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<li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Gagaku</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagako" title="Gagako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gagako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="گاگاکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاگاکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95" title="גאגאקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאגאקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="गागाकू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गागाकू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E6%A5%BD" title="雅楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雅楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Гагаку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гагаку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Ґаґаку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґаґаку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%85%E6%A8%82" title="日本雅樂 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日本雅樂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E6%A8%82_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="雅樂 (日本) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅樂 (日本)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Gagaku" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q718540#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Gagaku_(album)" title="Gagaku (album)"><i>Gagaku</i> (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Asuka-period genre of masked dance-drama, see <a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku"><i>Gigaku</i></a>. For the style of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> adopted from Tang-dynasty China, see <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dgaku" title="Tōgaku"><i>Tōgaku</i></a>.</div> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Gagaku</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雅楽</span></span>, lit. "elegant music")</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japanese classical music</a> that was historically used for imperial court music and dances. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span> was developed as court music of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Imperial_Palace" title="Kyoto Imperial Palace">Kyoto Imperial Palace</a>, and its near-current form was established in the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185) around the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-gagakukai_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagakukai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-council_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it is performed by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ceremonies" title="Board of Ceremonies">Board of Ceremonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a>. </p><p>Gagaku consists of three primary repertoires:<sup id="cite_ref-gagakukai_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagakukai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Native <a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto religious music</a> and imperial songs and dance, called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kuniburi no utamai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">国風歌舞</span></span>)</span></li> <li>Vocal music based on native <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> poetry, called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Utaimono</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">謡物</span></span>)</span></li> <li>Songs and dance based on foreign-style music <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> form (specifically <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>), called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Togaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaku">Tōgaku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">唐楽</span></span>)</span></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchurian</a> form, called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Komagaku" title="Komagaku">komagaku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">高麗楽</span></span>)</span></li></ol></li></ol> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span>, like <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Shōmyō">shōmyō</a></i></span>, employs the <a href="/wiki/Yo_scale" title="Yo scale">yo scale</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scale</a> with ascending intervals of two, three, two, two, and three semitones between the five scale tones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artistically it differs from the music of the corresponding Chinese form <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yayue" title="Yayue">yayue</a></i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雅楽</span></span>) which is a term reserved for ceremonial music.<sup id="cite_ref-ortolani_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortolani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugaku(Naiku)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG/290px-Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG/435px-Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG/580px-Bugaku%28Naiku%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Jingu-Bugaku at <a href="/wiki/Kotaijingu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotaijingu">Kotaijingu</a> (Naiku), <a href="/wiki/Ise,_Mie" title="Ise, Mie">Ise city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The prototype of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> was introduced into Japan with Buddhism from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In 589, Japanese official diplomatic delegations were sent to China (during the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>) to learn Chinese culture, including Chinese court music. By the 7th century, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">koto</a></i></span> (the 13-stringed <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>) and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">biwa</a></i></span> (a short-necked <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>) had been introduced into Japan from China. Various instruments, including these two, were the earliest used to play <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span>. </p><p>Even though the Japanese use the same term, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雅楽</span></span> (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">yǎyuè</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">ngahngohk</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>), the form of music imported from China was primarily banquet music (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">engaku</i></span>) rather than the ceremonial music of the Chinese <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="cmn-Latn">yǎyuè</i></span>. The importation of music peaked during the Tang dynasty, and these pieces are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tōgaku</i></span> (Tang music). <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span> pieces that originated at a time earlier than the Tang dynasty are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kogaku</i></span> (ancient music), while those originating after the Tang dynasty are called <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shingaku</i></span> (new music). The term <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> itself was first recorded in 701, when the first imperial academy of music <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagakuryō</i></span> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-ortolani_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortolani-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music from the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> had been recorded as early as 453 AD, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">komagaku</i></span> was eventually used as a term that covered all Korean pieces, the Goguryeo kingdom being referred to as Koma in Japanese. