CINXE.COM

About | Washington Monthly

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://i0.wp.com' > <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>About | Washington Monthly</title><link rel="preload" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/3833x5000_Donkey_PopUp_72-scaled.jpg" as="image" fetchpriority="high" /><link rel="preload" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" as="image" imagesrcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png 798w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-300x75.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-400x100.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-706x177.png 706w" imagesizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" fetchpriority="high" /><style id="perfmatters-used-css">#page{overflow:initial !important;}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:TablePress;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url("data:application/font-woff2;charset=utf-8;base64,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") format("woff2"),url("https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/tablepress.woff") format("woff");}</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="About | Washington Monthly" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Washington Monthly was founded in 1969 on the notion that a handful of plucky young writers and editors, armed with an honest desire to make government work and a willingness to ask uncomfortable questions, could tell the story of what really matters in Washington better than a roomful of Beltway insiders at a Georgetown dinner party. [&hellip;]" /> <meta property="og:url" content="http://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Washington Monthly" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-10-04T14:51:55+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="798" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="200" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@monthly" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="3 minutes" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="admin" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/","name":"About | Washington Monthly","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-01-06T19:35:59+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-04T14:51:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"About"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#website","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/","name":"Washington Monthly","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#organization","name":"The Washington Monthly","url":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png?fit=798%2C200&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png?fit=798%2C200&ssl=1","width":798,"height":200,"caption":"The Washington Monthly"},"image":{"@id":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/","https://x.com/monthly"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Washington Monthly &raquo; Feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Washington Monthly &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'>.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css'>.parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'>.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #FFFFFF;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #1e3156;--wp--preset--color--primary-variation: #00092e;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #e39f0e;--wp--preset--color--secondary-variation: #bb7700;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #111111;--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: #767676;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #EEEEEE;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 30,49,86) 0%,rgb( 0,9,46) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 227,159,14) 0%,rgb( 187,119,0) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 17,17,17 ) 0%,rgb( 85,85,85 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 68,68,68 ) 0%,rgb( 136,136,136 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 119,119,119 ) 0%,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 0%,rgb( 255,255,255 ) 100% );--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge: 44px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.css?ver=1732562338"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="newspack-ads-frontend-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.css?ver=1732562338"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=4.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-auth-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.css?ver=5.8.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-popups-view-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.css?ver=1732562351' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ub-extension-style-css-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-blocks/src/extensions/style.css?ver=6.7.1"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-scott/style.css?ver=2.3.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-print-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/print.css?ver=2.3.0' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-font-import-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/cache/perfmatters/washingtonmonthly.com/fonts/031920bc0044.google-fonts.min.css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-sponsors-style-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/newspack-sponsors.css?ver=2.3.0' media='all' /> <link rel="stylesheet" id="tablepress-default-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.1"> <link rel="stylesheet" id="jetpack-responsive-videos-css" media="all" data-pmdelayedstyle="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/dist/responsive-videos/responsive-videos.css?minify=false&#038;ver=11ee3dcea6c676a3fed7"> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css?ver=14.1-a.7' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css?ver=14.1-a.7' media='all' /> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit --> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-MDM00PNBMB" id="google_gtagjs-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="google_gtagjs-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["washingtonmonthly.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-MDM00PNBMB"); </script> <!-- End Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit --> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/71885" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://washingtonmonthly.com/?p=71885' /> <!-- Custom Logo: hide header text --> <style id="custom-logo-css">.site-title{position: absolute;clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);}</style> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2Fabout%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2Fabout%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.140.0" /> <script data-amp-plus-allowed> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator && navigator.serviceWorker.controller) { navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-reset-request-count'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-nonce-a37a573644'); navigator.serviceWorker.controller.postMessage('newspack-version-1'); } </script> <style>.jetpack-instant-search__widget-area{display: block !important;}</style> <link rel="manifest" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-json/wp/v2/web-app-manifest"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-192x192.jpg"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Washington Monthly"> <meta name="application-name" content="Washington Monthly"> <style></style> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebPage","headline":"About","url":"http:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/about\/","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/about\/"},"thumbnailUrl":"","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""},"articleSection":"Uncategorized","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"admin"}],"creator":["admin"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Washington Monthly","logo":"https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/logo-blue-sm.png"},"keywords":[],"dateCreated":"2018-01-06T19:35:59Z","datePublished":"2018-01-06T19:35:59Z","dateModified":"2024-10-04T14:51:55Z"}</script> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors-scott">.mobile-sidebar .article-section-title::before,.mobile-sidebar .accent-header::before{background-color: #e1e1e1;}.h-sb .middle-header-contain{background-color: #ffffff;}.h-sb .top-header-contain{background-color: #f5f5f5;border-bottom-color: #f0f0f0;}.h-sb .site-header,.h-sb .site-title,.h-sb .site-title a:link,.h-sb .site-title a:visited,.h-sb .site-description,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.h-sb.h-sh .