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href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Ligandrol</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:LGD-4033.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LGD-4033.svg/225px-LGD-4033.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LGD-4033.svg/338px-LGD-4033.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LGD-4033.svg/450px-LGD-4033.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="363" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">LGD4033; VK5211; VK-5211; Ligandrol; Anabolicum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>None</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24–36 hours<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">4-[(2R)-2-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1165910-22-4">1165910-22-4</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/44137686">44137686</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB13934">DB13934</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.29364487.html">29364487</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/1EJT54415A">1EJT54415A</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL5170587">ChEMBL5170587</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID10657620">DTXSID10657620</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21098841#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C14H12F6N2O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">338.253 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=FC%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D1CCCN1C2%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%23N%29C%3DC2%29C%28F%29%28F%29F%29%28F%29F">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">FC([C@H](O)[C@H]1CCCN1C2=CC(=C(C#N)C=C2)C(F)(F)F)(F)F</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C14H12F6N2O/c15-13(16,17)10-6-9(4-3-8(10)7-21)22-5-1-2-11(22)12(23)14(18,19)20/h3-4,6,11-12,23H,1-2,5H2/t11-,12-/m1/s1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:OPSIVAKKLQRWKC-VXGBXAGGSA-N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> LGD-4033, also known by the developmental code name VK5211 and by the black-market name Ligandrol, is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">selective androgen receptor modulator</a> (SARM) which is under development for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> in people with <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> It was also under development for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, but development for these indications was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> LGD-4033 has been reported to <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-dependently</a> improve <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a> in preliminary <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, but is still being developed and has not been approved for medical use.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girgis2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> The drug is taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> Known possible <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of LGD-4033 include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>, adverse <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> changes like decreased <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL) <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels, changes in <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> concentrations like decreased <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Elevated_liver_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated liver enzymes">elevated liver enzymes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver toxicity">liver toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a> The potential of LGD-4033 and other SARMs for producing <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">masculinization</a> is largely uncharacterized and hence is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a> LGD-4033 is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> SARM, acting as an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR), the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> However, it shows dissociation of effect between tissues in <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclinical research">preclinical studies</a>, with agonistic and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> effects in muscle and bone and <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partially agonistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonistic</a> effects in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> LGD-4033 was first described in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a> It is less clinically studied than other SARMs like <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a>, with only a few small <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> having been conducted and reported.<a href="#cite_note-VikingTherapeutics-VK5211-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> LGD-4033 has not yet completed clinical development or been approved for any use.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a> As of 2023, it is in <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> LGD-4033 was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ligand_Pharmaceuticals" title="Ligand Pharmaceuticals">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a>, and is now being developed by Viking Therapeutics.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> Aside from its development as a potential <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a>, LGD-4033 is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_the_World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency">list of prohibited substances</a><a href="#cite_note-WADA2014-15">[15]</a> and is sold for <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">physique- and performance-enhancing</a> purposes by black-market Internet suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a> LGD-4033 is often used in these contexts at doses greatly exceeding those evaluated in clinical trials, with unknown effectiveness and <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a> Many products sold online that are purported to be LGD-4033 either contain none or contain other unrelated substances.