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<span>Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Sosso_Bala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sosso_Bala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>The Sosso Bala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sosso_Bala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_players_and_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_players_and_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Famous players and ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_players_and_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Balafon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Балафон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балафон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A0fon" title="Balàfon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balàfon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaf%C3%B3n" title="Balafón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Balafón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%8F%B0" title="발라폰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발라폰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafoon" title="Balafoon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Balafoon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%9Bngb%C9%9B" title="Kpɛngbɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kpɛngbɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafoon" title="Balafoon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balafoon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafom" title="Balafom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Balafom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Балафон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балафон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Балафон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балафон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Балафон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балафон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E9%A2%A8" title="巴拉風 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拉風" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balafon" title="Balafon – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Balafon" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q789141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Balafon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balafoon.jpg/250px-Balafoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balafoon.jpg/375px-Balafoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Balafoon.jpg/500px-Balafoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <i>fixed-key</i> balafon, showing resonators with membrane holes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><i>balafo</i>, <i>bala</i>, <i>balaphone</i>, <i>balaphon</i>, <i>balaphong</i>, <i>balani</i>, <i>gyil</i>, <i>balangi</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> West African wooden <a href="/wiki/Percussion_idiophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion idiophone">Percussion idiophone</a> with up to 21 keys</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">111.212<br />(Sets of percussion sticks)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">12th century or earlier</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gyil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyil">gyil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambang_(instrument)" title="Gambang (instrument)">gambang kayu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>balafon</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or, by analogy with <i>xylophone</i> etc., <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a>-resonated <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Struck_idiophone" title="Struck idiophone">struck idiophone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely associated with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bwaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwaba">Bwaba</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senoufo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur peoples</a> of West Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> ethnic group,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is now found across <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> from Guinea, Burkina Faso, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its common name, <i>balafon</i>, is likely a European coinage combining its <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Mandinka</a> name <span title="Mandinka-language text"><span lang="mnk" dir="rtl">ߓߟߊ</span></span> <i>bala</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the word <span title="Mandinka-language text"><span lang="mnk" dir="rtl">ߝߐ߲</span></span> <i>fôn</i> 'to speak'<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Greek root <i>phono</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Believed to have been developed independently of the Southern African and South American instrument now called the <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>, oral histories of the balafon date it to at least the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> in the 12th century CE. Balafon is a <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a> name, but variations exist across West Africa, including the <i>balangi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="#Gyil">gyil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dagara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagara people">Dagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. Similar instruments are played in parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> denoting the instrument as <i>palaku</i>. </p><p>Records of the balafon go back to at least the 12th century CE. In 1352 CE, Moroccan traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> reported the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">ngoni</a> and balafon at the court of <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Malian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_(mansa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman (mansa)">Mansa Suleyman</a>. </p><p>European visitors to West Africa described balafons in the 17th century largely identical to the modern instrument. