Lancaster is <a href="/wiki/Clougha_Pike" title="Clougha Pike">Clougha Pike</a>, the westernmost hill. The hills form a large <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoe</a> shape with its open end facing west. Clockwise from Lancaster the hills are <a href="/wiki/Clougha_Pike" title="Clougha Pike">Clougha Pike</a> (413 m or 1,355 ft), <a href="/wiki/Grit_Fell" title="Grit Fell">Grit Fell</a> (468 m or 1,535 ft), <a href="/wiki/Ward%27s_Stone" title="Ward's Stone">Ward's Stone</a> (561 m or 1,841 ft), <a href="/wiki/Wolfhole_Crag" title="Wolfhole Crag">Wolfhole Crag</a> (527 m or 1,729 ft), <a href="/wiki/White_Hill_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Hill (England)">White Hill</a> (544 m or 1,785 ft), Whins Brow (476 m or 1,562 ft), Totridge (496 m or 1,627 ft), <a href="/wiki/Parlick" title="Parlick">Parlick</a> (432 m or 1,417 ft), <a href="/wiki/Fair_Snape_Fell" title="Fair Snape Fell">Fair Snape Fell</a> (510 m or 1,670 ft), <a href="/wiki/Bleasdale" title="Bleasdale">Bleasdale</a> Moor (429 m or 1,407 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Hawthornthwaite_Fell" title="Hawthornthwaite Fell">Hawthornthwaite Fell</a> (478 m or 1,568 ft). </p><p>The area contains, by one definition, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Centre points of the United Kingdom">geographic centre of Great Britain</a> which is close to the Whitendale Hanging Stones, around four miles (6 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Dunsop_Bridge" title="Dunsop Bridge">Dunsop Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical extent of Bowland Forest is divided into two large administrative townships, Great Bowland (<a href="/wiki/Bowland_Forest_High" title="Bowland Forest High">Bowland Forest High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowland_Forest_Low" title="Bowland Forest Low">Bowland Forest Low</a>) and Little Bowland (<a href="/wiki/Bowland-with-Leagram" title="Bowland-with-Leagram">Bowland-with-Leagram</a>), but the modern-day AONB covers a much larger area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Bowland" title="Lordship of Bowland">Lordship of Bowland</a></div> <p>Possibly a region of the British kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged">Rheged</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowland was absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in the 7th century. In turn, as Northumbrian influence waned, the westernmost areas of Bowland became part of <a href="/wiki/Amounderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Amounderness">Amounderness</a>, a territory forged by the Norse <i>hold</i> Agmundr, a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Eowils_and_Halfdan" title="Eowils and Halfdan">Eowils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eowils_and_Halfdan" title="Eowils and Halfdan">Halfdan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eowils_and_Halfdan" title="Eowils and Halfdan">Ingwaer</a>, co-kings of <a href="/wiki/Jorvik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorvik">Jorvik</a>, in the early 10th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg/220px-The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg/330px-The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg/440px-The_Grey_Stone_of_Trough_-_geograph.org.uk_-_409720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Lancashire side of the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Stone_of_Trough" title="Grey Stone of Trough">Grey Stone of Trough</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 926, Amounderness was annexed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>, king of the West Saxons, as a spoil of war. In 934, he granted it to <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfstan I">Wulfstan I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>. According to Aethelstan's grant, Amounderness at that time stretched "from the sea along the <a href="/wiki/River_Cocker_(Lancashire)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Cocker (Lancashire)">Cocker</a> to the source of that river, from that source straight to another spring which is called in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, <i>"Dunshop"</i>, thus down the rivulet to the <a href="/wiki/River_Hodder" title="River Hodder">Hodder</a>, in the same direction to the <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble</a> and thus along that river through the middle of the channel to the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Amounderness encompassed a significant portion of western and south-western Bowland. </p><p>Ekwall thus describes the eastern boundary of Amounderness as "being formed by the fells on the Yorkshire border";<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a description which places the ancient boundary firmly within the modern-day Forest of Bowland. While it is difficult to pinpoint <i>Dunshop</i>, the confluence of the rivers Dunsop and Hodder at <a href="/wiki/Dunsop_Bridge" title="Dunsop Bridge">Dunsop Bridge</a> seems a likely locale, situated as it is close to the eastern mouth of the Trough of Bowland, whose <a href="/wiki/Grey_Stone_of_Trough" title="Grey Stone of Trough">Grey Stone</a> marks the line of the pre-1974 county boundary. </p><p>Contrary to the popular histories, the origins of the name "Bowland" have nothing to do with archery ("the land of the bow") or with mediaeval cattle farms or vaccaries (Old Norse, <i>buu-</i>, farmstead). The name derives from the Old Norse <i>boga-/bogi-</i>, meaning a "bend in a river". It is a 10th-century coinage used to describe the topography of the Hodder basin, with its characteristic meandering river and brooks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trig_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trig_Point.jpg/220px-Trig_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trig_Point.jpg/330px-Trig_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Trig_Point.jpg/440px-Trig_Point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_station" title="Triangulation station">trig point</a> on Longridge Fell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaidburn_Bridge,_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg/220px-Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg/330px-Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg/440px-Slaidburn_Bridge%2C_Forest_of_Bowland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_56545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Slaidburn Bridge, Slaidburn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg/220px-Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg/330px-Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg/440px-Langden_Brook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Smelt Mill cottages, Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team HQ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stocks_Reservoir,_Forest_of_Bowland,_Lancashire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg/220px-Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg/330px-Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg/440px-Stocks_Reservoir%2C_Forest_of_Bowland%2C_Lancashire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Stocks Reservoir, Forest of Bowland</figcaption></figure> <p>The Domesday <i>Bogeuurde</i> is an instance of this usage – the placename thought to designate Barge Ford (formerly known as Boward), a ford that sits on the wide, pronounced bend of the Hodder at its <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> with Foulscales Brook, due south-west of Newton. