{"@context":"https://linked.art/ns/v1/linked-art.json","id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/obj/79336.json","type":"HumanMadeObject","_label":"Relief with Gladiators","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300047090","type":"Type","_label":"Sculpture","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435443","type":"Type","_label":"Type of Work"}]},{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300010331","type":"Type","_label":"Objects","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300241507","type":"Type","_label":"Super Type"}]}],"identified_by":[{"type":"Name","content":"Relief with Gladiators","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670","type":"Type","_label":"Primary Title"}],"language":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300388277","type":"Language","_label":"eng"}]},{"type":"Identifier","content":"2009.193.3","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300312355","type":"Type","_label":"Accession Number"}],"assigned_by":[{"type":"AttributeAssignment","carried_out_by":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/agt/12811.json","type":"Group","_label":"Yale University Art Gallery"}]}]},{"type":"Identifier","content":"79336","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435704","type":"Type","_label":"System-Assigned Number"}],"assigned_by":[{"type":"AttributeAssignment","carried_out_by":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/agt/12811.json","type":"Group","_label":"Yale University Art Gallery"}]}]}],"current_owner":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/agt/12811.json","type":"Group","_label":"Yale University Art Gallery"}],"member_of":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/set/4.json","type":"Set","_label":"Ancient Art Collection, Yale University Art Gallery"}],"made_of":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300011443","type":"Material","_label":"marble"}],"dimension":[{"type":"Dimension","value":1.226000000000000e+002,"classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055644","type":"Type","_label":"height"}],"unit":{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300379098","type":"MeasurementUnit","_label":"cm"},"assigned_by":[{"type":"AttributeAssignment","classified_as":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/dim/12.json","type":"Type","_label":"overall"}]}]},{"type":"Dimension","value":8.020000000000000e+001,"classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055647","type":"Type","_label":"width"}],"unit":{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300379098","type":"MeasurementUnit","_label":"cm"},"assigned_by":[{"type":"AttributeAssignment","classified_as":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/dim/12.json","type":"Type","_label":"overall"}]}]},{"type":"Dimension","value":6.200000000000000e+000,"classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055646","type":"Type","_label":"thickness"}],"unit":{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300379098","type":"MeasurementUnit","_label":"cm"},"assigned_by":[{"type":"AttributeAssignment","classified_as":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/dim/12.json","type":"Type","_label":"overall"}]}]}],"referred_to_by":[{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"On view, 1st floor, Ancient Art","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300133046","type":"Type","_label":"Access statement"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"<span class=\"lux_data\">Christie's New York, New York, <em>Christie's New York Antiquities</em>, sale cat. (December 7, 2000), 175, lot. 637</span>","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311705","type":"Type","_label":"Citations"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"<span class=\"lux_data\">&quot;Acquisitions,&quot; Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin: Online Supplement (accessed 2012), 28</span>","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311705","type":"Type","_label":"Citations"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"<span class=\"lux_data\">Pablo Molina Ortiz, &quot;Un Nuevo Emparejamiento Gladitorio Procedente de Éfeso,&quot; <em>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma</em> (2014), 101–7, fig. 1,2,3</span>","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311705","type":"Type","_label":"Citations"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Gift of Prof. William Kelly Simpson, B.A. 1947, M.A. 1948, Ph.D. 1954","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435418","type":"Type","_label":"Credit Line"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Roman","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435431","type":"Type","_label":"Culture"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"<span class=\"lux_data\"><P>Gladiatorial games originated as funerary rites in which the deceased was celebrated through physical competitions. For this reason, relief depictions of gladiatorial combat were sometimes used as grave markers—probably not for gladiators themselves, but for those whose lives such games may have commemorated. The games were particularly popular during the Roman Empire; in fact, most of the known funerary depictions of gladiators are Imperial in date. As government sponsorship grew in the Empire, the games took on political overtones. By staging massive and elaborate series of combats that often lasted for months and involved the slaughter of scores of men and wild animals in arenas throughout the empire, the Romans culturally unified their territory and affirmed their power, both to create such dramatic spectacles, and over life and death themselves. </P>\r\n<P>Gladiators fought in armor and with weapons specific to different types of