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komagaku</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tōgaku</i></span> became established in southern Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710–794). In 736, music from India and Vietnam were also introduced, known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjikugaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天竺楽</span></span>)</span> and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rinyūgaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">林邑楽</span></span>)</span> respectively. </p><p>During the Nara period in the 8th century, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> was performed at national events, such as the erection of the Great Buddha of <a href="/wiki/Todai-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Todai-ji">Todai-ji</a> Temple, by organizing <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> performance groups at large temples. </p><p>From the 9th century to the 10th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, traditional <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> was developed further, becoming distinctly Japanese in style through its fusion with musical styles indigenous to Japan, changing it greatly. The form of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> was almost completed by the fusion of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tōgaku</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komagaku</i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjikugaku</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rinyūgaku</i></span> which were introduced from Asian countries, with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kuniburi no utamai</i></span>, traditional Japanese music, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">utaimono</i></span>, songs born in the Heian period.<sup id="cite_ref-gagakukai_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagakukai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-council_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, many pieces of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> music were created and foreign-style <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> music was rearranged and renewed. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span> was also reorganized, and foreign-style <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> music was classified into categories called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sahō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">左方</span></span>, left side)</span> and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Uhō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">右方</span></span>, right side)</span>. Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian style was classified as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sahō</i></span>, and Korean and Manchurian style was classified as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Uhō</i></span>. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tenjikugaku</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Rinyūgaku</i></span> were also included in the category of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tōgaku</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-gagakukai_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagakukai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-council_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ortolani2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortolani2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> reached its peak between the 9th and 10th centuries, when court aristocracy began to hold private concerts, but declined in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185–1333) when the power of the court aristocracy became diminished while that of the samurai rose.<sup id="cite_ref-ortolani2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortolani2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span> was played by musicians who belonged to hereditary guilds. During the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, military rule was imposed and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> was rarely performed at court. At this time, there were three guilds, based in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a>, a civil war from 1467 to 1477 during the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> ensembles ceased to perform in Kyoto for about 100 years. In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> revived and reorganized the court-style ensembles, the direct ancestors of the present <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> ensembles. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868, musicians from all three guilds came to the capital and their descendants make up most of the current <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> Music Department. By that time, the present ensemble composition had been established, consisting of three wind instruments – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">hichiriki</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABteki" title="Ryūteki">ryūteki</a></i></span>, and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">shō</a></i></span> (bamboo mouth organ used to provide harmony) – and three percussion instruments – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">kakko</a></i></span> (small drum), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dko_(instrument)" title="Shōko (instrument)">shōko</a></i></span> (metal percussion), and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">taiko</a></i></span> (drum) or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">dadaiko</i></span> (large drum), supplemented by two string instruments – <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gakubiwa</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gakusō</i></span>. </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Gagaku</i></span> also accompanies classical dance performances called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">bugaku</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">舞楽</span></span>)</span>. It may be used in religious ceremonies in some Buddhist temples.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, the Japanese government recognized <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bugaku</i></span> as important <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasures</a>. </p><p>Today, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> is performed in three ways:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangen_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangen (music) (page does not exist)">kangen</a></i></span>, concert music for winds, strings and percussion,</li> <li>as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bugaku</i></span>, or dance music, for which the stringed instruments are omitted.