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, Bowland was held by <a href="/wiki/Tostig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tostig">Tostig</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Wessex" title="Earl of Wessex">Earl of Wessex</a>. However, as feudal entities, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(division)" title="Liberty (division)">Liberty</a> of Bowland were created by <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus">William Rufus</a> sometime after <a href="/wiki/Domesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesday">Domesday</a> and granted to his vassal <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Poitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Poitou">Roger de Poitou</a>, possibly to reward Poitou for his role in defeating the Scots army of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm III">Malcolm III</a> in 1091–92. In all likelihood, it was this grant that subsumed the eastern portion of Amounderness into the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Bowland" title="Lordship of Bowland">Lordship of Bowland</a> for the first time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the 11th century, the Forest and Liberty came into the possession of the <a href="/wiki/De_Lacy" title="De Lacy">De Lacys</a>, Lords of <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>. In 1102, along with the grant of the adjacent fee of <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a> and further holdings in <a href="/wiki/Hornby,_Lancashire" title="Hornby, Lancashire">Hornby</a> and Amounderness, they came to form the basis of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Honour_of_Clitheroe" title="Honour of Clitheroe">Honor of Clitheroe</a>. </p><p>In 1311, the Honor of Clitheroe was subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Lancaster">Earldom of Lancaster</a>. Between 1351 and 1661, it was administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>. By the late 14th century, Bowland comprised a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Forest">Royal Forest</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(division)" title="Liberty (division)">Liberty</a> of ten manors spanning eight townships and four parishes and covered an area of almost 300 square miles (800 km<sup>2</sup>) on the historic borders of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The manors within the Liberty were <a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Slaidburn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton-in-Bowland" title="Newton-in-Bowland">Newton-in-Bowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bradford,_Lancashire" title="West Bradford, Lancashire">West Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grindleton" title="Grindleton">Grindleton</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Knowlmere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waddington,_Lancashire" title="Waddington, Lancashire">Waddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easington,_Lancashire" title="Easington, Lancashire">Easington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashall_Eaves" title="Bashall Eaves">Bashall Eaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Mitton" title="Great Mitton">Mitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Mitton" title="Great Mitton">Withgill (Crook)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Leagram">Leagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Hammerton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Dunnow (Battersby)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pendle Forest was also part of the Honor of Clitheroe, but administered as part of the Forest of <a href="/wiki/Blackburnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackburnshire">Blackburnshire</a>, entirely in Lancashire. </p><p>Gradale, in the northeastern extremity of the forest, grew in population as new land was made available for colonisation. In the mediaeval period, it was a pasture of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> grange of Rushton on the upper Hodder. In 1537, its <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkstall_Abbey" title="Kirkstall Abbey">Kirkstall Abbey</a>, was dissolved. Tenements began appearing in the area from the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-porter48_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter48-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1650, the lower land of the forest had been almost completely cleared of woods, then divided into small plots, with only the higher land remaining open. Whereas their forebears of the 16th century lived in "crude timber and thatch cottages", the farmers of the following century were likely inhabiting stone farmhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-porter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1652, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> had made a survey of the area, when it was an estate of the Duchy of Lancaster formerly belonging to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. The survey showed that the forest was not just a <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> hunting ground, and that, since the 13th century, it had started to become a place of habitation by <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a>, who had purchased their holdings from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> or Charles I. As farming increased, so did the populousness of the forest. Parks were created for the preservation of the remaining deer. It was one of many such surveys of Crown lands made by the government during the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>. The common result of these surveys was that the land was sold off, but the Chase of Bowland (as it was then known) remained under the ownership of the Duchy for a further decade.<sup id="cite_ref-porter_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1661, the 28 manors contained within the former Honor of Clitheroe, including the Forest and Liberty of Bowland, were granted by the Crown to General <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">George Monck</a> as part of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albemarle" title="Duke of Albemarle">Dukedom of Albemarle</a>. Monck had been a key figure in the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Bowland" title="Lordship of Bowland">Lordship of Bowland</a> then descended through the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Montagu" title="Duke of Montagu">Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Duke of Buccleuch">Buccleuch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Towneley_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Towneley (family)">Towneley</a> families. