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Relief with Gladiators | Yale University Art Gallery
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data-artwork-culture="Roman" data-artwork-department="Ancient Art" data-artwork-geography="" ></div> <div class="bgc-gray pt-60 pt-70-s pb-70"> <div class="core grid g-af-row"> <div class="gc-full gc-sidebar-right-m mb-10 m-0-m" data-collection-object-header> <h1 class="h4 ui-reset"> Relief with Gladiators </h1> <p class="d-b mt-00 mt-30-m text-s"> <a href="/collection?f%5B0%5D=creator%3ACarver%3A%20Unknown">Carver: Unknown</a><br /> </p> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://media.collections.yale.edu/thumbnail/yuag/b212d10a-e375-452e-bd3f-3b60a18e8e25" alt="Unknown, Relief with Gladiators, ca. 2nd century A.D." /> </noscript> <div id="image-viewer" class="image-viewer gc-full gc-content-left-m mb-50 m-0-m ui-green ui-inverse text-s"> </div> <div class="gc-full gc-sidebar-right-m mt-50-m ui-green-aa"> <div class="object-primary-details mb-50 text-s"> <p class="m-0">ca. 2nd century A.D.</p> <p class="m-0"><a href="/collection?f%5B0%5D=department%3AAncient%20Art">Ancient Art</a></p> <div class="label-tag bgc-white ui-reset mt-50 mb-50"><a href="/collection?f%5B0%5D=on_view%3AOn%20view%2C%201st%20floor%2C%20Ancient%20Art">On view, 1st floor, Ancient Art</a></div> <div> <p><span class="lux_data"><P>Gladiatorial games originated as funerary rites in which the deceased was celebrated through physical competitions. For this reason, relief depictions of gladiatorial combat were sometimes used as grave markers—probably not for gladiators themselves, but for those whose lives such games may have commemorated. The games were particularly popular during the Roman Empire; in fact, most of the known funerary depictions of gladiators are Imperial in date. As government sponsorship grew in the Empire, the games took on political overtones. By staging massive and elaborate series of combats that often lasted for months and involved the slaughter of scores of men and wild animals in arenas throughout the empire, the Romans culturally unified their territory and affirmed their power, both to create such dramatic spectacles, and over life and death themselves. </P><br/><P>Gladiators fought in armor and with weapons specific to different types of warriors. The two figures on this relief, which is probably from a funeral stele, are each armed with a short sword and equipped with a helmet; a long, rectangular shield; a <EM>manica</EM> (arm guard) on the right arm; and an <EM>ocrea</EM> (leg guard) on the left leg. The helmet styles differentiate the gladiators: the one with the crested, fish-like helmet is a <EM>murmillio</EM> (from a Greek word for fish); the other figure, with a large, rounded helmet is a <EM>provocator</EM>, a type of gladiator also armed with a <EM>gladius</EM>, but with a shorter shield. On the relief the same pair of figures appears four times in three registers, each time in a different position of combat. Presumably, this represents the progression of a contest, and would have originally ended with one of the figures—most likely the <EM>provocator—</EM>admitting defeat and submitting to the judgement of the crowd. Roman depictions of gladiators often showed the combatants poised at the instant where combat stopped for the crowd to decide whether or not to spare the loser, emphasizing the spectators' active control over life and death. </P></span></p> </div> </div> <dl class="structured-list text-s"> <div class="medium multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Medium</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>Marble</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="dimensions multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Dimensions</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>48 1/4 × 31 9/16 × 2 7/16 in. (122.6 × 80.2 × 6.2 cm)</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="credit multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Credit Line</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>Gift of Prof. William Kelly Simpson, B.A. 1947, M.A. 1948, Ph.D. 1954</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="accession-number multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Accession Number</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>2009.193.3</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="culture multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Culture</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p><a href="/collection?f%5B0%5D=culture%3ARoman">Roman</a></p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="period multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Period</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>Roman</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="classification multiple structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Classification</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p><a href="/collection?f%5B0%5D=classification%3ASculpture">Sculpture</a></p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="structures-list__item"> <dt class="h5 field__label">Disclaimer</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p>Note: This electronic record was created from historic documentation that does not necessarily reflect the Yale University Art Gallery’s complete or current knowledge about the object. Review and updating of records is ongoing.