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Slave Trade">Atlantic Slave Trade</a> brought some balafon players to the Americas. The <i>Virginia Gazette</i> records African-Americans playing a <i>barrafoo</i> in 1776, which appears to be a balafon. Other North American references to these instruments die out by the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg/220px-Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg/330px-Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg/440px-Balafon_children_burkina_faso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Children from Burkina Faso performing in Warsaw, Poland, during the 5th Cross Culture Festival, September 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The balafon has seen a resurgence since the 1980s in the growth of African <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">Roots Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="World Music">World Music</a>. Most famous of these exponents is the <a href="/wiki/Rail_Band" title="Rail Band">Rail Band</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Salif_Keita" title="Salif Keita">Salif Keita</a>. Even when not still played, its distinctive sound and traditional style has been exported to western instruments. Maninka from eastern <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> play a type of <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> music that adapts balafon playing style to the imported instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_language" title="Mandinka language">Malinké</a> language <i>balafon</i> is a compound of two words: <i>balan</i> is the name of the instrument and <i>fô</i> is the verb <i>to play</i>. Balafon therefore is really the act of <i>playing the bala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bala</i> still is used as the name of a large <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> balafon in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kolokani" title="Kolokani">Kolokani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Dioulasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobo Dioulasso">Bobo Dioulasso</a>. These <i>bala</i> have especially long keys and huge calabashes for amplification. <i>Balani</i> is then used as the name of the high pitched, small balafon with small calabashes and short (3 to 4 cm long) keys. The <i>balani</i> is carried with a strap and usually has 21 keys, while the number of keys on a <i>bala</i> vary with region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon_Jamie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/170px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/255px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Balafon_Jamie.jpg/340px-Balafon_Jamie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Gum-rubber mallets on a balafon</figcaption></figure> <p>A balafon can be either <i>fixed-key</i> (where the keys are strung over a fixed frame, usually with <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> resonators underneath) or <i>free-key</i> (where the keys are placed independently on any padded surface). The balafon usually has 17–21 keys, tuned to a <a href="/wiki/Tetratonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetratonic">tetratonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptatonic">heptatonic</a> scale, depending on the culture of the musician. </p><p>The balafon is generally capable of producing 18 to 21 notes, though some are built to produce many fewer notes (16, 12, 8 or even 6 and 7). Balafon keys are traditionally made from <a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_erinaceus" title="Pterocarpus erinaceus">kosso</a> rosewood, dried slowly over a low flame, and then tuned by shaving off bits of wood from the underside of the keys. Wood is taken off the middle to <a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flatten</a> the key or the end to <a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharpen</a> it. </p><p>In a <i>fixed-key</i> balafon, the keys are suspended by leather straps just above a wooden frame, under which are hung graduated-size calabash <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a> resonators. A small hole in each gourd is covered with a membrane traditionally of thin spider's-egg sac filaments (nowadays more usually of cigarette paper or thin plastic film) to produce the characteristic nasal-buzz <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> of the instrument, which is usually played with two gum-rubber-wound mallets while seated on a low stool (or while standing using a shoulder or waist sling hooked to its frame). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_traditions">Regional traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/220px--Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="164" data-mwtitle="Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm/Africa-creates-realisateur-bouba-kams-from-wiki-loves-africa-cote-divoire-fan-club-2.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Balafon in Ivory Coast</figcaption></figure> <p>As the balafon cultures vary across West Africa, so does the approach to the instrument itself. In many areas the balafon is played alone in a ritual context, in others as part of an ensemble. In Guinea and Mali, the balafon is often part of an ensemble of three, pitched low, medium and high. In Cameroon, six balafon of varying size perform together in an orchestra, called a <i>komenchang</i>. An <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> variation exists with only one large tuned key for each player. And while in most cases a single player hits multiple keys with two mallets, some traditions place two or more players at each keyboard. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinké</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> are closely identified with the balafon, as are the other <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Manding</a> peoples of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and even the nations of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> have long balafon traditions. </p><p>Often, balafon players will wear belled bracelets on each wrist, accentuating the sound of the keys. </p><p>In some cultures the balafon was (and in some still is) a sacred instrument, playable only by trained religious caste members and only at ritual events such as festivals, royal, funerial, or marriage celebrations. Here the balafon is kept in a temple storehouse, and can only be removed and played after undergoing purification rites. Specific instruments may be built to be only played for specific rituals and repertoires. Young adepts are trained not on the sacred instrument, but on <i>free-key</i> pit balafons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyil">Gyil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gyil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/220px-Gyil.