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a:hover,.h-sb .top-header-contain,.h-sb .middle-header-contain{color: black;}#colophon,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .social-navigation a,#colophon .widgettitle{color: white;}#colophon .footer-branding .wrapper,#colophon .footer-widgets:first-child{border: 0;}.site-footer .accent-header::before,.site-footer .article-section-title::before{background-color: #0a1d42;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts-scott">.accent-header:not(.widget-title),.article-section-title,.page-title,#secondary .widget-title,.author-bio .accent-header span,#colophon .widget-title,#colophon .widgettitle,#secondary .widgettitle{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors">:root{--newspack-theme-color-primary: #1e3156;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation: #001338;--newspack-theme-color-secondary: #e39f0e !important;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation: #bb7700;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-5: #192c51;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-10: #14274c;--newspack-theme-color-primary-against-white: #1e3156;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-against-white: dimgray;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation-against-white: #001338;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation-against-white: #bb7700;--newspack-theme-color-against-primary: white;--newspack-theme-color-against-secondary: black;}input[type="checkbox"]::before{background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' height='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z' fill='black'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.mobile-sidebar{background: #ffffff;}.mobile-sidebar,.mobile-sidebar button:hover,.mobile-sidebar a,.mobile-sidebar a:visited,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 .sub-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav3 a{color: black;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain{background: #e6ecf4;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li > a,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain #search-toggle{color: black;}.site-footer{background: #1e3156;}.site-footer,.site-footer a,.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget-title,.site-footer .widgettitle,.site-info{color: white;}.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget a:hover{opacity: 0.7;}.site-info .widget-area .wrapper,.site-info .site-info-contain:first-child{border-top-color: #0a1d42;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="newspack-theme-colors-variables">:root{--newspack-primary-color: #1e3156;--newspack-secondary-color: #e39f0e;--newspack-cta-color: #dd3333;--newspack-header-color: #ffffff;--newspack-primary-menu-color: #e6ecf4;--newspack-footer-color: #1e3156;--newspack-primary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-secondary-contrast-color: black;--newspack-cta-contrast-color: white;--newspack-header-contrast-color: black;--newspack-primary-menu-contrast-color: black;--newspack-footer-contrast-color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts">:root{--newspack-theme-font-heading: "Playfair Display","Georgia","serif";}:root{--newspack-theme-font-body: "Playfair Display","Georgia","serif";}.tags-links span:first-child,.cat-links,.page-title,.highlight-menu .menu-label{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style>.sponsor-label .flag,amp-script .sponsor-label .flag{background: #FED850;color: black;}</style> <!-- Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit --> <meta name="google-adsense-platform-account" content="ca-host-pub-2644536267352236"> <meta name="google-adsense-platform-domain" content="sitekit.withgoogle.com"> <!-- End Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit --> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/fastclick/pmfastclick.min.js" defer></script><script>"addEventListener"in document&&document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){FastClick.attach(document.body)},!1);</script> <!-- Google AdSense snippet added by Site Kit --> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-4696038160548757&amp;host=ca-host-pub-2644536267352236" crossorigin="anonymous" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <!-- End Google AdSense snippet added by Site Kit --> <link rel="icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-180x180.jpg" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cropped-WMlogo-270x270.jpg" /> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> ( function() { // Load GA script if not yet found if ( 'undefined' === typeof gtag ) { var element = document.createElement( 'script' ); element.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-RDTW7HKY94'; element.async = true; document.head.appendChild( element ); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function() { window.dataLayer.push( arguments ) }; gtag( 'js', new Date() ); } gtag( 'config', 'G-RDTW7HKY94' ); } )(); </script> <style id="wp-custom-css">.top-header-contain{background: #1e3156;}.middle-header-contain .desktop-menu-toggle svg{height: 32px;width: 32px;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li > a{color: #1e3156;}.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award,.h-sb .bottom-header-contain .nav1 .main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award > a{color: #fff;background: #E39F0E;padding-right: 10px;}.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li.menu-kulula-award > a{color: #E39F0E;}.nav1 li.menu-highlight > a{font-size: 0.75rem;font-family: 'Graduate',sans-serif;}.nav3 .menu-highlight a{background: #395791;border: 0;border-radius: 5px;color: #fff;padding: .55rem 0.75rem;}.nav3 .menu-highlight:last-child a{background: #E39F0E;}@media (min-width: 782px){.site-header .nav3 li:nth-child(n+2){margin-left: 0.5rem;}}.site-title,h1,h2,h3{font-weight: 500;}div.header-widget.below-header-widgets{text-align:center;padding-top:10px;}div.newspack-post-subtitle{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.accent-header{color:#bb7700;}.accent-header:not(.widget-title)::before,.article-section-title::before,.cat-links::before,.page-title::before,.site-breadcrumb .wrapper > span::before{background-color: #E39F0E;}.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):not(:hover),.button,.button:visited,button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{color: #fff;}.cat-links a{color: #E39F0E;}.entry-header .cat-links{font-size: 0.8rem;}@media (min-width: 1168px){.single .entry-title{font-size: 2.8em;}}.site-content{margin-top: 1.5rem;}.entry-content a{color: #3760ad;text-decoration-thickness: 2px;}.entry-content th,.entry-content td{font-size: 0.75rem;}.entry-meta span.author-avatar,.main-content .author-bio .avatar{display: none;}.wp-block-pullquote blockquote p:first-of-type::before{content:"";}.newspack-front-page .wp-block-group.has-background .wp-block-columns .wp-block-column > *{margin: 20px 0;}.page-title::before{display: none;}.site-footer .footer-widgets{font-size: 0.9rem;}.site-footer .footer-widgets ul{list-style: none;}.site-footer .footer-widgets li{margin-bottom: 0.5rem;}.ctct-form-block{padding:0;margin-top:0px !important;padding:5px 8px !important;font-size:smaller;text-align:center;}.ctct-form-description p{font-style: italic;margin:5px 0;}.ctct-form-field-email{margin:10px;}.ctct_usage{display:none;}.ctct-form-field-submit{text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0 0 10px 0;}.ctct-disclosure{display:none;}.ctct-label-hidden label{display:none;}input.ctct-email{width:100%;}.award-menu a{color: #e39f0e;}</style> <noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy[data-src]{display:none !important;}</style></noscript><style>.perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:56.23%;overflow:hidden}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:auto;border:none;cursor:pointer;transition:.5s all;-webkit-transition:.5s all;-moz-transition:.5s all}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube img:hover{-webkit-filter:brightness(75%)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube .play{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;right:auto;width:68px;height:48px;margin-left:-34px;margin-top:-24px;background:url(https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/img/youtube.svg) no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;pointer-events:none;filter:grayscale(1)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube:hover .play{filter:grayscale(0)}.perfmatters-lazy-youtube iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:99}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative;}.wp-has-aspect-ratio .perfmatters-lazy-youtube{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;padding-bottom:0}</style></head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-71885 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive jps-theme-newspack-scott ctct-newspack-theme singular hide-homepage-title hide-site-tagline h-nsub h-sb h-cl h-dh has-tertiary-menu has-sidebar af-widget has-summary" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-lightbox newspack-popup hidden newspack-lightbox-placement-center newspack-lightbox-size-small newspack-lightbox-no-border newspack-lightbox-no-overlay " role="button" tabindex="0" id="id_156385" data-segments="" data-frequency="0,3,0,day" data-delay="1500" > <div class="newspack-popup-wrapper " data-popup-status="publish" style=""> <div class="newspack-popup__content-wrapper" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000"> <div class="newspack-popup__content"> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="1962" height="2560" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/3833x5000_Donkey_PopUp_72-scaled.