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Pembasmian kaum - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button 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href="#Tindakan_terlarang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tindakan terlarang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tindakan_terlarang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Tindakan terlarang</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tindakan_terlarang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Membunuh_ahli_kelompok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membunuh_ahli_kelompok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Membunuh ahli kelompok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membunuh_ahli_kelompok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menyebabkan_kecederaan_serius_fizikal_atau_mental_kepada_ahli_kelompok_Perkara_II(b)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menyebabkan_kecederaan_serius_fizikal_atau_mental_kepada_ahli_kelompok_Perkara_II(b)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Menyebabkan kecederaan serius fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok <i>Perkara II(b)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menyebabkan_kecederaan_serius_fizikal_atau_mental_kepada_ahli_kelompok_Perkara_II(b)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sengaja_menimpakan_keadaan_hidup_yang_dirancang_untuk_membawa_kepada_kemusnahan_fizikal_kelompok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sengaja_menimpakan_keadaan_hidup_yang_dirancang_untuk_membawa_kepada_kemusnahan_fizikal_kelompok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sengaja menimpakan keadaan hidup yang dirancang untuk membawa kepada kemusnahan fizikal kelompok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sengaja_menimpakan_keadaan_hidup_yang_dirancang_untuk_membawa_kepada_kemusnahan_fizikal_kelompok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mengenakan_langkah-langkah_yang_bertujuan_untuk_mencegah_kelahiran_dalam_kelompok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mengenakan_langkah-langkah_yang_bertujuan_untuk_mencegah_kelahiran_dalam_kelompok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mengenakan langkah-langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mengenakan_langkah-langkah_yang_bertujuan_untuk_mencegah_kelahiran_dalam_kelompok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memindahkan_kanak-kanak_kelompok_tersebut_secara_paksa_ke_kelompok_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memindahkan_kanak-kanak_kelompok_tersebut_secara_paksa_ke_kelompok_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Memindahkan kanak-kanak kelompok tersebut secara paksa ke kelompok lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memindahkan_kanak-kanak_kelompok_tersebut_secara_paksa_ke_kelompok_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenayah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenayah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jenayah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenayah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Jenayah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenayah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pandangan_sebelum_dijadikan_jenayah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_sebelum_dijadikan_jenayah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pandangan sebelum dijadikan jenayah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_sebelum_dijadikan_jenayah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_antarabangsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_antarabangsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Undang-undang antarabangsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_antarabangsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Niat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Niat_untuk_memusnahkan"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Niat_untuk_memusnahkan""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>"Niat untuk memusnahkan"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Niat_untuk_memusnahkan"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Secara_keseluruhan_atau_sebahagian"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Secara_keseluruhan_atau_sebahagian""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>"Secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Secara_keseluruhan_atau_sebahagian"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Kelompok_bangsa,_etnik,_kaum_atau_agama"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Kelompok_bangsa,_etnik,_kaum_atau_agama""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>"Kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Kelompok_bangsa,_etnik,_kaum_atau_agama"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konvensyen_mengenai_Pencegahan_dan_Hukuman_Jenayah_Genosid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konvensyen_mengenai_Pencegahan_dan_Hukuman_Jenayah_Genosid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konvensyen_mengenai_Pencegahan_dan_Hukuman_Jenayah_Genosid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolusi_Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB_1674" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolusi_Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB_1674"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1674</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolusi_Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB_1674-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undang-undang_tempatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undang-undang_tempatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Undang-undang tempatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undang-undang_tempatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takrif_lain_genosid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takrif_lain_genosid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Takrif lain genosid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Takrif_lain_genosid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Takrif lain genosid</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Takrif_lain_genosid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kelompok_politik_dan_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelompok_politik_dan_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kelompok politik dan sosial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelompok_politik_dan_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demosid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demosid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Demosid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demosid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genosid_transjantina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genosid_transjantina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Genosid transjantina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genosid_transjantina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendakwaan_Antarabangsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendakwaan_Antarabangsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pendakwaan Antarabangsa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pendakwaan_Antarabangsa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pendakwaan Antarabangsa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pendakwaan_Antarabangsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oleh_Tribunal_ad_hoc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oleh_Tribunal_ad_hoc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Oleh Tribunal <i>ad hoc</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oleh_Tribunal_ad_hoc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbicaraan_Nuremberg_(1945–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbicaraan_Nuremberg_(1945–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Perbicaraan Nuremberg (1945–1946)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbicaraan_Nuremberg_(1945–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Bekas_Yugoslavia_(1993–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Bekas_Yugoslavia_(1993–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia (1993–2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Bekas_Yugoslavia_(1993–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Rwanda_(1994_–_kini)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Rwanda_(1994_–_kini)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (1994 – kini)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Rwanda_(1994_–_kini)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamar_Luar_Biasa_di_Mahkamah_Kemboja_(dari_2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamar_Luar_Biasa_di_Mahkamah_Kemboja_(dari_2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Kamar Luar Biasa di Mahkamah Kemboja (dari 2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamar_Luar_Biasa_di_Mahkamah_Kemboja_(dari_2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oleh_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oleh_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oleh Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oleh_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darfur,_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darfur,_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Darfur, Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darfur,_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh-contoh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh-contoh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contoh-contoh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh-contoh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peringkat,_faktor_risiko,_dan_pencegahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peringkat,_faktor_risiko,_dan_pencegahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Peringkat, faktor risiko, dan pencegahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peringkat,_faktor_risiko,_dan_pencegahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Bacaan lanjut</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rencana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rencana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Rencana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rencana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Buku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pautan luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dokumen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dokumen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Dokumen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dokumen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institut_penyelidikan,_kumpulan_advokasi_dan_organisasi_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institut_penyelidikan,_kumpulan_advokasi_dan_organisasi_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Institut penyelidikan, kumpulan advokasi dan organisasi lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institut_penyelidikan,_kumpulan_advokasi_dan_organisasi_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pembasmian kaum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 109 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksmoord" title="Volksmoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksmoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord" title="Völkermord – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Völkermord" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcmor%C3%B0or" title="Folcmorðor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folcmorðor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إبادة جماعية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبادة جماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ցեղասպանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ցեղասպանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="নৰসংহাৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নৰসংহাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocidiu" title="Xenocidiu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenocidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Soyqırım – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soyqırım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida" title="Genosida – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genosida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-cho%CC%8Dk_bia%CC%8Dt-choa%CC%8Dt" title="Chéng-cho̍k bia̍t-choa̍t – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-cho̍k bia̍t-choa̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Генацыд – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генацыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Генацыд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генацыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouennlazh" title="Gouennlazh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouennlazh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidi" title="Genocidi – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genocidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocida" title="Genocida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genocida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil-laddiad" title="Hil-laddiad – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hil-laddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkedrab" title="Folkedrab – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkedrab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord" title="Völkermord – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkermord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotsiid" title="Genotsiid – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genotsiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γενοκτονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενοκτονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio" title="Genocidio – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocido" title="Genocido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozidio" title="Genozidio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genozidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نسلکشی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسلکشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide" title="Génocide – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoside" title="Genoside – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Genoside" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinedh%C3%ADoth%C3%BA" title="Cinedhíothú – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinedhíothú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocidio" title="Xenocidio – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenocidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="집단학살 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ցեղասպանություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեղասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नरसंहार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentocido" title="Gentocido – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gentocido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0armor%C3%B0" title="Þjóðarmorð – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðarmorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio" title="Genocidio – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genocidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="רצח עם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח עם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida" title="Genosida – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genosida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გენოციდი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენოციდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari" title="Mauaji ya kimbari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mauaji ya kimbari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komkuj%C3%AE" title="Komkujî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komkujî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozide" title="Genozide – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genozide" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidium" title="Genocidium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genocidium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C4%ABds" title="Genocīds – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Genocīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidas" title="Genocidas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genocidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenoside" title="Jenoside – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenoside" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pirt%C3%A1s" title="Népirtás – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népirtás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വംശഹത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გენოციდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენოციდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="ابادة الشعوب – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابادة الشعوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Геноцидсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Геноцидсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Төрлөөр устгах – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төрлөөр устгах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkermoard" title="Volkermoard – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Volkermoard" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नरसंहार – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ジェノサイド – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェノサイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkemord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkemord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidi" title="Genocidi – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genocidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotsid" title="Genotsid – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotsid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਸਲਕੁਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਸਲਕੁਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="نسل وژنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نسل وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludob%C3%B3jstwo" title="Ludobójstwo – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludobójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Genocídio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Ґеноцід – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеноцід" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гэноцид – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гэноцид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotz%C3%ACdiu" title="Genotzìdiu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Genotzìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenocidi" title="Gjenocidi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenocidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ග සංහාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ග සංහාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="نسل ڪشي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نسل ڪشي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADda_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Genocída (právo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genocída (právo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جینۆساید – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جینۆساید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansanmurha" title="Kansanmurha – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanmurha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkmord" title="Folkmord – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkmord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpatay_ng_lahi" title="Pagpatay ng lahi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpatay ng lahi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இனப்படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனப்படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng" title="Diệt chủng – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diệt chủng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D3%A3" title="Наслкушӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Наслкушӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Soykırım – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soykırım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نسل کشی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسل کشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئىرىقى قىرغىنچىلىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىرىقى قىرغىنچىلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenos%C3%ACdio" title="Zenosìdio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zenosìdio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenocide" title="Djenocide – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djenocide" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henosidyo" title="Henosidyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henosidyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种族灭绝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פעלקער מארד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעלקער מארד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" title="種族滅絕 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種族滅絕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnosid" title="Cênosid – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênosid" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种族灭绝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembasmian_kaum" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Pembasmian_kaum" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembasmian_kaum"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembasmian_kaum"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Pembasmian_kaum" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Pembasmian_kaum" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&oldid=6378546" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Pembasmian_kaum&id=6378546&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPembasmian_kaum"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPembasmian_kaum"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pembasmian+kaum"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pembasmian_kaum&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genocide" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41397" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dilencongkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Genosid">Genosid</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Genosid" title="Kategori:Genosid">siri</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Pembasmian_Kaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembasmian Kaum"><span style="color:white">Pembasmian Kaum/Genosid<br /></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Isu-isu</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_peristiwa_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai peristiwa genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai peristiwa genosid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum_dalam_sejarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembasmian kaum dalam sejarah (laman tidak wujud)">Pembasmian kaum dalam sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_pembasmian_kaum_terhadap_golongan_belia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan pembasmian kaum terhadap golongan belia (laman tidak wujud)">Kesan terhadap belia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penafian_pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penafian pembasmian kaum (laman tidak wujud)">Penafian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_kaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai kaum (laman tidak wujud)">Pembunuhan beramai-ramai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerkosaan_genosida" title="Pemerkosaan genosida">Rogol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasutan_genosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasutan genosida (laman tidak wujud)">Hasutan</a></li> <li>Berkaitan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolonialisme_dan_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolonialisme dan genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Penjajahan</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_dan_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang dan genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Perang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelaku,_mangsa,_dan_pemerhati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelaku, mangsa, dan pemerhati (laman tidak wujud)">Pelaku, mangsa, dan pemerhati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencegahan_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencegahan genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Pencegahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psikologi_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psikologi genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_pengenalpastian_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik pengenalpastian genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Politik pengenalpastian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor-faktor_risiko_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor-faktor risiko genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Faktor-faktor risiko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_peringkat_genosid" title="Sepuluh peringkat genosid">Peringkat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jenis <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_kaum_Orang_Asli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan kaum Orang Asli (laman tidak wujud)">Anti-Orang Asli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_Budaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembasmian Budaya (laman tidak wujud)">Kebudayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Utilitarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Utilitarian (laman tidak wujud)">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengajian_Genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengajian Genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Pengajian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_kasar_pengajian_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis kasar pengajian genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Garis kasar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliografi_pengajian_genosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliografi pengajian genosid (laman tidak wujud)">Bibliografi</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Genosid abad ke-18 dan ke-19</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Dzungar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Dzungar (laman tidak wujud)">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Circassia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Circassia (laman tidak wujud)">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Hitam (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Hitam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Moriori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Moriori (laman tidak wujud)">Moriori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid California (laman tidak wujud)">California</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Putumayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Putumayo (laman tidak wujud)">Putumayo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Selk%27nam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Selk'nam (laman tidak wujud)">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Genosid awal abad ke-20</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Herero_dan_Namaqua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Herero dan Namaqua (laman tidak wujud)">Herero dan Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genosid_Yunani" title="Genosid Yunani">Yunani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayfo (laman tidak wujud)">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genosid_Armenia" title="Genosid Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_Kedua" title="Perang Dunia Kedua"><span style="color:white">Perang Dunia Kedua</span></a> (1939–1945)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holokus" title="Holokus">Holokus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holokus_Romani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holokus Romani (laman tidak wujud)">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenayah_Nazi_terhadap_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenayah Nazi terhadap Poland (laman tidak wujud)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Serbia_di_Negara_Merdeka_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Serbia di Negara Merdeka Croatia (laman tidak wujud)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenayah_perang_Chetnik_dalam_Perang_Dunia_Kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenayah perang Chetnik dalam Perang Dunia Kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Croatia dan Muslim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin"><span style="color:white">Perang Dingin</span></a> (1940-an – 1991)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Bangladesh (laman tidak wujud)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikiza (laman tidak wujud)">Ikiza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Timor_Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Timor Leste (laman tidak wujud)">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Kemboja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Kemboja (laman tidak wujud)">Kemboja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Guatemala (laman tidak wujud)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gukurahundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gukurahundi (laman tidak wujud)">Gukurahundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Isaaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Isaaq (laman tidak wujud)">Isaaq</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Genosid kontemporari</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Bosnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Bosnia (laman tidak wujud)">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genosid_Rwanda" title="Genosid Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effacer_le_tableau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Effacer le tableau (laman tidak wujud)">Effacer le tableau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Darfur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Darfur (laman tidak wujud)">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Yazid_oleh_ISIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Yazid oleh ISIS (laman tidak wujud)">Yazid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Turkmen_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Turkmen Iraq (laman tidak wujud)">Turkmen Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Uyghur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Uyghur (laman tidak wujud)">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genosid_Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Genosid Rohingya">Rohingya</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Topik-topik berkaitan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kempen_Anfal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kempen Anfal (laman tidak wujud)">Kempen Anfal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_Antikomunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Antikomunis (laman tidak wujud)">Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Antikomunis</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_Indonesia_1965%E2%80%9366&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Indonesia 1965–66 (laman tidak wujud)">Indonesia 1965–66</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekejaman_di_Negara_Bebas_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekejaman di Negara Bebas Congo (laman tidak wujud)">Kekejaman di Negara Bebas Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemandulan_Wajib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemandulan Wajib (laman tidak wujud)">Pemandulan Wajib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demosid (laman tidak wujud)">Demosid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pembasmian kaum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnosid (laman tidak wujud)">Etnosid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asimilasi_paksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asimilasi paksa (laman tidak wujud)">Asimilasi paksa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_besar-besaran_di_bawah_rejim_komunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan besar-besaran di bawah rejim komunis (laman tidak wujud)">Pembunuhan besar-besaran di bawah rejim komunis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soalan_genosid_Holodomor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soalan genosid Holodomor (laman tidak wujud)">soalan genosid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_Hutu_semasa_Perang_Congo_Pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Hutu semasa Perang Congo Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Pembunuhan beramai-ramai Hutu semasa Perang Congo Pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramalan_genosid_di_Habsyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramalan genosid di Habsyah (laman tidak wujud)">Ramalan genosid di Habsyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_di_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang di Vendée (laman tidak wujud)">Perdebatan Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael Lemkin (laman tidak wujud)">Raphael Lemkin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Genosid" title="Kategori:Genosid">Kategori</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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125%;"><b>ڤمبسمين قوم</b></span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>, juga <b>genosid</b>) ialah satu bentuk <a href="/wiki/Jenayah" title="Jenayah">jenayah</a> yang bertujuan untuk menghapuskan kewujudan sesuatu kelompok manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada lazimnya istilah ini merujuk kepada tindakan pembasmian kaum tertentu yang terancang dan berorganisasi. </p><p>Pada tahun 1948, Konvensyen Genosid <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> mendefinisikan pembasmian kaum sebagai mana-mana daripada lima "perbuatan yang dilakukan dengan niat untuk memusnahkan, sama ada sepenuhnya atau sebahagian, kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama". Lima perbuatan ini ialah: membunuh ahli kelompok, menyebabkan mereka cedera parah secara fizikal atau mental, menyebabkan beban kehidupan yang bertujuan untuk memusnahkan kelompok itu, menghalang kelahiran, dan memindahkan kanak-kanak keluar dari kelompok tersebut secara paksa. Mangsa disasarkan kerana keahlian mereka—tidak mengira jika ia sahih atau hanya nampak begitu—dengan suatu kelompok, bukan secara rawak.