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/330px-Gyil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/440px-Gyil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>The gyil of northwestern Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>gyil</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is the name of a buzzing <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> balafon common to the <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>-speaking populations in northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. Among <a href="/wiki/Mande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande people">Mande</a> populations in Ghana like the <a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi</a> (Numu), <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a>, the same instrument is known as <i>bala</i>. The gyil is the primary traditional instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Dagara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagara people">Dagara people</a> of northern Ghana and Burkina Faso, and of the <a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a> of Ghana, southern Burkina Faso, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>. The gyil is usually played in pairs, accompanied by a calabash gourd drum called a <i>kuor</i>. It can also be played by one person with the drum and the stick part as accompaniment, or by a soloist. Gyil duets are the traditional music of <a href="/wiki/Dagara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagara people">Dagara</a> funerals. The instrument is generally played by men, who learn to play while young; however, there is no restriction on gender. It is also played by the <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Region" title="Upper East Region">Upper East Region</a> of Ghana, as well as neighbouring Gurunsi populations across the border in south and central Burkina Faso. A dance related to the gyil is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bewaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bewaa (page does not exist)">Bewaa</a>. </p><p>The gyil's design is similar to the <i>balaba</i> or balafon used by the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso">Sosso</a> peoples further west in southern <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Senoufo" class="mw-redirect" title="Senoufo">Senoufo</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a>, a region that shares many musical traditions with those of northern Ivory Coast and Ghana. It is made with 14 wooden keys of an African hardwood called <a href="#gyil">liga</a> attached to a wooden frame, below which hang <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> gourds.<sup id="cite_ref-Colter2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colter2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spider web silk covers small holes in the gourds to produce a buzzing sound and antelope sinew and leather are used for the fastenings.<sup id="cite_ref-Colter2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colter2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is played with rubber-headed wooden mallets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cameroon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon#Modern_Cameroonian_music" title="Music of Cameroon">Music of Cameroon § Modern Cameroonian music</a></div> <p>During the 1950s, bars sprang up across Cameroon's capital to accommodate an influx of new inhabitants, and soon became a symbol for Cameroonian identity in the face of colonialism. Balafon orchestras, consisting of 3–5 balafons and various percussion instruments became common in these bars. Some of these orchestras, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Band_de_Zoetele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Band de Zoetele (page does not exist)">Richard Band de Zoetele</a>, became quite popular in spite of scorn from the European elite. </p><p>The middle of the 20th century saw the popularisation of a native <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> called <a href="/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi">bikutsi</a>. Bikutsi is based on a war rhythm played with various <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> and balafon. Sung by women, bikutsi featured sexually explicit lyrics and songs about everyday problems. In a popularised form, bikutsi gained mainstream success in the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Nzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-Marie Nzie">Anne-Marie Nzie</a> was perhaps the most important of the early innovators. The next bikutsi performer of legendary stature was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messi_Me_Nkonda_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messi Me Nkonda Martin (page does not exist)">Messi Me Nkonda Martin</a> and his band, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Camaroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Camaroes (page does not exist)">Los Camaroes</a>, who added <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitars</a> and other new elements. </p><p>Balafon orchestras had remained popular throughout the 50s in <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé's</a> bar scene, but the audience demanded modernity and the popular style at the time was unable to cope. Messi Martin was a Cameroonian guitarist who had been inspired to learn the instrument by listening to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>-broadcasts from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zairean</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="African Rumba">rumba</a>. Messi changed the electric guitar by linking the strings together with pieces of paper, thus giving the instrument a damper tone that emitted a "thudding" sound similar to the balafon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guinea">Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The balafon, <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> (lute-harp), and the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">ngoni</a> (the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>) are the three instruments most associated with <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> bardic traditions of West Africa. Each is more closely associated with specific areas, communities, and traditions, though all are played together in