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bowbearer" title="Bowbearer">Bowbearers</a> of the Forest of Bowland have been appointed since the 12th century. A Bowbearer was originally a noble who acted as ceremonial attendant to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Bowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Bowland">Lord of Bowland</a>, latterly the king, by bearing (carrying) his hunting bow, but over the centuries the Bowbearer's role underwent many changes. In April 2010, it was reported that the current 16th <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Bowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Bowland">Lord of Bowland</a> had revived the office of Bowbearer and appointed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redmayne_Parker" title="Robert Redmayne Parker">Robert Redmayne Parker</a> the first Bowbearer of the Forest in almost 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Forest of Bowland had its own forest courts –<i> woodmote</i> and <i>swainmote</i> – from early times. These appear to have been abandoned in the 1830s around the time of Peregrine Towneley's acquisition of the Bowland Forest Estate. The halmote court at <a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Slaidburn</a> was disbanded following the abolition of a copyhold by the Law of Property Act in 1922. General forest law in Britain was finally repealed by statute in 1971, more than 900 years after its introduction by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>. The original Bowland Forest courts appear to have been held at Hall Hill near Radholme Laund before moving to <a href="/wiki/Whitewell" title="Whitewell">Whitewell</a> sometime in the 14th century. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had little impact on Bowland, as it had no coal reserves or valleys with fast flowing streams to power wool and cotton industries. There was some small-scale lead mining and lime production, quarrying and paper and cotton mills.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/St_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Hubert">St Hubert</a>, the patron saint of hunting, is also the patron saint of the Forest of Bowland and has a chapel dedicated to him in <a href="/wiki/Dunsop_Bridge" title="Dunsop Bridge">Dunsop Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This chapel was founded by Richard Eastwood of Thorneyholme, land agent to the Towneley family. Eastwood was the last known Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland. An acclaimed breeder of racehorses and shorthorn cattle, he died in 1871 and is buried at St Hubert's. </p><p>Considerable areas of the Bowland Fells were used for military training during the Second World War, and there are still unexploded bombs in some areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "forest" is used in its traditional sense of "a <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal hunting ground</a>", and rather than being covered by trees, much of the land is <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather</a> moorland and <a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">blanket bog</a>. In the past <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild cat">wild cats</a> and game roamed the forest. The last herd of wild deer is reported to have been destroyed in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades extensive peatland restoration work has been carried out in the AONB <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.forestofbowland.com/milestone-celebrates-vital-nature-conservation-work">[1]</a>, with over 755 hectares of blanket bog being restored since 2010 through the co-operation of estates including Abbeystead estate, which is owned by Grosvenor estates, Whitewell estate, which is owned by the Duchy of Lancaster, United Utility's Bowland estate and organisations such as Natural England, Lancashire Wildlife Trusts, Yorkshire Peat Partnership, Wyre Rivers Trust and Ribble Rivers Trust, amongst others. This ongoing work has helped to undo decades of damage caused to the ecology and landscape of the area by bad land management practices.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grouse_shooting">Grouse shooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grouse shooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large parts of moorland are still managed for <a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">grouse</a> <a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">shooting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbeystead_House" title="Abbeystead House">Abbeystead</a> estate holds the record for the <a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">largest number of grouse killed</a> in one day, when on 12 August 1915, 2,929 birds were shot by just eight hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>38,940.5 acres (15,759 ha) of the Bowland Fells is designated a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSI).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area is internationally important for its upland bird populations and under the <a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Habitats Directive</a> "Bowland Fells" has been designated a <a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Area" title="Special Protection Area">Special Protection Area</a> (designated especially for breeding <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the land designated as Bowland Fells SSSI is owned by <a href="/wiki/United_Utilities" title="United Utilities">United Utilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hen_harriers">Hen harriers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hen harriers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hen_harrier" title="Hen harrier">hen harrier</a> is the current symbol of the AONB,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although originally this position was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_goshawk" title="Eurasian goshawk">goshawk</a>, the 'queen of the Forest', a hawk that in medieval times was only permitted to be flown by nobility and therefore became emblematic of royal hunting forests such as Bowland. Because the hen harrier is under threat from illegal persecution in the Forest of Bowland and other upland areas of England,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with none recorded breeding in England in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-RSPBNews_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSPBNews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this emblem was unofficially modified and adapted to represent the hen harrier instead. </p><p>The RSPB takes the view that driven grouse shoots should be licensed so that, for example, crimes committed on estates managed for shooting should result in the withdrawal of their right to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bowland Beth: The Life of an English Hen Harrier</i>, a 2017 book by film director <a href="/wiki/David_Cobham" title="David Cobham">David Cobham</a>, studies the persecution of the hen harrier on the grouse moors of the Forest of Bowland.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_recovery_of_the_species">Partial recovery of the species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Partial recovery of the species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014 it was announced that the Forest of Bowland would be one of the SPAs included in a European Union <a href="/wiki/The_LIFE_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="The LIFE Programme">LIFE project</a> designed to ensure a sustainable future for Hen harriers in England and Scotland. Called "Conserving the hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) in northern England and southern and eastern Scotland",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the project aimed to work constructively with landowners and the shooting community.