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-156402" style="width:523px;height:auto"/></a></figure></div> </div> <button class="newspack-lightbox__close" aria-label="Close Pop-up"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12 19 6.41z"/></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134756" class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134756"><a target="_blank" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134757" class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134757"><a target="_blank" href="https://washingtonmonthly.secure.darwin.cx/J2WEBSGW">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://washingtonmonthly.com/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-155065" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155065"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">College Guide</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134790"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134833"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134834"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151437" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-151437"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-137575"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/">Magazine</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137575 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137575 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137575: !setState137575 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137575"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137575 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138376" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138376"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137566"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137576"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137576 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137576 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137576: !setState137576 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137576"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137576 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-137577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137577"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">Highlights</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137568"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/all-posts/">All Posts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-134828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-71885 current_page_item menu-item-134828"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" aria-current="page">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-140131" class="menu-kulula-award menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140131"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/kukulaaward/">Kukula Award</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links" class="social-links-menu"><li id="menu-item-134690" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-134691" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> <section id="nav_menu-6" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-guides" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-155181" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155181"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly’s 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137748" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-137748"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138374" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138374"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137755" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137755"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-4" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-sections" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134734" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134734"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-134735" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134735"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-151315" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-151315"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/higher-ed-qa/">Higher Ed Q&#038;A</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-134732" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134732"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134738" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137743" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137743"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137744" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137744"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137745" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137745"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137746" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137746"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137747" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-3" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-about-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-about" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134725" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-71885 current_page_item menu-item-134725"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" aria-current="page">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134726"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134727"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-138969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138969"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134747" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137741" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137741"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> <section id="nav_menu-6" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-guides-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155181"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly’s 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-137748"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138374"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137755"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-4" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-sections-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134734"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134735"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-151315"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/higher-ed-qa/">Higher Ed Q&#038;A</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134732"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137743"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137744"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137745"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137746"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-3" class="below-content widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-slide-out-menu-about-container"><ul id="menu-slide-out-menu-about-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-71885 current_page_item menu-item-134725"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" aria-current="page">About</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134726"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertise</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134727"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138969"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134747"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137741"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle" on="tap:desktop-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Sections</span> </button> <div id="social-nav-contain" class="desktop-only"> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)" toolbar-target="social-nav-contain"> <ul id="menu-social-links-1" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </div> <div class="site-branding"> <style>.site-header .custom-logo{height: 84px;max-height: 200px;max-width: 600px;width: 335px;}@media (max-width: 781px){.site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 175px;max-height: 44px;}}@media (min-width: 782px){.h-stk:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-height: 90px;max-width: 359px;}.h-sub .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 200px;max-height: 50px;}}@media (max-width: 1199px) and (min-width: 782px){.h-stk.h-cl:not(.h-sub) .site-header .custom-logo{max-width: 100%;width: auto;}}</style><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-perfmatters-preload width="798" height="200" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png" class="custom-logo" alt="Washington Monthly" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm.png 798w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-300x75.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-400x100.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-blue-sm-706x177.png 706w" sizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" /></a> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-title"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" rel="home">Washington Monthly</a></p> </div><!-- .site-identity --> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div class="nav-wrapper desktop-only"> <div id="tertiary-nav-contain"> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-tertiary-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134756"><a target="_blank" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism">Donate</a></li> <li class="menu-highlight menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134757"><a target="_blank" href="https://washingtonmonthly.secure.darwin.cx/J2WEBSGW">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div><!-- #tertiary-nav-contain --> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://washingtonmonthly.com/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div><!-- #header-search --> </div><!-- .header-search-contain --> </div><!-- .nav-wrapper --> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .middle-header-contain --> <div class="bottom-header-contain desktop-only"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="site-navigation"> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155065"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">College Guide</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134790"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134833"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">Monopolized Economy</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134834"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-151437"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-137575"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/">Magazine</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137575 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137575 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137575: !setState137575 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137575"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137575 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138376"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137566"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-137576"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState137576 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState137576 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState137576: !setState137576 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-137576"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState137576 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137577"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">Highlights</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137568"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/all-posts/">All Posts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-71885 current_page_item menu-item-134828"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" aria-current="page">About</a></li> <li class="menu-kulula-award menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140131"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/kukulaaward/">Kukula Award</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .bottom-header-contain --> </header><!