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pasukan Tugas Ketidakstabilan Politik menganggarkan bahawa terdapat 43 genosid yang berlaku antara tahun 1956 hingga 2016, menyebabkan kira-kira 50 juta kematian.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> menganggarkan bahawa sekitar 50 juta orang telah dipindahkan akibat episod keganasan sebegini sehingga tahun 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genosid, terutamanya genosid berskala besar, dianggap secara meluas sebagai tahap kejahatan manusia yang terparah.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai satu label, ia kontroversial kerana ia bersifat moralistik,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan telah digunakan sebagai jenis kategori moral sejak akhir tahun 1990-an.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Istilah "genosid" juga boleh dilanjutkan ke dalam konteks <a href="/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya">budaya</a> ("genosid budaya") yang merujuk kepada sesuatu tindakan menghapuskan sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Peradaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban">peradaban</a> dengan melarang penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa" title="Bahasa">bahasa</a> daripada sesebuah kelompok atau suku, mengubah atau menghancurkan <a href="/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah">sejarahnya</a> atau menghancurkan <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbol-simbol</a> peradabannya. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal_usul_perkataan">Asal usul perkataan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Asal usul perkataan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Asal usul perkataan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Raphael_Lemkin,_Photograph_6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Raphael Lemkin mencipta istilah genosid pada tahun 1944. Analisisnya tentang kekejaman terhadap Poland diterima pakai oleh Konvensyen Genosid PBB sebagai kriteria untuk menentukan "niat genosid".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/220px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/330px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg/440px-Dup%C4%83_trecerea_unui_convoi_%C3%AEntre_Birzula_%C8%99i_Grozdovca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Selepas pembunuhan beramai-ramai Odessa 1941, di mana orang-orang Yahudi yang dihantar pulang dibunuh di luar Brizula (kini Podilsk) semasa Holokus.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/250px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/375px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg/500px-Auschwitz_Resistance_280_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Anggota <i>Sonderkommando</i> membakar mayat orang Yahudi dalam lubang di <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> II-Birkenau, sebuah kem pembasmian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Konsep jenayah ini pertama kali dicipta oleh seorang peguam dan cendekiawan perundangan <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael Lemkin (laman tidak wujud)">Raphael Lemkin</a>, pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> dalam bukunya "<i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i> [Pemerintahan Kuasa Paksi di Eropah yang Diduduki]<i>.</i>" <i><sup id="cite_ref-schab_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schab-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Dalam bahasa Melayu, <i>Genosid</i> diserap daripada bahasa Inggeris, yang mana beliau menggabungkan perkataan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> γένος <i>genos</i> ("bangsa" atau "rakyat") dan imbuhan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a> -<i>caedo</i> ("pembunuhan").<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin200879_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin200879-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam "<i>Axis rule</i>", Lemkin mendokumentasikan kajiannya mengenai dasar-dasar pendudukan Nazi di Eropah dan merakamkan satu kajian kes mengenai pendudukan Poland. Lemkin mengatakan bahawa kekejaman Nazi terhadap orang Poland terdiri daripada lima dasar yang menunjukkan "niat untuk memusnahkan" bangsa Poland. Ini termasuk i) pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang Poland, ii) menyebabkan "cedera serius fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok", iii) kemerosotan taraf hidup yang terancang "direncanakan untuk memusnahkan mereka", iv) pelaksanaan pelbagai "langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok itu" seperti menggalakkan pengguguran kandungan, membebani wanita hamil dan lain-lain, v) memindahkan kanak-kanak Poland kepada keluarga Jerman secara paksa. Menurut Lemkin, setiap daripada lima penanda ini membuktikan rancangan Nazi untuk menghapuskan identiti Poland. Kelima-lima kriteria ini diambil oleh Konvensyen Genosid 1948 sebagai bukti untuk konsep niat genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebelum istilah tersebut dicipta, ada pelbagai cara untuk menerangkan peristiwa sebegini. Beberapa bahasa sudah mempunyai perkataan untuknya, seperti Jerman (<span title="Jerman-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord" class="extiw" title="de:Völkermord">Völkermord</a></i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: de is deprecated </span>, "pembunuhan sebuah bangsa") dan Poland (<span title="Poland-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ludob%C3%B3jstwo" class="extiw" title="pl:ludobójstwo">ludobójstwo</a></i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span>, "pembunuhan sebuah kaum atau bangsa").<sup id="cite_ref-Platen_1831_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platen_1831-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Böttcher-Berger-Krolop-Zimmermann_1985_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Böttcher-Berger-Krolop-Zimmermann_1985-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1941, ketika menerangkan "pembunuhan yang teratur, tanpa belas kasihan" "beribu-ribu orang" Rusia oleh tentera Nazi semasa pencerobohan Jerman ke Kesatuan Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> berbicara tentang "suatu jenayah tanpa nama".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buku 1944 Lemkin, "<i>Axis Rule</i> <i>in Occupied Europe</i>" menerangkan pelaksanaan dasar-dasar Nazi di Eropah yang diduduki dan menyebut pembunuhan besar-besaran yang terjadi sebelum itu.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah membaca mengenai pembunuhan Talat Pasha pada tahun 1921, arkitek utama genosid Armenia, oleh orang Armenia Soghomon Tehlirian, Lemkin bertanya profesor beliau mengapa tidak ada undang-undang yang mana Talat boleh dituduh.<sup id="cite_ref-schab_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schab-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliau kemudiannya menjelaskan bahawa "sebagai seorang peguam, saya fikir bahawa suatu jenayah sepatutnya tidak dihukum oleh mangsa, tetapi oleh mahkamah."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin mentakrifkan genosid seperti berikut: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pemikiran baru memerlukan istilah baru. Dengan "genosid," kami maksudkan pemusnahan sebuah bangsa atau kelompok etnik. Kata baru ini, dicipta oleh pengarang untuk merujuk kepada amalan lama dalam perkembangan modennya, terhasil daripada perkataan Yunani kuno "genos" (kaum, puak) dan Latin "cide" (pembunuhan), sejajar dengan perkataan seperti tiranisid, homisid, infantisid dan sebagainya. Secara umumnya, genosid tidak semestinya bermaksud pemusnahan serta-merta sebuah bangsa, kecuali jika dilakukan melalui pembunuhan beramai-ramai semua ahli sesebuah bangsa. Ia lebih kepada merencanakan pelbagai tindakan untuk memusnahkan asas-asas penting kehidupan kelompok-kelompok bangsa, dengan niat untuk memusnahkan kelompok-kelompok itu sendiri. Matlamat rancangan sebegini adalah untuk memecahkan institusi-institusi politik dan sosial, budaya, bahasa, perasaan kebangsaan, agama, dan kewujudan ekonomi kelompok-kelompok bangsa, serta menghancurkan keselamatan peribadi, kebebasan, kesihatan, maruah dan juga nyawa individu yang tergolong dalam kelompok-kelompok tersebut. Genosid diarah untuk menentang kelompok bangsa itu sebagai sebuah entiti, dan tindakan-tindakan yang terlibat ditujukan kepada individu, bukan dalam keupayaan individu mereka, tetapi sebagai ahli kelompok bangsa tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin200879_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin200879-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mukadimah Konvensyen Genosid 1948 (CPPCG) mencatatkan bahawa kejadian-kejadian genosid telah berlaku sepanjang sejarah;<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hanya selepas Lemkin mencipta istilah tersebut dan kejadian Holokus dihukum di Mahkamah Nuremberg, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mendefinisikan jenayah genosid di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa dalam Konvensyen Genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa tahun berlalu sebelum istilah ini diterima secara meluas oleh masyarakat antarabangsa. Apabila perbicaraan Nuremberg menunjukkan kelemahan frasa-frasa seperti "Germanisasi", "jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan" dan "pembunuhan beramai-ramai", ahli undang-undang antarabangsa bersetuju bahawa kerja Lemkin telah menyediakan kerangka konseptual untuk jenayah Nazi. Tajuk surat khabar <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> pada tahun 1946 mengumumkan bahawa "Genosid Nama Baru bagi Jenayah yang Dikenakan Kepada Pemimpin-pemimpin Nazi";<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perkataan ini digunakan dalam dakwaan di perbicaraan Nuremberg, yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1945, tetapi hanya sebagai istilah deskriptif, belum lagi sebagai istilah undang-undang formal.<sup id="cite_ref-HolocaustEncyclopedia2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HolocaustEncyclopedia2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perbicaraan Genosid Poland Arthur Greiser dan Amon Leopold Goth pada tahun 1946 merupakan perbicaraan pertama penghakiman menggunakan istilah tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tindakan_terlarang">Tindakan terlarang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Tindakan terlarang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tindakan terlarang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konvensyen Genosid menetapkan lima tindakan terlarang yang, apabila dilakukan dengan niat sebagai syarat, dianggap sebagai genosid. Walaupun pembunuhan besar-besaran paling sering dianggap dan dihukum sebagai genosid, jenis keganasan yang dipertimbangkan oleh undang-undang sebenarnya lebih meluas.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membunuh_ahli_kelompok">Membunuh ahli kelompok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Membunuh ahli kelompok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Membunuh ahli kelompok"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun pembunuhan beramai-ramai tidak perlu terjadi untuk genosid dianggap berlaku, ia telah hadir dalam hampir semua genosid yang diiktiraf. Terdapat pola yang muncul sepanjang sejarah yang mana lelaki dan remaja lelaki dikenal pasti untuk dibunuh pada peringkat awal,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="UNHCR etc support that this happened in these cases, not that this is near-uniform pattern (October 2019)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> seperti dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genosid_Yazidis_oleh_ISIL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genosid Yazidis oleh ISIL (laman tidak wujud)">genosid Yazidi oleh Daesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serangan Kesultanan Usmaniyah terhadap orang Armenia,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan serangan pasukan keselamatan Burma terhadap orang Rohingya.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lelaki dan kanak-kanak lelaki biasanya dibunuh dengan "cepat", seperti dengan ditembak.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perempuan dan kanak-kanak perempuan lebih cenderung mati lambat dengan penikaman, pembakaran atau akibat keganasan seksual.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisprudens Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (ICTR), antara lain, menunjukkan bahawa pembunuhan pertama dan yang disusuli perbuatan ganas ekstrem lain, seperti rogol dan seksa, diiktiraf dan jatuh dalam tindakan larangan yang pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satu perbincangan yang masih belum diselesaikan adalah sama ada kematian yang jauh daripada tindakan keganasan awal boleh ditangani di bawah peruntukan Konvensyen Genosid ini. Pakar undang-undang telah mengemukakan, misalnya, bahawa kematian yang berpunca daripada tindakan-tindakan genosid yang lain, termasuk menyebabkan kecederaan serius fizikal atau mental atau usaha yang berjaya menyebabkan keadaan kehidupan yang direncanakan untuk membawa kepada kemusnahan fizikal, harus dianggap sebagai pembunuhan genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menyebabkan_kecederaan_serius_fizikal_atau_mental_kepada_ahli_kelompok_Perkara_II(b)"><span id="Menyebabkan_kecederaan_serius_fizikal_atau_mental_kepada_ahli_kelompok_Perkara_II.28b.29"></span>Menyebabkan kecederaan serius fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok <i>Perkara II(b)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Menyebabkan kecederaan serius fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok Perkara II(b)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Menyebabkan kecederaan serius fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok Perkara II(b)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tindakan yang dilarang kedua ini boleh merangkumi pelbagai tindakan genosid yang tidak membawa maut.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICTR dan Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Yugoslavia terdahulu (ICTY) telah memutuskan bahawa rogol dan keganasan seksual boleh dianggap sebagai tindakan kedua yang dilarang dalam genosid kerana ia menyebabkan kecederaan fizikal dan mental. Dalam keputusan Akayesu yang penting, ICTR menyatakan bahawa rogol dan keganasan seksual mengakibatkan "kemusnahan fizikal dan psikologi".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keganasan seksual ialah ciri khas keganasan genosid, dengan kebanyakan kempen genosid meluluskannya dengan tersurat atau tersirat.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dianggarkan bahawa 250,000 hingga 500,000 wanita telah dirogol dalam tiga bulan genosid Rwanda, ramai di antaranya menjadi mangsa rogol berulang atau rogol berkelompok.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Darfur, kempen rogol sistemik dan pencacatan seksual selalu berlaku<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan di Burma, rogol berkelompok dan rogol berkelompok besar dilakukan terhadap orang Rohingya oleh pasukan keselamatan Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhambaan seksual direkodkan dalam genosid Armenia oleh Kesultanan Usmaniyah dan genosid Yazidi oleh Daesh.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apabila dilakukan dengan syarat niat, penyeksaan dan layanan atau hukuman yang kejam, tidak berperikemanusiaan, atau memalukan juga dianggap sebagai genosid kerana menyebabkan kecederaan fizikal atau mental yang serius kepada ahli kelompok. ICTY mendapati bahawa mengalami kegagalan dihukum mati dan menyaksikan pembunuhan ahli keluarga sendiri boleh dianggap penyeksaan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jawatankuasa Penyiasatan Syria (COI) juga mendapati bahawa perhambaan, pengambilan anak-anak untuk diindoktrinasi atau perhambaan seksual, dan tindakan keganasan fizikal dan seksual mencapai tahap penyeksaan. Walaupun pernah diperdebatkan, ICTY dan kemudian COI Syria berpendapat bahawa dalam beberapa keadaan, pengusiran dan pemindahan paksa juga boleh menyebabkan kecederaan fizikal atau mental yang serius.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sengaja_menimpakan_keadaan_hidup_yang_dirancang_untuk_membawa_kepada_kemusnahan_fizikal_kelompok">Sengaja menimpakan keadaan hidup yang dirancang untuk membawa kepada kemusnahan fizikal kelompok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sengaja menimpakan keadaan hidup yang dirancang untuk membawa kepada kemusnahan fizikal kelompok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sengaja menimpakan keadaan hidup yang dirancang untuk membawa kepada kemusnahan fizikal kelompok"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow,_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/220px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/330px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg/440px-%22Trail_of_the_hide_hunters.%22_Buffalo_lying_dead_in_snow%2C_1872_-_NARA_-_520094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Kerajaan persekutuan A.S. menggalakkan pemburuan <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> atas pelbagai sebab, termasuk untuk memusnahkan kelangsungan hidup Orang Indian Plains untuk mendesak mereka tinggal di taman rizab orang asli.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tindakan yang dilarang ketiga ini berbeza daripada tindakan genosid membunuh kerana kematian tidak berlaku dengan segera (atau langsung tidak akan berlaku) tetapi sebaliknya mencipta keadaan yang tidak dapat menyokong kelangsungan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disebabkan tempoh masa yang lebih panjang sebelum kemusnahan sebenar berlaku, ICTR berpendapat mahkamah harus mengambil kira tempoh keadaan berlangsung sebagai elemen perbuatan itu.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-19, kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat menyokong pemupusan bison, yang merupakan sumber makanan orang Indian <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Ini dilakukan atas pelbagai sebab, terutamanya untuk memaksa mereka masuk taman rizab semasa konflik berlaku. Sesetengah pakar genosid mengaggap ini sebagai contoh genosid yang melibatkan penghapusan sumber penakatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ICTR memberikan panduan tentang apa yang dianggap sebagai pelanggaran tindakan ketiga. Dalam kes Akayesu, "mengakibatkan sekelompok orang makan hanya untuk hidup, diusir secara sistematik dari rumah dan mengurangkan perkhidmatan perubatan asas di bawah tahap minimum"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ialah genosid. Dalam kes Kayishema dan Ruzindana, senarai ini diluaskan untuk menyertakan "ketiadaan tempat tinggal, pakaian, kebersihan dan penjagaan perubatan yang sesuai atau kerja berlebihan atau menjerihkan" antara keadaan hidup itu.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patut disebutkan juga, selain kekurangan sumber-sumber yang diperlukan, rogol juga boleh termasuk dalam tindakan terlarang ini.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (March 2023)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mengenakan_langkah-langkah_yang_bertujuan_untuk_mencegah_kelahiran_dalam_kelompok">Mengenakan langkah-langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Mengenakan langkah-langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mengenakan langkah-langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tindakan yang dilarang keempat ini bertujuan untuk menghalang populasi kelompok yang dilindungi daripada berkembang semula. Ia merangkumi tindakan-tindakan yang mempengaruhi pembiakan dan hubungan intim, seperti pemandulan paksa, pengguguran paksa, larangan perkahwinan, dan pemisahan jangka panjang lelaki dan perempuan yang bertujuan untuk mencegah pembiakan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rogol didapati melanggar tindakan yang dilarang keempat atas dua asas: sedangkan rogol dilakukan dengan niat untuk menghamilkan wanita memaksanya mengandungkan anak kelompok lain (dalam masyarakat yang mana identiti kelompok ditentukan oleh identiti nasab bapa) dan individu yang diperkosa kemudiannya enggan membiak akibat trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh itu, langkah-langkah fizikal dan mental yang dikenakan oleh pelaku boleh diambil kira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memindahkan_kanak-kanak_kelompok_tersebut_secara_paksa_ke_kelompok_lain">Memindahkan kanak-kanak kelompok tersebut secara paksa ke kelompok lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Memindahkan kanak-kanak kelompok tersebut secara paksa ke kelompok lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Memindahkan kanak-kanak kelompok tersebut secara paksa ke kelompok lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tindakan yang dilarang terakhir adalah satu-satunya tindakan yang tidak membawa kepada pemusnahan fizikal atau biologi, tetapi sebaliknya membawa kepada pemusnahan kelompok sebagai unit budaya dan sosial.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia berlaku apabila kanak-kanak kelompok yang dilindungi dipindahkan ke kelompok pelaku. Kanak-kanak lelaki biasanya dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok tersebut dengan menukar nama mereka kepada nama-nama yang biasa dalam kelompok pelaku, menukar agama mereka, dan menggunakan mereka untuk buruh atau sebagai tentera.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanak-kanak perempuan yang dipindahkan biasanya tidak diasimilasi ke dalam kelompok pelaku, sebaliknya diperlakukan sebagai harta benda, seperti dalam genosid Yazidi dan Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenayah">Jenayah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Jenayah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jenayah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandangan_sebelum_dijadikan_jenayah">Pandangan sebelum dijadikan jenayah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Pandangan sebelum dijadikan jenayah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pandangan sebelum dijadikan jenayah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebelum genosid dianggap sebagai jenayah di bawah undang-undang negara, ia dianggap sebagai hak kedaulatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apabila Lemkin bertanya tentang cara untuk menghukum pelaku genosid Armenia, seorang profesor undang-undang memberitahu beliau, "Bayangkan kes seorang peladang yang mempunyai sekawan ayam. Dia membunuh ayam-ayam itu dan itu urusan dia sendiri. Kalau awak masuk campur, awak menceroboh."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sehingga tahun 1959, ramai pemimpin dunia "percaya bahawa negara mempunyai hak untuk melakukan genosid terhadap penduduk di dalam sempadan mereka", menurut ahli sains politik Douglas Irvin-Erickson.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_antarabangsa">Undang-undang antarabangsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang antarabangsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang antarabangsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/220px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/330px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/440px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak manusia di Pusat Memorial Genosid Murambi di <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Mangsa <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Armenia" title="Genosid Armenia">genosid Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Selepas Holokus, yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Jerman">Nazi Jerman</a> sebelum dan semasa Perang Dunia II, Lemkin berjaya memperjuangkan undang-undang antarabangsa untuk menerima, menakrifkan dan mengharamkan genosid di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1946, sesi pertama <a href="/wiki/Perhimpunan_Agung_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a> menerima pakai resolusi yang mengesahkan bahawa genosid ialah jenayah di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa dan menyenaraikan contoh-contoh kejadian sebegini (namun tidak memberikan definisi undang-undang penuh tentang jenayah tersebut). Pada tahun 1948, Perhimpunan Agung PBB menerima pakai Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid (CPPCG) yang menakrifkan jenayah genosid buat kali pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6366573"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Genosid ialah penafian hak kewujudan seluruh kelompok manusia, sebagaimana pembunuhan adalah penafian hak untuk hidup satu-satu manusia; penafian hak kewujudan sedemikian menggemparkan hati nurani manusia, mengakibatkan kerugian besar kepada kemanusiaan dalam bentuk sumbangan budaya dan lain-lain yang diwakili oleh kelompok manusia ini, dan bertentangan dengan undang-undang moral serta semangat dan matlamat Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Banyak contoh jenayah genosid telah berlaku apabila kelompok kaum, agama, politik dan lain-lain dimusnahkan, sepenuhnya atau sebahagian.</p><div class="templatequotecite" style="text-align: right">— <cite>Resolusi PBB 96(1), 11 Disember 1946</cite></div></blockquote> <p>CPPCG telah diterima pakai oleh Perhimpunan Agung PBB pada 9 Disember 1948<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berkuat kuasa pada 12 Januari 1951 (Resolusi 260 (III)). Ia mengandungi takrifan genosid yang diiktiraf secara antarabangsa yang telah dimasukkan ke dalam undang-undang jenayah kebangsaan banyak negara dan juga diterima pakai oleh <a href="/wiki/Statut_Rom_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa" title="Statut Rom Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa">Statut Rom Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</a>, yang menubuhkan <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa">Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</a> (ICC). Perkara II Konvensyen tersebut menakrifkan genosid seperti berikut: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6366573"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... mana-mana daripada tindakan berikut yang dilakukan dengan niat untuk memusnahkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian, kelompok <a href="/wiki/Bangsa" title="Bangsa">bangsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnik">etnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaum" title="Kaum">kaum</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">agama</a>, seperti berikut:</p><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>(a) Membunuh ahli kelompok;</li> <li>(b) Menyebabkan kemudaratan yang serius dari segi fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kelompok;</li> <li>(c) Melakukan dengan sengaja ke atas kelompok keadaan hidup yang dirancang untuk membawa kepada pemusnahan fizikalnya secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian;</li> <li>(d) Mengenakan langkah-langkah yang bertujuan untuk mencegah kelahiran dalam kelompok;</li> <li>(e) Memindahkan secara paksa kanak-kanak kelompok itu ke kelompok lain.</li></ul> </div></blockquote> <p>Perbuatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incitement to genocide (laman tidak wujud)">menghasut genosid</a> diiktiraf sebagai satu jenayah berasingan di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa dan merupakan satu jenayah belum sempurna (jenayah inkoat) yang tidak memerlukan genosid telah berlaku untuk boleh didakwa.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam draf pertama konvensyen itu, pembunuhan politik telah dimasukkan; peruntukan-peruntukan ini kemudiannya dikeluarkan dalam satu kompromi politik dan diplomasi selepas bantahan daripada pelbagai negara yang berbeza, awalnya digalakkan oleh Kongres Yahudi Sedunia dan tanggapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael Lemkin (laman tidak wujud)">Raphael Lemkin</a>, dengan beberapa ahli akademik menekankan peranan <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a>, sebuah negara tetap dalam <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</a>, dalam kepustakaan.