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29183075-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 is not approved for any medical use and is not available as a licensed <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">Side effects</a> of LGD-4033 may include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a> LGD-4033 has been found to <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-dependently</a> decrease levels of <a href="/wiki/Total_testosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Total testosterone">total testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_testosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free testosterone">free testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG), <a href="/wiki/HDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL cholesterol">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, while not affecting levels of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), <a href="/wiki/Total_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Total cholesterol">total cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/LDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL cholesterol">LDL cholesterol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">prostate-specific antigen</a> (PSA).<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> Due to the decreased ratio of HDL cholesterol to LDL cholesterol, LGD-4033 could theoretically increase the risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33672087-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elevated_liver_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated liver enzymes">Elevated liver enzymes</a>, such as increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate aminotransferase">aspartate aminotransferase</a> (AST) or <a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanine aminotransferase">alanine aminotransferase</a> (ALT), have not been reported with LGD-4033 in the few conducted clinical trials thus far.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a> However, multiple <a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">case reports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a> with LGD-4033 in the setting of non-medical use have been published.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid38059982-19">[19]</a> LGD-4033 and other SARMs are largely uncharacterized in terms of their potential for <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">masculinizing</a> effects, for example in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a> In addition, the effects and <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a> of high doses of LGD-4033 and other SARMs, which are often used in non-medical contexts, are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a> Anecdotal reports of masculinization with black-market SARMs in women exist in online forums.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) claims that "liver toxicity, adverse effects on blood lipid levels, and a potential to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke" are among the potential adverse health effects of SARMs including LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 has been assessed in clinical trials at single doses ranging from 0.1 to 22 mg and at repeated doses ranging from 0.1 to 2 mg/day for 3 to 12 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a> The drug sold via black-market Internet suppliers and used non-medically is often taken at much higher doses than those used in repeated-dose clinical trials (e.g., 5–10 mg/day), with unknown adverse effects and risks.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">selective androgen receptor modulator</a> (SARM), or a <a href="/wiki/Tissue_selectivity" title="Tissue selectivity">tissue-selective</a> mixed <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> This receptor is the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) and of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-23">[23]</a> LGD-4033 shows high <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selectivity</a> for the AR, with an affinity (Ki) value of 0.9 nM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> It did not meaningfully interact with the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">mineralocorticoid receptor</a> (all Ki > 4,000 nM), whereas the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen receptor α">estrogen receptor α</a> was not assessed.<a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcriptional_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcriptional activity">transcriptional activity</a> at the AR, the <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">efficacy</a> (Emax) of LGD-4033 was 132% to 133% and its <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a> was 3.6 to 4.4 nM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> The AR is widely expressed in <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> throughout the body, including in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-23">[23]</a> LGD-4033 has been found to have varying <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> AR-mediated effects in different tissues, including <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> agonistic and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> activity in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and weaker partial agonist activity in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33042018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37407738-25">[25]</a> LGD-4033 has shown robust selectivity for stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Levator_ani" title="Levator ani">levator ani</a> muscle relative to stimulation of the prostate in rats.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a> At the highest assessed dose in castrated male rats, levator ani weight was increased to around 140% of that of gonadally intact controls, whereas prostate weight was only increased to around 45% of that of intact controls.<a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> The tissue selectivity of LGD-4033 was independent of local tissue drug concentration, suggesting that its selectivity was intrinsic.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-VajdaMarschkevanOeveren2009-13">[13]</a> The muscle-stimulating effects of LGD-4033 have also been confirmed in humans in preliminary clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-26">[26]</a> The data also allow comparison between different SARMs and other AR agonists.