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Scotland_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Scotland-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 a single chick fledged in the Forest. In 2018 two nests were reported on land belonging to United Utilities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020–22 the work of staff from Natural England and gamekeepers from the area's estates, monitored by the RSPB, showed further progress, with 22 hen harriers fledging in 2020, 31 in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least 39 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forest of Bowland is located in the Forest of Bowland"><img alt="Forest of Bowland is located in the Forest of Bowland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg/350px-Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg/525px-Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg/700px-Location_relief_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="709" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.4%;left:24.574%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beacon Fell"><img alt="Beacon Fell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Fell,_Lancashire" title="Beacon Fell, Lancashire">Beacon Fell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.714%;left:18.361%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Clougha Pike"><img alt="Clougha Pike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Clougha_Pike" title="Clougha Pike">Clougha<br />Pike</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.971%;left:65.262%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Easington Fell"><img alt="Easington Fell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Easington_Fell" title="Easington Fell">Easington Fell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.029%;left:31.951%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fair Snape"><img alt="Fair Snape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Fair_Snape_Fell" title="Fair Snape Fell">Fair Snape</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.343%;left:21.689%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grit Fell"><img alt="Grit Fell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Grit_Fell" title="Grit Fell">Grit Fell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.286%;left:27.115%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hawthornthwaite Fell"><img alt="Hawthornthwaite Fell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hawthornthwaite_Fell" title="Hawthornthwaite Fell">Hawthornthwaite Fell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.771%;left:47.656%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Longridge Fell"><img alt="Longridge Fell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/12px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/18px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Longridge_Fell" title="Longridge Fell">Longridge Fell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.629%;left:31.689%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Parlick"><img alt="Parlick" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lawkland" title="Lawkland">Lawkland</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.857%;left:88.197%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Newchurch"><img alt="Newchurch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Newchurch_in_Pendle" title="Newchurch in Pendle">Newchurch</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.857%;left:57.049%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Newton"><img alt="Newton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Newton-in-Bowland" title="Newton-in-Bowland">Newton</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.857%;left:17.541%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oakenclough"><img alt="Oakenclough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oakenclough" title="Oakenclough">Oakenclough</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.857%;left:12.459%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Quernmore"><img alt="Quernmore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Quernmore" title="Quernmore">Quernmore</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.286%;left:93.77%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Roughlee"><img alt="Roughlee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Roughlee,_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roughlee, Lancashire">Roughlee</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.714%;left:77.705%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sabden"><img alt="Sabden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sabden" title="Sabden">Sabden</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.571%;left:76.885%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sawley"><img alt="Sawley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Sawley,_Lancashire" title="Sawley, Lancashire">Sawley</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.143%;left:8.361%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Scorton"><img alt="Scorton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Scorton,_Lancashire" title="Scorton, Lancashire">Scorton</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.143%;left:61.311%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Slaidburn"><img alt="Slaidburn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Slaidburn" title="Slaidburn">Slaidburn</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.143%;left:64.918%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stocks Reservoir"><img alt="Stocks Reservoir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/8px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/12px-Blue_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/16px-Blue_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Stocks_Reservoir" title="Stocks Reservoir">Stocks Reservoir</a></i></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:84%;left:55.082%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Stonyhurst"><img alt="Stonyhurst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Stonyhurst" title="Stonyhurst">Stonyhurst</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40%;left:74.754%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tosside"><img alt="Tosside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tosside" title="Tosside">Tosside</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.857%;left:39.18%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Trough of Bowland"><img alt="Trough of Bowland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/8px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/16px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Trough_of_Bowland" title="Trough of Bowland">Trough of Bowland</a></i></span></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.286%;left:64.426%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="     Waddington"><img