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<span>Isaac Watts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isaac_Watts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Molecules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ionic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermetallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermetallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Intermetallic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermetallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Complexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonding_and_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonding_and_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bonding and forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonding_and_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical compound</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_verbinding" title="Chemiese verbinding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese verbinding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemische Verbindung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="यौगिक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यौगिक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مركب كيميائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركب كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_quimico" title="Compuesto quimico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Compuesto quimico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97" title="ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuestu_qu%C3%ADmicu" title="Compuestu químicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compuestu químicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_birl%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="Kimyəvi birləşmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi birləşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%87" title="شیمیایی بیرلشمه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی بیرلشمه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97" title="রাসায়নিক যৌগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক যৌগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dp-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D2%A1%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химик ҡушылмалар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химик ҡушылмалар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хімічнае злучэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічнае злучэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хімічнае злучэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімічнае злучэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompwestong_kimikal" title="Kompwestong kimikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kompwestong kimikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Химично съединение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химично съединение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijski_spoj" title="Hemijski spoj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijski spoj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Compost químic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compost químic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D3%B3" title="Химилле пĕрлешӳ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле пĕрлешӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompuwesto" title="Kompuwesto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kompuwesto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_slou%C4%8Denina" title="Chemická sloučenina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemická sloučenina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfansoddyn_cemegol" title="Cyfansoddyn cemegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfansoddyn cemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_forbindelse" title="Kemisk forbindelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk forbindelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="مركب كيماوي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مركب كيماوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Verbindung" title="Chemische Verbindung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Verbindung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiska_w%C4%9Bzba" title="Chemiska wězba – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chemiska wězba" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_%C3%BChend" title="Keemiline ühend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline ühend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Χημική ένωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική ένωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuesto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Compuesto químico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compuesto químico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_kombina%C4%B5o" title="Kemia kombinaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia kombinaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konposatu_kimiko" title="Konposatu kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konposatu kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ترکیب شیمیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکیب شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chemical compound" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evnasambinding" title="Evnasambinding – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evnasambinding" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compos%C3%A9_chimique" title="Composé chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Composé chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhdh%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Comhdhúil cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhdhúil cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-vunstoo" title="Co-vunstoo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-vunstoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-th%C3%A0thadh" title="Co-thàthadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Co-thàthadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Composto químico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Composto químico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="화합물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화합물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քիմիական միացություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական միացություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="रासायनिक यौगिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक यौगिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiska_wjazba" title="Chemiska wjazba – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chemiska wjazba" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijski_spojevi" title="Kemijski spojevi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijski spojevi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_kompozuro" title="Kemiala kompozuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala kompozuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Senyawa kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composito_chimic" title="Composito chimic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Composito chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Химион иугонд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Химион иугонд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umxube" title="Umxube – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umxube" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnasamband" title="Efnasamband – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnasamband" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composto_chimico" title="Composto chimico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Composto chimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA" title="תרכובת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרכובת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_Kimia" title="Senyawa