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</button> <ul id="toc-Holdings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Castles_and_historic_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castles_and_historic_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Castles and historic properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castles_and_historic_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue,_income,_and_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue,_income,_and_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Revenue, income, and tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue,_income,_and_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Lancaster" title="Ducat de Lancaster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Lancaster" title="Hertugdømmet Lancaster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hertugdømmet Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Lancaster" title="Herzogtum Lancaster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Lancaster" title="Ducado de Lancaster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دوک‌نشین لنکستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین لنکستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Lancastre" title="Duché de Lancastre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Lancastre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%AD%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="랭커스터 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랭커스터 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Lancaster" title="Kadipaten Lancaster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Lancaster" title="Ducato di Lancaster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="דוכסות לנקסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות לנקסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_Hercegs%C3%A9g" title="Lancaster Hercegség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lancaster Hercegség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="دوقية لانكاستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوقية لانكاستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdemangan_Lancaster" title="Perdemangan Lancaster – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdemangan Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%85%AC%E9%A0%98" title="ランカスター公領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ランカスター公領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertugd%C3%B8mmet_Lancaster" title="Hertugdømmet Lancaster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertugdømmet Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Lancaster" title="Księstwo Lancaster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Lencastre" title="Ducado de Lencastre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado de Lencastre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Герцогство Ланкастерское – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герцогство Ланкастерское" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertigd%C3%B6met_Lancaster" title="Hertigdömet Lancaster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hertigdömet Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดัชชีแลงแคสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชชีแลงแคสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_D%C3%BCkal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Lancaster Dükalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lancaster Dükalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Lancaster" title="Công quốc Lancaster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Lancaster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E9%96%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="蘭開斯特公國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private estate of the British sovereign as Duke of Lancaster</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Duchy of Lancaster</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creation date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 March 1351 (673 years ago)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Present holder</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Heir apparent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Lancaster</b> is an estate of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British sovereign</a>. The estate has its origins in the lands held by the medieval <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Dukes of Lancaster</a>, which came under the direct control of the monarch when <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry Bolingbroke</a>, the then duke of Lancaster, ascended the throne in 1399.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1461 King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> confirmed that the Duchy would be inherited by the monarch, but held separately from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a>, the other assets which belong to the monarch. </p><p>The Duchy consists of a portfolio of lands, properties, and assets held in trust for the sovereign. The principal purpose of the estate is to provide a source of independent income.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-privy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-privy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duchy consists of 18,433 ha (45,550 acres) of land holdings, including rural estates and farmland, urban developments, historic buildings, and commercial properties across <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Savoy" title="Liberty of the Savoy">Savoy Estate in London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-properties_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-properties-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the financial year ending 31 March 2022, the estate was valued at £652.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-financial_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net income of the duchy is paid to the reigning sovereign and amounts to about £24 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-financial_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duchy exercises some powers and ceremonial duties of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic county of Lancashire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the current ceremonial counties of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Furness" title="Furness">Furness</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>. The Duchy of Lancaster is one of two <a href="/wiki/Duchies_in_England" title="Duchies in England">royal duchies</a>: the other is the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>, which provides income to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>, a title which is held by the monarch's oldest son. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="Duchy_of_Lancaster_Act_1503"></span><span class="anchor" id="Duchy_of_Lancaster_Act_1545"></span><span class="anchor" id="Duchy_of_Lancaster_Act_1555"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandLancashireTrad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/EnglandLancashireTrad.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Lancashire County Palatine shown within England; this map does not correspond to the landholdings of the Duchy of Lancaster, however.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Lancaster inheritance, the estate dates to 1265, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> granted his younger son, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>, lands forfeited by <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1266, the estates of <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby">Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another protagonist in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>, were added. In 1267 the estate was granted as the county, Honour and Castle of Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1284 Edmund was given the <a href="/wiki/Manor_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor of Savoy">Manor of Savoy</a> near London by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a>, the niece of the original grantee, <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Peter II, Count of Savoy">Peter II, Count of Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward III raised Lancashire into a <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">county palatine</a> in 1351, and the holder, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont">Henry of Grosmont</a>, Edmund's grandson, was created Duke of Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death a charter of 1362 conferred the dukedom on his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a>, Earl of Lancaster, and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten forever.