alt="     Waddington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>     <a href="/wiki/Waddington,_Lancashire" title="Waddington, Lancashire">Waddington</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70%;left:69.18%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West Bradford"><img alt="West Bradford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/West_Bradford,_Lancashire" title="West Bradford, Lancashire">West Bradford</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.286%;left:22.459%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Whitechapel"><img alt="Whitechapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel,_Lancashire" title="Whitechapel, Lancashire">Whitechapel</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.857%;left:46.885%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Whitewell"><img alt="Whitewell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Whitewell" title="Whitewell">Whitewell</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.571%;left:32.951%;font-size:85%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wray"><img alt="Wray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Wray,_Lancashire" title="Wray, Lancashire">Wray</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_United_Kingdom_Forest_of_Bowland.svg" title="File:Location map United Kingdom Forest of Bowland.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Places in the Forest of Bowland AONB</div></div></div> <p>Bowland is dominated by a central upland landform (generally above 1,200 feet (370 m) and rising to 1,700 feet (520 m))<sup id="cite_ref-porter_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of deeply incised gritstone <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a> covered with tracts of heather-covered <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> moorland and <a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">blanket bog</a>. The lower slopes of the fells are dotted with stone-built farms and small villages and are criss-crossed by drystone walls enclosing reclaimed moorland pasture. Steep-sided wooded valleys link the upland and lowland landscapes. In the north-east of the area are extensive coniferous plantations and the eastern limestone areas support high-quality species-rich meadows.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caves in the area include Hell Hole, Whitewell Cave and Whitewell Pot. It is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Pennines" title="South Pennines">South Pennines</a>, from which the fells are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Aire_Gap" title="Aire Gap">Aire Gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">Ribble Valley</a>. </p><p>The southern part of the Forest of Bowland is divided by the valley of the River Hodder. West of the river lies a tract of lowland dotted by limestone hills, such as the New Laund and Long Knott. East of the Hodder is a low-lying area known as the Lees. Nearby, higher up, are Browsholme Moor and Burholme Moor.<sup id="cite_ref-porter_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Forest of Bowland is formed largely from the succession of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstones</a> dating from the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period which constitute the <a href="/wiki/Millstone_Grit" title="Millstone Grit">Millstone Grit</a> Group. Early Carboniferous rocks in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a> and associated rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Craven_Group" title="Craven Group">Craven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowland_High_Group" title="Bowland High Group">Bowland High</a> groups underlie the area at depth and are exposed at the surface around its south-eastern margin. The succession in <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic order</a> (uppermost/youngest at top) is this: </p> <ul><li>Millstone Grit Group <ul><li>Silsden Formation <ul><li>Ward's Stone Sandstone (member)</li> <li>Roeburndale Member (including the Dure Clough Sandstone)</li></ul></li> <li>Pendleton Formation <ul><li>Brennand Grit (member) (corresponds to the Warley Wise Grit or Grassington Grit elsewhere)</li> <li>Pendle Grit Member</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Craven Group <ul><li>Bowland Shale Formation (mudstone and siltstone)</li> <li>Pendleside Limestone Formation (interbedded limestone and mudstone, conglomerate)</li> <li>Hodderense Limestone Formation</li> <li>Hodder Mudstone Formation (limestone and mudstone)</li></ul></li> <li>Bowland High Group <ul><li>Chatburn Limestone Formation (formerly a 'group')<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The Ward's Stone Sandstone forms the peaks and hillsides of Clougha Pike, Ward's Stone, Tarnbrook Fell, Wolfhole Crag and Mallowdale Fell whilst the Dure Clough Sandstone forms White Hill, Great Harlow and Lythe Fell. The Brennand Grit forms Bowland Knotts, Great and Little Bull Stones, Whitendale Hanging Stones and parts of Brennand Fell. The Pendle Grit forms almost all of the fells south-west of the Trough of Bowland and all of the south-east of the Forest from Winfold Fell to Croasdale Fell as far east as Gisburn Forest. It also forms Birkett, Waddington, Easington and Grindleton fells, south of Slaidburn.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum_and_visitor_centre">Museum and visitor centre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Museum and visitor centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bowland Visitor Centre is located in <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Fell_Country_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Beacon Fell Country Park">Beacon Fell Country Park</a> in the AONB. It is managed by Lancashire County Council Countryside Service and provides visitors with information about the AONB and surrounding countryside. </p><p>There is a display on the ecology of the Forest of Bowland in <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe_Castle_Museum" title="Clitheroe Castle Museum">Clitheroe Castle Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amenities">Amenities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amenities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_(geograph_4590984).