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pihak Soviet berhujah bahawa takrifan konvensyen itu harus mengikut etimologi istilah itu,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Staub_1992,_p._8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staub_1992,_p._8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> khususnya mungkin bimbang akan pemeriksaan antarabangsa yang lebih ketat terhadap pembunuhan politik negara itu, seperti dalam <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar-Besaran" title="Pembersihan Besar-Besaran">Pembersihan Besar-besaran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin, yang mencipta istilah <i>genosid</i>, mendekati wakil-wakil Soviet semasa undi resolusi itu hampir tamat untuk meyakinkan Soviet bahawa tiada konspirasi terhadap mereka; tiada negara dalam blok yang dipimpin oleh Soviet menentang resolusi itu, yang diluluskan sebulat suara pada Disember 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negara-negara lain, termasuk <a href="/wiki/United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States">Amerika Syarikat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bimbang memasukkan kelompok politik dalam definisi itu akan mengundang campur tangan antarabangsa dalam politik dalam negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-Staub_1992,_p._8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staub_1992,_p._8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1951, Lemkin mengatakan bahawa Kesatuan Soviet adalah satu-satunya negara yang boleh didakwa kerana genosid, konsep genosidnya, seperti yang dijelaskan dalam <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>, menamakan pengusiran penyokong Stalin tidak dapat disangsikan ialah satu genosid, dan berbeza dalam banyak cara dari Konvensyen Genosid yang diterima pakai. Dalam perspektif abad ke-21, cakupannya sangat meluas sehingga sebarang pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang sangat serius boleh dikira sebagai genosid, dan banyak peristiwa yang dianggap oleh Lemkin sebagai genosid tidak memenuhi syarat sebagai genosid. Apabila <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a> bermula, perubahan ini ialah hasil daripada perubahan pendirian Lemkin kepada antikomunisme untuk meyakinkan Amerika Syarikat untuk meluluskan Konvensyen Genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2005_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niat">Niat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Niat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Niat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di bawah undang-undang antarabangsa, genosid mempunyai dua elemen mental (<i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i>): elemen mental umum dan elemen niat khas (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolus_specialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolus specialis (laman tidak wujud)">dolus specialis</a></i>). Elemen umum merujuk kepada sama ada tindakan yang dilarang dilakukan dengan niat, pengetahuan, kemeluluan atau kecuaian. Untuk kebanyakan jenayah serius antarabangsa, termasuk genosid, syaratnya adalah bahawa pelaku itu bertindak dengan niat. Statut Rom mentakrifkan niat sebagai bermaksud terlibat dalam kelakuan itu dan, berkaitan dengan akibat, bermaksud menyebabkan akibat tersebut atau "sedar bahawa ia akan berlaku dalam keadaan biasa".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elemen niat khusus mentakrifkan tujuan melakukan tindakan itu: "untuk memusnahkan keseluruhan atau sebahagian, kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama, semata-mata". Niat khas ini ialah faktor utama yang membezakan genosid daripada jenayah antarabangsa lain, seperti jenayah perang atau jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (July 2021)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Niat_untuk_memusnahkan""><span id=".22Niat_untuk_memusnahkan.22"></span>"Niat untuk memusnahkan"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: "Niat untuk memusnahkan"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: "Niat untuk memusnahkan""><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" title="Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah">Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah</a> (ECHR) menyatakan dalam keputusannya mengenai kes <i>Jorgic v. Germany</i> bahawa pada tahun 1992, majoriti pakar perundangan mengambil pandangan sempit bahawa "niat untuk memusnahkan" dalam CPPCG bermaksud ingin memusnahkan kelompok yang dilindungi secara biologikal-fizikal, dan ia masih pandangan majoriti ketika itu. Namun, ECHR juga menyatakan bahawa terdapat segelintir mengambil pandangan yang lebih meluas dan tidak menganggap pemusnahan biologikal-fizikal itu perlu kerana niat untuk memusnahkan kelompok bangsa, kaum, agama atau etnik sebagai unit sosial sudah cukup untuk dianggap sebagai genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam keputusan yang sama, ECHR mengkaji keputusan beberapa mahkamah antarabangsa dan mahkamah tempatan. Ia mencatat bahawa Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia dan Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa telah bersetuju dengan tafsiran yang sempit (bahawa pemusnahan biologikal-fizikal adalah perlu untuk tindakan itu dianggap sebagai genosid). ECHR juga menyatakan bahawa pada masa keputusannya, selain daripada mahkamah di Jerman (yang menggunakan pandangan luas), terdapat beberapa kes genosid di bawah undang-undang dalam negara-negara lain yang menandatangani Konvensyen, dan "Tiada kes yang dilaporkan yang mana mahkamah negara-negara ini telah menentukan jenis pemusnahan kelompok yang disengajakan oleh pelaku agar didapati bersalah atas genosid."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam kes "Onesphore Rwabukombe", Mahkamah Persekutuan Jerman mengikuti keputusan sebelumnya dan tidak mengikuti interpretasi sempit ICTY dan ICJ.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Secara_keseluruhan_atau_sebahagian""><span id=".22Secara_keseluruhan_atau_sebahagian.22"></span>"Secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: "Secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: "Secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian""><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frasa "keseluruhannya atau sebahagian" telah banyak menjadi subjek perbincangan dalam kalangan pakar undang-undang kemanusiaan antarabangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Genocide_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Genocide-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam laporan Ruhashyankiko PBB, pernah diajukan sekiranya pembunuhan seorang individu sahaja boleh dianggap sebagai genosid jika niat untuk memusnahkan kelompoknya dengan lebih besar ditemui dalam pembunuhan itu,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun keputusan rasmi mahkamah menolak hal ini. Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia mendapati dalam <i>Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bahawa Genosid telah dilakukan. Dalam <i>Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)</i><sup id="cite_ref-PvRKappel_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvRKappel-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perenggan 8, 9, 10, dan 11 membincangkan isu <i>sebahagian</i> dan mendapati bahawa "bahagian tersebut haruslah merupakan bahagian yang besar daripada kelompok tersebut. Matlamat Konvensyen Genosid adalah untuk menghalang pemusnahan sengaja bagi keseluruhan kelompok-kelompok manusia, dan bahagian yang disasarkan mestilah cukup signifikan untuk memberi kesan kepada seluruh kelompok itu." Kamar Rayuan menjelaskan dengan terperinci kes-kes lain dan pandangan para pengulas berwibawa mengenai Konvensyen Genosid untuk menjelaskan bagaimana mereka mencapai kesimpulan ini. </p><p>Barisan hakim menyambung dalam perenggan 12, "Menentukan bila bahagian kelompok yang dijadikan sasaran dikira cukup besar untuk memenuhi syarat ini boleh melibatkan beberapa pertimbangan. Saiz berangka bahagian sasaran kelompok tersebut ialah titik permulaan yang perlu dan penting, namun ia tidak semestinya penutup siasatan. Bilangan individu yang dijadikan sasaran sahaja harus dinilai tetapi perlu dibandingkan dengan saiz keseluruhan kelompok tersebut. Selain saiz berangka bahagian yang dijadikan sasaran, kepentingannya dalam kelompok itu juga boleh dipertimbangkan. Jika bahagian tertentu kelompok itu mewakili keseluruhan kelompok atau adalah penting untuk kelangsungan hidupnya, itu boleh menyokong penemuan bahawa bahagian itu layak dianggap cukup besar dalam maksud Perkara 4 [Statut Tribunal]."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam perenggan 13, barisan hakim membincangkan isu akses pelaku kepada mangsa: "Contoh-contoh genosid dalam sejarah juga mencadangkan bahawa kawasan aktiviti dan kawalan penjenayah, serta kebolehcapaian mereka, harus dipertimbangkan. ... Niat untuk memusnah yang dibentuk oleh pelaku genosid akan sentiasa dihadkan oleh peluang yang diberikan padanya. Walaupun faktor ini sahaja tidak akan menentukan sama ada kelompok yang dijadikan sasaran itu cukup besar, ia boleh—bersama-sama dengan faktor lain—memberi panduan kepada analisis."<sup id="cite_ref-PvRKappel_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvRKappel-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Kelompok_bangsa,_etnik,_kaum_atau_agama""><span id=".22Kelompok_bangsa.2C_etnik.2C_kaum_atau_agama.22"></span>"Kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: "Kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: "Kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama""><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyusun CPPCG memilih untuk tidak memasukkan kelompok politik atau sosial antara kelompok yang dilindungi. Sebaliknya, mereka memilih untuk memberi tumpuan kepada identiti "stabil", sifat-sifat yang sepanjang sejarah dianggap sebagai diturunkan dan tidak boleh atau tidak mungkin berubah dengan masa. Takrifan ini bertentangan dengan tanggapan moden tentang kaum sebagai gagasan sosial daripada hakikat semula jadi, dan perbuatan menukar agama dll.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahkamah jenayah antarabangsa biasanya menggunakan campuran penanda objektif dan subjektif untuk menentukan sama ada populasi yang menjadi sasaran merupakan kelompok yang berbeza. Perbezaan bahasa, rupa, agama dan budaya ialah kriteria objektif yang boleh menunjukkan sekiranya kelompok-kelompok tersebut berbeza. Namun, dalam kes seperti <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Rwanda" title="Genosid Rwanda">genosid Rwanda</a>, kaum <a href="/wiki/Kaum_Hutu" title="Kaum Hutu">Hutu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> sering tidak dapat dibezakan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jika terdapat kes yang mana jawapan pemutus berdasarkan ukuran objektif itu tidak jelas, mahkamah telah merujuk kepada standard subjektif bahawa "jika mangsa dilihat oleh pelaku sebagai ahli kelompok yang dilindungi, mangsa boleh dianggap oleh Kamar sebagai ahli kelompok yang dilindungi".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tindakan mencela kelompok tersebut oleh pelaku dengan undang-undang, seperti menahan kerakyatan, menghendaki kelompok tersebut mudah dikenal pasti, atau memencilkan mereka boleh menunjukkan bahawa pelaku itu melihat mangsa sebagai kelompok yang dilindungi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konvensyen_mengenai_Pencegahan_dan_Hukuman_Jenayah_Genosid">Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konvensyen ini mula berkuat kuasa sebagai undang-undang antarabangsa pada 12 Januari 1951 selepas sekurang-kurangnya 20 buah negara terbabit. Pada masa itu, hanya dua daripada lima anggota tetap <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis Keselamatan PBB">Majlis Keselamatan PBB</a> terlibat dengan perjanjian ini: Perancis dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_China_di_Taiwan" title="Republik China di Taiwan">Republik China</a>. Kesatuan Soviet meratifikasinya pada tahun 1954, United Kingdom pada tahun 1970, Republik Rakyat China pada tahun 1983 (setelah menggantikan Republik China Taiwan dalam Majlis Keselamatan PBB pada tahun 1971), dan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1988.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (February 2017)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>William Schabas mengesyorkan satu badan kekal dibuat seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Laporan Whitaker untuk memantau pelaksanaan Konvensyen Genosid, dan menghendaki negara-negara mengeluarkan laporan mengenai pematuhan mereka terhadap konvensyen itu (seperti yang dimasukkan dalam Protokol Pilihan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu kepada Konvensyen Menentang Penyeksaan), akan menjadikan konvensyen ini lebih berkesan.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolusi_Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB_1674">Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1674</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1674" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1674"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1674&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1674 (laman tidak wujud)">Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1674</a>, diterima pakai oleh Majlis Keselamatan PBB pada 28 April 2006, "menegaskan semula peruntukan perenggan 138 dan 139 Dokumen Hasil Sidang Kemuncak Dunia 2005 mengenai tanggungjawab melindungi penduduk daripada genosid, jenayah perang, <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_etnik" title="Pembersihan etnik">pembasmian etnik</a> dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolusi tersebut mengikat majlis itu untuk bertindak bagi melindungi orang awam dalam konflik bersenjata.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2008, Majlis Keselamatan PBB menerima pakai resolusi 1820, yang menyatakan "rogol dan bentuk lain keganasan seksual boleh dianggap sebagai jenayah perang, jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan atau tindakan teras yang berkaitan dengan genosid".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undang-undang_tempatan">Undang-undang tempatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang tempatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Undang-undang tempatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak Konvensyen tersebut berkuat kuasa pada Januari 1951 kira-kira 80 negara anggota PBB telah meluluskan undang-undang yang memasukkan peruntukan CPPCG ke dalam undang-undang tempatan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-PVD_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PVD-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Takrif_lain_genosid">Takrif lain genosid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Takrif lain genosid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Takrif lain genosid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menulis pada tahun 1998, Kurt Jonassohn dan Karin Björnson menyatakan bahawa CPPCG ialah suatu instrumen undang-undang hasil daripada kompromi diplomatik. Oleh itu, teks perjanjian tersebut tidak dimaksudkan untuk dipakai sebagai takrif yang sesuai untuk penyelidikan, dan walaupun ia digunakan untuk tujuan ini kerana ia mempunyai kredibiliti undang-undang antarabangsa yang takrif lain tidak ada, takrifan genosid lain juga telah dicadangkan. Mereka sambung menyatakan bahawa tidak ada takrifan genosid alternatif yang disokongan meluas,<sup id="cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan mengandaikan sebab utama mengapa takrifan genosid yang diterima umum belum muncul adalah kerana ahli akademik telah menyesuaikan fokus mereka untuk menekankan zaman-zaman berbeza dan berasa lebih praktikal jika definisi yang sedikit berbeza digunakan. Contohnya, Frank Chalk dan Kurt Jonassohn mengkaji sejarah manusia, manakala Leo Kuper dan Rudolph Rummel memberi tumpuan kepada abad ke-20, dan Helen Fein, Barbara Harff, dan Ted Gurr mengkaji peristiwa selepas Perang Dunia Kedua.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yehuda Bauer berpendapat bahawa takrifan semasa bermasalah, mengatakan bahawa banyak yang biasanya dipanggil sebagai genosid bukannya mempunyai motif perkauman. Bauer memberikan contoh Genosid Rwanda, yang mana menurut Bauer kedua-dua pelaku dan mangsa berasal daripada etnik yang sama. Beliau berpendapat bahawa kerana ketidakselarasan ini, "takrifan genosid sedia ada ini jelas sekali tidak memadai dan perlu diubah."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelompok_politik_dan_sosial">Kelompok politik dan sosial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Kelompok politik dan sosial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kelompok politik dan sosial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pengecualian kelompok sosial dan politik dalam takrifan undang-undang CPPCG sebagai antara sasaran genosid telah dikritik oleh beberapa sejarawan dan ahli sosiologi, contohnya, M. Hassan Kakar dalam buku beliau <i>The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berhujah bahawa takrifan genosid antarabangsa terlalu terhad<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan patut memasukkan kelompok politik atau mana-mana kelompok yang ditentukan oleh pelaku, dan memetik Chalk dan Jonassohn: "Genosid ialah satu bentuk pembunuhan beramai-ramai berat sebelah yang mana sebuah negara atau pihak berkuasa lain berhasrat untuk memusnahkan satu kelompok, kerana kelompok tersebut dan keahliannya ditakrifkan oleh pelaku."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oleh itu, beberapa negara seperti <a href="/wiki/Habsyah" title="Habsyah">Habsyah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol">Sepanyol</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menyertakan kelompok politik sebagai mangsa genosid yang sah dalam undang-undang antigenosid mereka. </p><p>Beberapa ahli akademik seperti Norman Naimark dan Anton Weiss-Wendt berhujah bahawa pengecualian kelompok politik dan sosial dalam versi akhir Konvensyen Genosid 1948 ialah hasil daripada pelobian Soviet. Walaupun kelompok sosial dan politik disebut dalam draf awal Konvensyen tersebut, <a href="/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a> tidak bersetuju untuk menjadi penandatangan kecuali ia dikecualikan.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pejabat PBB untuk Pencegahan Genosid dan Tanggungjawab untuk Melindungi menyatakan bahawa definisi genosid yang disepakati dalam Konvensyen itu "hasil proses rundingan dan mencerminkan kompromi yang dicapai di antara Negara-negara Ahli Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harff dan Gurr mentakrifkan genosid sebagai "penggalakan dan pelaksanaan dasar-dasar oleh negara atau ejennya yang mengakibatkan kematian sebahagian besar suatu kelompok ... [sementara] kelompok yang menjadi mangsa utamanya ditakrifkan mengikut ciri-ciri masyarakat mereka, iaitu etnik, agama atau kewarganegaraan".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harff dan Gurr juga membezakan antara genosid dan politisid berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang mana kerajaan mengenalpastikan ahli suatu kelompok. Dalam genosid, kelompok yang menjadi mangsa utamanya ditakrifkan dari segi ciri komunal mereka, iaitu etnik, agama atau kewarganegaraan. Dalam politisid, kelompok yang menjadi mangsa utamanya ditakrifkan berdasarkan kedudukan hierarki atau pendirian politik mereka yang menentang pemerintah dan kelompok dominan.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel D. Polsby dan Don B. Kates, Jr. menyatakan bahawa "kami mengikuti perbezaan antara genosid dan '<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>', yang dihuraikan oleh Harff sebagai, 'ledakan singkat oleh orang ramai, yang, walaupun sering kali dibenarkan oleh pihak berkuasa, jarang kekal lama'. Namun sekiranya keganasan berlarutan dengan cukup lama, Harff berhujah bahawa perbezaan antara membenarkan dan bersubahat terhapus."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harff_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harff-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut Rudolph Rummel, genosid mempunyai tiga makna yang berbeza. Makna biasa ialah pembunuhan oleh kerajaan terhadap orang kerana mereka ahli kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum, atau agama. Makna genosid dalam undang-undang merujuk kepada perjanjian antarabangsa <i>Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid</i> (CPPCG). Ini juga termasuk tindakan selain membunuh yang pada akhirnya memusnahkan kelompok tersebut, seperti mencegah kelahiran atau memindahkan kanak-kanak keluar daripada kelompok ke kelompok lain secara paksa. Makna umum genosid adalah serupa dengan makna biasa tetapi juga merangkumi membunuh pihak lawan politik mahupun bukan oleh kerajaan dengan sengaja. Untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan mengenai makna yang dimaksudkan, Rummel mencipta istilah demosid untuk membezakan daripada makna ketiga ini.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mengingatkan tentang keupayaan aktor negara dan bukan negara untuk melakukan genosid pada abad ke-21—contohnya, dalam negara gagal atau apabila aktor bukan negara memperoleh senjata pemusnah—Adrian Gallagher mentakrifkan genosid ialah "Apabila sumber kuasa kolektif (biasanya sebuah negara) dengan sengaja menggunakan pangkalan kuasanya untuk melaksanakan proses pemusnahan untuk menghapuskan kelompok (seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh pelaku), secara menyeluruh atau sebahagian, bergantung pada saiz relatif kelompok tersebut".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takrif ini menegaskan kepentingan niat, pemahaman yang menyeluruh tentang memusnahkan kaum, meluaskan lagi takrif identiti kelompok melebihi takrifan tahun 1948 tetapi juga berpendapat bahawa sebahagian besar kelompok itu harus dimusnahkan sebelum tindakan itu boleh dikelaskan sebagai genosid. </p><p>Takrif genosid lain yang dicadangkan termasuk kelompok sosial yang ditakrifkan mengikut jantina, <a href="/wiki/Kecenderungan_seksual" title="Kecenderungan seksual">kecenderungan seksual</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau identiti jantina.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demosid">Demosid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Demosid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Demosid"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demosid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demosid (laman tidak wujud)">Demosid</a>, istilah yang dicipta oleh ahli sains politik Amerika Rudolph Rummel, merujuk kepada "pembunuhan yang disengajakan orang yang tidak bersenjata atau telah dilucutkan senjatanya oleh ejen kerajaan yang bertindak mengikut kuasa dan dasar kerajaan atau arahan atasan."<sup id="cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_1996-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_2017-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Takrif ini merangkumi <a href="/wiki/Pembunuhan" title="Pembunuhan">pembunuhan</a> mana-mana jumlah orang oleh mana-mana kerajaan,<sup id="cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_1996-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_2017-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termasuk buruh paksa yang dimandatkan kerajaan, kem tahanan, pematian terus yang di luar bidang kehakiman, perang saudara, dan pembunuhan besar-besaran angkara kecuaian kerajaan seperti kebuluran yang disebabkan oleh kerajaan seperti <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_1996-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harff_2017-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rummel menganggarkan bahawa dalam abad ke-20, demosid menyebabkan lebih daripada 262 juta kematian.<sup id="cite_ref-Mexican_Democide_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexican_Democide-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejarawan Holokus, Yehuda Bauer, bersetuju dengan Rummel bahawa demosid ialah istilah yang lebih sesuai dalam banyak kes untuk memerikan kekejaman besar-besaran berbandifng genosid kerana takrif demosid yang lebih besar cakupannya berbanding genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genosid_transjantina">Genosid transjantina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Genosid transjantina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Genosid transjantina"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 2013, beberapa aktivis transjantina antarabangsa memperkenalkan istilah "transid (<i>transcide</i>, pembunuhan orang transjantina)" untuk menggambarkan betapa orang <a href="/wiki/Transjantina" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjantina">transjantina</a> dibunuh secara meluas di seluruh dunia. Sebuah gabungan NGO dari Amerika Selatan dan Eropah memulakan kempen "<i>Stop Trans Genocide</i> [Hentikan Genosid Transjantina]".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istilah transid mengikuti istilah terdahulu, <i>gendercide</i> iaitu pembunuhan kerana jantina.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakar undang-undang telah berhujah bahawa definisi genosid seharusnya diperluaskan untuk merangkumi orang transjantina, kerana mereka merupakan mangsa diskriminasi institusi, penganiayaan, dan keganasan.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Kritz berpendapat bahawa undang-undang sedia ada seharusnya diperluaskan untuk melindungi orang transjantina.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hujah yang serupa juga dibuat untuk meluaskan lagi takrifan "jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan" dalam undang-undang.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain bidang undang-undang, genosid transjantina telah dikaji oleh sarjana-sarjana kajian <i>queer</i>, kajian kebencian, dan bidang-bidang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pendakwaan_Antarabangsa">Pendakwaan Antarabangsa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendakwaan Antarabangsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pendakwaan Antarabangsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oleh_Tribunal_ad_hoc">Oleh Tribunal <i>ad hoc</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Oleh Tribunal ad hoc" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Oleh Tribunal ad hoc"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg/200px-Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg/300px-Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg/400px-Nuon_Chea_-_5_December_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4491" data-file-height="2685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuon_Chea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuon Chea (laman tidak wujud)">Nuon Chea</a>, penyokong utama ideologi Khmer Merah, di hadapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Genosid_Kambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Genosid Kambodia (laman tidak wujud)">Mahkamah Genosid Kambodia</a> pada 5 Disember 2011</figcaption></figure><p> Semua negara yang menandatangani CPPCG dikehendaki mencegah dan menghukum tindakan genosid, tidak kira semasa damai atau semasa perang, namun beberapa halangan menjadikan penguatkuasaannya sukar. Khususnya, beberapa negara yang menandatangani perjanjian ini—iaitu <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina">Filipina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapura" title="Singapura">Singapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman">Yaman</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Persekutuan_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Persekutuan Sosialis Yugoslavia">bekas Yugoslavia</a>—menandatangani dengan syarat bahawa tuduhan genosid tidak boleh dibuat terhadap mereka di <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Keadilan_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa">Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa</a> tanpa persetujuan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun bantahan rasmi daripada negara-negara lain yang menandatangani (terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>) berkenaan etika dan kesahan keengganan mereka, kekebalan daripada didakwa yang diberikan oleh cadangan ini telah digunakan dari semasa ke semasa, seperti waktu Amerika Syarikat enggan membenarkan tuduhan genosid dibuat terhadapnya oleh bekas Yugoslavia selepas <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kosovo" title="Perang Kosovo">Perang Kosovo</a> 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara umum, sekurang-kurangnya sejak <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> genosid telah disepakati adalah haram bagi semua negara (juga dipanggil norma muktamad atau <i>jus cogens</i>) di bawah <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_adat" title="Undang-undang adat">undang-undang adat antarabangsa</a>, serta di bawah <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian" title="Perjanjian">undang-undang antarabangsa konvensional</a>. Tindakan-tindakan genosid pada amnya sukar dibuktikan untuk dapat didakwa kerana rantai kebertanggungjawapan mesti dibina dahulu. Mahkamah dan tribunal jenayah antarabangsa akan bertindak terutamanya apabila negara-negara yang terlibat tidak mampu atau tidak mahu mendakwa jenayah sebesar ini sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perbicaraan_Nuremberg_(1945–1946)"><span id="Perbicaraan_Nuremberg_.281945.E2.80.931946.29"></span>Perbicaraan Nuremberg (1945–1946)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Perbicaraan Nuremberg (1945–1946)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perbicaraan Nuremberg (1945–1946)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Perbicaraan_Nuremberg" title="Perbicaraan Nuremberg">Perbicaraan Nuremberg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock,_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/200px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/300px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg/400px-Nuremberg_Trials._Looking_down_on_defendants_dock%2C_circa_1945-1946._-_NARA_-_540127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Pemimpin-pemimpin Nazi di Istana Keadilan, Nuremberg</figcaption></figure><p>Pemimpin-pemimpin Nazi yang didakwa selepas Perang Dunia II kerana terlibat dalam Holokus dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai lain, didakwa di bawah <a href="/wiki/Undang-undang_antarabangsa" title="Undang-undang antarabangsa">undang-undang antarabangsa</a> yang sedia ada, seperti <a href="/wiki/Jenayah_terhadap_kemanusiaan" title="Jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan">jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan</a>, kerana jenayah "genosid" belum ditakrifkan secara rasmi sehinggalah Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid (CPPCG) 1948. Walau bagaimanapun, istilah yang baru dicipta itu<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> muncul dalam tuduhan terhadap pemimpin-pemimpin Nazi, Tuduhan 3, yang menyatakan bahawa mereka yang didakwa telah "melakukan genosid—iaitu, pemusnahan kumpulan-kumpulan kaum dan bangsa—secara sengaja dan sistematik terhadap penduduk awam beberapa wilayah yang diduduki untuk memusnahkan kaum dan golongan tertentu, serta kumpulan-kumpulan bangsa, kaum, atau agama, khususnya orang Yahudi, orang Poland, orang Romani dan lain-lain."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Bekas_Yugoslavia_(1993–2017)"><span id="Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Bekas_Yugoslavia_.281993.