Kimia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Senyawa Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%9Bl%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8B%CA%8B_wonuu" title="Kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛlɩkpɛlɛkʋʋ wonuu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რთული ნივთიერება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რთული ნივთიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="رساێن سمُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رساێن سمُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялық қосылыстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық қосылыстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaundi" title="Kampaundi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kampaundi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konpoze" title="Konpoze – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konpoze" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompoz%C3%A9_chimik" title="Kompozé chimik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kompozé chimik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositum_chemicum" title="Compositum chemicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Compositum chemicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_savienojums" title="Ķīmiskais savienojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskais savienojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminis_junginys" title="Cheminis junginys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminis junginys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xukmi_veljmina" title="xukmi veljmina – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xukmi veljmina" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumpost_chimigh" title="Cumpost chimigh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cumpost chimigh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegy%C3%BClet" title="Vegyület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Хемиско соединение – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиско соединение" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സംയുക്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംയുക്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87" title="संयुगे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुगे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="مركب كيماوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مركب كيماوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebatian_kimia" title="Sebatian kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sebatian kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Senyawa kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C4%83k-%C5%ADk" title="Huá-hăk-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hăk-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Химийн нэгдэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн нэгдэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်ပေါင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်ပေါင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainimate_vakatautauvatataki" title="Wainimate vakatautauvatataki – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wainimate vakatautauvatataki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samengestelde_stof" title="Samengestelde stof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samengestelde stof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="रासायनिक यौगिक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक यौगिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化合物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemisk_ferbinjang" title="Cheemisk ferbinjang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cheemisk ferbinjang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_forbindelse" title="Kjemisk forbindelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk forbindelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_sambinding" title="Kjemisk sambinding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk sambinding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Compausat quimic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaawundii_keemikaalaa" title="Kompaawundii keemikaalaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kompaawundii keemikaalaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_birikma" title="Kimyoviy birikma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy birikma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਯੋਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਯੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8" title="کیمیائی مرکب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی مرکب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒြပ်ခြွဉ်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒြပ်ခြွဉ်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8" title="کیمیاوي مرکب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کیمیاوي مرکب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_kompoun" title="Kimikal kompoun – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimikal kompoun" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Verbinnen" title="Cheemsch Verbinnen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Verbinnen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_chemiczny" title="Związek chemiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek chemiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composto_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Composto químico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Composto químico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compus_chimic" title="Compus chimic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Compus chimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27inkisqa" title="T'inkisqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'inkisqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хемічна злученина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемічна злученина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Химическое соединение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическое соединение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Химия холбоһуга – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия холбоһуга" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="रासायनिक संयोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रासायनिक संयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrb%C3%ABrja_kimike" title="Përbërja kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përbërja kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C" title="රසායනික සංයෝග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික සංයෝග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical compound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%A8" title="ڪيميائي مرڪب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي مرڪب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_zl%C3%BA%C4%8Denina" title="Chemická zlúčenina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemická zlúčenina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spojina" title="Spojina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spojina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isku_dhis" title="Isku dhis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isku dhis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئاوێتەی کیمیایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاوێتەی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Хемијско једињење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијско једињење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijsko_jedinjenje" title="Hemijsko jedinjenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijsko jedinjenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyawa_kimia" title="Sanyawa kimia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sanyawa kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdiste" title="Yhdiste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdiste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_f%C3%B6rening" title="Kemisk förening – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk förening" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompuwesto" title="Kompuwesto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kompuwesto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதிச் சேர்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதிச் சேர்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddis_akruran" title="Uddis akruran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uddis akruran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химик кушылмалар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химик кушылмалар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన సమ్మేళనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన సమ్మేళనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="สารประกอบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารประกอบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Пайвастҳои кимиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пайвастҳои кимиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile%C5%9Fik" title="Bileşik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bileşik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Химиктиг каттыжыышкын – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Химиктиг каттыжыышкын" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хімічна сполука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна сполука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8" title="کیمیائی مرکب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی مرکب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himine_%C3%BChtnend" title="Himine ühtnend – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himine ühtnend" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Hợp chất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hợp chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liitollus" title="Liitollus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liitollus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance composed of multiple chemically bonded elements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/200px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/300px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg/400px-2006-02-13_Drop-impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/200px-Water-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/300px-Water-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Water-3D-balls.png/400px-Water-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Pure <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O) is an example of a compound. The <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">ball-and-stick model</a> of the molecule shows the spatial association of two parts <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (white) and one part <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (red)</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>chemical compound</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a> composed of many identical <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_entity" title="Molecular entity">molecular entities</a>) containing <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> from more than one <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Homonuclear_molecule" title="Homonuclear molecule">molecule consisting of atoms of only one element</a> is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed. </p><p>There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular compound">Molecular compounds</a> are held together by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a> are held together by <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compounds">intermetallic compounds</a> are held together by <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> are held together by <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate covalent bonds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">Non-stoichiometric compounds</a> form a disputed marginal case. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, using the standard <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbols</a> with numerical <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscripts</a>. Many chemical compounds have a unique <a href="/wiki/CAS_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS number">CAS number</a> identifier assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a>. Globally, more than 350,000 chemical compounds (including mixtures of chemicals) have been registered for production and use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Boyle">Robert Boyle</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Robert_Boyle,_RP-P-OB-4578_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Robert Boyle, c. 1740" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg/299px-Portret_van_Robert_Boyle%2C_RP-P-OB-4578_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Robert Boyle</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/220px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/330px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg/440px-Sceptical_chymist_1661_Boyle_Title_page_AQ18_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <i>The Sceptical Chymist</i></figcaption></figure><p> The term "compound"—with a meaning similar to the modern—has been used at least since 1661 when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymist" title="The Sceptical Chymist">The Sceptical Chymist</a></i> was published. In this book, Boyle variously used the terms "compound",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "compounded body",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166113_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166113-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "perfectly mixt body",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "concrete".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Perfectly mixt bodies" included for example gold,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mercury,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the distinction between compound and <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> is not so clear, the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> and compound is a central theme. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Quicksilver ... with <i>Aqua fortis</i> will be brought into a ... white Powder ... with Sulphur it will compose a blood-red and volatile Cinaber. And yet out of all these exotick Compounds, we may recover the very same running Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166140–41_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166140–41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corpuscles_of_elements_and_compounds">Corpuscles of elements and compounds</h4></div><p> Boyle used the concept of "corpuscles"—or "atomes",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he also called them—to explain how a limited number of elements could combine into a vast number of compounds:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If we assigne to the Corpuscles, whereof each Element consists, a peculiar size and shape ... such ... Corpuscles may be mingled in such various Proportions, and ... connected so many ... wayes, that an almost incredible number of ... Concretes may be compos’d of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isaac_Watts">Isaac Watts</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts,_D.D..