</li> <li>as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">utaimono</i></span>, singing to the accompaniment of a musical instrument, classified into 10 categories.</li></ul> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Komagaku</i></span> survives only as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">bugaku</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> ensembles, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reigakusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reigakusha (page does not exist)">Reigakusha</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伶楽舎</span></span>)</span>, perform contemporary compositions for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> instruments. This subgenre of contemporary works for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> instruments, which began in the 1960s, is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">reigaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伶楽</span></span>)</span>. 20th-century composers such as <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu" title="Tōru Takemitsu">Tōru Takemitsu</a> have composed works for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> ensembles, as well as individual <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> instruments. In January 2015 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reigakusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reigakusha (page does not exist)">Reigakusha</a> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> Ensemble and <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Modern" title="Ensemble Modern">Ensemble Modern</a> performed together <i>Music with silent aitake's</i> by Belgian composer <a href="/wiki/Frederic_D%27Haene" title="Frederic D'Haene">Frederic D'Haene</a>, making <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gagaku</i></span> and Western music co-exist.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_used">Instruments used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wind, string and percussion instruments are essential elements of gagaku music. Some instruments, such as Haishō, Gogen biwa, Kugo had been removed from the ensemble during Heian period and reconstructed based on the old documents and some remains of the instruments in the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Ds%C5%8D-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōsō-in">Shōsō-in</a> during Showa Era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind">Wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Azuma-asobi-bue<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東遊笛</span></span>)</span>, also called <i>chukan</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paixiao" title="Paixiao">Haishō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">排簫</span></span>)</span>, panpipes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiriki" title="Hichiriki">Hichiriki</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">篳篥</span></span>)</span>, oboe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagurabue" title="Kagurabue">Kagurabue</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神楽笛</span></span>)</span>, transverse flute larger than ryūteki, used in kuniburi no utamai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komabue" title="Komabue">Komabue</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">高麗笛</span></span>)</span>, transverse flute smaller than ryūteki, used in komagaku</li> <li>O-hichiriki<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大篳篥</span></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryuteki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryuteki">Ryūteki</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">龍笛</span></span>)</span>, transverse flute used in tōgaku</li> <li>(Ancient) <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">Shakuhachi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尺八</span></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">Shō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">笙</span></span>)</span>, mouth organ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(wind_instrument)" title="Yu (wind instrument)">U</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竽</span></span>)</span>, large mouth organ</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String">String</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: String"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gaku <a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">楽琵琶</span></span>)</span>, 4-stringed lute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koto_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koto (musical instrument)">Gakusō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">楽箏</span></span>)</span>, 13-string zither of Chinese origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_(instrument)" title="Ruan (instrument)">Genkan</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阮咸</span></span>)</span></li> <li>Gogen biwa<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">五絃琵琶</span></span>)</span>, 5-stringed lute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konghou" title="Konghou">Kugo</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">箜篌</span></span>)</span>, angled harp used in ancient times and recently revived</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamatogoto" title="Yamatogoto">Yamatogoto</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大和琴</span></span>, also called <i>wa-gon</i>)</span>, zither of Japanese origin, with 6 or 7 strings</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussion">Percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da-daiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da-daiko (page does not exist)">Da-daiko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鼉太鼓</span></span>)</span>, large drums used at festivals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangxiang" title="Fangxiang">Hōkyō</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">方響</span></span>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikko_(drum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikko (drum)">Ikko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">一鼓</span></span>)</span>, small, ornately decorated hourglass-shaped drum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakko_(instrument)" title="Kakko (instrument)">Kakko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鞨鼓/羯鼓</span></span>)</span>, small hourglass-shaped drum struck with two wooden sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San-no-tsuzumi" class="mw-redirect" title="San-no-tsuzumi">San-no-tsuzumi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三の鼓</span></span>)</span>, hourglass-shaped drum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakubyoshi" title="Shakubyoshi">Shakubyoshi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">笏拍子</span></span>, also called <i>shaku</i>)</span>, clapper made from a pair of flat wooden sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dko_(instrument)" title="Shōko (instrument)">Shōko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鉦鼓</span></span>)</span>, small gong, struck with two horn beaters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鈴</span></span>)</span>, a bell tree clapper, specific