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1399 the Duchy of Lancaster, held by John of Gaunt's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry of Bolingbroke</a>, merged with the crown on his appropriation of the throne (after the dispossession from <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>). His first act as <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> was to declare that the Lancastrian inheritance be held separately from the other possessions of the Crown and should descend to male heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-DC-History_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separation of identities was confirmed in 1461 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> when he incorporated the inheritance and the palatinate responsibilities under the title of the Duchy of Lancaster, and stipulated that it be held separate from other inheritances by him and his heirs, but would however be inherited with the Crown, to which it was forfeited on the <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duchy thereafter passed to the reigning monarch. On the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, the duchy came under the control of Parliament; this lasted until the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> in 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-report-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1760, its separate identity preserved it from being surrendered with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estates</a> in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a>. It is primarily a landed inheritance belonging to the reigning sovereign (now <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>). When <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> surrendered his income from Crown lands in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_list#United_Kingdom" title="Civil list">Civil List</a>, the Duchy of Lancaster was not mentioned at all as it was bankrupt for most of the century, due to previous monarchs selling its assets or granting leases for political favours.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-timeline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch now does not have the right to sell off the capital assets for personal gain.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-report-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> argued that revenues from the two duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall should go to the public, but to secure <a href="/wiki/King_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King William IV">King William IV</a>'s support for the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> they eventually approved the civil list and left the duchies in possession of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-timeline_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament debated the two duchies' ownership multiple times, including when <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> ascended the throne, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-timeline_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> introduced an amendment to the civil list bill which would have seen the duchies surrendered in exchange for an adjusted annual sum of money tied to the actual cost of royal functions, but the amendment was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-timeline_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, a private member's bill to nationalise the duchy was defeated, but more than 100 MPs supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-report-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the duchy established a rebalancing asset plan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and sold most of the <a href="/wiki/Winmarleigh" title="Winmarleigh">Winmarleigh</a> estates farms in Lancashire, and donated a plot of land to the Winmarleigh Village Hall committee by June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a> revealed that the duchy held investments in two <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>. Both are <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> was monarch. Labour Party Leader <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> posited that the Queen should apologise, saying that anyone who keeps money offshore for tax avoidance purposes should "not just apologise for it, [but] recognise what it does to our society." A spokesman for the duchy said that all of their investments are audited and legitimate, and that the Queen voluntarily pays taxes on income she receives from duchy investments.<sup id="cite_ref-beeb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beeb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duchy's investments were revealed to include <a href="/wiki/First_Quench_Retailing" title="First Quench Retailing">First Quench Retailing</a> off-licences and <a href="/wiki/Rent-to-own" title="Rent-to-own">rent-to-own</a> retailer <a href="/wiki/BrightHouse_(retailer)" title="BrightHouse (retailer)">BrightHouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace later stated that offshore investments had been exited by 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-timeline_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_administration">Role and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The duchy is administered on behalf of the sovereign by the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster</a>, a government minister appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister, and by the clerk of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former position is sometimes held by a cabinet minister, but is always a ministerial post. For at least the last two centuries the duchy has been run by a deputy; the chancellor has rarely had any significant duties pertaining to its management but is available as a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">minister without portfolio</a> and is answerable to Parliament for the effective running of the estate.<sup id="cite_ref-bogdanor_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bogdanor-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-departmental_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-departmental-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-written_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-written-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarch derives the <a href="/wiki/Privy_purse" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy purse">privy purse</a> from the revenues of the duchy. The surplus for the year ended 31 March 2015 was £16 million and the duchy was valued at just over £472 million.<sup id="cite_ref-investments_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investments-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its land holdings are not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a>, whose revenues have been handed to the Treasury since the 18th century in exchange for the receipt of a yearly payment. </p><p>The Duchy Council's primary officers carrying out the estate's day-to-day duties are the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Council_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Clerk of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster">clerk of the council of the duchy of Lancaster</a> (the chief executive officer), the chairman of the council, and the chief finance officer.