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg/299px-Portrait_of_Isaac_Watts%2C_D.D..jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Isaac Watts by John Shury, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts#Logic_and_science" title="Isaac Watts">Logick</a></i>, published in 1724, the English minister and logician <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Watts" title="Isaac Watts">Isaac Watts</a> gave an early definition of chemical element, and contrasted element with chemical compound in clear, modern terms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among Substances, some are called Simple, some are Compound ... Simple Substances ... are usually called Elements, of which all other Bodies are compounded: Elements are such Substances as cannot be resolved, or reduced, into two or more Substances of different Kinds. ... Followers of Aristotle made Fire, Air, Earth and Water to be the four Elements, of which all earthly Things were compounded; and they suppos'd the Heavens to be a Quintessence, or fifth sort of Body, distinct from all these : But, since experimental Philosophy ... have been better understood, this Doctrine has been abundantly refuted. The Chymists make Spirit, Salt, Sulphur, Water and Earth to be their five Elements, because they can reduce all terrestrial Things to these five : This seems to come nearer the Truth ; tho' they are not all agreed ... Compound Substances are made up of two or more simple Substances ... So a Needle is simple Body, being made only of Steel; but a Sword or a Knife is a compound because its ... Handle is made of Materials different from the Blade.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>Any substance consisting of two or more different types of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>) in a fixed <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> proportion can be termed a <i>chemical compound</i>; the concept is most readily understood when considering pure <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitten_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitten-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Brown_p.6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_p.6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill_p.6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_p.6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted, via <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>, into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbraham_p.36_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbraham_p.36-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbols</a> for the chemical elements, and <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscripts</a> to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is composed of two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atoms</a> bonded to one <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atom: the chemical formula is H<sub>2</sub>O. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric compounds</a>, the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation, and give fixed proportions of their component elements, but proportions that are not integral [e.g., for <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">palladium hydride</a>, PdH<sub>x</sub> (0.02 < x < 0.58)].<sup id="cite_ref-PdH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PdH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical compounds have a unique and defined <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structure</a> held together in a defined spatial arrangement by <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>. Chemical compounds can be <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> compounds held together by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compounds">intermetallic compounds</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonds</a>, or the subset of <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">chemical complexes</a> that are held together by <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_covalent_bond" title="Coordinate covalent bond">coordinate covalent bonds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChemPrinciples_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemPrinciples-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> are generally not considered chemical compounds, failing the two or more atom requirement, though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">diatomic molecule</a> H<sub>2</sub>, or the <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic molecule">polyatomic molecule</a> S<sub>8</sub>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-ChemPrinciples_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemPrinciples-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</a> (CAS): its <a href="/wiki/CAS_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS number">CAS number</a>. </p><p>There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances, which include truly non-stoichiometric examples, from chemical compounds, which require the fixed ratios. Many solid chemical substances—for example many <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate minerals</a>—are chemical substances, but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios; even so, these <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystalline</a> substances are often called "<a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric compounds</a>". It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as the variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true <i>chemical compound</i>, or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> of the Earth. Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of the constituent elements, which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecules">Molecules</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></div> <p>A molecule is an <a href="/wiki/Electrically_neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically neutral">electrically neutral</a> group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecule may be <a href="/wiki/Homonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonuclear">homonuclear</a>, that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with two atoms in the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> molecule (O<sub>2</sub>); or it may be <a href="/wiki/Heteronuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronuclear">heteronuclear</a>, a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H<sub>2</sub>O). A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic_compounds">Ionic compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">Ionic compound</a></div> <p>An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> held together by <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">electrostatic forces</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bonding" title="Ionic bonding">ionic bonding</a>. The compound is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> and negatively charged ions called <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>. These can be <a href="/wiki/Simple_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple ion">simple ions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (Na<sup>+</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> (Cl<sup>−</sup>) in <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic</a> species such as the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) ions in <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>. Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of a continuous three-dimensional network, usually in a <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystalline structure</a>. </p><p>Ionic compounds containing basic ions <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> (OH<sup>−</sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> (O<sup>2−</sup>) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and can be formed by <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction#Arrhenius_theory" title="Acid–base reaction">acid–base reactions</a>. Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_reaction_route" title="Solid-state reaction route">solid-state reaction</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a> reaction of <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_series" title="Reactivity series">reactive</a> metals with reactive non-metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> gases. </p><p>Ionic compounds typically have high <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>, and are <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a>. As solids they are almost always <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">electrically insulating</a>, but when <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melted</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> they become highly <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">conductive</a>, because the ions are mobilized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermetallic_compounds">Intermetallic compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">Intermetallic compound</a></div> <p>An intermetallic compound is a type of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> that forms an ordered solid-state compound between two or more metallic elements. Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complexes">Complexes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination complex</a></div> <p>A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> and is called the <i>coordination centre</i>, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a></i> or complexing agents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many metal-containing compounds, especially those of <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, are coordination complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coordination complex whose centre is a metal atom is called a metal complex of d block element. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bonding_and_forces">Bonding and forces</h2></div> <p>Compounds are held together through a variety of different types of bonding and forces. The differences in the types of bonds in compounds differ based on the types of elements present in the compound. </p><p><a href="/wiki/London_dispersion_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="London dispersion forces">London dispersion forces</a> are the weakest force of all <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular forces">intermolecular forces</a>. They are temporary attractive forces that form when the <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> in two adjacent atoms are positioned so that they create a temporary <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a>. Additionally, London dispersion forces are responsible for condensing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">non polar</a> substances to liquids, and to further freeze to a solid state dependent on how low the temperature of the environment is.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a>, also known as a molecular bond, involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Primarily, this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table of elements">periodic table of elements</a>, yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals. This is due to the mechanism of this type of bond. Elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table tend to have similar <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativities</a>, which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons, it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ionic_bonding" title="Ionic bonding">Ionic bonding</a> occurs when <a href="/wiki/Valence_electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence electrons">valence electrons</a> are completely transferred between elements. Opposite to covalent bonding, this chemical bond creates two oppositely charged ions. The metals in ionic bonding usually lose their valence electrons, becoming a positively charged <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a>. The nonmetal will gain the electrons from the metal, making the nonmetal a negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>. As outlined, ionic bonds occur between an electron donor, usually a metal, and an electron acceptor, which tends to be a nonmetal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">Hydrogen bonding</a> occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a> bonded to an electronegative atom forms an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles or charges.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a></div> <p>A compound can be converted to a different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>. In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically, this reaction could be described as <span class="nowrap">AB + CD → AD + CB</span>, where A, B, C, and D are each unique atoms; and AB, AD, CD, and CB are each unique compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">Chemical structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_chemical_formulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of chemical formulas">Dictionary of chemical formulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compounds" title="List of compounds">List of compounds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWangWalkerMuirNagatani-Yoshida2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Zhanyun; Walker, Glen W.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, Kakuko (2020-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b06379">"Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a></i>. <b>54</b> (5): 2575–2584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnST...54.2575W">2020EnST...54.2575W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b06379">10.1021/acs.est.9b06379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F405322">20.500.11850/405322</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31968937">31968937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Global+Understanding+of+Chemical+Pollution%3A+A+First+Comprehensive+Analysis+of+National+and+Regional+Chemical+Inventories&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2575-2584&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F405322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31968937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.9b06379&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020EnST...54.2575W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhanyun&rft.au=Walker%2C+Glen+W.&rft.au=Muir%2C+Derek+C.+G.&rft.au=Nagatani-Yoshida%2C+Kakuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1021%252Facs.est.9b06379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166141_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166113-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166113_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166129_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166142_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1661145_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166140–41-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166140–41_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle166138_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1661">Boyle 1661</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1726" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Isaac (1726) [1724]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/logickorrightuse00wattuoft/page/13/mode/1up"><i>Logick: Or, the right use of reason in the enquiry after truth, with a variety of rules to guard against error in the affairs of religion and human life, as well as in the sciences</i></a>. 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"The H-Pd (hydrogen-palladium) System". <i>Journal of Phase Equilibria</i>. <b>15</b>: 62–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02667685">10.1007/BF02667685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95343702">95343702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phase+Equilibria&rft.atitle=The+H-Pd+%28hydrogen-palladium%29+System&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=62-83&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02667685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A95343702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft.au=San-Martin%2C+A.&rft.au=Pitre%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080229180236/http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/mmc/people/jw476/pdh.html">Phase diagram for Palladium-Hydrogen System</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChemPrinciples-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChemPrinciples_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChemPrinciples_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsJones2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Atkins" title="Peter Atkins">Atkins, Peter</a>; Jones, Loretta (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalprincipl00pete"><i>Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight</i></a></span>. W.H. 