to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikomai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikomai (page does not exist)">Mikomai</a> dance performed as Mi-<a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">kagura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuri-daiko" title="Tsuri-daiko">Tsuri-daiko</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">釣太鼓</span></span>)</span>, drum on a stand with ornately painted head, played with two padded sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuzumi" title="Tsuzumi">Tsuzumi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鼓</span></span>)</span>, hourglass drum, specific to <a href="/wiki/Shiraby%C5%8Dshi" title="Shirabyōshi">Shirabyōshi</a> dance performed as Mi-kagura</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Western_music">Influence on Western music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence on Western music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 20th century, several western classical composers became interested in gagaku, and composed works based on gagaku. Most notable among these are <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> (<i>Ongaku</i>, 1957), <a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a> (numerous works of <a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">drone music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but especially <i><a href="/wiki/Trio_for_Strings" title="Trio for Strings">Trio for Strings</a></i>, 1958), <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a> (numerous works), <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sept_ha%C3%AF-ka%C3%AFs" title="Sept haï-kaïs"><i>Sept haïkaï</i></a>, 1962), <a href="/wiki/Lou_Harrison" title="Lou Harrison">Lou Harrison</a> (<i>Pacifika Rondo</i>, 1963), <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Curlew_River" title="Curlew River">Curlew River</a></i>, 1964), <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Hambraeus" title="Bengt Hambraeus">Bengt Hambraeus</a> (<i>Shogaku</i>, from <i>Tre Pezzi per Organo</i>, 1967), <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_%C3%81kos" class="extiw" title="hu:Nagy Ákos">Ákos Nagy</a> (Veiled wince flute quartet 2010), <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kapuściński">Jarosław Kapuściński</a> (numerous works), <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Peebles" title="Sarah Peebles">Sarah Peebles</a> (numerous works), <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Toyama" title="Michiko Toyama">Michiko Toyama</a> (<i>Waka</i>, 1960), and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hecker" title="Tim Hecker">Tim Hecker</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Konoyo" title="Konoyo">Konoyo</a></i>, 2018). </p><p>One of the most important gagaku musicians of the 20th century, Masataro Togi (who served for many years as chief court musician), instructed American composers such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Teitelbaum" title="Richard Teitelbaum">Richard Teitelbaum</a> in the playing of gagaku instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_cultural_influence">Other cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American poet <a href="/wiki/Steve_Richmond_(poet)" title="Steve Richmond (poet)">Steve Richmond</a> developed a unique style based on the rhythms of gagaku. Richmond heard gagaku music on records at <a href="/wiki/U.C.L.A." class="mw-redirect" title="U.C.L.A.">U.C.L.A.</a>'s Department of Ethnomusicology in the early 1960s. In a 2009 interview with writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Pleasants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Pleasants (page does not exist)">Ben Pleasants</a>, Richmond claimed he had written an estimated 8,000–9,000 gagaku poems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aak" title="Aak">Aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etenraku" title="Etenraku">Etenraku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku">Gigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagura" title="Kagura">Kagura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayue" title="Yayue">Yayue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gagakukai-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gagakukai_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gagakukai_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gagakukai_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gagakukai_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903014505/http://www.nihongagakukai.gr.jp/about_gagaku/gagaku.html">History of gagaku</a> Nihon gagakukai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-council-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-council_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-council_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-council_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826124132/https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/dglib/contents/learn/edc22/rekishi/re3.html">The Indigenization and Accomplishment of Gagaku</a> Japan Arts Council</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313144427/http://www.uwgb.edu/ogradyt/world/japan.htm"><i>Japanese Music</i>, <i>Cross-Cultural Communication: World Music</i>, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ortolani-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ortolani_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ortolani_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BO95" class="citation book cs1">Ortolani, Benito (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ge8cWl8OT3gC&pg=PA40"><i>The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691043333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691043333"><bdi>978-0691043333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Theatre%3A+From+Shamanistic+Ritual+to+Contemporary+Pluralism&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0691043333&rft.aulast=Ortolani&rft.aufirst=Benito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dge8cWl8OT3gC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGagaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ortolani2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ortolani2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ortolani2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#BO95">Ortolani 1995</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150953/http://www.kyuhaku-db.jp/dazaifu/archives/25.html">"正行寺の報恩講と雅楽"</a>. <i>Kyushu National Museums</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyuhaku-db.jp/dazaifu/archives/25.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyushu+National+Museums&rft.atitle=%E6%AD%A3%E8%A1%8C%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A0%B1%E6%81%A9%E8%AC%9B%E3%81%A8%E9%9B%85%E6%A5%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyuhaku-db.jp%2Fdazaifu%2Farchives%2F25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGagaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ngo5Zs_Sg3w&t=330s">"Enjoy gagaku. What kind of music is Gagaku?"