-- #masthead --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title "> About </h1> </header> <div class="main-content"> <article id="post-71885" class="post-71885 page type-page status-publish hentry entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Washington Monthly was founded in 1969 on the notion that a handful of plucky young writers and editors, armed with an honest desire to make government work and a willingness to ask uncomfortable questions, could tell the story of what really matters in Washington better than a roomful of Beltway insiders at a Georgetown dinner party. In our cluttered little downtown DC office, we’re still doing what we have done for more than 50 years, and what fewer and fewer publications do today: telling fascinating, deeply reported stories about the ideas and characters that animate America’s government.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We don’t chase news cycles, or obsess over the endless political horse race. We care about how the government can be improved, and why it hasn’t; who’s a fraud and who isn’t; which ideas ought to be banished from the nation’s capital and which ones deserve to be championed.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>We’re not a subsidiary of some giant media company or a mouthpiece for ideologues. We’re an independent voice, listened to by insiders and willing to take on sacred cows—liberal and conservative.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Instead of cynically tearing down institutions and programs, we offer innovative solutions: how to get the best people to work for the government and how to get the best government for the people; how to get teachers who can teach and social workers who can make welfare reform work. We believe in the great American traditions of civic responsibility, caring for the down and out, and giving the average person a break.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="masthead">Masthead</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong><strong>Editor in Chief: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/paul-glastris">Paul Glastris</a><strong><br><strong>Senior Editor:</strong> </strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/phillip-longman/">Phillip Longman</a><strong><br><strong>Managing Editor: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/amy-stackhouse/">Amy M. Stackhouse</a><strong><br><strong>Executive Editor, Digital: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/matthew-cooper/">Matthew Cooper</a><strong><strong><br><strong>Legal Affairs Editor: </strong></strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/garrett-epps/">Garrett Epps</a><strong><br><strong>Politics Editor: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/bill-scher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bill Scher</a><strong><br><strong>Editors: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/wnorris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Will Norris</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/rob-wolfe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rob Wolfe</a><strong><br><strong>Consulting Editor:</strong></strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/haley-sweetland-edwards/">Haley Sweetland Edwards</a><br><strong><strong>Associate Editor:</strong></strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/marc-novicoff/">Marc Novicoff</a><br><strong><strong>Art Director: </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/amy-swan/">Amy Swan</a><br><strong>Intern</strong>: <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/zach-marcus/">Zach Marcus</a><br><br><strong>Contributing Writers: </strong>David Atkins, Shannon Brownlee, James Bruno, David Edward Burke, Margaret Carlson, Joshua Douglas, Anne Kim, Jeanne Lenzer, Chris Matthews, James North, Reginald Oh, Storer Rowley, Peter M. Shane, Robert Shapiro, David Shipler, Cliff Sloan, Jennifer Taub, Lauren Wolfe<br><br><strong>Founding Editor<strong>:  </strong></strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/charles-peters/">Charles Peters</a><strong> </strong>(1926 &#8211; 2023)<br><br><strong>Contributing Editors:</strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/jonathan-alter/">Jonathan Alter</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/steve-benen/">Steve Benen</a>, James Bennet, Thomas N. Bethell, Tom Bethell (1936-2021), Mariah Blake, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/daniel-block/?post_page=2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Daniel Block</a>, Katherine Boo, Taylor Branch, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/nicholas-confessore/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nicholas Confessore</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/matt-connolly/">Matt Connolly</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/matthew-cooper/">Matthew Cooper</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/eric-cortellessa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Cortellessa</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/michelle-cottle/">Michelle Cottle</a>, Kevin Drum, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/gregg-easterbrook/">Gregg Easterbrook</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/gilad-edelman/">Gilad Edelman</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/haley-sweetland-edwards/">Haley Sweetland Edwards</a>, John Eisendrath, James Fallows, T. A. Frank, Daniel Franklin, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/grace-gedye/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Grace Gedye</a>, Kukula Kapoor Glastris (1958–2017), <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/john-gravois/">John Gravois</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/joshua-green/">Joshua Green</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/charles-homans/">Charles Homans</a>, David Ignatius, Mickey Kaus, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/phil-keisling/">Phil Keisling</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/ed-kilgore/">Ed Kilgore</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/anne-kim">Anne Kim</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/michael-kinsley/">Michael Kinsley</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/christina-larson/">Christina Larson</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/nicholas-lemann/">Nicholas Lemann</a>, Suzannah Lessard, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/nancy-letourneau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nancy LeTourneau</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/art-levine/">Arthur Levine</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/martin-longman/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Longman</a>, Joshua Micah Marshall, Jon Meacham, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/stephanie-mencimer/">Stephanie Mencimer</a>, Matthew Miller, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/rachel-morris-2/">Rachel Morris</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/timothy-noah/">Timothy Noah</a>, Joseph Nocera, John Rothchild (1949–2019), Jonathan Rowe (1946–2011), David Segal, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/walter-shapiro/">Walter Shapiro</a> (1947-2024), Joshua Wolf Shenk, Scott Shuger (1952–2002), <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/amy-sullivan/">Amy Sullivan</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/nicholas-thompson/">Nicholas Thompson</a>, Amy Waldman, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/steven-waldman-2/">Steven Waldman</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/benjamin-wallace-wells/">Benjamin Wallace-Wells</a>, Robert Worth</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Editorial Advisory Board:</strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/nicholas-lemann/">Nicholas Lemann</a>, Chair; Clara Bingham, Debra Dickerson, James Fallows, J. J. Gould, Steven Teles</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Strategic Advisory Board:</strong> Emanuel L. Rouvelas, Chair; Clara Bingham, Robert L. DeFer, William V. Glastris, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/markos-kounalakis/">Markos Kounalakis</a></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:separator {"opacity":"css"} --> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity"> <!