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia (1993–2017)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia (1993–2017)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia (1993–2017)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg/200px-Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg/300px-Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg/400px-Srebrenica_massacre_memorial_gravestones_2009_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Kubur di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Peringatan_Genosid_Srebrenica-Poto%C4%8Dari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Peringatan Genosid Srebrenica-Potočari (laman tidak wujud)">Taman Peringatan dan Kubur Mangsa Genosid Srebrenica</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Genosid Bosnia</i> ialah nama yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada <a href="/wiki/Pembunuhan_Srebrenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembunuhan Srebrenica">pembunuhan-pembunuhan</a> yang dilakukan oleh pasukan tentera Serbia di Srebrenica pada tahun 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau pembersihan etnik yang berlaku di tempat lain semasa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Bosnia" title="Perang Bosnia">Perang Bosnia</a> tahun 1992–1995.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2001, <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_bekas_Yugoslavia" title="Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia">Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) memutuskan bahawa pembunuhan beramai-ramai Srebrenica 1995 ialah satu tindakan genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 26 Februari 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Keadilan_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa">Mahkamah Keadilan Antarabangsa</a> (ICJ), dalam <i>Kes Genosid Bosnia</i>, mengesahkan dapatan awal ICTY bahawa pembunuhan di Srebrenica dan Zepa merupakan genosid, tetapi mendapati bahawa kerajaan Serbia tidak terlibat dalam genosid yang lebih meluas di wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina semasa perang, sebagaimana yang didakwa oleh kerajaan Bosnia.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 12 Julai 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" title="Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah">Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah</a> apabila menolak rayuan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Jorgi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikola Jorgić (laman tidak wujud)">Nikola Jorgić</a> terhadap sabitan genosid oleh mahkamah Jerman (<i>Jorgic v. Jerman</i>) mencatatkan bahawa tafsiran genosid yang lebih luas oleh mahkamah Jerman telah ditolak oleh mahkamah antarabangsa yang mempertimbangkan kes serupa.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECHR juga menyatakan bahawa pada abad ke-21 "Dalam kalangan pakar perundangan, majoriti berpendapat bahawa <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_etnik" title="Pembersihan etnik">pembersihan etnik</a>, seperti yang dilakukan oleh pasukan tentera Serb di Bosnia dan Herzegovina untuk menghalau orang Islam dan Croat dari rumah mereka, tidak mencapai tahap genosid. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat juga sejumlah besar pakar perundangan yang berpandangan bahawa tindakan ini genosid, dan ICTY telah mendapati dalam kes Momcilo Krajisnik bahawa <i>actus reus</i> (perbuatan jenayah atau tindakan yang melibatkan pelanggaran undang-undang) genosid telah terpenuhi di Prijedor, mengatakan, "Berkaitan dengan tuduhan genosid, Kamar Bicara mendapati bahawa walaupun terdapat bukti tindakan yang dilakukan di bandar-bandar itu yang merupakan <i>actus reus</i> genosid".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kira-kira 30 orang telah dituduh mengambil bahagian atau bersubahat dalam genosid pada awal 1990-an di <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>. Sehingga kini, selepas beberapa <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargaining" title="Plea bargaining">perundingan rayu</a> dan beberapa sabitan yang berjaya dipertikai dalam rayuan, dua lelaki, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vujadin_Popovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vujadin Popović (laman tidak wujud)">Vujadin Popović</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ljubi%C5%A1a_Beara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljubiša Beara (laman tidak wujud)">Ljubiša Beara</a>, telah disabitkan bersalah melakukan genosid, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zdravko_Tolimir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zdravko Tolimir (laman tidak wujud)">Zdravko Tolimir</a> telah disabitkan bersalah melakukan genosid dan konspirasi untuk melakukan genosid, dan dua lagi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radislav_Krsti%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radislav Krstić (laman tidak wujud)">Radislav Krstić</a> dan Drago Nikolić, telah disabitkan bersalah membantu dan bersubahat melakukan genosid. Tiga orang lain telah disabitkan bersalah menyertai genosid di Bosnia oleh mahkamah-mahkamah Jerman, salah seorang daripadanya, Nikola Jorgić, kalah dalam rayuan keputusannya di <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" title="Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah">Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah</a>. Lapan lelaki lain, bekas anggota pasukan keselamatan Serb Bosnia, telah disabitkan bersalah melakukan genosid oleh Mahkamah Negara Bosnia dan Herzegovina. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, sebagai bekas Presiden Serbia dan Yugoslavia, merupakan tokoh politik tertinggi yang pernah diadili di ICTY. Beliau meninggal pada 11 Mac 2006 semasa perbicaraannya yang mana beliau dituduh melakukan genosid atau bersubahat dalam genosid di wilayah Bosnia dan Herzegovina, oleh itu tiada keputusan dibuat. Pada tahun 1995, ICTY mengeluarkan waran tangkap terhadap dua anggota pasukan Serb Bosnia, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> atas beberapa tuduhan termasuk genosid. Pada 21 Julai 2008, Karadžić ditangkap di <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, kemudiannya diadili di <a href="/wiki/Hague" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague">Hague</a> atas tuduhan genosid dan jenayah-jenayah lain.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 24 Mac 2016, Karadžić disabitkan bersalah melakukan genosid di Srebrenica, jenayah perang, dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan, 10 daripada 11 tuduhan semuanya, dan dijatuhkan hukuman penjara 40 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt24-03-2016_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt24-03-2016-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mladić ditangkap pada 26 Mei 2011 di Lazarevo, Serbia,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan telah dibicarakan di Hague. Keputusannya, diumumkan pada 22 November 2017, mendapati Mladić bersalah atas 10 daripada 11 tuduhan, termasuk genosid dan dijatuhkan hukuman penjara seumur hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-Guard_verd_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard_verd-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Rwanda_(1994_–_kini)"><span id="Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_Rwanda_.281994_.E2.80.93_kini.29"></span>Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (1994 – kini)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (1994 – kini)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (1994 – kini)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Rwanda" title="Genosid Rwanda">Genosid Rwanda</a></div> <p>Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Rwanda (ICTR) ialah satu mahkamah di bawah seliaan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk mendakwa kesalahan yang dilakukan di <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> semasa <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Rwanda" title="Genosid Rwanda">genosid yang berlaku di sana</a> pada bulan April 1994, bermula pada 6 April. ICTR dicipta pada 8 November 1994 oleh Majlis Keselamatan PBB bagi menghakimi individu yang bertanggungjawab atas perbuatan genosid dan pelanggaran serius undang-undang antarabangsa yang dilakukan di Rwanda, atau oleh warganegara Rwanda di negeri-negeri yang berhampiran, antara 1 Januari dan 31 Disember 1994. </p><p>Setakat ini, ICTR telah menyelesaikan sembilan belas perbicaraan dan menyabitkan hukuman kepada dua puluh tujuh orang kena tuduh. Pada 14 Disember 2009, dua lelaki lain dituduh dan disabitkan. Dua puluh lima individu lain masih dalam perbicaraan. Dua puluh satu lagi menanti perbicaraan dalam tahanan, dan dua laginya ditambah pada 14 Disember 2009. Sepuluh masih bebas.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perbicaraan pertama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Akayesu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Akayesu (laman tidak wujud)">Jean-Paul Akayesu</a>, bermula pada tahun 1997. Akayesu ialah individu pertama yang pernah disabitkan kesalahan genosid. Pada Oktober 1998, Akayesu dihukum penjara seumur hidup. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Kambanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Kambanda (laman tidak wujud)">Jean Kambanda</a>, pemangku Perdana Menteri, mengaku bersalah. </p><p>Perbicaraan untuk perbuatan yang dilakukan semasa genosid Rwanda juga telah dijalankan di mahkamah negara, termasuk perbicaraan <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Munyaneza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Désiré Munyaneza (laman tidak wujud)">Désiré Munyaneza</a>, yang pada tahun 2009 menjadi lelaki pertama yang ditangkap dan disabit kesalahan jenayah perang dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan di Kanada,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Ntacyobatabara_Basebya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya (laman tidak wujud)">Yvonne Ntacyobatabara Basebya</a>, yang pada tahun 2013 menjadi warganegara Belanda pertama yang disabitkan kesalahan hasutan genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kamar_Luar_Biasa_di_Mahkamah_Kemboja_(dari_2003)"><span id="Kamar_Luar_Biasa_di_Mahkamah_Kemboja_.28dari_2003.29"></span>Kamar Luar Biasa di Mahkamah Kemboja (dari 2003)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Kamar Luar Biasa di Mahkamah Kemboja (dari 2003)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kamar Luar Biasa di Mahkamah Kemboja (dari 2003)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/220px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/330px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG/440px-Photos_of_victims_in_Tuol_Sleng_prison_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Bilik-bilik Muzium Genosid Tuol Sleng mengandungi beribu-ribu gambar mangsa yang diambil oleh Khmer Rouge.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/220px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/330px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg/440px-Skulls_from_the_killing_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Tengkorak di tapak peringatan Choeung Ek</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta_Mok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta Mok (laman tidak wujud)">Ta Mok</a> dan pemimpin lain, mengatur pembunuhan beramai-ramai terhadap kumpulan-kumpulan yang dicurigai ideologinya. Jumlah keseluruhan mangsa dianggarkan sebanyak 1.7 juta rakyat Kemboja antara tahun 1975 dan 1979, termasuk kematian akibat buruh hamba.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale-CGP_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-CGP-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 6 Jun 2003, kerajaan Kemboja dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu bersetuju untuk menubuhkan Kamar Luar Biasa di Mahkamah Kemboja (ECCC) yang akan menumpukan khas jenayah yang dilakukan oleh pegawai-pegawai paling kanan rejim Khmer Rouge semasa tempoh pemerintahan Khmer Rouge dari tahun 1975 hingga 1979. Barisan hakim diangkat sumpah pada awal Julai 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-KD-Time_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD-Time-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuduhan genosid berkaitan dengan pembunuhan minoriti Vietnam dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Cam" title="Orang Cam">Cam</a> di Kemboja, yang mana berpuluh ribu orang dianggarkan telah dibunuh.<sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hakim penyiasat telah dikemukakan nama empat suspek yang dituduh melakukan genosid pada 18 Julai 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-KD-Time_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KD-Time-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buncombe_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buncombe-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuon_Chea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuon Chea (laman tidak wujud)">Nuon Chea</a>, bekas perdana menteri, didakwa atas tuduhan genosid, jenayah perang, dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan pada 15 September 2010. Perbicaraannya bermula pada 27 Jun 2011<sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002_closing-order-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan berakhir pada 7 Ogos 2014, dengan hukuman penjara seumur hidup atas jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan.<sup id="cite_ref-McKirdy2014_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKirdy2014-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, bekas ketua negara, didakwa atas tuduhan genosid, jenayah perang, dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan pada 15 September 2010. Perbicaraannya bermula pada 27 Jun 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002_closing-order-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan juga berakhir pada 7 Ogos 2014, dengan hukuman penjara seumur hidup atas jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan.<sup id="cite_ref-McKirdy2014_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKirdy2014-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a>, bekas menteri luar negeri, dituduh atas tuduhan genosid, jenayah perang, dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan pada 15 September 2010. Perbicaraannya bermula pada 27 Jun 2011 dan berakhir dengan kematiannya pada 14 Mac 2013. Beliau tidak pernah disabit bersalah.<sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002_closing-order-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieng_Thirith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieng Thirith (laman tidak wujud)">Ieng Thirith</a>, bekas menteri bagi hal ehwal sosial dan isteri Ieng Sary, dituduh atas tuduhan genosid, jenayah perang, dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan pada 15 September 2010. Prosiding terhadapnya ditangguhkan menunggu penilaian kesihatan.<sup id="cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-002_closing-order-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada September 2012, beliau dibebaskan dari penjara kerana <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_Alzheimer" title="Penyakit Alzheimer">penyakit Alzheimer</a> yang sudah lanjut; beliau meninggal pada 22 Ogos 2015 pada usia 83 tahun akibat komplikasi penyakit tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oleh_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa">Oleh Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bahagian: Oleh Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Oleh Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak tahun 2002, Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa boleh mengekalkan bidang kuasanya jika mahkamah negara tidak mahu atau tidak mampu menyiasat atau mendakwa genosid, menjadikannya "mahkamah terakhir," dengan meninggalkan tanggungjawab utama untuk menyiasat individu-individu yang dituduh kepada negara-negara individu. Disebabkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amerika_Syarikat_dan_Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amerika Syarikat dan Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa (laman tidak wujud)">kemelut Amerika Syarikat dengan ICC</a>, Amerika Syarikat lebih suka terus menggunakan tribunal antarabangsa yang dikhususkan untuk penyiasatan dan pendakwaan sebegini.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Darfur,_Sudan"><span id="Darfur.2C_Sudan"></span>Darfur, Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bahagian: Darfur, Sudan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Darfur, Sudan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Konflik_Darfur" title="Konflik Darfur">Konflik Darfur</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg/170px-Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg/255px-Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg/340px-Darfur_report_-_Page_6_Image_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Seorang ibu bersama bayinya yang sakit di kem IDP Abu Shouk di Utara Darfur</figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat banyak perdebatan jika situasi di Darfur dikategorikan sebagai genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konflik berterusan di <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, Sudan, yang bermula pada tahun 2003, diisytiharkan sebagai "genosid" oleh <a href="/wiki/Setiausaha_Negara_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat">Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> pada 9 September 2004 dalam keterangan kepada Jawatankuasa Hubungan Luar Negeri Senat Amerika Syarikat.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun begitu, tiada lagi ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan PBB yang mengulanginya. Malah, pada Januari 2005, Suruhanjaya Siasatan Antarabangsa mengenai Darfur, yang diberi kuasa oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resolusi_1564_Majlis_Keselamatan_PBB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resolusi 1564 Majlis Keselamatan PBB (laman tidak wujud)">Resolusi 1564 Majlis Keselamatan PBB</a> tahun 2004, mengeluarkan laporan kepada Setiausaha Agung yang menyatakan "Kerajaan Sudan tidak melaksanakan dasar genosid."<sup id="cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begitupun, Suruhanjaya memberi amaran bahawa "Kesimpulan bahawa tiada dasar genosid dilaksanakan di Darfur oleh pihak berkuasa Kerajaan, sama ada secara langsung atau melalui kumpulan militan di bawah kawalan mereka, tidak seharusnya dianggap mengurangkan keberatan jenayah yang dilakukan di kawasan tersebut. Kesalahan antarabangsa seperti jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan jenayah perang yang telah dilakukan di Darfur mungkin sama serius dan sama keji dengan genosid."<sup id="cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada Mac 2005, Majlis Keselamatan secara rasmi merujuk situasi di Darfur kepada Pendakwa Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, dengan mengambil kira laporan Suruhanjaya tetapi tanpa menyebut apa-apa jenayah khusus.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dua ahli tetap Majlis Keselamatan, iaitu Amerika Syarikat dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a>, memberikan undian berkecuali untuk resolusi rujukan tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setakat laporan keempatnya kepada Majlis Keselamatan, Pendakwa mendapati "alasan yang munasabah untuk percaya bahawa individu yang dikenal pasti [dalam Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan PBB 1593] telah melakukan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan jenayah perang," tetapi tidak mendapati bukti yang mencukupi untuk mendakwa genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada April 2007, Hakim-hakim ICC mengeluarkan waran tangkapan terhadap bekas Menteri Dalam Negeri, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Harun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Harun (laman tidak wujud)">Ahmad Harun</a>, dan ketua <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> Militia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Kushayb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Kushayb (laman tidak wujud)">Ali Kushayb</a>, atas jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dan jenayah perang.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada 14 Julai 2008, pihak pendakwa ICC memfailkan Presiden Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>, dengan sepuluh tuduhan <a href="/wiki/Jenayah_perang" title="Jenayah perang">jenayah perang</a>: tiga tuduhan genosid, lima tuduhan <a href="/wiki/Jenayah_terhadap_kemanusiaan" title="Jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan">jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan</a> dan dua tuduhan pembunuhan. Pihak pendakwa ICC mendakwa bahawa al-Bashir "mendalangi dan melaksanakan rancangan untuk memusnahkan sebahagian besar" tiga kumpulan etnik di Darfur kerana keturunan etnik mereka. </p><p>Pada 4 Mac 2009, ICC mengeluarkan waran tangkapan terhadap Omar al-Bashir, Presiden Sudan kerana Mahkamah Prabicara I ICC menyimpulkan bahawa jawatannya sebagai ketua negara tidak memberikannya kekebalan terhadap pendakwaan di ICC. Waran tersebut adalah untuk jenayah perang dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan. Ia tidak termasuk jenayah genosid kerana majoriti Dewan Perundangan tidak mendapati bahawa pendakwa telah menyediakan bukti yang mencukupi untuk memasukkan tuduhan sedemikian.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kemudian, keputusan ini diubah oleh Panel Rayuan dan selepas mengeluarkan keputusan kedua, tuduhan terhadap Omar al-Bashir termasuk tiga tuduhan genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contoh-contoh">Contoh-contoh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bahagian: Contoh-contoh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Contoh-contoh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Tawanan Soviet telanjang yang ditahan oleh Nazi di kem tahanan Mauthausen. Saintis politik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Jones_(Penuntut_Canada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Jones (Penuntut Canada) (laman tidak wujud)">Adam Jones</a> menulis: "[P]embunuhan sekurang-kurangnya 3.3 juta tahanan perang Soviet itu merupakan salah satu genosid moden yang paling kurang diketahui; masih tiada buku penuh dalam bahasa Inggeris mengenai perkara ini."<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Konsep genosid boleh digunakan untuk peristiwa bersejarah silam. Mukadimah CPPCG menyatakan bahawa "pada semua zaman dalam sejarah, genosid telah menyebabkan kerugian besar kepada umat manusia." Cubaan golongan revisionis yang mentafsir semula sejarah untuk mencabar atau mengesahkan dakwaan genosid adalah haram di beberapa negara. Beberapa negara Eropah mengharamkan menafikan Holokus dan menafikan genosid Armenia, manakala di Turki memanggil <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Armenia" title="Genosid Armenia">genosid Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genosid_Yunani" title="Genosid Yunani">genosid Yunani</a>, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayfo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayfo (laman tidak wujud)">Sayfo</a></i>, dan kepada tempoh <a href="/wiki/Kahat" title="Kahat">kebuluran teruk</a> semasa Kebuluran Besar Gunung Lubnan yang melibatkan kaum Maron, sebagai genosid boleh didakwa di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkara_301_(Kod_Kanun_Keseksaan_Turki)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkara 301 (Kod Kanun Keseksaan Turki) (laman tidak wujud)">Perkara 301</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejarawan William Rubinstein berhujah bahawa asal usul genosid abad ke-20 boleh dikesan semula kepada keruntuhan struktur elit dan cara memerintah normal di sesetengah bahagian Eropah selepas Perang Dunia I, bahawa: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6366573"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Zaman Totalitarianisme" merangkumi hampir semua contoh genosid yang terkenal dalam sejarah moden, di atas sekali Holokus Yahudi, tetapi juga merangkumi pembunuhan besar-besaran dan penyingkiran oleh dunia Komunis, pembunuhan besar-besaran lain yang dilakukan oleh Jerman Nazi dan sekutu-sekutunya, dan juga genosid Armenia pada tahun 1915. Semua pembunuhan ini, seperti yang dinyatakan di sini, mempunyai asal usul yang sama, iaitu keruntuhan struktur elit dan cara memerintah normal di sebahagian besar Eropah tengah, timur dan selatan akibat Perang Dunia Pertama, tanpa yang mana tentulah tidak akan wujudnya Komunisme atau Fasisme kecuali dalam fikiran penghasut yang tidak dikenali dan orang gila.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Menurut Esther Brito, cara negara-negara melakukan genosid telah berubah dalam abad ke-21, dan kempen-kempen genosid telah mencuba untuk memintas sistem antarabangsa yang direka untuk mencegah, mengurangkan, dan mendakwa genosid dengan menyesuaikan tempoh, keamatan, dan metodologi genosid. Brito menyatakan bahawa genosid moden sering berlaku dalam tempoh masa yang jauh lebih panjang daripada genosid tradisional—mengambil masa bertahun-tahun atau dekad—dan daripada kaedah tradisional seperti pukulan dan hukuman gantung, taktik yang kurang membawa maut secara langsung digunakan tetapi dengan kesan yang sama. Brito menggambarkan penderitaan kontemporari orang <a href="/wiki/Orang_Rohingya" title="Orang Rohingya">Rohingya</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Uyghur" title="Bangsa Uyghur">Uyghur</a> sebagai contoh genosid jenis baru ini.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penganiayaan <a href="/wiki/Papua_Barat" title="Papua Barat">orang Papua Barat</a> di Indonesia juga telah digambarkan sebagai genosid dalam bentuk perlahan.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peringkat,_faktor_risiko,_dan_pencegahan"><span id="Peringkat.2C_faktor_risiko.2C_dan_pencegahan"></span>Peringkat, faktor risiko, dan pencegahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bahagian: Peringkat, faktor risiko, dan pencegahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peringkat, faktor risiko, dan pencegahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_peringkat_genosid" title="Sepuluh peringkat genosid">Sepuluh peringkat genosid</a></div> <p>Jenayah pembasmian kaum tidak mungkin dilakukan pada peringkat individu. Sehubungan itu, jenayah ini sebenarnya ialah satu fenomena sosial yang kompleks, yang hanya akan berlaku selepas masyarakat berkenaan melalui beberapa perkembangan dalam masyarakat. </p><p>Kajian mengenai faktor-faktor risiko dan pencegahan genosid telah berlangsung sebelum Persidangan Antarabangsa Holokus dan Genosid pada tahun 1982 di mana pelbagai kertas kerja mengenai subjek tersebut dibentangkan.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1996, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Stanton (laman tidak wujud)">Gregory Stanton</a>—presiden pertubuhan pemerhatian dan pengkajian mengenai genosid iaitu <i>Genocide Watch—</i>memberi satu taklimat mengenai "8 Tahap Pembasmian Kaum" kepada <a href="/wiki/Jabatan_Negara_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat">Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSGW-1996_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSGW-1996-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam taklimat tersebut, beliau menghujah bahawa genosid itu terbentuk dalam lapan peringkat "boleh dijangka tetapi bukan mustahil untuk dielakkan".<sup id="cite_ref-GSGW-1996_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSGW-1996-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kertas kerja oleh Stanton telah dibentangkan kepada Jabatan Negara, tidak lama selepas Genosid Rwanda, dan sebahagian besar analisisnya adalah berdasarkan mengapa genosid tersebut berlaku. Langkah-langkah pencegahan yang dicadangkan, mengambil kira audiens sasaran asal kertas kerja itu, ialah tindakan yang Amerika Syarikat boleh laksanakan secara langsung atau tidak langsung dengan menggunakan pengaruhnya terhadap kerajaan-kerajaan lain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Dakwaan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada sumber sahih. (January 2023)">perlu rujukan</span></a></i>]</sup> Beliau menambahkan dua lagi kategori pada tahun 2012, iaitu diskriminasi dan penganiayaan.<sup id="cite_ref-tenstages_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenstages-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Peringkat </th> <th style="width:45%;">Ciri-ciri </th> <th style="width:45%;">Pencegahan </th></tr> <tr> <th>1. Pengelasan </th> <td>Anggota masyarakat dibeza-bezakan menurut kriteria tertentu sehingga wujudnya pengucapan "kita dan mereka" di dalam masyarakat berkenaan. </td> <td>Masalah ini dapat diselesaikan dengan memupuk semangat kekitaan di dalam masyarakat. </td></tr> <tr> <th>2. Pelabelan </th> <td>Sesuatu golongan dalam masyarakat tertentu mula diberi label ataupun simbol tertentu, khususnya simbol yang membawa konotasi buruk. </td> <td>Pemberian label terhadap golongan tertentu harus diharamkan. </td></tr> <tr> <th>3. Diskriminasi </th> <td>"Undang-undang atau pengaruh budaya mengecualikan sesetengah kelompok daripada hak awam penuh: undang-undang pengasingan atau aparteid, penafian hak mengundi". </td> <td>"Luluskan dan kuatkuasakan undang-undang yang melarang diskriminasi. Berikan kerakyatan penuh dan hak mengundi untuk semua kelompok." </td></tr> <tr> <th>4. Penafimanusiaan </th> <td>Sekelompok manusia mula dianggap dan dirasai sebagai entiti bukan manusia oleh suatu kelompok yang lain. </td> <td>Propaganda kebencian terhadap kaum tertentu harus dihentikan secara serta-merta. </td></tr> <tr> <th>5. Pengaturan </th> <td>Jenayah pembasmian kaum sentiasanya dilakukan secara teratur, khususnya organisasi yang bersenjata. </td> <td>Untuk melawan perkembangan ini, penubuhan dan penyertaan organisasi ekstrem ini harus diharamkan dengan serta-merta. </td></tr> <tr> <th>6. Polarisasi </th> <td>Masyarakat mula berpecah kepada golongan yang bermusuhan </td> <td>Langkah kepolisan harus diambil. </td></tr> <tr> <th>7. Persediaan </th> <td>Sasaran serangan mula dikenal pasti berdasarkan identiti kaum, budaya, agama dan lain-lain lagi. </td> <td>Pembasmian hampir berlaku, dan amaran harus dibunyikan. </td></tr> <tr> <th>8. Penganiayaaan </th> <td>"Pencabutan hak milik kelompok, pemindahan paksa, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a></i>, kem tahanan". </td> <td>"Bantuan terus kepada kelompok mangsa, sekatan terhadap penganiaya, mengerah bantuan kemanusiaan atau campur tangan, perlindungan kepada pelarian." </td></tr> <tr> <th>9. Pembasmian </th> <td>Serangan dimulakan. Bagi pihak penyerang, mereka tidak merasai tindakan mereka berdosa kerana mereka menganggap mangsa sebagai entiti bukan manusia, ataupun manusia yang tidak memiliki sifat kemanusiaan secara sempurna. </td> <td>Pada peringkat ini, tindakan militer harus diambil dan satu kawasan terlindung harus disediakan untuk para pelarian. </td></tr> <tr> <th>10. Penafian </th> <td>Penjenayah menafikan jenayah mereka. </td> <td>Penjenayah diadili di mahkamah dan hukuman yang setimpal dilaksanakan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beberapa penulis lain telah memberi tumpuan kepada keadaan struktural yang membawa kepada genosid dan proses psikologi dan sosial yang berkembang ke arah genosid. Ervin Staub menunjukkan bahawa kemerosotan ekonomi dan kebingungan dan ketidakteraturan politik ialah titik permulaan diskriminasi dan keganasan meningkat, seperti dalam banyak kes genosid dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Ini kemudian membawa kepada satu kelompok dan ideologi dijadikan kambing hitam yang menjadikannya sebagai musuh. Apabila kelompok itu sudah lama menjadi mangsa, mengalami keganasan oleh kelompok pelaku dan menyebabkan kecederaan psikologi, ditindas budaya dan sistem politik, dan semua orang yang menyaksikan semua ini berlaku—yang di dalam dan yang di luar kelompok—semua keganasan ini berkemungkinan besar akan berkembang menjadi genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konflik teruk antara kelompok yang berbeza, apabila dibiarkan tidak diselesaikan dan bertukar ganas juga boleh membarah dan mengakibatkan genosid.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2006, Dirk Moses mengkritik bidang pengajian genosid kerana "rekodnya yang agak teruk dalam mengakhiri genosid".