<sup id="cite_ref-finance_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finance-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chancellor is responsible for the appointment of the steward and the barmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Barmote_court" title="Barmote court">barmote courts</a> on behalf of the sovereign in right of the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the monarch in right of the duchy appoints the <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff">high sheriffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">lords lieutenant</a> in Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Lancashire.<sup id="cite_ref-sheriffs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheriffs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_prerogative">Royal prerogative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal prerogative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the duchy of Lancaster and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">duchy of Cornwall</a> have special legal rights not available to other estates held by <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> or <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">counties palatine</a>. For example, in the United Kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Bona_vacantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona vacantia">bona vacantia</a></i> ("ownerless property") is generally administered by the Crown, but within the county palatine is administered by the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holdings">Holdings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Holdings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg/220px-Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg/330px-Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg/440px-Duchy_of_Lancaster_offices_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3223" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption>The duchy of Lancaster headquarters office in Lancaster Place, London. It flies the duchy flag.</figcaption></figure> <p>The holdings of the duchy are divided into eight units called surveys: five rural, one urban, one foreshore and one mineral. The rural surveys make up most of the assets and area but the urban survey generates a greater income. The holdings were accrued over time through marriage, inheritance, gift and confiscation, and in modern times by purchase and sale.<sup id="cite_ref-properties_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-properties-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Cheshire Survey<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a> principal estate – now <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1,380 hectares (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi) <ul><li>Crewe Hall Farm offices</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Lancashire Survey is made up of five rural estates comprising a total of 3,900 hectares (15 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myerscough,_Lancashire" title="Myerscough, Lancashire">Myerscough</a> Estate – held since the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwick" title="Salwick">Salwick</a> Estate</li> <li>Wyreside Estate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell" title="Whitewell">Whitewell</a> Estate – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2,400 hectares (<span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> Survey – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3,000 hectares (<span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> sq mi) in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, 60 let houses, including a saw mill, equestrian centres, offices and a private airfield, 240 hectares (600 acres) of forest<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a>, Staffordshire</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Yorkshire Survey – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">6,800 hectares (<span class="frac">26<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goathland" title="Goathland">Goathland</a> estate – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4,100 hectares (<span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi) <ul><li>heather moorland, managed as <a href="/wiki/Grouse_moors" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouse moors">grouse moors</a>, most of which are a <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> (SSSI)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Cloughton estate – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1,000 hectares (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi) of arable land on the Yorkshire coast <ul><li>Scalby Lodge</li></ul></li> <li>Pickering estate – mix of arable and livestock farming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_Castle" title="Pickering Castle">Pickering Castle</a>, North Yorkshire</li></ul></li> <li>Pontefract estate – a single large farm and several commercial properties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Southern Survey – located mainly in <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, 3,382 hectares (13 sq mi) of farm land<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers" title="Higham Ferrers">Higham Ferrers</a> estate, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> – acquired in 1266 plus two additional farms, contains a Vocational Skills Academy, a venture with <a href="/wiki/Moulton_College" title="Moulton College">Moulton College</a> and an 18-hole golf course. In November 2018, an agreement between the duchy and the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Rushden_%26_Diamonds" title="AFC Rushden & Diamonds">AFC Rushden & Diamonds</a> football club resulted in land set aside for the purpose of creating a football field and facilities for the club.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ogmore Estate – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1,500 hectares (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> sq mi) and has an active limestone quarry, <a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore Castle</a> and a golf course</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Derbyshire" title="Castleton, Derbyshire">Castleton</a> estate – 114 hectares (280 acres) of grazing land <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peveril_Castle" title="Peveril Castle">Peveril Castle</a>, Derbyshire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_Cavern" title="Peak Cavern">Peak Cavern</a> tourist attraction</li> <li>historic mineral rights</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a>, Lincolnshire</li> <li>Park Farm</li> <li>Donington</li> <li>Quadring Fen Farm</li> <li>Quadring</li> <li>Drayton House Farm, Swineshead</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Urban Survey<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Savoy" title="Liberty of the Savoy">The Savoy Estate</a>, London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_House" title="Wellington House">Wellington House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a> Estate – a care home, hotel and a school <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrogate_Ladies_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate Ladies College">Harrogate Ladies College</a><sup id="cite_ref-tg_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stray_(Harrogate)" title="The Stray (Harrogate)">The Stray</a>, 103 hectares (250 acres) of open space</li> <li>Granville and Villiers House, residential complex</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">foreshore</a> holdings include the Lancashire foreshore from <a href="/wiki/Barrow_in_Furness" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow in Furness">Barrow in Furness</a> in the north to the midpoint of the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Minerals<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castles_and_historic_properties">Castles and historic properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Castles and historic properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichele_College" title="Chichele College">Chichele College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_Castle" title="Halton Castle">Halton Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaresborough_Castle" title="Knaresborough Castle">Knaresborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peveril_Castle" title="Peveril Castle">Peveril Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_Castle" title="Pickering Castle">Pickering Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revenue,_income,_and_tax"><span id="Revenue.2C_income.2C_and_tax"></span>Revenue, income, and tax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revenue, income, and tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the financial year ending 31 March 2022, the estate was valued at £652.