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(the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M04002.html">Molecule</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M04002">10.1351/goldbook.M04002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbin,_Darrell_D.1990" class="citation book cs1">Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). <i>General Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.). 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Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentlectureno00theo"><i>Chemistry – the Central Science</i></a></span> (9th ed.). New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066997-1"><bdi>978-0-13-066997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%E2%80%93+the+Central+Science&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-066997-1&rft.au=Brown%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Kenneth+C.+Kemp&rft.au=Theodore+L.+Brown&rft.au=Harold+Eugene+LeMay&rft.au=Bruce+Edward+Bursten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentlectureno00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/molecule">"Definition of molecule - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. <i>NCI</i>. 2011-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"11-2 Intermetallic Compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/903959750"><i>The Science and Engineering of Materials</i></a> (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 387–389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-07676-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-07676-1"><bdi>978-1-305-07676-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903959750">903959750</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531151448/https://www.worldcat.org/title/science-and-engineering-of-materials/oclc/903959750">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11-2+Intermetallic+Compounds&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Engineering+of+Materials&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=387-389&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903959750&rft.isbn=978-1-305-07676-1&rft.aulast=Askeland&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Wright%2C+Wendelin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F903959750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanel_On_Intermetallic_Alloy_Development,_Commission_On_Engineering_And_Technical_Systems1997" class="citation book cs1">Panel On Intermetallic Alloy Development, Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906692179"><i>Intermetallic alloy development : a program evaluation</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-52438-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-52438-5"><bdi>0-309-52438-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906692179">906692179</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531151435/https://www.worldcat.org/title/intermetallic-alloy-development-a-program-evaluation/oclc/906692179">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.4.3+Intermetallics&rft.btitle=Mechanical+properties+of+engineered+materials&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300921090&rft.isbn=0-8247-8900-8&rft.au=Soboyejo%2C+W.+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F300921090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrance2010" class="citation book cs1">Lawrance, Geoffrey A. (2010). <i>Introduction to Coordination Chemistry</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470687123">10.1002/9780470687123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470687123" title="Special:BookSources/9780470687123"><bdi>9780470687123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Coordination+Chemistry&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470687123&rft.isbn=9780470687123&rft.aulast=Lawrance&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01203.html">complex</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C01203">10.1351/goldbook.C01203</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/C01330.html">coordination entity</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.C01330">10.1351/goldbook.C01330</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse.html">"London Dispersion Forces"</a>. <i>www.chem.purdue.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113112106/http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/disperse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chem.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=London+Dispersion+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.purdue.edu%2Fgchelp%2Fliquids%2Fdisperse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds">"Ionic and Covalent Bonds"</a>. <i>Chemistry LibreTexts</i>. 2013-10-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183643/https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=Ionic+and+Covalent+Bonds&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCore%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FFundamentals%2FIonic_and_Covalent_Bonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/H02899.html">hydrogen bond</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.H02899">10.1351/goldbook.H02899</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/hbond.html">"Hydrogen Bonding"</a>. <i>www.chem.purdue.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808201000/http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/hbond.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chem.purdue.edu&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Bonding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.purdue.edu%2Fgchelp%2Fliquids%2Fhbond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/hbond.html">"intermolecular bonding – hydrogen bonds"</a>. <i>www.chemguide.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219123038/http://chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/hbond.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chemguide.co.uk&rft.atitle=intermolecular+bonding+%E2%80%93+hydrogen+bonds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Fatoms%2Fbonding%2Fhbond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1661" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, R. (1661). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22914/22914-h/22914-h.htm"><i>The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes, Touching the Spagyrist's Principles Commonly call'd Hypostatical; As they are wont to be Propos'd and Defended by the Generality of Alchymists. Whereunto is præmis'd Part of another Discourse relating to the same Subject</i></a>. Printed by J. Cadwell for J. Crooke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sceptical+Chymist%3A+or+Chymico-Physical+Doubts+%26+Paradoxes%2C+Touching+the+Spagyrist%27s+Principles+Commonly+call%27d+Hypostatical%3B+As+they+are+wont+to+be+Propos%27d+and+Defended+by+the+Generality+of+Alchymists.+Whereunto+is+pr%C3%A6mis%27d+Part+of+another+Discourse+relating+to+the+same+Subject&rft.pub=Printed+by+J.+Cadwell+for+J.+Crooke&rft.date=1661&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22914%2F22914-h%2F22914-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_compounds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical compounds">Chemical compounds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Siegfried2002" class="citation cs2">Robert Siegfried (1 October 2002), <i>From elements to atoms: a history of chemical composition</i>, American Philosophical Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-924-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-924-4"><bdi>978-0-87169-924-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+elements+to+atoms%3A+a+history+of+chemical+composition&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-924-4&rft.au=Robert+Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+compound" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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