<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota">Nota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biasanya ditakrif sebagai kelompok etnik, bangsa, kaum atau agama.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6173370"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2014" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">"Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voice of America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130033138/http://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 30 Januari 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Office+of+the+UN+Special+Adviser+on+the+Prevention+of+Genocide+%28OSAPG%29&rft.date=2014&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Far%2Fpreventgenocide%2Fadviser%2Fpdf%2Fosapg_analysis_framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAndertonBrauer2016" class="citation book cs1">Anderton, Charles H.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurgen_Brauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurgen Brauer (laman tidak wujud)">Brauer, Jurgen</a>, penyunting (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4KdHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA510"><i>Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-937829-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-937829-6"><bdi>978-0-19-937829-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Aspects+of+Genocides%2C+Other+Mass+Atrocities%2C+and+Their+Prevention&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937829-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4KdHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTowner2011">Towner 2011</a>, halaman 625–638; <a href="#CITEREFLang2005">Lang 2005</a>, halaman 5–17: "Dalam mana-mana senarai jenayah atau kekejaman, sukar untuk menamakan suatu tindakan atau peristiwa yang dianggap lebih keji. Genosid boleh dikatakan kini muncul sebagai kesalahan yang paling serius dalam senarai pelanggaran moral atau undang-undang manusia yang panjang—dan, seperti yang kita ketahui, masih berkembang."; <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2010">Gerlach 2010</a>, halaman 6: "Genosid ialah model berorientasikan tindakan yang direka untuk pengutukan, pencegahan, campur tangan atau hukuman moral. Dengan kata lain, genosid ialah konsep normatif berorientasikan tindakan yang dibuat untuk perjuangan politik, tetapi bagi menjadikannya berkesan, ia membawa kepada pemudahan, dengan tumpuan pada dasar kerajaan."; <a href="#CITEREFHollander2012">Hollander 2012</a>, halaman 149–189: "... genosid telah menjadi penanda aras, standard emas untuk mengenal pasti dan mengukur kejahatan politik pada zaman kita. Label 'genosid' memberikan pengiktirafan moral kepada mangsanya dan pengutukan yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan kepada pelakunya."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGöçek2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatma_M%C3%BCge_G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatma Müge Göçek (laman tidak wujud)">Göçek, Fatma Müge</a> (2015). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denial_of_Violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denial of Violence (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789–2009</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. m/s. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-933420-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-933420-9"><bdi>978-0-19-933420-9</bdi></a>. <q>Istilah 'genosid' juga berkontroversi kerana ia mempunyai pertimbangan moral yang melekat, mengutamakan prinsip moral mangsa berbanding pelaku.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial+of+Violence%3A+Ottoman+Past%2C+Turkish+Present+and+Collective+Violence+Against+the+Armenians%2C+1789%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933420-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek&rft.aufirst=Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Irvin-Erickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Irvin-Erickson (laman tidak wujud)">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas</a> (2017). <i>Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmw_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8122-4864-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8122-4864-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-4864-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pada akhir 1990-an, perkataan 'genosid' mula digunakan sebagai sejenis kategori moral, menjadi sekadar simbol jenayah segala jenayah, kezaliman kemanusiaan yang paling gelap.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4864-7&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schab-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schab_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schab_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYptuRHDQPgC&pg=PA25"><i>Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 25. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780521787901" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780521787901"><bdi>9780521787901</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Minat Lemkin dalam subjek itu bermula sejak zamannya sebagai pelajar di Universiti Lvov, apabila dia mengikuti percubaan untuk mendakwa perbuatan pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang Armenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+international+law%3A+the+crimes+of+crimes&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521787901&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYptuRHDQPgC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPower2003" class="citation book cs1">Power, Samantha (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemfromhella00powe/page/22/mode/2up"><i>A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Perennial. m/s. 22–29. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-06-054164-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-06-054164-4"><bdi>978-0-06-054164-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Problem+from+Hell%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22-29&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-054164-4&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproblemfromhella00powe%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStanton" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Stanton (laman tidak wujud)">Stanton, Gregory H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genocidewatch.net/genocide-2/what-is-genocide/">"What is genocide?"</a>. Genocide Watch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+genocide%3F&rft.pub=Genocide+Watch&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenocidewatch.net%2Fgenocide-2%2Fwhat-is-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin200879-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin200879_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin200879_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemkin2008">Lemkin 2008</a>, m/s. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan,_Lower,_Naimark,_Straus2023" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Lower, Naimark, Straus, Ben, Wendy, Norman, Scott (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs - Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". Dalam Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (penyunting). <i>The Cambridge World History of Genocide</i>. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 368, 369. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108767118">10.1017/9781108767118</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-108-48707-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-108-48707-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48707-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+The+Nazis+and+the+Slavs+-+Poles+and+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.place=University+Printing+House%2C+Cambridge+cb2+8bs%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=368%2C+369&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108767118&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48707-8&rft.aulast=Kiernan%2C+Lower%2C+Naimark%2C+Straus&rft.aufirst=Ben%2C+Wendy%2C+Norman%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_location" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platen_1831-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Platen_1831_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGraf_von_Platen1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Graf_von_Platen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Graf von Platen (laman tidak wujud)">Graf von Platen, August</a> (1831). "Der künftige Held" [Wira masa depan]. <i>Polenlieder</i> [<i>Lagu-lagu Poland</i>] (dalam bahasa Jerman). <q>Die nur des Mords noch pflegen, und nicht der Schlacht, Des Völkermords!</q> [Yang hanya mengamalkan pembunuhan dan bukan pertempuran, genosid!]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+k%C3%BCnftige+Held&rft.btitle=Polenlieder&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Graf+von+Platen&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Menggunakan istilah Völkermord buat kali pertama.<sup><a href="#CITEREFBöttcherBergerKrolopZimmermann1985">[A]</a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Böttcher-Berger-Krolop-Zimmermann_1985-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Böttcher-Berger-Krolop-Zimmermann_1985_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBöttcherBergerKrolopZimmermann1985" class="citation book cs1">Böttcher, Kurt; Berger, Karl Heinz; Krolop, Kurt; Zimmermann, Christa, penyunting (1985). <i>Geflügelte Worte</i> [<i>Kata-kata bersayap</i>] (dalam bahasa Jerman) (ed. 4). Leipzig, Germany: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edition_Leipzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edition Leipzig (laman tidak wujud)">Edition Leipzig</a>. m/s. 466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gefl%C3%BCgelte+Worte&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pages=466&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Edition+Leipzig&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Para editor memetik August Graf von Platen telah menggunakan istilah Völkermord dalam odanya pada tahun 1831.<sup><a href="#CITEREFGraf_von_Platen1831">[B]</a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFImhof1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Imhof, Michael, penyunting (September–Oktober 1996). "Polen 1772 bis 1945". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wochenschau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wochenschau (laman tidak wujud)">Wochenschau</a></i> (dalam bahasa Jerman). No. 5. Frankfurt am Main, Germany. m/s. 177–193. m/s. 183: <q>Der letzte Act dieser Eroberung, die viel verschrieene Theilung Polens, war nicht, wie man sie genannt hat, ein Völkermord, sondern weiter nichts als die Proclamation eines bereits erfolgten Todes, nichts als die Bestattung einer längst in der Auflösung begriffenen Leiche, die nicht mehr geduldet werden durfte unter den Lebendigen.</q> [Tindakan terakhir penaklukan ini, pembahagian Poland yang banyak dikecam, bukanlah, seperti yang orang kata satu pembasmian kaum, tetapi hanyalah pengisytiharan kematian yang telah berlaku, hanya sekadar pengebumian mayat yang telah lama hancur dan tidak lagi dapat ditanggung dalam kalangan orang yang masih hidup.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wochenschau&rft.atitle=Polen+1772+bis+1945&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=177-193&rft.date=1996-09%2F1996-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Imhof memetik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan (laman tidak wujud)">Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Jordan</a> yang telah menggunakan istilah <span title="Jerman-language text"><i lang="de">Völkermord</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: de is deprecated </span> dalam perbincangan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurter_Paulskirche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurter Paulskirche (laman tidak wujud)">Frankfurter Paulskirche</a> pada 24 Julai 1848.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomaszewski2006">Tomaszewski 2006</a>, halaman xiii; <a href="#CITEREFHuttenbach2005">Huttenbach 2005</a>, halaman 443–445</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation speech">Churchill, Winston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/410824a.html">"Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Broadcast to the World About the Meeting With President Roosevelt"</a> (24 Ogos 1941).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007050">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>ushmm.org</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174646/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 13 Jun 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>. <q>Memoir Lemkin memperincikan pendedahan awal kepada sejarah serangan Usmaniyah terhadap orang Armenia (yang kebanyakan sarjana percaya merupakan satu genosid), pogrom antisemitik, dan peristiwa-peristiwa keganasan lain yang menyasarkan kumpulan dalam sejarah sebagai kunci untuk membentuk kepercayaannya tentang keperluan untuk perlindungan kumpulan dalam undang-undang.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Ihrig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Ihrig (laman tidak wujud)">Ihrig, Stefan</a> (2016). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justifying_Genocide:_Germany_and_the_Armenians_from_Bismarck_to_Hitler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler (laman tidak wujud)">Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler</a></i>. Harvard University Press. m/s. 371. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-50479-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-674-50479-0"><bdi>978-0-674-50479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justifying+Genocide%3A+Germany+and+the+Armenians+from+Bismarck+to+Hitler&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50479-0&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Irvin-Erickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Irvin-Erickson (laman tidak wujud)">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas</a> (2016). <i>Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. m/s. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8122-9341-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8122-9341-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-9341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9341-8&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHosfeld2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Hosfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Hosfeld (laman tidak wujud)">Hosfeld, Rolf</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepsiushaus-potsdam.de/uploads/images/Publikationen/Konferenzen/V%C3%B6lkerrecht%202011/vortrag-rolf-hosfeld-ein-vc3b6lkermordprozess-wider-willen.pdf">"Ein Völkermordprozess wider Willen"</a> [Perbicaraan Genosid yang Tidak Disengajakan] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Johannes Lepsius – Eine deutsche Ausnahme: Der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Humanitarismus und Menschenrechte</i> [<i>Johannes Lepsius — Pengecualian Jerman: Genosid Armenia, Kemanusiaan dan Hak Asasi Manusia</i>] (dalam bahasa Jerman). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallstein_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallstein Verlag (laman tidak wujud)">Wallstein Verlag</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallstein_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Wallstein Verlag">de</a>]</span>. m/s. 248–257. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-8353-2491-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-8353-2491-6"><bdi>978-3-8353-2491-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613173713/http://www.lepsiushaus-potsdam.de/uploads/images/Publikationen/Konferenzen/V%C3%B6lkerrecht%202011/vortrag-rolf-hosfeld-ein-vc3b6lkermordprozess-wider-willen.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 13 Jun 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ein+V%C3%B6lkermordprozess+wider+Willen&rft.btitle=Johannes+Lepsius+%E2%80%93+Eine+deutsche+Ausnahme%3A+Der+V%C3%B6lkermord+an+den+Armeniern%2C+Humanitarismus+und+Menschenrechte&rft.pages=248-257&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bde%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-8353-2491-6&rft.aulast=Hosfeld&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepsiushaus-potsdam.de%2Fuploads%2Fimages%2FPublikationen%2FKonferenzen%2FV%25C3%25B6lkerrecht%25202011%2Fvortrag-rolf-hosfeld-ein-vc3b6lkermordprozess-wider-willen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPPCG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPPCG_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502140534/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm">"Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights"</a>. <i>Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</i>. 2 May 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.atitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhchr.ch%2Fhtml%2Fmenu3%2Fb%2Fp_genoci.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaempffert1946" class="citation news cs1">Kaempffert, Waldemer (20 October 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/20/archives/science-in-review-genocide-is-the-new-name-for-the-crime-fastened.html">"Science in Review; Genocide Is the New Name for the Crime Fastened on the Nazi Leaders Origin of the Word Cultural Debt of Nations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. m/s. E-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174123/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/10/20/archives/science-in-review-genocide-is-the-new-name-for-the-crime-fastened.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 13 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Science+in+Review%3B+Genocide+Is+the+New+Name+for+the+Crime+Fastened+on+the+Nazi+Leaders+Origin+of+the+Word+Cultural+Debt+of+Nations&rft.pages=E-13&rft.date=1946-10-20&rft.aulast=Kaempffert&rft.aufirst=Waldemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F10%2F20%2Farchives%2Fscience-in-review-genocide-is-the-new-name-for-the-crime-fastened.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, Dominik J.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Zimmerer" class="extiw" title="de:Jürgen Zimmerer">Zimmerer, Jürgen</a>. <i>The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a historian of mass violence</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Genocide%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+as+a+historian+of+mass+violence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HolocaustEncyclopedia2014-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HolocaustEncyclopedia2014_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007043">"What Is Genocide?"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 24 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613174358/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 13 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=What+Is+Genocide%3F&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPremielStiller2012" class="citation book cs1">Premiel, Kim C.; Stiller, Alexa, penyunting (2012). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reassessing_the_Nuremberg_Military_Tribunals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (laman tidak wujud)">Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a>: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography (War and Genocide)</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berghahn_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berghahn Books (laman tidak wujud)">Berghahn Books</a>. m/s. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+the+Nuremberg+Military+Tribunals%3A+Transitional+Justice%2C+Trial+Narratives%2C+and+Historiography+%28War+and+Genocide%29&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashraph, Sareta. "Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, and Obligations under International Law." <i>Global Justice Center</i> (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), "They Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis", perenggan [32–41], A/HRC/32/CRP.2, 15 Jun 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDadrian1994" class="citation journal cs1">Dadrian, Vahakn (1994). 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Karadžić, Kes No. IT-95-5/18-T, Penghakiman Perbicaraan, Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia, 24 Mac 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HRW, "Leave None to Tell the Story", at [215]; HRW, "Shattered Lives", at [39].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Semanza, Case No. ICTR-97-20-T, Trial Judgment, para. [320], 15 May 2003; Prosecutor v. Ntagerura, Case No. ICTR-99-46-T, Trial Judgment, para. [664], 24 February 2004,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTottenTheriault2019" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Theriault, Henry (2019). "The Complexities Inherent in the UNCG". <i>The United Nations Genocide Convention: An Introduction</i>. Toronto: <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Toronto_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Toronto Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Toronto Press</a>. m/s. 37–68 (45–46). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1487524081" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1487524081"><bdi>978-1487524081</bdi></a>. <q>Pembunuhan Terus Bukan Satu-satunya Cara untuk Melakukan Genosid ... <i>: Menyebabkan kecederaan serius dari segi fizikal atau mental kepada ahli kumpulan</i>...Penggubal menghargai terdapatnya lebih daripada satu cara (iaitu pembunuhan) untuk melakukan genosid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Complexities+Inherent+in+the+UNCG&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Genocide+Convention%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=37-68+%2845-46%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1487524081&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Theriault%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> Dalam praktiknya, ini boleh merangkumi kematian akibat jangkitan HIV/AIDS yang disebabkan secara sengaja kepada wanita Tutsi melalui rogol dalam genosid Rwanda atau akibat penganiayaan dan penafian makanan oleh ISIL ke atas hamba seks Yazidi. Sehingga kini, kedua-duanya tidak pernah didakwa sebagai tindakan disebabkannya.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Kes No. ICTR-96-4-T, Keputusan Mahkamah, 2 September 1998, perenggan 731.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWood2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Stephanie K. (2004). 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Global Justice Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discrimination+to+Destruction%3A+A+Legal+Analysis+of+Gender+Crimes+Against+the+Rohingya&rft.pub=Global+Justice+Center&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft.au=Sarver%2C+Elena&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobaljusticecenter.net%2Fblog%2F20-publications%2Fbriefs-and-white-papers%2F953-discrimination-to-destruction-a-legal-analysis-of-gender-crimes-against-the-rohingya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), T<i>hey Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis</i>, perenggan 32–41, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/32/CRP.2, 15 Jun 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Karadžić, Kes No. IT-95-5/18-T, Keputusan Perbicaraan, perenggan [545], Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia, 24 Mac 2016, perenggan 5664; Patricia Viseur Sellers, "Genocide Gendered: The Srebrenica Cases", Kuliah Tahunan Katherine B. Fite Kelima, Prosiding Dialog Undang-undang Kemanusiaan Antarabangsa Kesembilan, 30 Ogos – 1 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popović, Case No. IT-05-88-T, perenggan [846]; Tolimir, IT-05-88/2-A, perenggan [209]; Karadžić, IT-95-5/18-T, perenggan [545]; UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), T<i>hey Came to Destroy: ISIS Crimes Against the Yazidis</i>, perenggan 32–41, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/32/CRP.2, 15 Jun 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kayishema and Ruzindana,</i> (Dewan Perbicaraan), 21 Mei 1999, perenggan 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinton-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinton_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHintonWoolfordBenvenuto2014" class="citation book cs1">Hinton, Alexander; Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (2014). <i>Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duke University Press (laman tidak wujud)">Duke University Press</a>. m/s. 292. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780822376149" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780822376149"><bdi>9780822376149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Genocide+in+Indigenous+North+America&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780822376149&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Woolford%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Benvenuto%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Kes No. ICTR-96-4-T, Keputusan, 2 September 1998, perenggan 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Kes No. ICTR-96-4-T, Keputusan, 2 September 1998, perenggan 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHolslag2015" class="citation book cs1">Holslag, Antonie (2015). "Exposed Bodies: A Conceptual Approach to Sexual Violence during the Armenian Genocide". <i>Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study</i>. Bloomsbury. m/s. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exposed+Bodies%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach+to+Sexual+Violence+during+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gender+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Holslag&rft.aufirst=Antonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Irvin-Erickson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Irvin-Erickson (laman tidak wujud)">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas</a> (2016). "Introduction". <i>Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8122-9341-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8122-9341-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-9341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9341-8&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2010" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, Katherine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol5/iss3/3">"The Issue of Intent in the Genocide Convention and Its Effect on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: Toward a Knowledge-Based Approach"</a>. <i>Genocide Studies and Prevention</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 238–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsp.5.3.238">10.3138/gsp.5.3.238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Issue+of+Intent+in+the+Genocide+Convention+and+Its+Effect+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide%3A+Toward+a+Knowledge-Based+Approach&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-257&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsp.5.3.238&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol5%2Fiss3%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA308"><i>Genocide: A History</i></a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Education (laman tidak wujud)">Pearson Education</a>. m/s. 308. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-582-50601-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-582-50601-5"><bdi>978-0-582-50601-5</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-50601-5&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMMAk4VwLLwC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014">Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFOffice_of_the_UN_Special_Adviser_on_the_Prevention_of_Genocide2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Harv and Sfn template errors (laman tidak wujud)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ushmm2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/incitement-to-genocide-in-international-law">"Incitement to Genocide in International Law"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (laman tidak wujud)">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">9 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incitement+to+Genocide+in+International+Law&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fincitement-to-genocide-in-international-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William A.</a> (2009). <i>Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes</i> (ed. 2nd). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 160. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780521719001" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780521719001"><bdi>9780521719001</bdi></a>. <q>Pemeriksaan teliti catatan tidak mengesahkan tanggapan popular dalam kepustakaan bahawa pembangkangan untuk memasukkan genosid politik itu satu komplot Soviet. Pandangan Soviet juga dikongsi oleh beberapa negara lain yang sukar ditentukan sebarang persamaan dari segi geografi atau sosial: Lubnan, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Filipina, Republik Dominican, Iran, Mesir, Belgium, dan Uruguay. Pengecualian kumpulan politik sebenarnya digalakkan oleh sebuah organisasi bukan kerajaan, Kongres Yahudi Sedunia, dan sejajar dengan pandangan Raphael Lemkin mengenai sifat jenayah genosid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+International+Law%3A+The+Crime+of+Crimes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521719001&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1990" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE4.HTM"><i>Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917</i></a> (ed. 1st paperback). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781560008873" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781560008873"><bdi>9781560008873</bdi></a> – melalui Power Kills.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lethal+Politics%3A+Soviet+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1917&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781560008873&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FNOTE4.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staub_1992,_p._8-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staub_1992,_p._8_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staub_1992,_p._8_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStaub1992" class="citation book cs1">Staub, Ervin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&q=genocide+political+economic+groups+soviet+union&pg=PA8"><i>The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 8. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-42214-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-42214-7"><bdi>978-0-521-42214-7</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Evil%3A+The+Origins+of+Genocide+and+Other+Group+Violence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42214-7&rft.aulast=Staub&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29u-vt_KgGEC%26q%3Dgenocide%2Bpolitical%2Beconomic%2Bgroups%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGellatelyKiernan2003" class="citation book cs1">Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-52750-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-52750-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52750-7</bdi></a>. <q>... yang mana Stalin mungkin berhasrat untuk mengelakkan pembersihannya disiasat di bawah jenayah genosid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52750-7&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2005-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2005_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2005_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss-Wendt, Anton (December 2005). "Hostage of Politics: Raphael Lemkin on 'Soviet Genocide<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Genocide_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Genocide Research (laman tidak wujud)">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <b>7</b> (4): 551–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500350017">10.1080/14623520500350017</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144612446">144612446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Hostage+of+Politics%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+on+%27Soviet+Genocide%27&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551-559&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144612446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500350017&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBachman2017" class="citation book cs1">Bachman, Jeffrey S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-1HDwAAQBAJ"><i>The United States and Genocide: (Re)Defining the Relationship with Genocide</i></a> (ed. E-book). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781351692168" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781351692168"><bdi>9781351692168</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Genocide%3A+%28Re%29Defining+the+Relationship+with+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351692168&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-1HDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/nr/rdonlyres/ea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16/0/rome_statute_english.pdf">"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Criminal Court (laman tidak wujud)">International Criminal Court</a></i>. July 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710221430/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/EA9AEFF7-5752-4F84-BE94-0A655EB30E16/0/Rome_Statute_English.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 10 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Criminal+Court&rft.atitle=Rome+Statute+of+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fnr%2Frdonlyres%2Fea9aeff7-5752-4f84-be94-0a655eb30e16%2F0%2Frome_statute_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" title="Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah">Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legal-tools.org/en/browse/record/812753/">"Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)"</a>. <q>perenggan 18, 36, 74</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgement+in+Jorgic+v.+Germany+%28Application+no.+74613%2F01%29&rft.au=Mahkamah+Hak+Asasi+Manusia+Eropah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-tools.org%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Frecord%2F812753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Eropah" title="Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah">Mahkamah Hak Asasi Manusia Eropah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legal-tools.org/en/browse/record/812753/">"Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)"</a>. <q>perenggan 43–46</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgement+in+Jorgic+v.+Germany+%28Application+no.+74613%2F01%29&rft.au=Mahkamah+Hak+Asasi+Manusia+Eropah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legal-tools.org%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Frecord%2F812753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BGH, Urteil v. 21 Mei 2015 – 3 StR 575/14, dianalisis berkenaan dengan niat genosid dalam <span title="Perancis-language text"><i lang="fr">La Revue des Droits de l'Homme</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: fr is deprecated </span> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKersting2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kersting, Natascha (Oktober 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revdh.revues.org/2539">"La poursuite pénale du génocide rwandais devant les juridictions allemandes: L'intention de détruire dans l'affaire "Onesphore Rwabukombe<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> [Pendakwaan Jenayah Genosid Rwanda di Mahkamah Jerman: Niat untuk Memusnahkan dalam Kes "Onesphore Rwabukombe"]. <i>La Revue des Droits de l'Homme</i> (dalam bahasa Perancis). <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frevdh.2539">10.4000/revdh.2539</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+des+Droits+de+l%27Homme&rft.atitle=La+poursuite+p%C3%A9nale+du+g%C3%A9nocide+rwandais+devant+les+juridictions+allemandes%3A+L%27intention+de+d%C3%A9truire+dans+l%27affaire+%22Onesphore+Rwabukombe%22&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frevdh.2539&rft.aulast=Kersting&rft.aufirst=Natascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevdh.revues.org%2F2539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-What_is_Genocide-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-What_is_Genocide_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">"What is Genocide?"</a>. <i>McGill Faculty of Law (<a href="/w/index.php?title=McGill_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGill University (laman tidak wujud)">McGill University</a>)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505161753/http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 5 Mei 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McGill+Faculty+of+Law+%28McGill+University%29&rft.atitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefchr.mcgill.ca%2FWhatIsGenocide_en.php%3Fmenu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruhashyankiko, Nicodème (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/663583?ln=en">"Study of the question of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide"</a>. hlm. 14, perenggan 49–54. Dicapai 27 Disember 2021 – melalui Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html">"Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic & Mario Cerkez – Trial Chamber III – Judgment – en IT-95-14/2 [2001] ICTY 8 (26 February 2001)"</a>. <i>worldlii.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldlii.org&rft.atitle=Prosecutor+v.+Dario+Kordic+%26+Mario+Cerkez+%E2%80%93+Trial+Chamber+III+%E2%80%93+Judgment+%E2%80%93+en+IT-95-14%2F2+%5B2001%5D+ICTY+8+%2826+February+2001%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FICTY%2F2001%2F8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PvRKappel-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PvRKappel_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PvRKappel_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823231159/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">"The Prosecutor v. Limaj et al. – Decision on Prosecution's Motion to Amend the Amended Indictment – Trial Chamber – en IT-03-66 [2004] ICTY 7 (12 February 2004)"</a>. <i>worldlii.org</i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">yang asal</a> pada 23 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldlii.org&rft.atitle=The+Prosecutor+v.+Limaj+et+al.+%E2%80%93+Decision+on+Prosecution%27s+Motion+to+Amend+the+Amended+Indictment+%E2%80%93+Trial+Chamber+%E2%80%93+en+IT-03-66+%5B2004%5D+ICTY+7+%2812+February+2004%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FICTY%2F2004%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">"The Prosecutor v. Limaj et al. – Decision on Prosecution's Motion to Amend the Amended Indictment – Trial Chamber – en IT-03-66 [2004] ICTY 7 (12 Februari 2004)"</a>. <i>worldlii.org</i>. Lihat Perenggan 6: "Perkara 4 Statut Tribunal, seperti Konvensyen Genosid, meliputi tindakan tertentu yang dilakukan dengan "niat untuk memusnahkan, secara keseluruhan atau sebahagian, kelompok bangsa, etnik, kaum atau agama, semata-mata". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823231159/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 23 Ogos 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldlii.org&rft.atitle=The+Prosecutor+v.+Limaj+et+al.+%E2%80%93+Decision+on+Prosecution%27s+Motion+to+Amend+the+Amended+Indictment+%E2%80%93+Trial+Chamber+%E2%80%93+en+IT-03-66+%5B2004%5D+ICTY+7+%2812+Februari+2004%29&rft.pages=Lihat+Perenggan+6%3A+%22Perkara+4+Statut+Tribunal%2C+seperti+Konvensyen+Genosid%2C+meliputi+tindakan+tertentu+yang+dilakukan+dengan+%22niat+untuk+memusnahkan%2C+secara+keseluruhan+atau+sebahagian%2C+kelompok+bangsa%2C+etnik%2C+kaum+atau+agama%2C+semata-mata%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FICTY%2F2004%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/statute.html">Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991</a>, U.N. Doc. S/25704 di 36, lampiran (1993) dan S/25704/Add.1 (1993), diterima pakai oleh Majlis Keselamatan pada 25 Mei 1993, Resolusi 827 (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSzpak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Szpak, Agnieszka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs002">"National, Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Groups Protected against Genocide in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Journal_of_International_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Journal of International Law (laman tidak wujud)">European Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>23</b> (155): 155–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs002">10.1093/ejil/chs002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=National%2C+Ethnic%2C+Racial%2C+and+Religious+Groups+Protected+against+Genocide+in+the+Jurisprudence+of+the+ad+hoc+International+Criminal+Tribunals&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=155&rft.pages=155-173&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchs002&rft.aulast=Szpak&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejil%252Fchs002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William A.</a> (2009). <i>Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes</i> (ed. 2nd). m/s. 124–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+International+Law%3A+The+Crime+of+Crimes&rft.pages=124-129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prosecutor v. Bagilishema</i> (Kes No. ICTR-95-1A-T), Judgment, 7 Jun 2001, perenggan 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPhGSg_5Go0C&dq=Whitaker+Report+Sub+commision&pg=PA791"><i>War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability</i></a>. Cameron May. m/s. 791. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-905017-63-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-905017-63-8"><bdi>978-1-905017-63-8</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+crimes+and+human+rights%3A+essays+on+the+death+penalty%2C+justice+and+accountability&rft.pages=791&rft.pub=Cameron+May&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-905017-63-8&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPhGSg_5Go0C%26dq%3DWhitaker%2BReport%2BSub%2Bcommision%26pg%3DPA791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1-905017-63-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1-905017-63-4">1-905017-63-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/331/99/PDF/N0633199.pdf?OpenElement">Resolution Resolution 1674 (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302102009/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/331/99/PDF/N0633199.pdf?OpenElement">Diarkibkan</a> 2 Mac 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012101425/http://www.oxfam.org/en/news/pressreleases2006/pr060428_un">"Security Council passes landmark resolution – world has responsibility to protect people from genocide"</a> (Siaran akhbar). <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>. 28 April 2006. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfam.org/en/news/pressreleases2006/pr060428_un">yang asal</a> pada 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+passes+landmark+resolution+%E2%80%93+world+has+responsibility+to+protect+people+from+genocide&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfam.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases2006%2Fpr060428_un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9364.doc.htm">"Security Council Demands Immediate and Complete Halt to Acts of Sexual Violence Against Civilians in Conflict Zones, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 1820 (2008)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Demands+Immediate+and+Complete+Halt+to+Acts+of+Sexual+Violence+Against+Civilians+in+Conflict+Zones%2C+Unanimously+Adopting+Resolution+1820+%282008%29&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2008%2Fsc9364.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PVD-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PVD_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/">"The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes"</a>. <i>Prevent Genocide International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prevent+Genocide+International&rft.atitle=The+Crime+of+Genocide+in+Domestic+Laws+and+Penal+Codes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Flaw%2Fdomestic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133"><i>Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective: In Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. m/s. 133–135. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-7658-0417-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-7658-0417-4"><bdi>0-7658-0417-4</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations+in+Comparative+Perspective%3A+In+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7658-0417-4&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnson%2C+Karin+Solveig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIxCUXI38zcC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7658-0417-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7658-0417-4">978-0-7658-0417-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Yehuda (22 Januari 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2022.2163791">"Genocide and Genocide Prevention"</a>. <i>Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 388–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2022.2163791">10.1080/23739770.2022.2163791</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2373-9770">2373-9770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Genocide+Prevention&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=388-403&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2022.2163791&rft.issn=2373-9770&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2022.2163791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kakar, M. Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol"><i>Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</i></a>. University of California Press, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol">4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan: 13. Genocide Throughout the Country</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). <i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-300-04446-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-300-04446-1"><bdi>0-300-04446-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Sociology+of+Genocide%3A+Analyses+and+Case+Studies&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-300-04446-1&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Jonassohn%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113120151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7420212.stm">"Court Sentences Mengistu to Death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 26 Mei 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7420212.stm">yang asal</a> pada 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Court+Sentences+Mengistu+to+Death&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7420212.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/fr/droit/codes/france.htm">"Code Pénal (France); Article 211-1 – génocide"</a> [Kanun Keseksaan (Perancis); Perkara 211-1 – genosid] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Prevent Genocide International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">31 Januari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+P%C3%A9nal+%28France%29%3B+Article+211-1+%E2%80%93+g%C3%A9nocide&rft.pub=Prevent+Genocide+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Ffr%2Fdroit%2Fcodes%2Ffrance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2003" class="citation news cs1">Daly, Emma (30 Jun 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021105408/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/30/world/spanish-judge-sends-argentine-to-prison-on-genocide-charge.html">"Spanish Judge Sends Argentine to Prison on Genocide Charge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/30/world/spanish-judge-sends-argentine-to-prison-on-genocide-charge.html">yang asal</a> pada 21 Oktober 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 Jun</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Spanish+Judge+Sends+Argentine+to+Prison+on+Genocide+Charge&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F06%2F30%2Fworld%2Fspanish-judge-sends-argentine-to-prison-on-genocide-charge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208161921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3085482.stm">"Profile: Judge Baltasar Garzon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 April 2010. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3085482.stm">yang asal</a> pada 8 Februari 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">30 Januari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Judge+Baltasar+Garzon&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3085482.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLegvold2010" class="citation news cs1">Legvold, Robert (2010-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2010-11-01/stalins-genocides">"Stalin's Genocides"</a> [Pembasmian Kaum oleh Stalin]. <i>Foreign Affairs</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris) (November/Disember 2010). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Genocides&rft.issue=November%2FDisember+2010&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Legvold&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Freviews%2Fcapsule-review%2F2010-11-01%2Fstalins-genocides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt" class="citation web cs1">Weiss-Wendt, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/124/2/632/5426315">"The Soviet Union and the Gutting of the UN Genocide Convention"</a>. <i>Oxford University Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2023-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University+Press&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+the+Gutting+of+the+UN+Genocide+Convention&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle%2F124%2F2%2F632%2F5426315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/Genocide%20Convention-FactSheet-ENG.pdf">"The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations</i>. Januari 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=The+Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide+%281948%29&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fdocuments%2FGenocide%2520Convention-FactSheet-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">What is Genocide?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505161753/http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">Diarkibkan</a> 5 Mei 2007 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> McGill Faculty of Law (<a href="/w/index.php?title=McGill_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGill University (laman tidak wujud)">McGill University</a>) source cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr <i>Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides,</i> International Studies Quarterly, 37:3, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm">There are NO Statutes of Limitations on the Crimes of Genocide!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728203923/http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 28 Julai 2015 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Di laman web Rangkaian Rakan Patriot Amerika. Memetik Barbara Harff dan Ted Gurr, "Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides", International Studies Quarterly 37, 3 [1988].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPolsbyKates1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_D._Polsby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel D. Polsby (laman tidak wujud)">Polsby, Daniel D.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Kates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Kates (laman tidak wujud)">Kates, Don B. Jr.</a> (3 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121601/http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/75-3/753-4.html">"Of Holocausts and Gun Control"</a>. <i>Washington University Law Quarterly</i>. <b>75</b> (Fall): 1237. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/75-3/753-4.html">yang asal</a> pada 20 Julai 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 Februari</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Of+Holocausts+and+Gun+Control&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall&rft.pages=1237&rft.date=1997-11-03&rft.aulast=Polsby&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Kates%2C+Don+B.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawreview.wustl.edu%2Finprint%2F75-3%2F753-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> (memetik Harff 1992, lihat nota satu lagi)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harff-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harff_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarff1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Harff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Harff (laman tidak wujud)">Harff, Barbara</a> (1992). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Fein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Fein (laman tidak wujud)">Fein, Helen</a> (penyunting). "Recognizing Genocides and Politicides". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Watch (laman tidak wujud)">Genocide Watch</a></i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <b>27</b>: 37, 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.atitle=Recognizing+Genocides+and+Politicides&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=37%2C+38&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM">"Democide Verses Genocide: Which is What?"</a>. <i>hawaii.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Democide+Verses+Genocide%3A+Which+is+What%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FGENOCIDE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2013" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Adrian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tOln2DvEe2UC&pg=PA37"><i>Genocide and Its Threat to Contemporary International Order</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. m/s. 37. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781137280268" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781137280268"><bdi>9781137280268</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Its+Threat+to+Contemporary+International+Order&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137280268&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtOln2DvEe2UC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFeindel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Feindel, Alycia T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/mistjintl13&div=15&id=&page=">"Reconciling Sexual Orientation: Creating a Definition of Genocide that Includes Sexual Orientation"</a>. <i>Michigan State Journal of International Law</i>. <b>13</b> (1–2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Reconciling+Sexual+Orientation%3A+Creating+a+Definition+of+Genocide+that+Includes+Sexual+Orientation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Feindel&rft.aufirst=Alycia+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fmistjintl13%26div%3D15%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPark2019" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2051&context=ncilj">"Yogyakarta Plus 10: A Demand for Recognition of SOGIESC"</a>. <i>North Carolina Journal of International Law</i>. <b>44</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Yogyakarta+Plus+10%3A+A+Demand+for+Recognition+of+SOGIESC&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.unc.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2051%26context%3Dncilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksson2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Isaksson, Hanna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1440896&dswid=-7936"><i>The most controversial crime of international concern? An analysis of gender-based persecution under international criminal law</i></a> (Tesis). <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96rebro_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Örebro University (laman tidak wujud)">Örebro University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+most+controversial+crime+of+international+concern%3F+An+analysis+of+gender-based+persecution+under+international+criminal+law&rft.degree=Master&rft.inst=%C3%96rebro+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Isaksson&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Fpid%3Ddiva2%253A1440896%26dswid%3D-7936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harff_1996-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_1996_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarff1996" class="citation journal cs1">Harff, Barbara (1996). "Death by Government by R. J. Rummel". <i>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <b>27</b> (1): 117–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F206491">10.2307/206491</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/206491">206491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Death+by+Government+by+R.+J.+Rummel&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-119&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F206491&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F206491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harff_2017-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harff_2017_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarff2017" class="citation book cs1">Harff, Barbara (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54463-2_12.pdf">"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dalam Gleditish, N. P. (penyunting). <i>R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions</i>. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. <b>37</b>. New York: Springer. m/s. 111–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-54463-2_12">10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9783319544632" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9783319544632"><bdi>9783319544632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Comparative+Analysis+of+Mass+Atrocities+and+Genocide&rft.btitle=R.J.+Rummel%3A+An+Assessment+of+His+Many+Contributions&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+on+Pioneers+in+Science+and+Practice&rft.pages=111-129&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-54463-2_12&rft.isbn=9783319544632&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252F978-3-319-54463-2_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM">"Democide Verses Genocide: Which is What?"</a>. <i>hawaii.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325222825/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 25 Mac 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=Democide+Verses+Genocide%3A+Which+is+What%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FGENOCIDE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexican_Democide-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mexican_Democide_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRummel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_Rummel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolph Rummel (laman tidak wujud)">Rummel, Rudolph</a> (2003) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP11.HTM">"Statistics of Mexican Democide: Estimates, Calculations, and Sources"</a>. <i>Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900</i> (ed. hardback). Charlottesville, Virginia; New Brunswick, New Jersey: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Virginia (laman tidak wujud)">University of Virginia</a>; Transaction Publishers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutgers_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutgers University (laman tidak wujud)">Rutgers University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9783825840105" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9783825840105"><bdi>9783825840105</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span> – melalui Power Kills.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statistics+of+Mexican+Democide%3A+Estimates%2C+Calculations%2C+and+Sources&rft.btitle=Statistic+of+Democide%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+Since+1900&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia%3B+New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=hardback&rft.pub=Center+for+National+Security+Law%2C+School+of+Law%2C+University+of+Virginia%3B+Transaction+Publishers%2C+Rutgers+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783825840105&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.CHAP11.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/bauer-rethinking.html">"Rethinking the Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">Februari 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbauer-rethinking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2013" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Joe (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513213232/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/238-trans-people-least-murdered-worldwide-past-year151113/">"238 trans people, at least, murdered worldwide this past year"</a> [Sekurang-kurangnya 238 orang transjantina dibunuh di seluruh dunia tahun lalu]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gay_Star_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gay Star News (laman tidak wujud)">Gay Star News</a></i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/238-trans-people-least-murdered-worldwide-past-year151113/">yang asal</a> pada 13 Mei 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gay+Star+News&rft.atitle=238+trans+people%2C+at+least%2C+murdered+worldwide+this+past+year&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaystarnews.com%2Farticle%2F238-trans-people-least-murdered-worldwide-past-year151113%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transrespect.org/en/transgender-europe-tdor-2013/">"Transgender Europe: TDOR 2013"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender Europe (laman tidak wujud)">Transgender Europe</a></i>. 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="CITEREFKritz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kritz, Brian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/the-global-transgender-population-636299225">"The global transgender population and the International Criminal Court"</a>. <i>Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal</i>. <b>17</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Human+Rights+and+Development+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+global+transgender+population+and+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.volume=17&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kritz&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw-journals-books.vlex.com%2Fvid%2Fthe-global-transgender-population-636299225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Embracing+Ambiguity+and+Adopting+Propriety%3A+Using+Comparative+Law+to+Explore+Avenues+for+Protecting+the+LGBT+Population+under+Article+7+of+the+Rome+Statute+of+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=157&rft.pages=1287&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles+Barrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F217204592.