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-financial_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net income of the duchy is paid to the reigning sovereign, and amounts to about £24 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-financial_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financial-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the duchy is an inalienable asset of the Crown held in trust for future sovereigns, the current sovereign is not entitled to the portfolio's capital or capital profits.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-report_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Duchy of Lancaster is not subject to tax, but the monarch has voluntarily paid both income and capital gains tax since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-finance_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finance-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taxation_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxation-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revenue surplus or income from the Duchy of Lancaster has increased considerably over time. In 1952, the surplus was £100,000 a year. Almost 50 years later in 2000, the revenue surplus had increased to £5.8M. In 2010, the revenue surplus stood at £13.2M, and by 2017, the surplus had grown to £19.2M.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, an investigation by <i>The Sunday Times</i> and Channel 4's Dispatches reported that the royal family profited from the NHS through a 15-year lease signed in 2023 by the duchy, which charged NHS Foundation Trust £829,000 annually for a central London warehouse. This arrangement raised concerns about financial transparency. Critics, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Edward Leigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Margaret Hodge</a>, called for the royal duchies to pay corporation tax and condemned the monarchy for profiting from public services. The royal income sources included the Sovereign Grant, the Duchy of Lancaster, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>, which together generate significant revenue and enjoy favorable tax status. The investigation also highlighted fees charged for military training and mooring rights on royal properties, with both duchies asserting they operated as commercial entities in compliance with disclosure requirements while emphasizing commitments to sustainability and community support.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Council_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Clerk of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster">Clerk of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_holders_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="List of office holders of the Duchy of Lancaster">List of office holders of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/about-the-duchy/">"About the Duchy"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118144737/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/about-the-duchy/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Duchy&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fabout-the-duchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAQ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAQ_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/faqs/">"FAQ"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190325/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/faqs/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Ffaqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-privy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-privy_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Royalfinances/Sourcesoffunding/PrivyPurseandDuchyofLancaster.aspx">"Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster"</a>. Royal Household. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925005204/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Royalfinances/Sourcesoffunding/PrivyPurseandDuchyofLancaster.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Privy+Purse+and+Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FTheRoyalHousehold%2FRoyalfinances%2FSourcesoffunding%2FPrivyPurseandDuchyofLancaster.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-properties-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-properties_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-properties_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811105343/http://www.duchyoflancaster.com/properties-and-estates/">"Properties and Estates"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster. 3 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.com/properties-and-estates/">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties+and+Estates&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.com%2Fproperties-and-estates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-financial-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-financial_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-financial_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-financial_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-financial_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/financial/">"Financial"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Ffinancial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/about-the-duchy/history/county-palatine/">"County Palatine -"</a>. <i>www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713121602/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/about-the-duchy/history/county-palatine/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk&rft.atitle=County+Palatine+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fabout-the-duchy%2Fhistory%2Fcounty-palatine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC-History-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC-History_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/about-the-duchy/history/">"An ancient inheritance"</a>. Duchy of Lancaster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+ancient+inheritance&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fabout-the-duchy%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maddicott, J. R. (2004). "Ferrers, Robert de, sixth earl of Derby (c. 1239–1279)". In H. G. C. Matthew, Brian Harrison (ed.). <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861411-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferrers%2C+Robert+de%2C+sixth+earl+of+Derby+%28c.+1239%E2%80%931279%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861411-1&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lonang.com/library/reference/blackstone-commentaries-law-england/bla-004/">Blackstone, W. (1765) <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i>, Introduction, chapter 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001715/http://lonang.com/library/reference/blackstone-commentaries-law-england/bla-004/">Archived</a> 27 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Blackstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Blackstone">Sir William Blackstone</a> described the Duchy as "separate from the other possessions of the crown in order and government, but united in point of inheritance." (Footnote no. 78.