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-26">[26]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_I" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 1</a> clinical trial in 76 healthy young men, 1 mg/day LGD-4033 increased <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> by 1.2 kg after 3 weeks of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a>, another SARM, increased lean body mass by 1.3 kg at a dose of 3 mg/day after 12 weeks in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-27">[27]</a> It was concluded that the employed dose of LGD-4033 produced similar increases in lean body mass compared to enobosarm despite a substantially shorter treatment period.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> clinical trial in 108 women and men with <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a>, LGD-4033 increased lean body mass by 4.8% at 0.5 mg/day, 7.2% at 1 mg/day, and 9.1% at 2 mg/day after 12 weeks of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> For comparison, lean body mass with enobosarm 3 mg/day after the same time period of 12 weeks increased by about 0.30% at 0.1 mg/day, 0.40% at 0.3 mg/day, 1.2% at 1 mg/day, and 3.1% at 3 mg/day, with only the latter change achieving <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-27">[27]</a> Relative to SARMs, supraphysiological doses of testosterone (300–600 mg/week intramuscular testosterone enanthate) over similar timeframes, like 20 weeks, have been found to result in lean body mass gains of 5 to 8 kg in healthy young men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19357508-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11701431-29">[29]</a> In addition to selectivity for muscle and bone over the prostate gland, LGD-4033 has also been stated by Ligand Pharmaceuticals researchers to have reduced strength in the <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a> Reduced activity in stimulating sebaceous gland formation, to about 30 to 50% of that produced by DHT at doses with similar anabolic potency in rats, has also been reported for certain other SARMs, like the steroidal agents <a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a> In addition, enobosarm and MK-0773 have been reported to limitedly stimulate the sebaceous glands in small short-term clinical studies in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20356837-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 showed <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">linear or dose-proportional</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> across doses of 0.1 to 1 mg/day over 21 days of administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> Levels of LGD-4033 were 3-fold higher at day 21 compared to day 1, indicating significant <a href="/wiki/Drug_accumulation_ratio" title="Drug accumulation ratio">accumulation</a> with repeated administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> The mean <a href="/wiki/Area-under-the-curve_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area-under-the-curve (pharmacokinetics)">area-under-curve</a> levels of LGD-4033 on day 21 were 19 ng•day/mL at 0.1 mg/day, 85 ng•day/mL at 0.3 mg/day, and 238 ng•day/mL at 1 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of LGD-4033 is 24 to 36 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a> Pharmacokinetic studies of LGD-4033 for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">doping</a> detection have also been conducted.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34734312-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30255601-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26767942-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27168428-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> SARM with a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">pyrrolidinyl</a>-<a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">benzonitrile</a> core <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structure</a> and is also referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">quinoline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quinolinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinolinone">quinolinone</a> SARM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071</a> (LGD-121071), a <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic compound">tricyclic</a> quinoline, was the predecessor <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a> of LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a> of LGD-4033 had not been disclosed as late as 2013.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-26">[26]</a> LGD-4033 has sometimes been confused with other structurally related <a href="/wiki/Ligand_Pharmaceuticals" title="Ligand Pharmaceuticals">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a> SARMs including <a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> but is a different compound from these agents.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> LGD-4033 is a <a href="/wiki/Small-molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-molecule">small-molecule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> = 338.3 g/mol) and highly <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient#Prediction" title="Partition coefficient">predicted</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient#Partition_coefficient_and_log_P" title="Partition coefficient">log P</a> = 3.6–3.7) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PubChem-Ligandrol-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank-Ligandrol-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The predecessor of LGD-4033, <a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071</a> (LGD-121071), was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Ligand_Pharmaceuticals" title="Ligand Pharmaceuticals">Ligand Pharmaceuticals</a> and was first described in the literature in January 1999.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9925725-38">[38]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally active</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> to be discovered.