ensembles throughout the region. <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> has been the historic heartland of solo balafon. As griot culture is a hereditary caste, the <a href="/wiki/Kouyat%C3%A9" title="Kouyaté">Kouyaté</a> family has been called the <i>keepers of the balafon</i>, and twentieth century members of this family have helped introduce it throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sosso_Bala">The Sosso Bala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Sosso Bala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg/220px-SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg/330px-SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg/440px-SoussousGuiembeBalafon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a> and balafon, Guinea</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="extiw" title="fr:Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a> is a balafon, currently kept in the town of <a href="/wiki/Niagassola" title="Niagassola">Niagassola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> that is reputed to be <i>the</i> original balafon, constructed over 800 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Epic of Sundiata</a>, a story of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, tells that a <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a> (praise-singer) named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bala_Fas%C3%A9k%C3%A9_Kouyat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bala Faséké Kouyaté (page does not exist)">Bala Faséké Kouyaté</a> convinced <a href="/wiki/Sosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso">Sosso</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sumanguru_Kante" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumanguru Kante">Sumanguru Kante</a> to employ him after sneaking into Sumanguru's palace and playing the sacred instrument. <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a>, founder of the Mali Empire overthrew Sumanguru, seized the balafon, and made the griot Faséké its guardian. This honor is said to have passed down through his family, the Kouyatés, and conveys upon them mastership of the balafon to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balafon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Balafon.jpg/220px-Balafon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Balafon.jpg/330px-Balafon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Balafon.jpg/440px-Balafon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>A young balafon player, Mali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band,_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_G_14_-_Life_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_PAIGC_boarding_school_band%2C_Ziguinchor_-_1973_-_Balafon_-_Kora.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Balafon players in a <a href="/wiki/PAIGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIGC">PAIGC</a> schoolband, <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a>, Senegal, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians Jan Jansen and Francis Simonis have argued that the Sosso Bala was in fact 'invented' as a historical artifact by the Kouyaté family in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the truth of this story, the Sosso Bala was named by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as one of the Nineteen <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senegal">Senegal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegalese</a> National Anthem is "<a href="/wiki/Pincez_tous_vos_koras,_frappez_les_balafons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons">Pincez tous vos koras, frappez les balafons</a>" (<i>Everyone strum your <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">koras</a>, strike the balafons</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali">Mali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A modern festival devoted to the balafon, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangle_du_balafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangle du balafon (page does not exist)">Triangle du balafon</a>, now takes place annually at <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_players_and_ensembles">Famous players and ensembles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Famous players and ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous balafon players have included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madou_Kone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madou Kone (page does not exist)">Madou Kone</a>, Balafon Master from Burkina Faso, living in Vienna, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bona" title="Richard Bona">Richard Bona</a>, Cameroonian jazz musician</li> <li>Abdou Karim Diabate "Tunkaraba" King of Balafon, from the village of Tabatto, Guinea-Bissau</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djiby_Diabat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djiby Diabaté (page does not exist)">Djiby Diabaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9l%C3%A9tigui_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Kélétigui Diabaté">Kélétigui Diabaté</a>, playing for <a href="/wiki/Habib_Koit%C3%A9" title="Habib Koité">Habib Koité</a>'s <i>Bamada</i> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Diabat%C3%A9_(balafon_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamadou Diabaté (balafon player)">Mamadou Diabate</a>, Knight of the National Order of Burkina Faso (2016), Winner of the "Grand Prix" & "Prix de la Virtuosite de Festival Triangle du Balafon" in Mali (2012), Winner of the Austrian World Music Award (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassana_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Lassana Diabaté">Lassana Diabaté</a>, Malian musician known for work with <a href="/wiki/Toumani_Diabat%C3%A9" title="Toumani Diabaté">Toumani Diabaté</a>'s <i>Symmetric Orchestra</i> and <a href="/wiki/Afrocubism" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrocubism">Afrocubism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modibo_Diabat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modibo Diabaté (page does not exist)">Modibo Diabaté</a>, from Mali</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerika_Djabate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerika Djabate (page does not exist)">Zerika Djabate</a>, Bissau-Guinean musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djiguiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djiguiya (page does not