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg/220px-Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg/330px-Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg/440px-Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club_%28geograph_4590984%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Bowland Forest Gliding Club, looking north-west</figcaption></figure> <p>One mile to the west of <a href="/wiki/Chipping,_Lancashire" title="Chipping, Lancashire">Chipping</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bowland_Forest_Gliding_Club" title="Bowland Forest Gliding Club">Bowland Forest Gliding Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO airport code</a> GB-0339,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is used by winch-launched <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bowland Challenge was a fundraising event held from 2006 to 2009, and again in 2011, in which teams of walkers navigated around a series of grid references over a ten-hour period. It raised funds for the Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.craftyvintage.com/">Crafty Vintage</a> Festive Markets take place every year in December within <a href="/wiki/Wyresdale_Park" title="Wyresdale Park">Wyresdale Park</a> near to the village of <a href="/wiki/Scorton,_Lancashire" title="Scorton, Lancashire">Scorton</a>. Nicky Nook Fell within <a href="/wiki/Wyresdale_Park" title="Wyresdale Park">Wyresdale Park</a> hosts a road stage with spectator viewing zones along the route of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northweststages.co.uk/">North West Stages</a> car rally. </p><p>Popular annual events held in the area's many villages and communities include Chipping Steam Fair, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.chippingsteamfair.com/">[2]</a> the Hodder Valley Show, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hoddervalleyshow.co.uk/">[3]</a> Slaidburn Steam and Vintage Vehicle display, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.slaidburnsteam.co.uk/?fbclid=IwAR3mZa9-Oyqd2jHaUgwh852Z5iySHEooHZlZyHOepoCnYIr7XyGNaMF8C4g">[4]</a> and Wray Scarecrow Festival, amongst others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There is a <i>Forest of Bowland Suite</i> by Lakeland composer Christopher Gibbs (born 1938).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>W. G. Rigby's children's tale <i>The Ring of Tima</i> (1998) is set in the Forest of Bowland.</li> <li><i>The Dark Legend Dossier</i> by James Churchill is set in the town of Worton, located in the fictional 'Mender Vale.' The precise location of the town is never given but it is described as being 'north of Clitheroe' and some 7½ miles east of the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Routh" title="Jane Routh">Jane Routh</a>'s 2014 collection of poetry <i>Falling into Place</i> is set in the Forest of Bowland.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Watkins-Pitchford" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Watkins-Pitchford">Dennis Watkins-Pitchford</a>'s 1955 <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Boland_Light_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest of Boland Light Railway">Forest of Boland Light Railway</a></i> is set in the aforementioned forest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyresdale_Park" title="Wyresdale Park">Wyresdale Park</a> featured on Drew Pritchard's <i><a href="/wiki/Salvage_Hunters" title="Salvage Hunters">Salvage Hunters</a></i> in 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In September 2011, Wyresdale Park featured on Channel 4's <i><a href="/wiki/Country_House_Rescue" title="Country House Rescue">Country House Rescue</a></i>, in the first episode of Series 3.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Listed buildings in</i> <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Aighton,_Bailey_and_Chaigley" title="Listed buildings in Aighton, Bailey and Chaigley">Aighton, Bailey & Chaigley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Barley-with-Wheatley_Booth" title="Listed buildings in Barley-with-Wheatley Booth">Barley-with-Wheatley Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Bashall_Eaves" title="Listed buildings in Bashall Eaves">Bashall Eaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Blacko" title="Listed buildings in Blacko">Blacko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Bolton-by-Bowland" title="Listed buildings in Bolton-by-Bowland">Bolton-by-Bowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Bowland-with-Leagram" title="Listed buildings in Bowland-with-Leagram">Bowland-with-Leagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Bowland_Forest_High" title="Listed buildings in Bowland Forest High">Bowland Forest High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Bowland_Forest_Low" title="Listed buildings in Bowland Forest Low">Bowland Forest Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Caton-with-Littledale" title="Listed buildings in Caton-with-Littledale">Caton-with-Littledale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Chipping,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Chipping, Lancashire">Chipping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Claughton,_Lancaster" title="Listed buildings in Claughton, Lancaster">Claughton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Downham,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Downham, Lancashire">Downham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Dutton,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Dutton, Lancashire">Dutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Easington,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Easington, Lancashire">Easington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Goldshaw_Booth" title="Listed buildings in Goldshaw Booth">Goldshaw Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Gisburn_Forest" title="Listed buildings in Gisburn Forest">Gisburn Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Goosnargh" title="Listed buildings in Goosnargh">Goosnargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Great_Mitton" title="Listed buildings in Great Mitton">Great Mitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Grindleton" title="Listed buildings in Grindleton">Grindleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Hornby-with-Farleton" title="Listed buildings in Hornby-with-Farleton">Hornby-with-Farleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Mearley" title="Listed buildings in Mearley">Mearley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Nether_Wyresdale" title="Listed buildings in Nether Wyresdale">Nether Wyresdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Newton,_Ribble_Valley" title="Listed buildings in Newton, Ribble Valley">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Old_Laund_Booth" title="Listed buildings in Old Laund Booth">Old Laund Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Over_Wyresdale" title="Listed buildings in Over Wyresdale">Over Wyresdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Paythorne" title="Listed buildings in Paythorne">Paythorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Pendleton,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Pendleton, Lancashire">Pendleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Quernmore" title="Listed buildings in Quernmore">Quernmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Roeburndale" title="Listed buildings in Roeburndale">Roeburndale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Roughlee_Booth" title="Listed buildings in Roughlee Booth">Roughlee Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Sabden" title="Listed buildings in Sabden">Sabden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Sawley,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Sawley, Lancashire">Sawley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Slaidburn" title="Listed buildings in Slaidburn">Slaidburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Tatham,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Tatham, Lancashire">Tatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Thornley-with-Wheatley" title="Listed buildings in Thornley-with-Wheatley">Thornley-with-Wheatley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Twiston" title="Listed buildings in Twiston">Twiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Waddington,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in