warriors. The two figures on this relief, which is probably from a funeral stele, are each armed with a short sword and equipped with a helmet; a long, rectangular shield; a <EM>manica</EM> (arm guard) on the right arm; and an <EM>ocrea</EM> (leg guard) on the left leg. The helmet styles differentiate the gladiators: the one with the crested, fish-like helmet is a <EM>murmillio</EM> (from a Greek word for fish); the other figure, with a large, rounded helmet is a <EM>provocator</EM>, a type of gladiator also armed with a <EM>gladius</EM>, but with a shorter shield. On the relief the same pair of figures appears four times in three registers, each time in a different position of combat. Presumably, this represents the progression of a contest, and would have originally ended with one of the figures—most likely the <EM>provocator—</EM>admitting defeat and submitting to the judgement of the crowd. Roman depictions of gladiators often showed the combatants poised at the instant where combat stopped for the crowd to decide whether or not to spare the loser, emphasizing the spectators' active control over life and death. </P></span>","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435416","type":"Type","_label":"Description"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"48 1/4 × 31 9/16 × 2 7/16 in. (122.6 × 80.2 × 6.2 cm)","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435430","type":"Type","_label":"Dimensions"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Inscription in Greek above top register \r\n\r\nTranslation:\r\n\"Nympheros from Cappadocia, of the first gladiatorial squad, Parthenopaios from Cappadocia, of the first gladiatorial squad\"","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435414","type":"Type","_label":"Inscriptions"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Marble","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435429","type":"Type","_label":"Medium"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Roman","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300081446","type":"Type","_label":"Period"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Possibly Axel Guttmann (1944–2001), Berlin; by exchange with a European dealer, about 1992 [see note 1]; sale, Christie's, New York, December 7, 2000, lot 637; probably sold through Frederick Schultz, Ancient Art, New York, to William Kelly Simpson, Katonah, N.Y., December 7, 2000 (on loan to the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 2001–09); given to the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn., 2009\r\n\r\nNote 1: According to a representative from Christie’s auction house, “Gladiator Relief” was consigned by a European dealer, who acquired the object via an exchange with Axel Guttmann, about 1992. (email from Christie’s to the Gallery, May 28, 2021, copy in curatorial file) \r\n\r\nThis work appears on our \"Antiquities and Archaeological Material with Provenance Documentation Gaps\" page.","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435438","type":"Type","_label":"Provenance"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Unconfirmed Provenance Antiquity","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300438433","type":"Type","_label":"Status Flag"}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"<a href=\"https://artgallery.yale.edu/visit\">Plan your visit to the Yale University Art Gallery</a>","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300025883","type":"Type","_label":"Visitors' Statement"}]}],"subject_of":[{"type":"LinguisticObject","_label":"View this record on the Yale University Art Gallery website","digitally_carried_by":[{"type":"DigitalObject","_label":"View this record on the Yale University Art Gallery website","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300264578","type":"Type","_label":"Web Page"}],"identified_by":[{"type":"Name","content":"View this record on the Yale University Art Gallery website"}],"format":"text/html","access_point":[{"id":"https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/79336","type":"DigitalObject"}]}]},{"type":"LinguisticObject","_label":"IIIF v3 manifest","digitally_carried_by":[{"type":"DigitalObject","_label":"IIIF v3 manifest","identified_by":[{"type":"Name","content":"IIIF v3 manifest"}],"format":"application/ld+json","access_point":[{"id":"https://manifests.collections.yale.edu/yuag/obj/79336","type":"DigitalObject"}],"conforms_to":[{"id":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","type":"InformationObject"}]}]}],"representation":[{"type":"VisualItem","_label":"Primary Image Thumbnail","digitally_shown_by":[{"type":"DigitalObject","_label":"Primary Image Thumbnail","access_point":[{"id":"https://media.collections.yale.edu/thumbnail/yuag/obj/79336","type":"DigitalObject"}],"classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300215302","type":"Type","_label":"Digital Image"}]}]}],"produced_by":{"type":"Production","part":[{"type":"Production","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300025256","type":"Type","_label":"Carver"}],"referred_to_by":[{"type":"LinguisticObject","content":"Carver: Unknown","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435446","type":"Type","_label":"Creator Description"}]}],"carried_out_by":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/agt/14774.json","type":"Person","_label":"Carver: Unknown"}]}],"timespan":{"type":"TimeSpan","begin_of_the_begin":"0100-01-01T00:00:00Z","end_of_the_end":"0199-12-31T00:00:00Z","identified_by":[{"type":"Name","content":"ca. 2nd century A.D.","classified_as":[{"id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404669","type":"Type","_label":"Display Date"}]}]}},"shows":[{"id":"https://media.art.yale.edu/content/lux/vis/79336.json","type":"VisualItem","_label":"Relief with Gladiators [Visual Content]"}]}