-- /wp:separator --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Deputy Director:</strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/alice-j-gallin-dwyer/">Alice J. Gallin-Dwyer</a></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Board of Directors:</strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/michelle-cottle/">Michelle Cottle</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/author/terry-edmonds/">Terry Edmonds</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/paul-glastris-2/">Paul Glastris</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/nicholas-lemann/">Nicholas Lemann</a>, <a href="https://www.pqc.edu/about-the-president/">Michael J. Sorrell</a>, <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/steven-waldman-2/">Steven Waldman</a></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>President and Publisher Emeritus: </strong><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/markos-kounalakis/">Markos Kounalakis</a></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Director of Finance:</strong> Terri Wallace<br><strong>Advertising Sales Manager:</strong> David Greene<br><strong>Business Management Consultant:</strong> <a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/people/claire-iseli/">Claire Iseli</a><br><strong>Editorial Projects Consultant:</strong> Dorian Friedman<br><strong>Web Site Development:</strong> <a href="http://kettul.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newspack</a></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:heading --> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="funders">Funders</h2> <!-- /wp:heading --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>The nonprofit Washington Monthly is grateful to the following foundations and donors for their generous recent support:</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list --> <ul class="wp-block-list"><!-- wp:list-item --> <li>Foundation for Civic Leadership</li> <!-- /wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --> <li><a href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <!-- /wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --> <li><a href="https://www.luminafoundation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lumina Foundation</a></li> <!-- /wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --> <li><a href="https://patrioticmillionaires.org/who-we-are/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Strada Education Foundation</a></li> <!-- /wp:list-item --></ul> <!-- /wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Our latest 990 forms can be viewed <a href="https://www.guidestar.org/profile/80-0434806" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Please contact David Greene at 202-413-4736 or <a href="mailto:D.greene1@comcast.net">D.greene1@comcast.net</a> to inquire about advertising and marketing with the Monthly‘s College Guide and Rankings, including print/online combos and other opportunities. </strong></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>You can reach the editorial team at <a href="mailto:Editors@WashingtonMonthly.com">Editors@WashingtonMonthly.com</a>. We welcome feedback and story ideas but can&#8217;t reply to all inquiries. Thank you. </strong></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><div><div><!-- wp:embed {"url":"https://vimeo.com/72785212","type":"video","providerNameSlug":"vimeo","responsive":true,"className":"wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"} --> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-vimeo wp-block-embed-vimeo wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <div class="jetpack-video-wrapper"><iframe title="How Washington Really Works: Charlie Peters and the Washington Monthly, a documentary short (30:11)" width="780" height="439" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write" class="perfmatters-lazy" data-src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/72785212?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963"></iframe><noscript><iframe title="How Washington Really Works: Charlie Peters and the Washington Monthly, a documentary short (30:11)" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/72785212?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963" width="780" height="439" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write"></iframe></noscript></div> </div></figure> <!-- /wp:embed --></div></div></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> </div><!-- .entry-content --> </article><!-- #post-71885 --> </div><!-- .main-content --> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area"> <section id="text-11" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><div class="wp-block-group has-background" style="padding: 20px; background-color: #e6ecf4;"> <div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"> <h3 class="has-text-align-center">Support <em>Washington Monthly</em></h3> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link" href="https://donorbox.org/support-serious-independent-journalism" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Donate Now!</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section id="ctct_form-2" class="widget "><div data-form-id="135821" id="ctct-form-wrapper-0" class="ctct-form-wrapper"><h3>Newsletter</h3><span class="ctct-form-description" ><p>Get a weekly dose of our best stories in your inbox.</p> </span><form class="ctct-form ctct-form-135821 no-recaptcha" id="ctct-form-1232933082" data-doajax="off" style="" action="" method="post"><p class="ctct-form-field ctct-form-field-email ctct-form-field-required"><span class="ctct-label-hidden"><label for="email___0ebeeec8a7bf027ecfc719c38bd8b9fb_0_3972883781">Email (required) <abbr title="required">*</abbr></label></span><input required type="email" name="email___0ebeeec8a7bf027ecfc719c38bd8b9fb" value="" placeholder="email address" class="ctct-email ctct-label-hidden email___0ebeeec8a7bf027ecfc719c38bd8b9fb" id="email___0ebeeec8a7bf027ecfc719c38bd8b9fb_0_3972883781" /></p><div class='ctct-list-selector' style='display:none;'><div class="ctct-form-field ctct-form-field-checkbox ctct-form-field-required"><fieldset><legend class="ctct-label-top">Select list(s) to subscribe to</legend></fieldset></div></div><div class="ctct-optin-hide" style="display:none;"><p class="ctct-form-field ctct-form-field-checkbox"><span class="ctct-input-container"><input type="checkbox" checked name="ctct-opt-in" class="ctct-checkbox ctct-opt-in" value="1" id="ctct-opt-in_0" /><label for="ctct-opt-in_0"> Yes, I would like to receive emails from Washington Monthly. (You can unsubscribe anytime)</label></span></p></div><!--.ctct-optin-hide --><p class="ctct-form-field ctct-form-field-submit"><input type="submit" name="ctct-submitted" value="Sign up" class="ctct-submit ctct-label-top ctct-submitted" id="ctct-submitted_0_2516864580" /></p><div class="ctct_usage"style="border: 0 none; clip: rect( 0, 0, 0, 0 ); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><label for="ctct_usage_field">Constant Contact Use. Please leave this field blank.</label><input type="text" value="" id="ctct_usage_field" name="ctct_usage_field" class="ctct_usage_field" tabindex="-1" /></div><input type="hidden" name="ctct-id" value="135821" /><input type="hidden" name="ctct-verify" value="yt0N0TCFMq8yxV9KWCYe29HjV" /><input type="hidden" name="ctct-instance" value="0" /><input type="hidden" name="ctct_time" value="1732711982" /></form><div class="ctct-disclosure"><hr><small>By submitting this form, you are consenting to receive marketing emails from the <span style="font-style:italic">Washington Monthly</span></small></div><script type="text/javascript">var ajaxurl = "https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php";</script></div></section><section id="block-122" class="widget widget_block widget_media_image"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://inn.org/about/network/?utm_source=web&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=member+badge"><img decoding="async" width="284" height="184" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/inn-member-badge@2x.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-153394"/></a></figure> </section></aside><!-- #secondary --> </main><!-- #main --> </section><!-- #primary --> <div class="above-footer-widgets"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-26" class="above-footer widget widget_block"> <div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"></div></div> </section><section id="block-73" class="above-footer widget widget_block widget_media_image"></section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .above-footer-widgets --> </div><!-- #content --> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="footer-branding"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="footer-logo-link" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/" rel="home"> <img width="400" height="97" src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-400x97.png" class="footer-logo" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-400x97.png 400w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm-300x73.png 300w, https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/logo-white-sm.png 600w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> </a> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <ul id="menu-social-links-2" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134690"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/WashingtonMonthly/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-134691"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/monthly"><span class="screen-reader-text">Twitter Username</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- .social-navigation --> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .footer-branding --> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="nav_menu-7" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-155452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-155452"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/">Washington Monthly’s 2024 College Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137585"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2020-hospital-guide/">2020 Hospital Guide and Rankings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-137574"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/">Magazine</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-138375" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-138375"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/current-issue/">Current