</p> </div> </dd> </div> </dl> <details class="disclosure text-caption mt-50"> <summary class="disclosure__summary">Provenance <svg class="disclosure__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/details-plus.svg#icon" /> </svg> </summary> <div class="disclosure__content"> <div class="disclosure__content__inner"> <div class="provenance gc-full mb-30"> <h2 class="field__label visually-hidden h5 m-0 mb-10">Provenance</h2> Possibly Axel Guttmann (1944–2001), Berlin; by exchange with a European dealer, about 1992 [see note 1]; sale, Christie's, New York, December 7, 2000, lot 637; probably sold through Frederick Schultz, Ancient Art, New York, to William Kelly Simpson, Katonah, N.Y., December 7, 2000 (on loan to the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 2001–09); given to the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 2009<br/><br/>Note 1: According to a representative from Christie’s auction house, “Gladiator Relief” was consigned by a European dealer, who acquired the object via an exchange with Axel Guttmann, about 1992. (email from Christie’s to the Gallery, May 28, 2021, copy in curatorial file) <br/><br/>This work appears on our "Antiquities and Archaeological Material with Provenance Documentation Gaps" page. </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="disclosure text-caption mt-50"> <summary class="disclosure__summary">Bibliography <svg class="disclosure__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/details-plus.svg#icon" /> </svg> </summary> <div class="disclosure__content"> <div class="disclosure__content__inner"> <div class="gc-full mb-30"> <ul> <li><span class="lux_data">Pablo Molina Ortiz, "Un Nuevo Emparejamiento Gladitorio Procedente de Éfeso," <em>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma</em> (2014), 101–7, fig. 1,2,3</span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span class="lux_data">"Acquisitions," Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin: Online Supplement (accessed 2012), 28</span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span class="lux_data">Christie's New York, New York, <em>Christie's New York Antiquities</em>, sale cat. (December 7, 2000), 175, lot. 637</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="disclosure text-caption mt-50"> <summary class="disclosure__summary">Object copyright <svg class="disclosure__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/details-plus.svg#icon" /> </svg> </summary> <div class="disclosure__content"> <div class="disclosure__content__inner"> <div class="copyright-link gc-full mb-30"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">No Copyright - United States</a> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="disclosure text-caption mt-50"> <summary class="disclosure__summary">Additional information <svg class="disclosure__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/details-plus.svg#icon" /> </svg> </summary> <div class="disclosure__content"> <div class="disclosure__content__inner"> <div class="inscription multiple gc-full mb-30"> <h2 class="field__label h5 m-0 mb-10">Inscriptions</h2> Inscription in Greek above top register \r\n\r\nTranslation:\r\n"Nympheros from Cappadocia, of the first gladiatorial squad, Parthenopaios from Cappadocia, of the first gladiatorial squad" </div> </div> </div> </details> </div> </div> <div class="core grid mt-100 ui-green-aa" id="technical-metadata"> <h2 class="h4 gc-content-left m-0 mb-70">Technical metadata and APIs</h2> <dl class="structured-list grid gc-full text-s"> <div class="gc-full gc-t-m structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5">IIIF</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p> <a href="https://view.collections.yale.edu/m3/?manifest=https://manifests.collections.yale.edu/yuag/obj/79336" class="link--icon"> <svg class="link__icon" viewBox="0 0 60 55" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/mirador.svg#icon" /> </svg>Open in Mirador <svg class="link__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/arrow-ne.svg#icon" /> </svg> </a> </p> <p> <a href="https://manifests.collections.yale.edu/yuag/obj/79336" class="link--icon"> <svg class="link__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/iiif-logo.svg#icon" /> </svg>View IIIF manifest <svg class="link__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/arrow-ne.svg#icon" /> </svg> </a> </p> <p>The International Image Interoperability Framework, or IIIF, is an open standard for delivering high-quality, attributed digital objects online at scale. Visit iiif.io to learn more</p> </div> </dd> </div> <div class="gc-full gc-t-m structured-list__item"> <dt class="h5">Linked Art</dt> <dd> <div class="structured-list__item-content"> <p> <a href="https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/obj/79336.json" class="link--icon">API response for this object <svg class="link__icon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/arrow-ne.svg#icon" /> </svg> </a> </p> <p>Linked Art is a Community working together to create a shared Model based on Linked Open Data to describe Art. </p> </div> </dd> </div> </dl> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="footer text-s"> <div class="footer__inner core grid"> <a class="footer__logo" href="/"> <svg role="img" aria-labelledby="footer-logo-title" viewbox="0 0 163 120"> <title id="footer-logo-title">Go to Yale University Art Gallery home page</title> <use href="/themes/custom/yuag/assets/dist/images/logo--stacked.svg#main" /> </svg> </a> <div class="footer__details 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