exist)">Djiguiya</a>, percussion band from <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Elfman" title="Danny Elfman">Danny Elfman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oingo_Boingo" title="Oingo Boingo">Oingo Boingo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Freres_Coulibaly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Freres Coulibaly (page does not exist)">Les Freres Coulibaly</a>, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefon_Harris" title="Stefon Harris">Stefon Harris</a>, American jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Hart" title="Mickey Hart">Mickey Hart</a>, American percussionist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Howard" title="Dominic Howard">Dominic Howard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muse_(band)" title="Muse (band)">Muse</a> used a balafon on the band's second album, <i><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Symmetry" title="Origin of Symmetry">Origin of Symmetry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mory_Kant%C3%A9" title="Mory Kanté">Mory Kanté</a>, early in his career</li> <li>Aly Keita, Aly Keita and the Magic Balaphone, Malian balafon player</li> <li>Gertrude Kilian, DVD "The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", "Balafon Beat" / Verlag Zimmermann</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Killian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Killian (page does not exist)">Lawrence Killian</a>, American jazz musician</li> <li>Mahama Konaté of John Cena, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balla_Kouyate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balla Kouyate (page does not exist)">Balla Kouyate</a>, from Mali/Guinea, whose father, Sekou "Filani" Kouyaté, is the current guardian of the Sosso Bala</li> <li>Mamadi Kouyate, from Mali/Guinea, (Germany since 2015), whose grandfather Sékou "Filani" Kouyaté, is the current guardian of the Sosso Bala</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Hadj_Djeli_Sory_Kouyat%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Hadj Djeli Sory Kouyaté (page does not exist)">El Hadj Djeli Sory Kouyaté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Faly_Kouyate" title="N'Faly Kouyate">N'Faly Kouyate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afro_Celt_Sound_System" title="Afro Celt Sound System">Afro Celt Sound System</a></li> <li>Adam Malik, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dave_Mann_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dave Mann (musician) (page does not exist)">Dave Mann</a>, jazz percussionist, played with the <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neba_Solo" title="Neba Solo">Neba Solo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a> balafon group, led by Souleymane Traoré) from <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Ohandja" title="Mama Ohandja">Mama Ohandja</a>, Cameroonian composer and performer to his country</li> <li>Qasim, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders" title="Pharoah Sanders">Pharoah Sanders</a>, American jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saramaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saramaya (page does not exist)">Saramaya</a>, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheel_Sharif" title="Raheel Sharif">Raheel Sharif</a>, British band leader originally from Senegal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Summers_(jazz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Summers (jazz)">Bill Summers</a>, American jazz musician, performing with <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Hombres_Calientes" title="Los Hombres Calientes">Los Hombres Calientes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Liston_Smith" title="Lonnie Liston Smith">Lonnie Liston Smith</a>, American jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokia_Traor%C3%A9" title="Rokia Traoré">Rokia Traoré</a>, Malian singer, guitarist, and band leader</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Troupe_Saaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Troupe Saaba (page does not exist)">Le Troupe Saaba</a>, Burkina-based balafon ensemble</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momo_Werner_Wevers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momo Werner Wevers (page does not exist)">Momo Werner Wevers</a>, German balafon player, plays solo and with the "Ensemble M.Pahiya" (balafon and classical guitar)</li> <li>N'Camara Abou Sylla (Guinea; Les Ballets Africains)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Balafon</i> was the name of the <a href="/wiki/In-flight_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="In-flight magazine">in-flight magazine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Air_Afrique" title="Air Afrique">Air Afrique</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Music of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music of Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a>, covers the modern instrument which developed independently in both South America and southern Africa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGourlayDurán2001" class="citation web cs1">Gourlay, K.A.; Durán, Lucy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000001914">"Balo"</a>. <i>Grove Music</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01914">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01914</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music&rft.atitle=Balo&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01914&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Gourlay&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.au=Dur%C3%A1n%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000001914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessup1983" class="citation book cs1">Jessup, Lynne (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsDOBwAAQBAJ&q=balafon&pg=PA6"><i>The Mandinka Balafon: An Introduction with Notation for Teachesting</i></a>. Art Path Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916421045" title="Special:BookSources/9780916421045"><bdi>9780916421045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandinka+Balafon%3A+An+Introduction+with+Notation+for+Teachesting&rft.pub=Art+Path+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780916421045&rft.aulast=Jessup&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsDOBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbalafon%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry2000" class="citation book cs1">Charry, Eric (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8F5r27VBBm0C&q=balafon&pg=PA425"><i>Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226101620" title="Special:BookSources/9780226101620"><bdi>9780226101620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mande+Music%3A+Traditional+and+Modern+Music+of+the+Maninka+and+Mandinka+of+Western+Africa&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000-10&rft.isbn=9780226101620&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8F5r27VBBm0C%26q%3Dbalafon%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaya_Ismael_Tolno2011" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faya Ismael Tolno (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanjamadi.com/dalukende19.pdf">"Les Recherches linguistiques de l'école N'ko"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dalou Kende</i> (in French). No. 19. Kanjamadi. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dalou+Kende&rft.atitle=Les+Recherches+linguistiques+de+l%27%C3%A9cole+N%27ko&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2011-09&rft.au=Faya+Ismael+Tolno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkanjamadi.com%2Fdalukende19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetwork" class="citation web cs1">Network, Canadian Heritage Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630154430/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do?method=preview&lang=EN&id=8884">"The Balafon by N'Gafien, Age 16"</a>. <i>www.virtualmuseum.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/edu/ViewLoitDa.do?method=preview&lang=EN&id=8884">the original</a> on 2017-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.virtualmuseum.ca&rft.atitle=The+Balafon+by+N%27Gafien%2C+Age+16&rft.aulast=Network&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Heritage+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualmuseum.ca%2Fedu%2FViewLoitDa.do%3Fmethod%3Dpreview%26lang%3DEN%26id%3D8884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cootje Van Oven. "Music of Sierra Leone", in <i>African Arts</i>, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Summer, 1970), pp. 20-27+71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited in Dena J. Epstein. Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War. University of Illinois Press (1977). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. (November 2015)">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colter2008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colter2008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colter2008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Harper, Colter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contexts.org/articles/winter-2008/harper/">"Life, Death, and Music in West Africa"</a>. <i>Contexts Magazine</i>. Winter: 44–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2008.7.1.44">10.1525/ctx.2008.7.1.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59623412">59623412</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contexts+Magazine&rft.atitle=Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Music+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=Winter&rft.pages=44-51&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fctx.2008.7.1.44&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59623412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Colter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontexts.org%2Farticles%2Fwinter-2008%2Fharper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jumbierecords.com/about/sossobala.html">Preserving the Sosso Bala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193819/http://www.jumbierecords.com/about/sossobala.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Jumbie Records</i>: a charity record to raise funds for preserving this instrument.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, Jan (2016). "À la recherche d autochtonie Pourquoi les Maliens acceptent la Charte du Manding et la Charte de Kouroukanfougan". <i>Mande Studies</i>. <b>18</b>: 69-70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mande+Studies&rft.atitle=%C3%80+la+recherche+d+autochtonie+Pourquoi+les+Maliens+acceptent+la+Charte+du+Manding+et+la+Charte+de+Kouroukanfougan&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=69-70&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-space-of-sosso-bala-00009">The Cultural Space of 'Sosso-Bala' in Niagassola, Guinea</a>", <i>UNESCO.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maliculture.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=122&Itemid=1">Mali Ministry of Culture.</a> <i>Le Triangle du Balafon: Projet de Festival du Balafon, Troisieme Edition, Sikasso – 02 au 05 Novembre 2006</i>, (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145020/http://www.maliculture.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=122&Itemid=1">Archived</a> March 4, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/25/style/air-afrique-magazine-bottega-veneta/index.html">"Why this in-flight magazine is the fashion industry's new must-read"</a>. 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+this+in-flight+magazine+is+the+fashion+industry%27s+new+must-read&rft.date=2023-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F06%2F25%2Fstyle%2Fair-afrique-magazine-bottega-veneta%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/air-afrique-collective">"Meet the Parisian Art Collective Reviving a Defunct West African Airline"</a>. 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+the+Parisian+Art+Collective+Reviving+a+Defunct+West+African+Airline&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fair-afrique-collective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalafon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"BALAFON BEAT" by Gert Kilian, edition Zimmermann / Germany <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gert-kilian.com/bb/index.html">http://www.gert-kilian.com/bb/index.html</a></li> <li>"The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", edition "improductions" / Paris <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gert-kilian.com/DVDbalafon.html">http://www.gert-kilian.com/DVDbalafon.html</a></li> <li>"Das magische Balafon" by Mamadi Kouyaté, Ursula Branscheid-Kouyaté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.djembe-kora.de/mamadi.html">http://www.djembe-kora.de/mamadi.html</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lynne Jessup. <i>The Mandinka Balafon: an Introduction with Notation for Teaching</i>. Xylo Publications, (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916421-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-916421-01-5">0-916421-01-5</a> .