</a> Doyusha Video</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819070626/http://aris.ss.uci.edu/rgarfias/gagaku/music.html">"...overview, University of California site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aris.ss.uci.edu/rgarfias/gagaku/music.html">the original</a> on 2014-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=...overview%2C+University+of+California+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faris.ss.uci.edu%2Frgarfias%2Fgagaku%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGagaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ravellorecords.com/catalog/rr8008/index.html">[1]</a> Ravello Records released the CD in 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuckerman, Gabrielle (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003051403/http://musicmavericks.publicradio.org/features/interview_young.html">"An Interview with La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a> copy of 2006), American Public Media, July 2002, musicmavericks.publicradio.org: "So, this contribution of Indian Classical music is one of the biggest influences on me, but there are other influences on me too. [...] We have the effect of Japanese gagaku, which has sustained tones in it in the instruments such as the Sho."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleasants" class="citation web cs1">Pleasants, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/american-rimbaud-an-interview-with-steve-richmond/">"American Rimbaud: An interview with Steve Richmond"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Rimbaud%3A+An+interview+with+Steve+Richmond&rft.aulast=Pleasants&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3ammagazine.com%2F3am%2Famerican-rimbaud-an-interview-with-steve-richmond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGagaku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Alves, William (2006). <i>Music of the Peoples of the World</i>. Thomson Schirmer.</li> <li>Garfias, Robert (January 1960). "Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition". <i>Ethnomusicology</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1. pp. 16–19.</li> <li>Malm, William P. (1959). <i>Japanese Music and Musical Instruments</i>. Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Co.</li> <li>Matsumiya, Suiho (1959). "Traditional Music in Japan To-Day: Its Stability and Evolution." <i>Journal of the International Folk Music Council</i>. Vol. 11. pp. 65–66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F834861">10.2307/834861</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/834861">834861</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-culture/gagaku.html">Gagaku (Japanese Imperial Court Music) – The Imperial Household Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00265">Gagaku – UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gagaku.net/index.ENG.html">Gagaku Japanese Court Music & Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113172402/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCJAPAN/MUSIC.HTM">Ancient Japan: The Earliest Japanese Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/gagaku/">Gagaku music: Repertoire, Instruments and Orchestration</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a>" (National anthem)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Japanese musical instruments">Instruments</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Genres_and_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugaku" title="Bugaku">Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_(music)" title="Bushi (music)">Bushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmono" title="Danmono">Danmono</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaku" title="Gigaku">Gigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Druri_(music)" title="Jōruri (music)">Jōruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouta_(music)" title="Kouta (music)">Kouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagauta" title="Nagauta">Nagauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Rōkyoku">Rōkyoku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saimon_Ondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saimon Ondo (page does not exist)">Saimon Ondo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E6%96%87%E9%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:祭文音頭">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby#Asia-Pacific" title="Lullaby">Komori-uta (lullaby)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warabe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warabe Uta (page does not exist)">Warabe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:童歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoe_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazoe Uta (page does not exist)">Kazoe Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E3%81%88%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:数え歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekaki_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekaki Uta (page does not exist)">Ekaki Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%8F%8F%E3%81%8D%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:絵描き歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temari_Uta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temari Uta (page does not exist)">Temari Uta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E9%9E%A0%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:手鞠歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span style="font-size:85%;">(1868–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_commercial_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese commercial song (page does not exist)">Commercial song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0#日本における歴史" class="extiw" title="ja:コマーシャルソング">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gakus%C4%93ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gakusēka (page does not exist)">Gakusēka (student song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:学生歌">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_school_song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese school song (page does not exist)">Kōka (school song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:校歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C5%8Dka_(song)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryōka (song) (page does not exist)">Ryōka (dormitory song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:寮歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daigaku-%C5%8Denka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daigaku-ōenka (page does not exist)">Daigaku-Ōenka (cheering song of university)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%9C%E6%8F%B4%E6%AD%8C#大学" class="extiw" title="ja:応援歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enzetsuka/Enka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunka" title="Gunka">Gunka (military song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_jazz" title="Japanese jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C5%8Dkyoku" title="Kayōkyoku">Kayōkyoku</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senji-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senji-kayō (page does not exist)">Senji-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E6%99%82%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:戦時歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunkoku-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunkoku-kayō (page does not exist)">Gunkoku-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:軍国歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_calisthenics" title="Radio calisthenics">Radio calisthenics song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABk%C5%8Dka" title="Ryūkōka">Ryūkōka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shich%C5%8Dsonka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shichōsonka (page does not exist)">Shichōsonka (municipality