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-report-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-report_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansLawrencePegg2023" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Rob; Lawrence, Felicity; Pegg, David (5 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/ng-interactive/2023/apr/05/revealed-royals-took-more-than-1bn-income-from-controversial-estates-king-charles-queen-duchies-cornwall-lancaster">"Revealed: royals took more than £1bn income from controversial estates"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.atitle=The+Duchy+nears+completion+of+Winmarleigh+sales&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2F2012%2F06%2F21%2F1219%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garstangcourier.co.uk/news/local/duchy-land-farm-sell-off-1-3236795">"Duchy land farm sell-off"</a>. <i>Garstang Courier</i>. 31 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903112039/http://www.garstangcourier.co.uk/news/local/duchy-land-farm-sell-off-1-3236795">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garstang+Courier&rft.atitle=Duchy+land+farm+sell-off&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garstangcourier.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fduchy-land-farm-sell-off-1-3236795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beeb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beeb_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41883472">"Paradise Papers: Queen should apologise, suggests Corbyn"</a>. BBC. 6 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107042716/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41883472">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paradise+Papers%3A+Queen+should+apologise%2C+suggests+Corbyn&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-41883472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2017" class="citation news cs1">Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/revealed-queen-private-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers">"Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105190200/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/revealed-queen-private-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Queen%27s+private+estate+invested+millions+of+pounds+offshore&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fnov%2F05%2Frevealed-queen-private-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721224853/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444">"The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet"</a>. UK Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Government%2C+Prime+Minister+and+Cabinet&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FGovernmentcitizensandrights%2FUKgovernment%2FCentralgovernmentandthemonarchy%2FDG_073444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogdanor-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bogdanor_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon_Bogdanor1995" class="citation book cs1">Vernon Bogdanor (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTnHwWWKAR8C&pg=PA188"><i>The Monarchy and the Constitution</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827769-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827769-5"><bdi>0-19-827769-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+and+the+Constitution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995-11&rft.isbn=0-19-827769-5&rft.au=Vernon+Bogdanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTnHwWWKAR8C%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span> The statement in the book is sourced to "Kenneth Clarke, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Hansard, Standing Committee G, col 11, 17 November 1987"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-departmental-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-departmental_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2008-07-21d.210871.h&s=date%3A20080721+column%3A783+section%3Awrans">"Departmental Land-Duchy of Lancaster"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Departmental+Land-Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.pub=They+Work+For+You&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fwrans%2F%3Fid%3D2008-07-21d.210871.h%26s%3Ddate%253A20080721%2Bcolumn%253A783%2Bsection%253Awrans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-written-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-written_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans">"Hansard Written Answers and Statements"</a>. TheyWorkForYou. 14 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923234206/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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TheyWorkForYou. 6 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024231157/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2006-12-06c.104853.h&s=department:DuchyofLancaster+%22for+the+Duchy%22#g104853.r0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk&rft.atitle=Bona+Vacantia+%7C+Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fabout-the-duchy%2Fduties-of-the-duchy%2Fbona-vacantia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-crewe-and-south-survey/">The Cheshire Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063729/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-crewe-and-south-survey/">Archived</a> 3 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2009" class="citation news cs1">Unger, Paul (5 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903071946/http://www.propertyweek.com/duchy-courage/3142278.article">"Duchy courage"</a>. <i>Property Week</i>. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Property+Week&rft.atitle=Duchy+courage&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertyweek.com%2Fduchy-courage%2F3142278.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/rural-surveys/the-staffordshire-survey/">The Staffordshire Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801061054/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/rural-surveys/the-staffordshire-survey/">Archived</a> 1 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-yorkshire-survey/">The Yorkshire Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912071951/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-yorkshire-survey/">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2020" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Grace (21 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/crime/three-gamekeepers-suspended-over-killing-goshawk-queens-land-2919344">"Three gamekeepers suspended over killing of goshawk on Queen's land"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=Three+gamekeepers+suspended+over+killing+of+goshawk+on+Queen%27s+land&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirepost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fthree-gamekeepers-suspended-over-killing-goshawk-queens-land-2919344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-southern-survey/">"The Southern Survey -"</a>. <i>www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927144949/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-southern-survey/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Survey+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fproperties-and-estates%2Fholdings%2Fthe-southern-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afcdiamonds.com/afc-rushden-diamonds-agree-heads-of-terms-for-new-home">"AFC Rushden & Diamonds Agree Heads Of Terms For New Home"</a>. <i>Official Home of AFC Rushden and Diamonds</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Home+of+AFC+Rushden+and+Diamonds&rft.atitle=AFC+Rushden+%26+Diamonds+Agree+Heads+Of+Terms+For+New+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afcdiamonds.com%2Fafc-rushden-diamonds-agree-heads-of-terms-for-new-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-urban-survey/">"The Urban Survey -"</a>. <i>www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226183832/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/the-urban-survey/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Urban+Survey+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fproperties-and-estates%2Fholdings%2Fthe-urban-survey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tg-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tg_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayner2012" class="citation news cs1">Rayner, Gordon (17 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/9406904/Queens-private-Duchy-of-Lancaster-estate-rises-in-value-above-400m-for-first-time-accounts-show.html">"Queen's private Duchy of Lancaster estate rises in value above £400m for first time, accounts show"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903183736/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/9406904/Queens-private-Duchy-of-Lancaster-estate-rises-in-value-above-400m-for-first-time-accounts-show.