Waddington, Lancashire">Waddington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_West_Bradford,_Lancashire" title="Listed buildings in West Bradford, Lancashire">West Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wiswell" title="Listed buildings in Wiswell">Wiswell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wray-with-Botton" title="Listed buildings in Wray-with-Botton">Wray-with-Botton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Smith_(fell_runner)" title="Bill Smith (fell runner)">Bill Smith</a>, fell runner</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-porter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-porter_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porter_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPorter1974" class="citation book cs1">Porter, John (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/125-3-Porter.pdf"><i>A Forest in Transition: Bowland 1500–1650</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 125. The Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forest+in+Transition%3A+Bowland+1500%E2%80%931650&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=The+Historic+Society+of+Lancashire+%26+Cheshire&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hslc.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F05%2F125-3-Porter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Britain-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Great_Britain_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FJkAgAAQBAJ&q=bowland+pennines&pg=PA270"><i>Great Britain</i></a>. Alan G. Ogilvie. 2 January 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107626539" title="Special:BookSources/9781107626539"><bdi>9781107626539</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Alan+G.+Ogilvie&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.isbn=9781107626539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FJkAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbowland%2Bpennines%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/newsroom/blog/where-is-the-centre-of-great-britain-2">"Where Is The Centre Of Great Britain? | Blog"</a>. <i>www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk</i>. 22 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hen+harriers+breed+in+Bowland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforestofbowland.com%2FHen-harriers-breed-Bowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/about-the-rspb/about-us/media-centre/press-releases/hen-harrier-breeding-success-2021/">"Hen harriers have best breeding season in over a decade"</a>. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=community.rspb.org.uk&rft.atitle=A+successful+season+for+hen+harrier+in+the+Forest+of+Bowland+%E2%80%93+RSPB+England+%E2%80%93+Our+work+%E2%80%93+The+RSPB+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.rspb.org.uk%2Fourwork%2Fb%2Frspb-england%2Fposts%2Fa-successful-season-for-hen-harrier-in-the-forest-of-bowland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207065917/http://www.forestofbowland.com/wild_landscape.asp">"The Landscape of The Forest of Bowland Area Of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)"</a>. Lancashire County Council. 6 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forestofbowland.com/wild_landscape.asp">the original</a> on 7 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Landscape+of+The+Forest+of+Bowland+Area+Of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty+%28AONB%29&rft.pub=Lancashire+County+Council&rft.date=2007-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forestofbowland.com%2Fwild_landscape.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308152007/http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html">"Geology of Britain Viewer"</a>. British Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geology+of+Britain+Viewer&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapapps.bgs.ac.uk%2Fgeologyofbritain%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wtp2.appspot.com/wheresthepath.htm">"Wheresthepath"</a>. Wheresthepath<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheresthepath&rft.pub=Wheresthepath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwtp2.appspot.com%2Fwheresthepath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForest+of+Bowland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clitheroe Castle Museum (guidebook). Ashworth, Susan. 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfgc.co.uk/">Bowland Forest Gliding Club</a> – official website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metar-taf.com/airport/GB-0339">GB-0339</a> – metar-taf.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowlandchallenge.co.uk">"Bowland Challenge website"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421032148/http://www.bowlandchallenge.co.uk/">Archived</a> 21 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 12 February 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lakelandcomposers.org.uk/c_gibbs.htm">Christopher Gibbs, Lakeland composer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetrybusiness.co.uk/shop/853/Poetry">business page on <i>Falling into Place</i> by Jane Routh</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_of_Bowland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Rescue Team</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowlandfellrunners.org.uk/">Bowland Fell Runners</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fellscape.co.uk/">Walks and Pubs in the Forest of Bowland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211105200/http://www.bfgc.co.uk/">Bowland Forest Gliding Club</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AONBs_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AONBs in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Landscapes_in_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">National Landscapes</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Hills" title="Chiltern Hills">Chilterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedham_Vale_National_Landscape" title="Dedham Vale National Landscape">Dedham Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Coast_National_Landscape" title="Norfolk Coast National Landscape">Norfolk Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_%26_Essex_Coast_%26_Heaths_National_Landscape" title="Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths National Landscape">Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_AONBs_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/England_AONBs_map.svg/200px-England_AONBs_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/England_AONBs_map.svg/300px-England_AONBs_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/England_AONBs_map.svg/400px-England_AONBs_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Wolds" title="Lincolnshire Wolds">Lincolnshire Wolds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Coast_National_Landscape" title="Northumberland Coast National Landscape">Northumberland Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnside_and_Silverdale_National_Landscape" title="Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape">Arnside and Silverdale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forest of Bowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Coast" title="Solway