Issue</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137542"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/archives/">Past Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137570"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/from-the-archives/">From the Archives</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-8" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-134876"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/">Education</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-134878" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134878"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/k-12/">K-12</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134877" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-134877"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/education/college-rankings/">Higher Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-137736" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137736"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137737" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137737"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/the-monopolized-economy/">The Monopolized Economy</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-9" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-3-container"><ul id="menu-footer-3" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-137587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137587"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/politics/">Politics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137589"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/protecting-the-vote/">Protecting the Vote</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137590"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/law-and-justice/">Law and Justice</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137738" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137738"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/economy/">Economy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137739" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-137739"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/books/">Books</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-10" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><div class="menu-footer-4-container"><ul id="menu-footer-4" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-134886" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-71885 current_page_item menu-item-134886"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/about/" aria-current="page">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134887" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134887"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/advertising-opportunities/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134888" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134888"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-138965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138965"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-134890" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-134890"><a href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-137586" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-137586"><a target="_blank" href="https://philanthropy.washingtonmonthly.com/">Successes of Philanthropy</a></li> </ul></div></section> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </aside><!-- .widget-area --> <div class="site-info"> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">&copy; 2024 Washington Monthly</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://newspack.com/" class="imprint"> Powered by Newspack </a> </div><!-- .wrapper --> </div><!-- .site-info --> </footer><!-- #colophon --> </div><!-- #page --> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1">(function(){var lazy_load ={"active":true,"fetch_margin_percent":100,"render_margin_percent":0,"mobile_scaling":2};googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({fetchMarginPercent: lazy_load.fetch_margin_percent,renderMarginPercent: lazy_load.render_margin_percent,mobileScaling: lazy_load.mobile_scaling});});})();</script> <script type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1">(function(){var ad_config ={"network_code":"","disable_initial_load":false};var all_ad_units = [];var common_targeting = [];var defined_ad_units ={};var boundsContainers ={};function inOrPastViewport(element){var bounding = element.getBoundingClientRect();return(bounding.right <=(window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth)&&bounding.bottom <=(window.innerHeight || document.documentElement.clientHeight));}for(var container_id in all_ad_units){var ad_unit = all_ad_units[ container_id ];var container = document.querySelector('#' + container_id);if(! container){continue;}ad_unit.in_viewport = inOrPastViewport(container);container.ad_unit = ad_unit;var boundsWidth = 0;findContainer: for(var i = 0;i < ad_unit['bounds_selectors'].length;i++){var selector = ad_unit['bounds_selectors'][ i ];if(typeof boundsContainers[ selector ] === 'undefined'){boundsContainers[ selector ] = document.querySelectorAll(selector);}if(boundsContainers[ selector ].length){for(var j = 0;j < boundsContainers[ selector ].length;j++){var boundsContainer = boundsContainers[ selector ][ j ];if(boundsContainer.contains(container)){boundsWidth = boundsContainer.offsetWidth;break findContainer;}}}}var shouldUseBounds = !! boundsWidth;var availableWidth = window.innerWidth;if(shouldUseBounds){var containerWidth = container.parentNode.offsetWidth;availableWidth = Math.max(boundsWidth,containerWidth)+ parseInt(ad_unit['bounds_bleed']);for(viewportWidth in ad_unit['size_map']){var width = parseInt(viewportWidth);if(shouldUseBounds&&width > availableWidth){delete ad_unit['size_map'][ viewportWidth ];}}}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.active){var height = 'auto';var prop = 'height';if(ad_unit.in_viewport){for(viewportWidth in ad_unit.size_map){if(viewportWidth < availableWidth){height = 0;for(size in ad_unit.size_map[ viewportWidth ]){height = Math.max(height,ad_unit.size_map[ viewportWidth ][ size ][1]);}}}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.use_max_height&&ad_unit.fixed_height.max_height < height){height = ad_unit.fixed_height.max_height;prop = 'min-height';}height = height + 'px';}container.parentNode.style[prop] = height;}}googletag.cmd.push(function(){for(var container_id in all_ad_units){var ad_unit = all_ad_units[ container_id ];var container = document.querySelector('#' + container_id);if(! container){continue;}var slotSizes = ad_unit['sizes'];if(ad_unit['fluid']){slotSizes = slotSizes.concat('fluid');}var codeParts = [ ad_config['network_code'] ];if(ad_unit.path&&ad_unit.path.length){codeParts = codeParts.concat(ad_unit.path.map(function(parent){return parent['code'];}));}codeParts.push(ad_unit['code']);var code = '/' + codeParts.join('/');defined_ad_units[ container_id ] = googletag.defineSlot(code,slotSizes,container_id).addService(googletag.pubads());for(var target_key in common_targeting){defined_ad_units[ container_id ].setTargeting(target_key,common_targeting[ target_key ]);}for(var target_key in ad_unit['targeting']){defined_ad_units[ container_id ].setTargeting(target_key,ad_unit['targeting'][ target_key ]);}var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping();var baseSizes = [];if(ad_unit['fluid']){baseSizes = baseSizes.concat('fluid');}for(viewportWidth in ad_unit['size_map']){var width = parseInt(viewportWidth);var mappedSizes = ad_unit['size_map'][ viewportWidth ];mapping.addSize([ width,0 ],baseSizes.concat(mappedSizes));}if(ad_unit['sticky']){mapping.addSize([600,0],baseSizes);var stickyContainer = container.parentNode;var stickyClose = stickyContainer.querySelector('button.newspack_sticky_ad__close');var initialBodyPadding = document.body.style.paddingBottom;if(stickyClose){stickyClose.addEventListener('click',function(){stickyContainer.parentNode.removeChild(stickyContainer);document.body.style.paddingBottom = initialBodyPadding;});}}mapping.addSize([0,0],baseSizes);defined_ad_units[ container_id ].defineSizeMapping(mapping.build());}if(ad_config['disable_initial_load']){googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad();}googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();googletag.enableServices();for(var container_id in defined_ad_units){googletag.display(container_id);}googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){var container = document.getElementById(event.slot.getSlotElementId());if(! container){return;}var ad_unit = container.ad_unit;if(! ad_unit){return;}if(ad_unit.fixed_height.active&&container.parentNode.style.height === 'auto'&&event.size){container.parentNode.style.height = event.size[1] + 'px';event.slot.defineSizeMapping(googletag.sizeMapping().addSize([ 0,0 ],event.size).build());}if(event.isEmpty&&(ad_unit.sticky || ! ad_unit.fixed_height.active ||(ad_unit.fixed_height.active&&! ad_unit.in_viewport))){container.parentNode.style.display = 'none';}else{container.parentNode.style.display = 'flex';}var sizes = event.slot.getSizes();if((event.size === null || event.size[0] === 0)&&Array.isArray(sizes)&&sizes.indexOf('fluid')!