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16841196-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9925725-38">[38]</a> LG121071 is a <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic compound">tricyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">quinoline</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivative</a>, and is structurally distinct from arylpropionamide SARMs like <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a> (ostarine).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16841196-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicyclic compound">bicyclic</a> quinoline SARM, was subsequently developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and <a href="/wiki/TAP_Pharmaceuticals" title="TAP Pharmaceuticals">TAP Pharmaceuticals</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16841196-39">[39]</a> Other quinoline SARMs, like <a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a>, were also subsequently developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals prior to the development of LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-JasujaZacharovBhasin2012-40">[40]</a> LGD-4033 was developed by Ligand Pharmaceuticals and was first described in the literature in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a> On the basis of a favorable <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_development" title="Preclinical development">preclinical</a> profile, <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_I" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> of LGD-4033 began in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a> The results of a single-dose phase 1 clinical trial were published as a <a href="/wiki/Conference_abstract" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference abstract">conference abstract</a> in 2010 and the findings of a multi-dose phase 1 trial were published as a <a href="/wiki/Journal_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal article">journal article</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> A third phase 1 trial was also conducted.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-VikingTherapeutics-VK5211-14">[14]</a> By 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> trial of LGD-4033 for the treatment of muscle wasting related to cancer <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>, acute <a href="/wiki/Physical_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fracture</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Acute_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute illness">acute illness</a> was being prepared by Ligand Pharmaceuticals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-1">[1]</a> On 22 May 2014, Viking Therapeutics licensed the developmental rights of LGD-4033 from Ligand Pharmaceuticals and intended to advance the compound into mid-to-late-stage clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> The phase 2 study of LGD-4033 for muscle wasting was finally initiated in November 2016<a href="#cite_note-FierceBiotech2016-41">[41]</a> and was completed with results reported in 2017 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-VikingTherapeutics-VK5211-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> As of March 2023, LGD-4033 (VK5211) continues to be under development by Viking Therapeutics and continues to be in phase 2 clinical trials for treatment of muscle atrophy and hip fracture.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulatory_information">Regulatory information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regulatory information">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, LGD-4033 is an <a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a> and is not approved for any medical use.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-medical_use">Non-medical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Non-medical use">edit</a>]</div> Though not an approved drug, LGD-4033 (Ligandrol) has been sold on the black market in countries where it is classified as an illegal substance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a> (ostarine; GTx-024, S-22), <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a> (GTx-007; S-4), and <a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">vosilasarm</a> (RAD140; "testolone"), LGD-4033 is one of the most popular and common non-medically-used SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-HahamyanGouldGregory2023-44">[44]</a> Many products sold online that are purported to be LGD-4033 either contain none or contain other unrelated substances, and doses are also frequently not as labeled.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29183075-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-17">[17]</a> On 23 October 2017, a nutritional supplement company in Missouri called Infantry Labs was warned by the FDA that the distribution of two of its products violated the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a>. One of the substances was LGD-4033. The company advertised as benefits of the LGD-4033: "increases in lean body mass and decrease in body fat" and "increases in strength, well being, as well as healing possibilities". The company mislabeled as "<a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary supplements">dietary supplements</a>" what should have been "<a href="/wiki/New_Drug_Application" title="New Drug Application">new drugs</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Prescription_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription drugs">prescription drugs</a>" and were instructed to document the steps they would take in order to cease the violation.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-20">[20]</a> Also on 23 October 2017, the FDA sent a warning letter to a New Jersey company called Panther Sports Nutrition. The company's marketing approach for the product was similar to that of the Infantry Labs case, and the product was advertised as a "mass builder" and "physique enhancing agent".<a href="#cite_note-panther-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping_in_sport">Doping in sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Doping in sport">edit</a>]</div> LGD-4033 is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Anti-Doping Association">World Anti-Doping Association</a> (WADA) list of prohibited drugs<a href="#cite_note-WADA2014-15">[15]</a> and has been found in drug testing samples of some athletes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Since at least June 2015, LGD-4033 has been available via the internet. In that month, German scientists proposed a new test to detect its <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> present in human <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, and suggested an expansion of the WADA regime.