Coast">Solway Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Harbour" title="Chichester Harbour">Chichester Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Hills" title="Chiltern Hills">Chilterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_and_West_Wiltshire_Downs" title="Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs">Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Weald_National_Landscape" title="High Weald National Landscape">High Weald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_National_Landscape" title="Isle of Wight National Landscape">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Downs" title="Kent Downs">Kent Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wessex_Downs" title="North Wessex Downs">North Wessex Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_Hills_National_Landscape" title="Surrey Hills National Landscape">Surrey Hills</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Former: <i><a href="/wiki/East_Hampshire_AONB" title="East Hampshire AONB">East Hampshire</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire_Coast" title="South Hampshire Coast">South Hampshire Coast</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Downs_AONB" title="Sussex Downs AONB">Sussex Downs</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdown_Hills" title="Blackdown Hills">Blackdown Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Chase_and_West_Wiltshire_Downs" title="Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs">Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_National_Landscape" title="Cornwall National Landscape">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_National_Landscape" title="Dorset National Landscape">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Devon_National_Landscape" title="East Devon National Landscape">East Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendip_Hills" title="Mendip Hills">Mendip Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Devon_Coast" title="North Devon Coast">North Devon Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wessex_Downs" title="North Wessex Downs">North Wessex Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantock_Hills" title="Quantock Hills">Quantock Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Devon_National_Landscape" title="South Devon National Landscape">South Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_Valley_National_Landscape" title="Tamar Valley National Landscape">Tamar Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_Valley" title="Wye Valley">Wye Valley</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase" title="Cannock Chase">Cannock Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills_National_Landscape" title="Shropshire Hills National Landscape">Shropshire Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_Valley" title="Wye Valley">Wye Valley</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and<br />the Humber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forest of Bowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howardian_Hills" title="Howardian Hills">Howardian Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Wolds" title="Lincolnshire Wolds">Lincolnshire Wolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidderdale_National_Landscape" title="Nidderdale National Landscape">Nidderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Now part of <a href="/wiki/South_Downs_National_Park" title="South Downs National Park">South Downs National Park</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> Now part of <a href="/wiki/New_Forest#New_Forest_National_Park" title="New Forest">New Forest National Park</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> Partly in <a href="/wiki/Template:AONBs_in_Wales" title="Template:AONBs in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Duchy_of_Lancaster" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Template:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Template talk:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchy_of_Lancaster" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="List of chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">Lord-lieutenant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lancashire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">High sheriff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_Manchester" title="High Sheriff of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Merseyside" title="High Sheriff of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lancashire Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myerscough,_Lancashire" title="Myerscough, Lancashire">Myerscough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwick" title="Salwick">Salwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell" title="Whitewell">Whitewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winmarleigh" title="Winmarleigh">Winmarleigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yorkshire Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloughton" title="Cloughton">Cloughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goathland" title="Goathland">Goathland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_Castle" title="Pickering Castle">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewe and South Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Derbyshire" title="Castleton, Derbyshire">Castleton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peveril_Castle" title="Peveril Castle">Peveril Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers" title="Higham Ferrers">Higham Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Needwood_Forest" title="Needwood Forest">Needwood</a> Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Savoy" title="Liberty of the Savoy">Savoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406920#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315530369">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95009338">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565902005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Forest_of_Bowland&params=53.95_N_2.59_W_dim:30000_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°35′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.95°N 2.59°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.95; -2.59</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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Borough of Wyre">Geography of the Borough of Wyre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Ribble_Valley" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Ribble Valley">Tourist attractions in Ribble Valley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_the_Borough_of_Wyre" title="Category:Tourist attractions in the Borough of Wyre">Tourist attractions in the Borough of Wyre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_England" title="Category:Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Lancashire" title="Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire">Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Lancashire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_City_of_Lancaster" title="Category:Geography of the City of Lancaster">Geography of the City of Lancaster</a></li><li><a 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