== -1){if(container){var iframe = container.querySelector('iframe');if(iframe){iframe.style.width = '100%';}}}});googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded',function(event){var container = document.getElementById(event.slot.getSlotElementId());if(! container){return;}var ad_unit = container.ad_unit;if(! ad_unit || ! ad_unit.sticky){return;}if(! event.isEmpty&&document.body.clientWidth <= 600){stickyContainer.style.display = 'flex';document.body.style.paddingBottom = stickyContainer.clientHeight + 'px';}});(function(){var stickyAd = document.querySelector('.h-stk .stick-to-top:last-child');var siteHeader = document.querySelector('.h-stk .site-header');if(stickyAd&&siteHeader){stickyAd.style.top = 'calc(' + siteHeader.offsetHeight + 'px + 1rem)';}})();});})();</script> <script defer id="bilmur" data-provider="wpcloud" data-service="newspack" src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?m=202448"></script> <div class="jetpack-instant-search__widget-area" style="display: none"> </div> <script type="module"> import { Workbox } from "https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/pwa\/wp-includes\/js\/workbox-v7.3.0\/workbox-window.prod.js"; if ( 'serviceWorker' in navigator ) { window.wp = window.wp || {}; window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow = new Workbox( "https:\/\/washingtonmonthly.com\/wp.serviceworker", {"scope":"\/"} ); window.wp.serviceWorkerWindow.register(); } </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-recaptcha-v2.min.js?ver=2.7.0" id="recaptcha-v2-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script async="async" defer src="//www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=renderReCaptcha&amp;render=explicit&amp;ver=2.7.0" id="recaptcha-lib-v2-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/constant-contact-forms/assets/js/ctct-plugin-frontend.min.js?ver=2.7.0" id="ctct_frontend_forms-js" defer></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.js?ver=3.2.2" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-js" defer></script> <script id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","account_url":""}; var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[]}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=5.8.1" id="newspack-reader-activation-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> var newspack_reader_auth_labels = {"invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","login_canceled":"Login canceled."}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=5.8.1" id="newspack-reader-auth-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?ver=e87eb76272a3a08402d2" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read"},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session"},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories"},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account"},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter"},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation"},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"}}}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1732562351" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" defer type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"","segments":{}}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1732562351" id="newspack-popups-view-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/build/i18n-loader.js?minify=true&amp;ver=becd7d9884bc1b331e45" id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js" defer></script> <script id="wp-jp-i18n-loader-js-after" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"> wp.jpI18nLoader.state = {"baseUrl":"https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/languages/","locale":"en_US","domainMap":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-assets":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-backup-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-blaze":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-core":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-compat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-config":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-connection":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-explat":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-forms":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-image-cdn":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-import":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-ip":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-jitm":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-licensing":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-masterbar":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-my-jetpack":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-password-checker":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-plugins-installer":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-post-list":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-models":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-protect-status":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-search-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-stats-admin":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-sync":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-waf":"plugins/jetpack","jetpack-wordads":"plugins/jetpack","woocommerce-analytics":"plugins/jetpack"},"domainPaths":{"jetpack-admin-ui":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-admin-ui/","jetpack-assets":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-assets/","jetpack-backup-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-backup/","jetpack-blaze":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-blaze/","jetpack-boost-core":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-core/","jetpack-boost-speed-score":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-boost-speed-score/","jetpack-classic-theme-helper":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/","jetpack-compat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-compat/","jetpack-config":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-config/","jetpack-connection":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-connection/","jetpack-explat":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-explat/","jetpack-forms":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-forms/","jetpack-image-cdn":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-image-cdn/","jetpack-import":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-import/","jetpack-ip":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-ip/","jetpack-jitm":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-jitm/","jetpack-licensing":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-licensing/","jetpack-masterbar":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-masterbar/","jetpack-my-jetpack":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-my-jetpack/","jetpack-password-checker":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-password-checker/","jetpack-plugins-installer":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-plugins-installer/","jetpack-post-list":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-post-list/","jetpack-protect-models":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-models/","jetpack-protect-status":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-protect-status/","jetpack-publicize-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-publicize/","jetpack-search-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/","jetpack-stats":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats/","jetpack-stats-admin":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-stats-admin/","jetpack-sync":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-sync/","jetpack-videopress-pkg":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-videopress/","jetpack-waf":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-waf/","jetpack-wordads":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-wordads/","woocommerce-analytics":"jetpack_vendor/automattic/woocommerce-analytics/"}}; </script> <script id="jetpack-instant-search-js-before"> var JetpackInstantSearchOptions=JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent("%7B%22overlayOptions%22%3A%7B%22colorTheme%22%3A%22light%22%2C%22enableInfScroll%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableFilteringOpensOverlay%22%3Atrue%2C%22enablePostDate%22%3Atrue%2C%22enableSort%22%3Atrue%2C%22highlightColor%22%3A%22%23FFC%22%2C%22overlayTrigger%22%3A%22submit%22%2C%22resultFormat%22%3A%22expanded%22%2C%22showPoweredBy%22%3Atrue%2C%22defaultSort%22%3A%22newest%22%2C%22excludedPostTypes%22%3A%5B%5D%7D%2C%22homeUrl%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%22%2C%22locale%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22postsPerPage%22%3A10%2C%22siteId%22%3A200884816%2C%22postTypes%22%3A%7B%22post%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Post%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Posts%22%7D%2C%22page%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Page%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Pages%22%7D%2C%22attachment%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Media%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Media%22%7D%2C%22ctct_forms%22%3A%7B%22singular_name%22%3A%22Form%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Forms%22%7D%7D%2C%22webpackPublicPath%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fjetpack%5C%2Fjetpack_vendor%5C%2Fautomattic%5C%2Fjetpack-search%5C%2Fbuild%5C%2Finstant-search%5C%2F%22%2C%22isPhotonEnabled%22%3Afalse%2C%22isFreePlan%22%3Afalse%2C%22apiRoot%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%5C%2Fwp-json%5C%2F%22%2C%22apiNonce%22%3A%22b86947e011%22%2C%22isPrivateSite%22%3Afalse%2C%22isWpcom%22%3Afalse%2C%22hasOverlayWidgets%22%3Afalse%2C%22widgets%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22widgetsOutsideOverlay%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22hasNonSearchWidgets%22%3Afalse%2C%22preventTrackingCookiesReset%22%3Afalse%7D")); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-search/build/instant-search/jp-search.js?minify=false&amp;ver=7699f93e2ca878e728dc" id="jetpack-instant-search-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?ver=202448" id="jp-tracks-js" async type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-parsely/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js" defer></script> <script data-parsely-site="washingtonmonthly.com" src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/washingtonmonthly.com/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg" defer></script> <script id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=2.3.0" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=2.3.0" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js-before"> window.lazyLoadOptions={elements_selector:"img[data-src],.perfmatters-lazy,.perfmatters-lazy-css-bg",thresholds:"0px 0px",class_loading:"pmloading",class_loaded:"pmloaded",callback_loaded:function(element){if(element.tagName==="IFRAME"){if(element.classList.contains("pmloaded")){if(typeof window.jQuery!