song)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E7%94%BA%E6%9D%91%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:市町村歌">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dka_(subject)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōka (subject) (page does not exist)">Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C_(%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91)" class="extiw" title="ja:唱歌 (教科)">ja</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansh%C5%AB-Sh%C5%8Dka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manshū-Shōka (page does not exist)">Manshū-Shōka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%94%B1%E6%AD%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:満州唱歌">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin-min%27y%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin-min'yō (page does not exist)">Shin-min'yō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:新民謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-War<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kayōkyoku <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mood-kayō (page does not exist)">Mood-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:ムード歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idol-kay%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idol-kayō (page does not exist)">Idol-kayō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E6%AD%8C%E8%AC%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:アイドル歌謡">ja</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Sounds">Group Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_song" title="Image song">Image song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_song" title="Anime song">Anime song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">Denpa song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electropop" title="Electropop">Electropop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_disco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese disco (page does not exist)">Disco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3#日本のディスコ" class="extiw" title="ja:ディスコ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hardcore" title="Japanese hardcore">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanoise" title="Japanoise">Noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu-music_(Japan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nu-music (Japan) (page does not exist)">Nu-music</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:ニューミュージック">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_song#Japan" title="Fight song">Ōenka (cheering song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_reggae" title="Japanese reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo Disco">Italo Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo House">Italo House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_techno" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore techno">Juliana’s techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitpop" title="Bitpop">Bitpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Japanese_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Being_craze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Being craze (page does not exist)">Being-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:ビーイングブーム">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-core" title="J-core">J-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlabels_in_Japan" title="Netlabels in Japan">Japanese net label scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komuro_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komuro family (page does not exist)">Komuro-kei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%A4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:小室ファミリー">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyokei" title="Onkyokei">Onkyokei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya-kei" title="Shibuya-kei">Shibuya-kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akishibu-kei" title="Akishibu-kei">Akishibu-kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utaite" title="Utaite">Utaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroguro#In_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroguro">Eroguro kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_kei" title="Nagoya kei">Nagoya kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocaloid#Music" title="Vocaloid">Vocaloid music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu music">Ainu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rekuhkara" title="Rekuhkara">Rekuhkara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_music" title="Ryukyuan music">Southern Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Singles Chart">Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Singles_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Singles Chart">Combined Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Albums Chart">Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Combined_Albums_Chart" title="Oricon Combined Albums Chart">Combined Albums Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon_Karaoke_Chart" title="Oricon Karaoke Chart">Karaoke Chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="Billboard Japan Hot 100">Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_Albums" title="Billboard Japan Hot Albums">Hot Albums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIAJ_Digital_Track_Chart" title="RIAJ Digital Track Chart">RIAJ Digital Track Chart</a> <small>(discontinued)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">List of best-selling music artists in Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Western_artists_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of best-selling Western artists in Japan">List of best-selling Western artists in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling albums in Japan">List of best-selling albums in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling singles in Japan">List of best-selling singles in Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Record companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Big 10" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gagaku&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avex_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Avex Group">Avex Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan" title="Sony Music Entertainment Japan">Sony Music Entertainment Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan" title="Universal Music Japan">Universal Music Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Records_(Japan)" title="King Records (Japan)">King Record Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Storm" title="J Storm">J Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood_Victor_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment">Victor Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Being Inc.">Being Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Canyon" title="Pony Canyon">Pony Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teichiku_Records" title="Teichiku Records">Teichiku Entertainment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese record labels">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_independent_record_labels" title="Category:Japanese independent record labels">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_artists_from_Japan" title="List of musical artists from Japan">List of musical artists from Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_musical_groups" title="List of Japanese musical groups">List of Japanese musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_J-pop_artists" title="List of J-pop artists">List of J-pop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_composers" title="List of Japanese composers">List of Japanese composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_hip_hop_musicians" title="List of Japanese hip hop musicians">List of Japanese hip hop musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_singers" title="List of Japanese singers">List of Japanese singers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Japanese_music" title="Timeline of Japanese music">Timeline and years</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Japanese_music" title="1979 in Japanese music">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Japanese_music" title="1980 in Japanese music">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Japanese_music" title="1981 in Japanese music">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Japanese_music" title="1982 in Japanese music">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Japanese_music" title="1983 in Japanese music">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Japanese_music" title="1984 in Japanese music">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Japanese_music" title="2007 in Japanese music">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Japanese_music" title="2008 in Japanese music">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Japanese_music" title="2009 in Japanese music">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Japanese_music" title="2010 in Japanese music">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Japanese_music" title="2011 in Japanese music">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Japanese_music" title="2012 in Japanese music">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Japanese_music" title="2013 in Japanese music">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Japanese_music" title="2014 in Japanese music">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Japanese_music" title="2015 in Japanese music">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Japanese_music" title="2016 in Japanese music">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Japanese_music" title="2017 in Japanese music">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Japanese_music" title="2018 in Japanese music">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Japanese_music" title="2019 in Japanese music">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Japanese_music" title="2020 in Japanese music">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Japanese_music" title="2021 in Japanese music">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Japanese_music" title="2022 in Japanese music">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Japanese_music" title="2023 in Japanese music">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online distributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Google Play Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Music" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKBox" title="KKBox">KKBox</a> (the successor of <a href="/wiki/LISMO" title="LISMO">LISMO</a> Unlimited)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecoChoku" class="mw-redirect" title="RecoChoku">RecoChoku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:レコチョク">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music.jp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music.jp (page does not exist)">Music.jp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/music.jp" class="extiw" title="ja:music.jp">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(music_store)" title="Mora (music store)">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwango_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwango (company)">Dwango.jp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">E-Onkyo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon Music Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_Music" title="Line Music">Line Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamaha_Music_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamaha Music Media (page does not exist)">MySound</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:ヤマハミュージックメディア">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OTOTOY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OTOTOY (page does not exist)">OTOTOY</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototoy" class="extiw" title="ja:Ototoy">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AWA_(streaming_service)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AWA (streaming service) (page does not exist)">AWA</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%A1)" class="extiw" title="ja:AWA (音楽配信)">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Music_Award_Shows" title="Template:Japanese Music Award Shows">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_music" title="Shinto music">Shinto music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min-On_Concert_Association" title="Min-On Concert Association">Min-On Concert Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Template talk:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Oral and Intangible music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity:_Music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>: Music</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian folk iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Aqyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul#Baul_music" title="Baul">Baul music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigwala" title="Bigwala">Bigwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistritsa_Babi" title="Bistritsa Babi">Bistritsa Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremona_violins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremona violins">Cremona violins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshuva" title="Eshuva">Eshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_music" title="Garifuna music">Garifuna music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)#Traditional_vocal_polyphony" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_chants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudhud chants">Hudhud chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Jongmyo Jereyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Maqam">Iraqi Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgal_Laox" class="mw-redirect" title="Kgal Laox">Kgal Laox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Khuumii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Khorasan Bakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumi odori">Kumi odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Long song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Nongak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Seto Leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Sutartinės" title="Music of Lithuania">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang#Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang">Wayang kulit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an guyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoan_singing" title="Xoan singing">Xoan singing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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