</li> <li>Eric Charry. <i>Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa</i>. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. University Of Chicago Press (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10161-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10161-4">0-226-10161-4</a> .</li> <li>Adrian Egger, Moussa Hema: <i>Die Stimme Des Balafon</i> - La Voix Du Balafon. Schell Music, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940474-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940474-09-4">978-3-940474-09-4</a>.</li> <li>Gert Kilian "Balafon Beat", Verlag Zimmermann, Germany</li> <li>Gert Kilian "The Balafon with Aly Keita & Gert Kilian", édition "improductions" / Paris</li> <li>"Das magische Balafon" by Mamadi Kouyaté, Ursula Branscheid-Kouyaté / Germany / LEU-Verlag, Neusaess DVD</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balafon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balafon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Balafon">Category:Balafon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701195448/http://www.coraconnection.com/pages/balaphone.html">Cora Connection: What is a balaphone?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141159/http://www.masabo.com/gallery.html">Gallery of balafon photos, including the construction process</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silcam.org/download.php?sstid=030401&folder=documents&file=MofuGudurBalafon.pdf"><i>The Making of a Mofu-Gudur Balafon</i></a> An article with photos and illustrations on the construction of a balafon in northern Cameroon.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.djembe-kora.de/trommelbau.html">http://www.djembe-kora.de/trommelbau.html</a> a clip about the making of a balafon in Niagassola / Guinea</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stick_percussion_idiophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stick percussion idiophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stick_percussion_idiophones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Stick <a href="/wiki/Percussion_idiophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion idiophone">percussion idiophones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balafon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhantal" title="Dhantal">Dhantal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandingan_a_Kayo" title="Gandingan a Kayo">Gandingan a Kayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasschord" title="Glasschord">Glasschord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_marimba" title="Glass marimba">Glass marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulintang_a_kayo" title="Kulintang a kayo">Kulintang a kayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luntang" title="Luntang">Luntang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylorimba" title="Xylorimba">Xylorimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Percussion_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Percussion_instruments" title="Template talk:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Percussion instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Percussion_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments" title="List of percussion instruments">List of percussion instruments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_percussion_instruments_by_type" title="List of percussion instruments by type">List of percussion instruments by type</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">Pitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Keyboard_percussion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_percussion_instrument" title="Keyboard percussion instrument">Keyboard percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubaphone" title="Tubaphone">Tubaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handpan" title="Handpan">Handpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">Unpitched percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhr%C3%A1n" title="Bodhrán">Bodhrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">Bongos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabasa" title="Cabasa">Cabasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Conga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">Cymbals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">Djembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">Maracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiko" title="Taiko">Taiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong#Chau_gong_(tam-tam)" title="Gong">Tam-tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">Temple blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic percussion">Electronic percussion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">Electronic drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Octapad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Percussion groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_percussion" title="Marching percussion">Marching percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_ensemble" title="Front ensemble">Front ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_percussion_ensemble" title="Indoor percussion ensemble">Indoor percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_circle" title="Drum circle">Drum circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_stick" title="Drum stick">Drum stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">Percussion mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cymbal_manufacturers" title="List of cymbal manufacturers">List of cymbal manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drum_manufacturers" title="List of drum manufacturers">List of drum manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marimba_manufacturers" title="List of marimba manufacturers">List of marimba manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vibraphone_manufacturers" title="List of vibraphone manufacturers">List of vibraphone manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timpani_manufacturers" title="List of timpani manufacturers">List of timpani manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12271135d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4421333">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282431405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/a48d42b3-0fa9-45f2-933d-2770f4ca273f">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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