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+private+Duchy+of+Lancaster+estate+rises+in+value+above+%C2%A3400m+for+first+time%2C+accounts+show&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fqueen-elizabeth-II%2F9406904%2FQueens-private-Duchy-of-Lancaster-estate-rises-in-value-above-400m-for-first-time-accounts-show.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/foreshores/">"Holdings: Foreshores"</a>. <i>Duchy of Lancaster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903063622/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/foreshores/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.atitle=Holdings%3A+Foreshores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fproperties-and-estates%2Fholdings%2Fforeshores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/minerals/">"Minerals -"</a>. <i>www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174857/https://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/properties-and-estates/holdings/minerals/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk&rft.atitle=Minerals+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fproperties-and-estates%2Fholdings%2Fminerals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-report_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/upload/Accounts%202010.pdf">"Annual Report 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708132521/http://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/upload/Accounts%202010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2013&rft.pub=Duchy+of+Lancaster&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duchyoflancaster.co.uk%2Fupload%2FAccounts%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxation-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taxation_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Royalfinances/Taxation.aspx">"Taxation"</a>. Royal Household. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235805/http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalHousehold/Royalfinances/Taxation.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taxation&rft.pub=Royal+Household&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FTheRoyalHousehold%2FRoyalfinances%2FTaxation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/19/queen-spend-mushrooming-pay-revenue-estate">"The Queen has hit the jackpot again. But why does she need so much money?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720051755/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/19/queen-spend-mushrooming-pay-revenue-estate">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Queen+has+hit+the+jackpot+again.+But+why+does+she+need+so+much+money%3F&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fjul%2F19%2Fqueen-spend-mushrooming-pay-revenue-estate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2024" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Poppy (3 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/11/03/royals-make-millions-from-nhs-files-reveal/">"Royals make millions from NHS, files reveal"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Royals+make+millions+from+NHS%2C+files+reveal&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Poppy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Froyal-family%2F2024%2F11%2F03%2Froyals-make-millions-from-nhs-files-reveal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Lancaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Somerville, R. (1936). "The Cowcher Books of the Duchy of Lancaster". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>51</b>: 598–615.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1941). "The Duchy of Lancaster Council and Court of Duchy Chamber". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. 4th Ser., <b>23</b>: 159–77.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1946). The Duchy of Lancaster. London.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1947). "Duchy of Lancaster Records". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. 4th Ser., <b>29</b>: 1–17.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1951). "Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster". <i>Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire</i>. <b>103</b>: 59–67.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1953–70). <i>History of the Duchy of Lancaster</i>. 2 vols, London.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1972). <i>Office-Holders in the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancaster from 1603</i>. Chichester.</li> <li>Somerville, R. (1975). "Ordinances for the Duchy of Lancaster". <i>Camden Miscellany XXVI</i>. Camden, 4th Ser., <b>14</b>: 1–29.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Lancaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk/">Duchy of Lancaster – official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_LAN">UK Parliamentary Archives, Duchy of Lancaster Plans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Template:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Template talk:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Duchy of Lancaster"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Duchy_of_Lancaster43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duchy of Lancaster</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="List of chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">Lord-lieutenant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Lancashire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">High sheriff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Lancashire" title="High Sheriff of Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_Manchester" title="High Sheriff of Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Merseyside" title="High Sheriff of Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lancashire Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Castle" title="Lancaster Castle">Lancaster Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myerscough,_Lancashire" title="Myerscough, Lancashire">Myerscough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwick" title="Salwick">Salwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewell" title="Whitewell">Whitewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winmarleigh" title="Winmarleigh">Winmarleigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yorkshire Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloughton" title="Cloughton">Cloughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goathland" title="Goathland">Goathland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_Castle" title="Pickering Castle">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Castle" title="Pontefract Castle">Pontefract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewe and South Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolingbroke_Castle" title="Bolingbroke Castle">Bolingbroke Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleton,_Derbyshire" title="Castleton, Derbyshire">Castleton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peveril_Castle" title="Peveril Castle">Peveril Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higham_Ferrers" title="Higham Ferrers">Higham Ferrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Needwood_Forest" title="Needwood Forest">Needwood</a> Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutbury_Castle" title="Tutbury Castle">Tutbury Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban Survey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_the_Savoy" title="Liberty of the Savoy">Savoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata784" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata784" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914544#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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