<a href="#cite_note-dope-47">[47]</a> LGD-4033 has been found in WADA samples and in racehorses as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29334634-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_doping_cases">List of doping cases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of doping cases">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_doping_in_sport_cases#Ligandrol" class="mw-redirect" title="List of doping in sport cases">List of doping in sport cases § Ligandrol</a></div> On 15 March 2024 cyclist <a href="/wiki/Christos_Volikakis" title="Christos Volikakis">Christos Volikakis</a> was informed of an Adverse Analytical Finding on a re-analysis of a sample from the 2016 Rio Olympics. The athlete has since requested an analysis of the B sample.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2015, the quarterback of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Gators" title="Florida Gators">Florida Gators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Grier" title="Will Grier">Will Grier</a>, was suspended for testing positive for LGD-4033, a claim that the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> denies.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Joakim_Noah" title="Joakim Noah">Joakim Noah</a> was banned for twenty games by the <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> for testing positive for LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2019, Australian swimmer <a href="/wiki/Shayna_Jack" title="Shayna Jack">Shayna Jack</a> tested positive for LGD-4033. She denies knowingly taking the substance.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In August 2019, it came to light that Canadian sprint canoeist <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Vincent-Lapointe" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Vincent-Lapointe">Laurence Vincent Lapointe</a> tested positive for LGD-4033; the athlete denies knowingly taking a forbidden substance that resulted in her suspension from competition. The athlete remarked that the National Team Training Centre purchased nutritional supplements for its athletes and denied buying or taking nutritional supplements on her own. <a href="#cite_note-lvl-53">[53]</a> On January 27, 2020, she was cleared of all charges. The substance was found in her results because of an exchange of bodily fluids with her boyfriend, who took LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In January 2020, Chilean <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP tennis</a> singles competitor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Jarry" title="Nicolás Jarry">Nicolás Jarry</a> tested positive for both LGD-4033 and <a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">stanozolol</a>. He protested at the time that the multi-vitamins from Brazil that he took on the advice of an unnamed doctor were contaminated.<a href="#cite_note-farah-55">[55]</a> On 3 September 2022, sprinter Nzubechi Grace Nwokocha was provisionally suspended for the use of banned substances <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a> and LGD-4033<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> by the Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU). On 23 January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Thompson" title="Tristan Thompson">Tristan Thompson</a> was suspended for 25 games by the NBA for testing positive for <a href="/wiki/Ibutamoren" title="Ibutamoren">ibutamoren</a> and LGD-4033.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 12 March 2024, curler <a href="/wiki/Briane_Harris" title="Briane Harris">Briane Harris</a> was provisionally suspended for up to four years after testing positive for LGD-4033. She denies this after being tested by doping control officers on Jan. 24 and notified of her positive test on Feb. 15. A second sample, called the B sample, also confirmed the positive test. She plans to appeal the ban to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, arguing she was unknowingly exposed to it through bodily contact. <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Oral administration of LGD-4033 to <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">cynomolgus monkeys</a> at daily doses varying from 0 to 75 mg/kg over 13 weeks demonstrated significant body weight gain in both males and females. After 48 days, the 75 mg/kg dose testing was halted due to <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> concerns, but this did not negatively impact development of the drug as this dose is significantly higher than the doses being utilized in a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_I" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> of LGD-4033 have been conducted and reported.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a> The first was a single-dose study published as a <a href="/wiki/Conference_abstract" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference abstract">conference abstract</a> in 2010 and the second was a multi-dose study published as a <a href="/wiki/Journal_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal article">journal article</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeglassonKapilLeibowitz2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> The multi-dose phase 1 trial published in 2013 reported that LGD-4033 <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-dependently</a> improved <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a> in 76 healthy young men over 21 days.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> It was generally well-tolerated in this study, with no significant adverse effects reported.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> clinical trial, initiated on 3 November 2016, consisted of 108 women and men recovering from hip fracture surgery.<a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> The randomized study participants received either placebo or varying doses of LGD-4033 over a period of 12 weeks, with improved lean body mass as the primary endpoint.