="undefined"){if(jQuery.fn.fitVids){jQuery(element).parent().fitVids()}}}}}};window.addEventListener("LazyLoad::Initialized",function(e){var lazyLoadInstance=e.detail.instance;});function perfmattersLazyLoadYouTube(e){var t=document.createElement("iframe"),r="ID?";r+=0===e.dataset.query.length?"":e.dataset.query+"&",r+="autoplay=1",t.setAttribute("src",r.replace("ID",e.dataset.src)),t.setAttribute("frameborder","0"),t.setAttribute("allowfullscreen","1"),t.setAttribute("allow","accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture"),e.replaceChild(t,e.firstChild)} </script> <script async src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/js/lazyload.min.js?ver=2.3.6" id="perfmatters-lazy-load-js"></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer" type="pmdelayedscript" data-cfasync="false" data-no-optimize="1" data-no-defer="1" data-no-minify="1"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"200884816\",\"post\":\"71885\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"washingtonmonthly.com\",\"hp\":\"atomic\",\"ac\":\"6\",\"amp\":\"0\",\"j\":\"1:14.1-a.7\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "200884816", "71885" ]); </script> <script src="https://washingtonmonthly.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/dist/responsive-videos/responsive-videos.js?minify=false&amp;ver=11ee3dcea6c676a3fed7" id="jetpack-responsive-videos-js" defer></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script> var newspackPopupsData = {"156385":{"prompt_id":156385,"prompt_title":"November 2024 fundraiser","prompt_frequency":"every 4 pageviews","prompt_placement":"center","action_type":"undefined"}}; </script> <script id="perfmatters-delayed-scripts-js">const pmDelayClick=false;const pmDelayTimer=setTimeout(pmTriggerDOMListener,10*1000);const pmUserInteractions=["keydown","mousedown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend"],pmDelayedScripts={normal:[],defer:[],async:[]},jQueriesArray=[],pmInterceptedClicks=[];var pmDOMLoaded=!1,pmClickTarget="";function pmTriggerDOMListener(){"undefined"!=typeof pmDelayTimer&&clearTimeout(pmDelayTimer),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.removeEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),document.removeEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener),"loading"===document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",pmTriggerDelayedScripts):pmTriggerDelayedScripts()}async function pmTriggerDelayedScripts(){pmDelayEventListeners(),pmDelayJQueryReady(),pmProcessDocumentWrite(),pmSortDelayedScripts(),pmPreloadDelayedScripts(),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.normal),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.defer),await pmLoadDelayedScripts(pmDelayedScripts.async),await pmTriggerEventListeners(),document.querySelectorAll("link[data-pmdelayedstyle]").forEach(function(e){e.setAttribute("href",e.getAttribute("data-pmdelayedstyle"))}),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-allScriptsLoaded")),pmWaitForPendingClicks().then(()=>{pmReplayClicks()})}function pmDelayEventListeners(){let e={};function t(t,n){function r(n){return e[t].delayedEvents.indexOf(n)>=0?"perfmatters-"+n:n}e[t]||(e[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},delayedEvents:[]},t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)},t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=r(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)}),e[t].delayedEvents.push(n)}function n(e,t){let n=e[t];Object.defineProperty(e,t,{get:n||function(){},set:function(n){e["perfmatters"+t]=n}})}t(document,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"load"),t(window,"pageshow"),t(document,"readystatechange"),n(document,"onreadystatechange"),n(window,"onload"),n(window,"onpageshow")}function pmDelayJQueryReady(){let e=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>e,set(t){if(t&&t.fn&&!jQueriesArray.includes(t)){t.fn.ready=t.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(e){pmDOMLoaded?e.bind(document)(t):document.addEventListener("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded",function(){e.bind(document)(t)})};let n=t.fn.on;t.fn.on=t.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function e(e){return e=(e=(e=e.split(" ")).map(function(e){return"load"===e||0===e.indexOf("load.")?"perfmatters-jquery-load":e})).join(" ")}"string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=e(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(function(t){delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[e(t)]:arguments[0][t]})[t]})}return n.apply(this,arguments),this},jQueriesArray.push(t)}e=t}})}function pmProcessDocumentWrite(){let e=new Map;document.write=document.writeln=function(t){var n=document.currentScript,r=document.createRange();let a=e.get(n);void 0===a&&(a=n.nextSibling,e.set(n,a));var i=document.createDocumentFragment();r.setStart(i,0),i.appendChild(r.createContextualFragment(t)),n.parentElement.insertBefore(i,a)}}function pmSortDelayedScripts(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=pmdelayedscript]").forEach(function(e){e.hasAttribute("src")?e.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==e.defer?pmDelayedScripts.defer.push(e):e.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==e.async?pmDelayedScripts.async.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e):pmDelayedScripts.normal.push(e)})}function pmPreloadDelayedScripts(){var e=document.createDocumentFragment();[...pmDelayedScripts.normal,...pmDelayedScripts.defer,...pmDelayedScripts.async].forEach(function(t){var n=t.getAttribute("src");if(n){var r=document.createElement("link");r.href=n,"module"==t.getAttribute("data-perfmatters-type")?r.rel="modulepreload":(r.rel="preload",r.as="script"),e.appendChild(r)}}),document.head.appendChild(e)}async function pmLoadDelayedScripts(e){var t=e.shift();return t?(await pmReplaceScript(t),pmLoadDelayedScripts(e)):Promise.resolve()}async function pmReplaceScript(e){return await pmNextFrame(),new Promise(function(t){let n=document.createElement("script");[...e.attributes].forEach(function(e){let t=e.nodeName;"type"!==t&&("data-perfmatters-type"===t&&(t="type"),n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue))}),e.hasAttribute("src")?(n.addEventListener("load",t),n.addEventListener("error",t)):(n.text=e.text,t()),e.parentNode.replaceChild(n,e)})}async function pmTriggerEventListeners(){pmDOMLoaded=!0,await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-DOMContentLoaded")),await pmNextFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-readystatechange")),await pmNextFrame(),document.perfmattersonreadystatechange&&document.perfmattersonreadystatechange(),await pmNextFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("perfmatters-load")),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonload&&window.perfmattersonload(),await pmNextFrame(),jQueriesArray.forEach(function(e){e(window).trigger("perfmatters-jquery-load")});let e=new Event("perfmatters-pageshow");e.persisted=window.pmPersisted,window.dispatchEvent(e),await pmNextFrame(),window.perfmattersonpageshow&&window.perfmattersonpageshow({persisted:window.pmPersisted})}async function pmNextFrame(){return new Promise(function(e){requestAnimationFrame(e)})}function pmReplayClicks(){window.removeEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler),pmInterceptedClicks.forEach(e=>{e.target.outerHTML===pmClickTarget&&e.target.dispatchEvent(new MouseEvent("click",{view:e.view,bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0}))})}function pmWaitForPendingClicks(){return new Promise(e=>{window.pmIsClickPending?pmPendingClickFinished=e:e()})}function pmPendingClickStarted(){window.pmIsClickPending=!0}function pmPendingClickFinished(){window.pmIsClickPending=!1}function pmClickHandler(e){e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmInterceptedClicks.push(e),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation(),e.stopImmediatePropagation(),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchStartHandler(e){"HTML"!==e.target.tagName&&(pmClickTarget||(pmClickTarget=e.target.outerHTML),window.addEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.addEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.addEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"onclick","pm-onclick"),pmPendingClickStarted())}function pmTouchMoveHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler),e.target.removeEventListener("click",pmClickHandler),pmRenameDOMAttribute(e.target,"pm-onclick","onclick"),pmPendingClickFinished()}function pmTouchEndHandler(e){window.removeEventListener("touchend",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("mouseup",pmTouchEndHandler),window.removeEventListener("touchmove",pmTouchMoveHandler,{passive:!0}),window.removeEventListener("mousemove",pmTouchMoveHandler)}function pmRenameDOMAttribute(e,t,n){e.hasAttribute&&e.hasAttribute(t)&&(event.target.setAttribute(n,event.target.getAttribute(t)),event.target.removeAttribute(t))}window.pmIsClickPending=!1,window.addEventListener("pageshow",e=>{window.pmPersisted=e.persisted}),pmUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){window.addEventListener(e,pmTriggerDOMListener,{passive:!0})}),pmDelayClick&&(window.addEventListener("touchstart",pmTouchStartHandler,{passive:!0}),window.addEventListener("mousedown",pmTouchStartHandler)),document.addEventListener("visibilitychange",pmTriggerDOMListener);</script></body> </html> <!-- generated in 0.749 seconds 126480 bytes batcached for 300 seconds -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10