<a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> Other endpoints included satisfactory results in terms of <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FierceBiotech2016-41">[41]</a> This study was completed and results reported in 2017 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-VikingTherapeutics-VK5211-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> In the trial, LGD-4033 <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-dependently</a> improved <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a> and was reported to be safe and <a href="/wiki/Tolerability" title="Tolerability">well-tolerated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girgis2019-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> Placebo-adjusted lean body mass was increased by 4.8% at 0.5 mg/day, 7.2% at 1 mg/day, and 9.1% at 2 mg/day after 12 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> As of 2023, LGD-4033 has been less studied than other SARMs like <a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">enobosarm</a>, with only three small phase 1 clinical trials and one phase 2 trial, or a total of four clinical studies, having been conducted and reported.<a href="#cite_note-VikingTherapeutics-VK5211-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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(2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/endocrj/57/Suppl.2/57_57.S355/_pdf/-char/en#page=188">"P8-2-7 Phase I clinical trial of LGD-4033, a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM)"</a>. Endocrine Journal. 57 (Suppl 2 [14th International Congress of Endocrinology (ICE 2010), March 26-30, 2010, Kyoto, Japan]): S542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1507%2Fendocrj.57.S355">10.1507/endocrj.57.S355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0918-8959">0918-8959</a>. <q>LGD-4033 is a potent SARM that binds the human androgen receptor with Kd =0.9 nM. In animal models, it has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle and bone, but spares prostate, sebaceous glands, and female genitalia. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human Phase I trial, ascending single oral doses of LGD-4033 ranging from 0.1 mg to 22 mg were administered to healthy males. LGD4033 was safe and well tolerated up to the highest tested dose with no serious adverse events reported. LGD-4033 exhibited dose-proportional, sustained systemic exposure (AUC0-48hr: 24 to 7000 ng. hr/ mL for 0.1 and 22 mg doses, respectively). The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 31 hrs, indicating LGD-4033 is amenable for once daily dosing. PK-PD studies were conducted in orchiectomized (ORDX) rats, a model of androgen action, to determine the LGD-4033 efficacious exposure level. Subcutaneous minipumps were used to mimic the 10-fold longer t1/2 in humans vs. rats. A dose that produced an AUC of 80 ng. hr/mL restored the atrophied muscle mass of ORDX rats to the eugonadal level (270% increase in levator ani muscle weight with LGD-4033 vs. vehicle) and reduced the elevated luteinizing hormone level of ORDX rats by 98%. The efficacious range predicted by the preclinical model will be achieved by repeated daily doses ca. 0.25 mg in humans. Conclusion: LGD-4033 is a well-tolerated and highly tissue-specific, potential new treatment for sarcopenia (e.g., cancer cachexia or the frail elderly) and osteoporosis that is predicted to be effective using low, daily oral doses. A Phase I multi-dose study is in progress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Journal&rft.atitle=P8-2-7+Phase+I+clinical+trial+of+LGD-4033%2C+a+novel+selective+androgen+receptor+modulator+%28SARM%29&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=Suppl+2+%5B14th+International+Congress+of+Endocrinology+%28ICE+2010%29%2C+March+26-30%2C+2010%2C+Kyoto%2C+Japan%5D&rft.pages=S542&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1507%2Fendocrj.57.S355&rft.issn=0918-8959&rft.aulast=Meglasson&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Kapil%2C+R&rft.au=Leibowitz%2C+MT&rft.au=Peterkin%2C+JJ&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Lee%2C+KJ&rft.au=Lee%2C+YH&rft.au=Vajda%2C+EG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fendocrj%2F57%2FSuppl.2%2F57_57.S355%2F_pdf%2F-char%2Fen%23page%3D188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigandrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_5-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800030373">"VK 5211 - AdisInsight"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VK+5211+-+AdisInsight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800030373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigandrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid36479151-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohideenHussainDahiyaWehbe2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mohideen H, Hussain H, Dahiya DS, Wehbe H (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9647117">"Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: An Emerging Liver Toxin"</a>. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 11 (1): 188–196. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9647117">9647117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36479151">36479151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Transl+Hepatol&rft.atitle=Selective+Androgen+Receptor+Modulators%3A+An+Emerging+Liver+Toxin&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9647117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36479151&rft.aulast=Mohideen&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Hussain%2C+H&rft.au=Dahiya%2C+DS&rft.au=Wehbe%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9647117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigandrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girgis2019-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Girgis2019_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Girgis2019_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGirgis2019" class="citation book cs1">Girgis CM (2019). "Sex Steroid Hormones and Osteosarcopenia". Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 173–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-25890-0_8">10.1007/978-3-030-25890-0_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-25889-4"><bdi>978-3-030-25889-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209246318">209246318</a>. <q>Other molecules have been developed including LGD-4033 which increased muscle mass and strength in healthy males after 3 weeks (Basaria et al. 2013) [...] Recently, a phase 2 trial on the agent VK211 demonstrated dose-dependent increases in lean body mass, and improvements in physical performance in patients who had sustained hip fracture (Ristic et al. 2018). Whilst SARMs hold great promise as anabolic agents that may offer an effective therapy for osteosarcopenia, long-term side effects of these agents are unknown, studies are generally small and of short duration. Regulation of these products poses immense challenges with their high uptake on the black market and via the internet as performance-enhancing, body-building agents, which may overshadow their potential mainstream application in disorders of aging.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex+Steroid+Hormones+and+Osteosarcopenia&rft.btitle=Osteosarcopenia%3A+Bone%2C+Muscle+and+Fat+Interactions&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209246318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-25890-0_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-25889-4&rft.aulast=Girgis&rft.aufirst=CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigandrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RisticHarhajiSirbu2018_8-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRisticHarhajiSirbuIrizarry-Roman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ristic B, Harhaji V, Sirbu PD, Irizarry-Roman M, Bucs G, Sztanyi I, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbmr.3621#page=38">"1072 VK5211, a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), significantly improves lean body mass in hip fracture patients: results of a 12 week phase 2 trial"</a>. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 33 (Suppl 1 [2018 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Palais des congrès de Montréal in Montréal, Quebéc, Canada September 28 – October 1, 2018]): S24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjbmr.3621">10.1002/jbmr.3621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30444937">30444937</a>. <q>Introduction Hip fractures are a leading cause of disability and morbidity in older people. Post-facture, an increased catabolic state often leads to loss of muscle, which can impair balance and endurance, potentially increasing the risk of further injury. Anabolic steroids have been shown to improve muscle mass in certain settings. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) could be similarly effective in older patients who have suffered muscle loss following hip fracture, while potentially avoiding undesired side effects associated with broad-acting anabolic agents. VK5211 is a novel, non-steroidal, orally available SARM that has been shown to improve muscle mass and bone mineral density in animal models. In humans, a prior Phase 1 study demonstrated increases in lean body mass after 21 days of dosing. Purpose A 12 week study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of VK5211 in patients who had suffered a hip fracture. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, international Phase 2 trial was conducted to evaluate VK5211 in patients recovering from hip fracture. Patients were randomized to receive daily oral VK5211 doses of 0.5 mg, 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg, or placebo, for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint evaluated change from baseline in lean body mass, less head, in patients receiving VK5211 compared with placebo. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included changes in appendicular lean mass, bone density, and functional performance. Results A total of 108 patients were randomized (83 F, 25 M; mean age 77). Patients receiving VK5211 demonstrated significant increases in lean body mass, less head, after 12 weeks. Placebo-adjusted increases were 4.8% at 0.5 mg, 7.2% at 1.0 mg, and 9.1% at 2.0 mg (p < 0.005 for each). The proportions of patients experiencing at least a 2.0 kg increase were 14% with placebo, 57% at 0.5 mg, 65% at 1.0 mg, and 81% at 2.0 mg (p < 0.01 for each). Patients receiving VK5211 demonstrated improvement in certain measures of functional performance, including the 6-minute walk test and short physical performance battery (these endpoints were not powered for significance). The rates of adverse events were similar in cohorts receiving VK5211 as compared with placebo, and no drug-related SAEs were observed in VK5211-treated patients. Conclusion VK5211 was well-tolerated and produced improvements in lean body mass in hip fracture patients following 12 weeks of dosing. Further evaluation in this setting is warranted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bone+and+Mineral+Research&rft.atitle=1072+VK5211%2C+a+novel+selective+androgen+receptor+modulator+%28SARM%29%2C+significantly+improves+lean+body+mass+in+hip+fracture+patients%3A+results+of+a+12+week+phase+2+trial&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=Suppl+1+%5B2018+Annual+Meeting+of+the+American+Society+for+Bone+and+Mineral+Research+Palais+des+congr%C3%A8s+de+Montr%C3%A9al+in+Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Queb%C3%A9c%2C+Canada+September+28+%E2%80%93+October+1%2C+2018%5D&rft.pages=S24&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjbmr.3621&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30444937&rft.aulast=Ristic&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Harhaji%2C+V&rft.au=Sirbu%2C+PD&rft.au=Irizarry-Roman%2C+M&rft.au=Bucs%2C+G&rft.au=Sztanyi%2C+I&rft.au=Binkley%2C+N&rft.au=Orwig%2C+D&rft.au=Neutel%2C+J&rft.au=Homer%2C+K&rft.au=Macini%2C+M&rft.au=Masamune%2C+H&rft.au=Barker%2C+G&rft.au=Lian%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1002%2Fjbmr.3621%23page%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALigandrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37571268-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid37571268_9-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallVrolijk2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hall E, Vrolijk MF (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10420890">"Androgen Receptor and Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Risk for the Abuse of Supplements Containing Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators"</a>. 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&oldid=1276553857">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligandrol&oldid=1276553857</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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