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHagopian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hagopian, Andrew Summer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/soas3&div=9&id=&page=">"Persecution and Protection of Sexual and Gender Minorities under Article 7(1)(h) of the Rome Statute"</a>. <i>SOAS Law Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (55).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SOAS+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Persecution+and+Protection+of+Sexual+and+Gender+Minorities+under+Article+7%281%29%28h%29+of+the+Rome+Statute&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=55&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hagopian&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsoas3%26div%3D9%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKiddWitten2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kidd, Jeremy D.; Witten, Tarynn M. 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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"</a>. <i>unhchr.ch</i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/treaty1gen.htm">yang asal</a> pada 16 Ogos 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unhchr.ch&rft.atitle=1.+Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhchr.ch%2Fhtml%2Fmenu3%2Fb%2Ftreaty1gen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm">"See for example the submission by Agent of the United States, Mr. David Andrews to the ICJ Public Sitting, 11 Mei 1999"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817233454/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 17 Ogos 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=See+for+example+the+submission+by+Agent+of+the+United+States%2C+Mr.+David+Andrews+to+the+ICJ+Public+Sitting%2C+11+Mei+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2FKosovo%2FKosovo-International_Law10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNations" class="citation web cs1">Nations, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/role-international-criminal-court-ending-impunity-and-establishing-rule-law">"The Role of the International Criminal Court in Ending Impunity and Establishing the Rule of Law"</a> [Peranan Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa dalam Mengakhiri Impuniti dan Menetapkan Peraturan Undang-Undang]. <i>Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">10 Oktober</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+International+Criminal+Court+in+Ending+Impunity+and+Establishing+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.aulast=Nations&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fchronicle%2Farticle%2Frole-international-criminal-court-ending-impunity-and-establishing-rule-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Kamus Inggeris Oxford</a>: 1944 R. Lemkin <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i> ix. 79 "Dengan 'genosid' kami maksudkan pemusnahan satu bangsa atau kumpulan etnik."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Kamus Inggeris Oxford</a> "Genosid" merujuk kepada Sunday Times, 21 Oktober 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staf. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1907122.stm">Bosnian genocide suspect extradited</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 2 April 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-81608">"Fifth Section: Case of Jorgic v. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">5 Februari</span> 2017</span>: lihat § 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifth+Section%3A+Case+of+Jorgic+v.+Germany%3A+Application+no.+74613%2F01&rft.pub=Mahkamah+Hak+Asasi+Manusia+Eropahlanguage%3Den&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Feng%3Fi%3D001-81608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_postscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: postscript (laman tidak wujud)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_Jenayah_Antarabangsa_untuk_bekas_Yugoslavia" title="Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia">Tribunal Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk Bekas Yugoslavia</a> mendapati dalam <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 Ogos 2001)</a> bahawa genosid telah berlaku. (lihat perenggan 560 untuk nama kumpulan dalam Bahasa Inggeris ke atas siapa genosid itu dilakukan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Elakkan_pengucapan_yang_samar-samar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Elakkan pengucapan yang samar-samar"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution (March 2014)">nyatakan menurut siapa?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penjelasan" title="Wikipedia:Penjelasan"><span title="Teks berhampiran teg ini memerlukan penjelasan lebih lanjut. (Mac 2014)">penjelasan lebih lanjut diperlukan</span></a></i>]</sup>). Keputusan ini disahkan dalam <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMax2007" class="citation news cs1">Max, Arthur (26 Februari 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070810091849/www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics">"Court: Serbia Failed to Prevent Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics">yang asal</a> pada 10 Ogos 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">13 Mac</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Court%3A+Serbia+Failed+to+Prevent+Genocide&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.aulast=Max&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL%26type%3Dpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 42 merujuk kepada Kes Pendakwaan v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, keputusan pada 2 Ogos 2001, §§ 580</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ECHR <i>Keputusan Kes Jorgic v. Germany</i>, 12 Julai 2007. § 44 merujuk kepada Kes Pendakwaan v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, keputusan pada 14 Januari 2000), § 751. Pada 14 Januari 2000, ICTY memutuskan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kes_Pendakwaan_v._Kupreskic_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kes Pendakwaan v. Kupreskic and Others (laman tidak wujud)">Pendakwaan v. Kupreskic dan Lain-lain</a> bahawa pembunuhan 116 orang Islam untuk menghalau penduduk Islam dari sebuah kampung ialah penganiayaan, bukan genosid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">Kenyataan Media ICJ 2007/8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213065153/http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">Diarkibkan</a> 13 Februari 2010 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 26 Februari 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725081249/https://www.icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/cis/en/cis_krajisnik_en.pdf">"Borang Maklumat Kes: Momčilo Krajišnik"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Perkhidmatan Komunikasi Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa untuk bekas Yugoslavia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icty.org/x/cases/krajisnik/cis/en/cis_krajisnik_en.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 25 Julai 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Ogos</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Borang+Maklumat+Kes%3A+Mom%C4%8Dilo+Kraji%C5%A1nik&rft.pub=Perkhidmatan+Komunikasi+Mahkamah+Jenayah+Antarabangsa+untuk+bekas+Yugoslavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fkrajisnik%2Fcis%2Fen%2Fcis_krajisnik_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStaf2009" class="citation news cs1">Staf (5 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7521347.stm">"Soal Jawab: Karadzic di mahkamah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Januari</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Soal+Jawab%3A+Karadzic+di+mahkamah&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft.au=Staf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7521347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt24-03-2016-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt24-03-2016_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2016" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (24 Mac 2016). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Akses percuma tertakluk pada percubaan terhad, langganan biasanya diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-verdict.html">"Radovan Karadzic, a Bosnian Serb, Gets 40 Years Over Genocide and War Crimes"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-verdict.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2 Januari 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 Mac</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Radovan+Karadzic%2C+a+Bosnian+Serb%2C+Gets+40+Years+Over+Genocide+and+War+Crimes&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F25%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fradovan-karadzic-verdict.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/24/europe/karadzic-war-crimes-verdict/index.html">"Karadzic sentenced to 40 years for genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 24 Mac 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">26 Mac</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karadzic+sentenced+to+40+years+for+genocide&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F03%2F24%2Feurope%2Fkaradzic-war-crimes-verdict%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation news cs1">Staff (26 Mei 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13561407">"Soal Jawab: Ratko Mladic ditangkap: Tersangka jenayah perang Bosnia ditahan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Mei</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Soal+Jawab%3A+Ratko+Mladic+ditangkap%3A+Tersangka+jenayah+perang+Bosnia+ditahan&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13561407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guard_verd-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guard_verd_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBowcottBorger2017" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen; Borger, Julian (22 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/22/ratko-mladic-convicted-of-genocide-and-war-crimes-at-un-tribunal">"Ratko Mladić disabitkan bersalah atas jenayah perang dan genosid di mahkamah antarabangsa PBB"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ratko+Mladi%C4%87+disabitkan+bersalah+atas+jenayah+perang+dan+genosid+di+mahkamah+antarabangsa+PBB&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft.au=Borger%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fnov%2F22%2Fratko-mladic-convicted-of-genocide-and-war-crimes-at-un-tribunal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angka-angka ini perlu dikemaskini. Ia diambil daripada laman <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICTR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICTR (laman tidak wujud)">ICTR</a> yang mengatakan lihat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictr.org/">www.ictr.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAusten2009" class="citation news cs1">Austen, Ian (2009-05-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/world/americas/23canada.html">"Hakim Kanada Mensabitkan Warga Rwanda atas Genosid"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hakim+Kanada+Mensabitkan+Warga+Rwanda+atas+Genosid&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Austen&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F23canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/971/Basebya/">"The Prosecutor v. Yvonne Basebya"</a>. <i>International Crimes Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2023-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Crimes+Database&rft.atitle=The+Prosecutor+v.+Yvonne+Basebya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalcrimesdatabase.org%2FCase%2F971%2FBasebya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale-CGP-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yale-CGP_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/index.html">Cambodian Genocide Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KD-Time-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KD-Time_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KD-Time_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Doyle, Kevin (26 Julai 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050429/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647257,00.html">"Putting the Khmer Rouge on Trial"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time (magazine) (laman tidak wujud)">Time</a></i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647257,00.html">yang asal</a> pada 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Khmer+Rouge+on+Trial&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1647257%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2007" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Ian (7 Mac 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2028421,00.html">"Crisis talks to save Khmer Rouge trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Crisis+talks+to+save+Khmer+Rouge+trial&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2028421%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/">"The Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force"</a>. <i>Royal Cambodian Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317105511/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 17 Mac 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Cambodian+Government&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Rouge+Trial+Task+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambodia.gov.kh%2Fkrt%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case-002-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002710/https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/2">"Case 002"</a>. The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. 2014. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/2">yang asal</a> pada 23 Disember 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">6 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+002&rft.pub=The+Extraordinary+Chambers+in+the+Courts+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccc.gov.kh%2Fen%2Fcase%2Ftopic%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28558098">"Former Khmer Rouge leaders begin genocide trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 30 Julai 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">6 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Former+Khmer+Rouge+leaders+begin+genocide+trial&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-28558098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buncombe-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buncombe_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBuncombe2011" class="citation news cs1">Buncombe, Andrew (11 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/judge-quits-cambodia-genocide-tribunal-2368644.html">"Judge quits Cambodia genocide tribunal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014122215/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/judge-quits-cambodia-genocide-tribunal-2368644.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 14 Oktober 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Judge+quits+Cambodia+genocide+tribunal&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.aulast=Buncombe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjudge-quits-cambodia-genocide-tribunal-2368644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case-002_closing-order-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case-002_closing-order_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/D427Eng.pdf">"Case File No.: 002/19-09-2007-ECCC-OCIJ: Closing Order"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. 15 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410093149/http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/D427Eng.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 10 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">6 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Case+File+No.%3A+002%2F19-09-2007-ECCC-OCIJ%3A+Closing+Order&rft.pub=Extraordinary+Chambers+in+the+Courts+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccc.gov.kh%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcourtdoc%2FD427Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKirdy2014-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKirdy2014_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKirdy2014_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMcKirdy2014" class="citation news cs1">McKirdy, Euan (9 Ogos 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/asia/khmer-rouge-trial-verdict/">"Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">6 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+Khmer+Rouge+leaders+found+guilty+of+crimes+against+humanity%2C+sentenced+to+life+in+prison&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft.aulast=McKirdy&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F08%2F07%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkhmer-rouge-trial-verdict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/E138_1_7_EN-1.PDF">"002/19-09-2007: Decision on immediate appeal against Trial Chamber's order to release the accused Ieng Thirith"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. 13 Disember 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916043522/http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/E138_1_7_EN-1.PDF">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">16 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=002%2F19-09-2007%3A+Decision+on+immediate+appeal+against+Trial+Chamber%27s+order+to+release+the+accused+Ieng+Thirith&rft.pub=Extraordinary+Chambers+in+the+Courts+of+Cambodia&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eccc.gov.kh%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcourtdoc%2FE138_1_7_EN-1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/khmer-rouge-first-lady-ieng-thirith-dies-cambodia-tribunal">"Ieng Thirith, sister-in-law of late Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, dies in Cambodia"</a>. 22 Ogos 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ieng+Thirith%2C+sister-in-law+of+late+Khmer+Rouge+leader+Pol+Pot%2C+dies+in+Cambodia&rft.date=2015-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fkhmer-rouge-first-lady-ieng-thirith-dies-cambodia-tribunal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165124/http://www.amicc.org/docs/U.S.%20statement%20on%20ICC%20draft%20resolution_23Nov051.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165124/http://www.amicc.org/docs/U.S.%20statement%20on%20ICC%20draft%20resolution_23Nov051.pdf</a> |url-status=dead}} <span style="font-size:85%;">(123 KB)</span> 23 November 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJafariWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jafari, Jamal; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Williams_(professor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Williams (professor) (laman tidak wujud)">Williams, Paul</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/2005/03/word-games-un-and-genocide-in-darfur.php">"Word Games: The UN and Genocide in Darfur"</a>. <i>Jurist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurist&rft.atitle=Word+Games%3A+The+UN+and+Genocide+in+Darfur&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jafari&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rft.au=Williams%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjurist.law.pitt.edu%2Fforumy%2F2005%2F03%2Fword-games-un-and-genocide-in-darfur.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040911045335/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html">"Powell Declares Killing in Darfur 'Genocide<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (laman tidak wujud)">The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 9 September 2004. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html">yang asal</a> pada 11 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NewsHour+with+Jim+Lehrer&rft.atitle=Powell+Declares+Killing+in+Darfur+%27Genocide%27&rft.date=2004-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fupdates%2Fsudan_09-09-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf">"Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050203053955/http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 3 Februari 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Darfur+to+the+United+Nations+Secretary-General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Fsudan%2Fcom_inq_darfur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.14 MB)</span>, 25 Januari 2005, hlm 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050529082238/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf">"Security Council Resolution (2005)"</a> [Resolusi Majlis Keselamatan 1593 (2005)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 29 Mei 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Resolution+%282005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Flibrary%2Fcases%2FN0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24.8 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm">"Security Council Refers Situation in Dafur, Sudan, to Prosecutor of International Criminal Court"</a> (Siaran akhbar). Pemberitaan Rasmi PBB SC/8351. 31 Mac 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+Refers+Situation+in+Dafur%2C+Sudan%2C+to+Prosecutor+of+International+Criminal+Court&rft.pub=Pemberitaan+Rasmi+PBB+SC%2F8351&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2005%2Fsc8351.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614011746/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf">"Fourth Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the Security Council pursuant to UNSC 1593 (2005)"</a> [Laporan Keempat Peguam Negara Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, kepada Majlis Keselamatan mengikut UNSC 1593 (2005)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 14 Jun 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth+Report+of+the+Prosecutor+of+the+International+Criminal+Court%2C+to+the+Security+Council+pursuant+to+UNSC+1593+%282005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Flibrary%2Forgans%2Fotp%2FOTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(597 KB)</span>, Pejabat Pendakwa Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, 14 Disember 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf">"Statement by Mr. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the United Nations Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005)"</a> [Kenyataan oleh Tuan Luis Moreno Ocampo, Pendakwa Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa, kepada Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengikut UNSCR 1593 (2005)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa">Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</a></i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 5 Jun 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813022926/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 13 Ogos 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahkamah+Jenayah+Antarabangsa&rft.atitle=Statement+by+Mr.+Luis+Moreno+Ocampo%2C+Prosecutor+of+the+International+Criminal+Court%2C+to+the+United+Nations+Security+Council+pursuant+to+UNSCR+1593+%282005%29&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Flibrary%2Forgans%2Fotp%2FICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327105217/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm">"ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan (ICC-CPI-20090304-PR394)"</a> (Siaran akhbar). Siaran Akhbar ICC. 4 Mac 2009. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm">yang asal</a> pada 27 Mac 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICC+issues+a+warrant+of+arrest+for+Omar+Al+Bashir%2C+President+of+Sudan+%28ICC-CPI-20090304-PR394%29&rft.pub=Siaran+Akhbar+ICC&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2010_04826.PDF">"Situation in Darfur, Sudan: The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir"</a> [Situasi di Darfur, Sudan: <i>Pendakwa Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Jenayah_Antarabangsa" title="Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa">Mahkamah Jenayah Antarabangsa</a>. 12 Julai 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018082543/https://www.icc-cpi.int/CourtRecords/CR2010_04826.PDF">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 18 Oktober 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 Ogos</span> 2021</span>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+in+Darfur%2C+Sudan%3A+The+Prosecutor+v.+Omar+Hassan+Ahmad+Al+Bashir&rft.pub=Mahkamah+Jenayah+Antarabangsa&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2FCourtRecords%2FCR2010_04826.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2017). <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i> (ed. ke-3). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. m/s. 377. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781138823846" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9781138823846"><bdi>9781138823846</bdi></a>. <q><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Di samping orang Yahudi di Eropah,' tulis Alexander Werth', 'satu-satunya jenayah besar Jerman ialah tidak syak lagi pembasmian dengan kelaparan, pendedahan kepada cuaca sejuk dan dengan cara-cara lain ... tawanan perang dari Rusia.' Namun, pembunuhan sekurang-kurangnya 3.3 juta tahanan perang Soviet adalah salah satu genosid moden yang paling kurang diketahui; masih tiada buku penuh dalam bahasa Inggeris mengenai perkara ini. Ia juga dianggap sebagai salah satu genosid paling yang intensif sepanjang zaman: 'sebuah holokus yang telah melahap berjuta-juta,' seperti yang diakui oleh Catherine Merridale. Kebanyakan besar tawanan perang, kira-kira 2.8 juta, telah dibunuh dalam tempoh lapan bulan 1941 – 42, iaitu kadar pembunuhan yang hanya disamai (setakat pengetahuan saya) oleh genosid Rwanda 1994.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=377&rft.edition=ke-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781138823846&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7040171.stm">"Pair guilty of 'insulting Turkey<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a> [Pasangan bersalah "menghina Turki"] (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 11 Oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">4 Disember</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pair+guilty+of+%27insulting+Turkey%27&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7040171.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC"><i>Genocide: A History</i></a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearson Education (laman tidak wujud)">Pearson Education</a>. m/s. 7. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-582-50601-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-582-50601-8"><bdi>0-582-50601-8</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-582-50601-8&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMMAk4VwLLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBrito" class="citation web cs1">Brito, Esther. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-changing-face-of-genocide-from-mass-death-to-mass-trauma/">"The Changing Face of Genocide: From Mass Death to Mass Trauma"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Diplomat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Diplomat (laman tidak wujud)">The Diplomat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Genocide%3A+From+Mass+Death+to+Mass+Trauma&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F04%2Fthe-changing-face-of-genocide-from-mass-death-to-mass-trauma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Rochelle (22 Oktober 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/oct/22/west-papua-women-indonesian-rule-violence">"Wanita Papua Barat Ditinggalkan dan Diserang oleh Kekerasan di Bawah Pemerintahan Indonesia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wanita+Papua+Barat+Ditinggalkan+dan+Diserang+oleh+Kekerasan+di+Bawah+Pemerintahan+Indonesia&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2015%2Foct%2F22%2Fwest-papua-women-indonesian-rule-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWebb-GannonElmslieKareni2021" class="citation web cs1">Webb-Gannon, Camellia; Elmslie, Jim; Kareni, Ronny (27 Mei 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/west-papua-is-on-the-verge-of-another-bloody-crackdown-161272">"Papua Barat di Ambang Tindakan Keras yang Berdarah Lagi"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Conversation_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Conversation (website) (laman tidak wujud)">The Conversation</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wollongong" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wollongong">University of Wollongong</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Papua+Barat+di+Ambang+Tindakan+Keras+yang+Berdarah+Lagi&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft.aulast=Webb-Gannon&rft.aufirst=Camellia&rft.au=Elmslie%2C+Jim&rft.au=Kareni%2C+Ronny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwest-papua-is-on-the-verge-of-another-bloody-crackdown-161272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJed_Smith2017" class="citation web cs1">Jed Smith (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnvgaz/the-west-papuan-warriors-are-a-rugby-league-team-trying-to-stop-a-genocide">"Para Pejuang Papua Barat Adalah Tim Liga Rugbi yang Berusaha Menghentikan Genosid"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vice.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vice.com (laman tidak wujud)">Vice.com</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice.com&rft.atitle=Para+Pejuang+Papua+Barat+Adalah+Tim+Liga+Rugbi+yang+Berusaha+Menghentikan+Genosid&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.au=Jed+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwnvgaz%2Fthe-west-papuan-warriors-are-a-rugby-league-team-trying-to-stop-a-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNAJ_Taylor2011" class="citation web cs1">NAJ Taylor (19 Oktober 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/10/19/west-papua-a-history-of-exploitation">"Papua Barat: Sejarah Penindasan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Papua+Barat%3A+Sejarah+Penindasan&rft.date=2011-10-19&rft.au=NAJ+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2011%2F10%2F19%2Fwest-papua-a-history-of-exploitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianews.it/news-id/Genosid-gerak-lambat-bagi-minoriti-etnik-dan-kristen-Papua-Barat-36902.html">"Genosid Perlahan Etnik Minoriti dan Kristian Papua Barat"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asianews.it&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asianews.it (laman tidak wujud)">Asianews.it</a></i> (dalam bahasa Indonesia). 9 Mac 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asianews.it&rft.atitle=Genosid+Perlahan+Etnik+Minoriti+dan+Kristian+Papua+Barat&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianews.it%2Fnews-id%2FGenosid-gerak-lambat-bagi-minoriti-etnik-dan-kristen-Papua-Barat-36902.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, F. Burton (1989). "<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Christian Confrontations with the Holocaust': 1934: Pivotal Year of the Church Struggle". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 283–297 [284]. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F4.3.283">10.1093/hgs/4.3.283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Christian+Confrontations+with+the+Holocaust%27%3A+1934%3A+Pivotal+Year+of+the+Church+Struggle&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-297+284&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F4.3.283&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=F.+Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSGW-1996-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GSGW-1996_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSGW-1996_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Stanton (laman tidak wujud)">Gregory Stanton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html">The 8 Stages of Genocide</a>, Genocide Watch, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> has found somewhat similar stages for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hate_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hate groups (laman tidak wujud)">hate groups</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenstages-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tenstages_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2020" class="citation web cs1">Stanton, Gregory (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/FQK5A">"The Ten Stages of Genocide"</a>. <i>Genocide Watch</i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.com/ten-stages-of-genocide">yang asal</a> pada 14 Mei 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.atitle=The+Ten+Stages+of+Genocide&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.com%2Ften-stages-of-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStaub1992" class="citation book cs1">Staub, Ervin (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC"><i>The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-42214-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-42214-7"><bdi>978-0-521-42214-7</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Evil%3A+The+Origins+of+Genocide+and+Other+Group+Violence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42214-7&rft.aulast=Staub&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29u-vt_KgGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staub, Ervin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ervinstaub.com"><i>Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><span title="Petikan ini memerlukan rujukan kepada halaman tertentu atau muka surat yang mempunyai bahan tersebut muncul. (April 2012)">halaman diperlukan</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2006" class="citation web cs1">Moses, Dirk (22 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018082403/http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/">"Why the Discipline of "Genocide Studies" Has Trouble Explaining How Genocides End?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Science Research Council (laman tidak wujud)">Social Science Research Council</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/">yang asal</a> pada 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Discipline+of+%22Genocide+Studies%22+Has+Trouble+Explaining+How+Genocides+End%3F&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Council&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhowgenocidesend.ssrc.org%2FMoses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Sunting bahagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=34" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5773711">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin reflist refbegin-hanging-indents references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Gerlach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Gerlach (laman tidak wujud)">Gerlach, Christian</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&q=%22Genocide+is+an+action-oriented+model+designed+for%22&pg=PA6"><i>Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. m/s. 6. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-139-49351-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-139-49351-2"><bdi>978-1-139-49351-2</bdi></a> – melalui <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremely+Violent+Societies%3A+Mass+Violence+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49351-2&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48N-XbOltMEC%26q%3D%2522Genocide%2Bis%2Ban%2Baction-oriented%2Bmodel%2Bdesigned%2Bfor%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHollander2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hollander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hollander (laman tidak wujud)">Hollander, Paul</a> (1 Julai 2012). "Perspectives on Norman Naimark's Stalin's Genocides". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Cold War Studies (laman tidak wujud)">Journal of Cold War Studies</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): 149–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00250">10.1162/JCWS_a_00250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57560838">57560838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+Norman+Naimark%27s+Stalin%27s+Genocides&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-189&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FJCWS_a_00250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57560838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHuttenbach2005" class="citation journal cs1">Huttenbach, Henry R. (2005). "Lemkin Redux: in quest of a word". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Genocide_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Genocide Research (laman tidak wujud)">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): 443–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500349837">10.1080/14623520500349837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216141999">216141999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Lemkin+Redux%3A+in+quest+of+a+word&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-445&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500349837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216141999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huttenbach&rft.aufirst=Henry+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLang2005" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Berel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230554832_1">"Keburukan dalam Genosida"</a>. <i>Genocide and Human Rights: A Philosophical Guide</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. m/s. 5–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230554832_1">10.1057/9780230554832_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-230-55483-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-230-55483-2"><bdi>978-0-230-55483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keburukan+dalam+Genosida&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Human+Rights%3A+A+Philosophical+Guide&rft.pages=5-17&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230554832_1&rft.isbn=978-0-230-55483-2&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Berel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230554832_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (2008). <i>Axis rule in occupied Europe: laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress</i>. Clark, New Jersey, USA: Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+rule+in+occupied+Europe%3A+laws+of+occupation%2C+analysis+of+government%2C+proposals+for+redress&rft.place=Clark%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPejabat_Penasihat_Khas_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu_mengenai_Pencegahan_Genosida2014" class="citation web cs1">Pejabat Penasihat Khas Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Pencegahan Genosida (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">"Legal definition of genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130033138/http://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 30 Januari 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Februari</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+definition+of+genocide&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Pejabat+Penasihat+Khas+Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu+mengenai+Pencegahan+Genosida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Far%2Fpreventgenocide%2Fadviser%2Fpdf%2Fosapg_analysis_framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewski2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_Tomaszewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irene Tomaszewski (laman tidak wujud)">Tomaszewski, Irene</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kmRAwAAQBAJ&dq=Lemkin+ludob%C3%B3jstwo&pg=PR13"><i>Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayne_State_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayne State University Press (laman tidak wujud)">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8143-3887-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8143-3887-2"><bdi>978-0-8143-3887-2</bdi></a>. m/s. xiii: <q>Dalam surat bertarikh 3 Oktober 1943, Krystyna Wituska menerangkan kekejaman Jerman di Poland ... Wituska menggunakan perkataan Jerman <span title="Jerman-language text"><i lang="de">Volksmord</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: de is deprecated </span>, dalam bahasa Poland <span title="Poland-language text"><i lang="pl">ludobojstwo</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span>. Kedua-dua perkataan ini telah digunakan lama sebelum perang lagi, dan, walaupun belum diberikan makna penuh oleh Lemkin, maknanya melebihi erti "pembunuhan besar-besaran." Kata akarnya, <span title="Poland-language text"><i lang="pl">lud</i></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: pl is deprecated </span>, boleh bermaksud "orang" tetapi juga "bangsa." Dalam satu petikan yang marah, Wituska secara khusus menulis tentang orang Poland dan Yahudi; jelas bahawa dia bermaksud bukan sahaja pembunuhan <i>ramai</i> orang tetapi pembunuhan <i>sebuah</i> bangsa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+a+Gestapo+Prison%3A+The+Letters+of+Krystyna+Wituska%2C+1942%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-3887-2&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kmRAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DLemkin%2Bludob%25C3%25B3jstwo%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTowner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Towner, Emil B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41709663">"Quantifying Genocide: What Are We Really Counting (On)?"</a>. <i>JAC</i>. <b>31</b> (3/4): 625–638. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2162-5190">2162-5190</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/41709663">41709663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAC&rft.atitle=Quantifying+Genocide%3A+What+Are+We+Really+Counting+%28On%29%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=625-638&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41709663%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2162-5190&rft.aulast=Towner&rft.aufirst=Emil+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41709663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPBB2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu">PBB</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml">"Genocide Background"</a>. <i>Pejabat Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Pencegahan Genosida dan Tanggungjawab untuk Melindungi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417034403/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 17 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pejabat+Pertubuhan+Bangsa-Bangsa+Bersatu+mengenai+Pencegahan+Genosida+dan+Tanggungjawab+untuk+Melindungi&rft.atitle=Genocide+Background&rft.date=2019&rft.au=PBB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fgenocide.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_America2016" class="citation web cs1">Voice of America (15 Mac 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.voanews.com/a/what-is-genocide/3238713.html">"What is Genocide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221949/https://www.voanews.com/a/what-is-genocide/3238713.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 11 Ogos 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.pub=Voice+of+America&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.au=Voice+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fwhat-is-genocide%2F3238713.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=35" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rencana">Rencana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Sunting bahagian: Rencana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=36" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rencana"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(dalam bahasa Sepanyol) Aizenstatd, Najman Alexander. "Origen y Evolución del Concepto de Genocidio". Vol. 25 Revista de Derecho de la Universidad Francisco Marroquín 11 (2007). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dispatch.opac.d-nb.de/DB=1.1/LNG=EN/CMD?ACT=SRCHA&IKT=8&TRM=1562-2576">1562-2576</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1728522">[1]</a></li> <li>(dalam bahasa Sepanyol) Marco, Jorge. "Genocidio y Genocide Studies: Definiciones y debates", en: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar%C3%B3stegui,_Julio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aróstegui, Julio (laman tidak wujud)">Aróstegui, Julio</a>, Marco, Jorge y Gómez Bravo, Gutmaro (coord.): "De Genocidios, Holocaustos, Exterminios...", <i>Hispania Nova</i>, 10 (2012). Véase <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hispanianova.rediris.es/10/dossier/10d002.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>Krain, M. (1997). "State-Sponsored Mass Murder: A Study of the Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(3): 331–360.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buku">Buku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Sunting bahagian: Buku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=37" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Buku"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAndreopoulos1994" class="citation book cs1">Andreopoulos, George J., penyunting (1994). <i>Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (laman tidak wujud)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8122-3249-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8122-3249-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3249-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+Conceptual+and+Historical+Dimensions&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3249-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBloxhamMoses2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk, penyunting (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies</i>. Interdisciplinary Contributions about Past & Present Genocides (ed. Kedua). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-967791-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-967791-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.series=Interdisciplinary+Contributions+about+Past+%26+Present+Genocides&rft.edition=Kedua&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967791-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal"><i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-04446-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-300-04446-1"><bdi>978-0-300-04446-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Sociology+of+Genocide%3A+Analyses+and+Case+Studies&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04446-1&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Jonassohn%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysociology00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Charny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Charny (laman tidak wujud)">Charny, Israel W.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofge0000unse"><i>Encyclopedia of Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a> Inc. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-Clio+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofge0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFConversi2005" class="citation book cs1">Conversi, Daniele (2005). "Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and nationalism". Dalam Delanty, Gerard; Kumar, Krishan (penyunting). <i>Handbook of Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>1</b>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publications (laman tidak wujud)">SAGE Publications</a>. m/s. 319–333. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4129-0101-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4129-0101-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-0101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide%2C+ethnic+cleansing%2C+and+nationalism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=319-333&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0101-7&rft.aulast=Conversi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGellatelyKiernan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Gellately&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Gellately (laman tidak wujud)">Gellately, Robert</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Kiernan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Kiernan (laman tidak wujud)">Kiernan, Ben</a> (July 2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-52750-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-52750-7"><bdi>978-0-521-52750-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52750-7&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Kiernan%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecterofgenocid00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHarff2003" class="citation book cs1">Harff, Barbara (August 2003). <i>Early Warning of Communal Conflict and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8133-9840-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8133-9840-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-9840-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Warning+of+Communal+Conflict+and+Genocide%3A+Linking+Empirical+Research+to+International+Responses&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003-08&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-9840-2&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Louis_Horowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Louis Horowitz (laman tidak wujud)">Horowitz, Irving</a> (2001). <i>Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power</i> (ed. 5th). Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7658-0094-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7658-0094-7"><bdi>978-0-7658-0094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Lives%3A+Genocide+and+State+Power&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0094-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2011" class="citation book cs1">Horvitz, Leslie Alan; Catherwood, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwa0000horv"><i>Encyclopedia of War Crimes & Genocide</i></a>. <b>2</b> (ed. Revised). New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8160-8083-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8160-8083-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-8083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+War+Crimes+%26+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-8083-0&rft.aulast=Horvitz&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Alan&rft.au=Catherwood%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwa0000horv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin (1998). <i>Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-56000-314-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-56000-314-4"><bdi>978-1-56000-314-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-314-4&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnson%2C+Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) (laman tidak wujud)">Jones, Adam</a> (2010). <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-48619-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-48619-4"><bdi>978-0-415-48619-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48619-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Kiernan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Kiernan (laman tidak wujud)">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326"><i>Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-10098-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-300-10098-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10098-3&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLaban2002" class="citation book cs1">Laban, Alexander (2002). <i>Genocide: An Anthropological Reader</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwell_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwell Publishing (laman tidak wujud)">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-631-22355-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-631-22355-9"><bdi>978-0-631-22355-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+An+Anthropological+Reader&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22355-9&rft.aulast=Laban&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2005" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Mark (2005). <i>Genocide in the Age of the Nation State</i>. 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University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-60781-168-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-60781-168-8">978-1-60781-168-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavriel_David_Rosenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavriel David Rosenfeld (laman tidak wujud)">Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/history-facultypubs/100">"The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies (laman tidak wujud)">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 28–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.1.28">10.1093/hgs/13.1.28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Uniqueness%3A+Reflections+on+the+Recent+Polemical+Turn+in+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Scholarship&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-61&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.1.28&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.fairfield.edu%2Fhistory-facultypubs%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRotbergWeiss1996" class="citation book cs1">Rotberg, Robert I.; Weiss, Thomas G. (1996). <i>From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises</i>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8157-7590-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8157-7590-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-7590-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Massacres+to+Genocide%3A+The+Media%2C+Public+Policy%2C+and+Humanitarian+Crises&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-7590-4&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosenbaum, Alan S. (2018). <i>Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Holocaust+unique%3F%3A+perspectives+on+comparative+genocide.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.J._Rummel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.J. Rummel (laman tidak wujud)">Rummel, R.J.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM"><i>Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-56000-927-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-56000-927-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-927-6&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FNOTE1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSagall2013" class="citation book cs1">Sagall, Sabby (2013). <i>Final Solutions: Human Nature, Capitalism and Genocide</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluto_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluto Press (laman tidak wujud)">Pluto Press</a>. m/s. 309. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7453-2653-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7453-2653-5"><bdi>978-0-7453-2653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Human+Nature%2C+Capitalism+and+Genocide&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2653-5&rft.aulast=Sagall&rft.aufirst=Sabby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSands2016" class="citation book cs1">Sands, Philippe (2016). <i>East West Street: on the origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-385-35071-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-385-35071-6"><bdi>978-0-385-35071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+West+Street%3A+on+the+origins+of+%22Genocide%22+and+%22Crimes+Against+Humanity%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35071-6&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William A.</a> (2009). <i>Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes</i> (ed. 2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-71900-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-71900-1"><bdi>978-0-521-71900-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+International+Law%3A+The+Crime+of+Crimes&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71900-1&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Schabas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Schabas (laman tidak wujud)">Schabas, William A.</a> (2016). <i>Cambridge Companion to International Criminal Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-107-05233-8" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-107-05233-8"><bdi>978-1-107-05233-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+International+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05233-8&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schmid, A. P. (1991). Repression, State Terrorism, and Genocide: Conceptual Clarifications. State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression. P. T. Bushnell. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press. 312 p.<a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:ISBN%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:ISBN? (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:ISBN?</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2007" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2007). <i>What is Genocide?</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polity_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polity Press (laman tidak wujud)">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7456-3182-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7456-3182-0"><bdi>978-0-7456-3182-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3182-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Overcoming Evil: Genocide, violent conflict and terrorism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-538204-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-19-538204-4">978-0-19-538204-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTottenParsonsCharny2008" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_W._Charny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel W. Charny (laman tidak wujud)">Charny, Israel W.</a> (2008). <i>Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</i> (ed. 3rd). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-99085-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-415-99085-1"><bdi>978-0-415-99085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99085-1&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Charny%2C+Israel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Final_Solutions:_Mass_Killing_and_Genocide_in_the_20th_Century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (laman tidak wujud)">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornell_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornell University Press (laman tidak wujud)">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-8014-3965-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-8014-3965-0"><bdi>978-0-8014-3965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3965-0&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofgenocid0000weit"><i>A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. m/s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofgenocid0000weit/page/360">360</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-691-12271-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-691-12271-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12271-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Genocide%3A+Utopias+of+Race+and+Nation&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12271-7&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofgenocid0000weit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=38" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: <i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/wq/ms/Pembasmian_kaum" class="extiw" title="incubator:wq/ms/Pembasmian kaum">Pembasmian kaum</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Cari <i><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Khas:Gelintar/Pembasmian_kaum" class="extiw" title="wikt:Khas:Gelintar/Pembasmian kaum">Pembasmian kaum</a></b></i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary">Wikikamus</a> bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genocide?uselang=ms">Pembasmian kaum</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dokumen">Dokumen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Sunting bahagian: Dokumen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=39" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dokumen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html">"Voices of the Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Library (laman tidak wujud)">British Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Fhistcitizen%2Fvoices%2Fholocaust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/357?OpenDocument">"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) – full text"</a> [Konvensyen mengenai Pencegahan dan Hukuman Jenayah Genosid (1948) – teks penuh]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Convention (laman tidak wujud)">Genocide Convention</a></i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Convention&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide+%281948%29+%E2%80%93+full+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fihl-databases.icrc.org%2Fihl%2FINTRO%2F357%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker">"Whitaker Report"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whitaker+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Fprevent%2FUNdocs%2Fwhitaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStanton" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_H._Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory H. Stanton (laman tidak wujud)">Stanton, Gregory H.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocide-watch.com/images/8StagesBriefingpaper.pdf">"8 Stages of Genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119061311/http://www.genocide-watch.com/images/8StagesBriefingpaper.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Stages+of+Genocide&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Gregory+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocide-watch.com%2Fimages%2F8StagesBriefingpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institut_penyelidikan,_kumpulan_advokasi_dan_organisasi_lain"><span id="Institut_penyelidikan.2C_kumpulan_advokasi_dan_organisasi_lain"></span>Institut penyelidikan, kumpulan advokasi dan organisasi lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Sunting bahagian: Institut penyelidikan, kumpulan advokasi dan organisasi lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembasmian_kaum&action=edit&section=40" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Institut penyelidikan, kumpulan advokasi dan organisasi lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studyofgenocide.org">"Institute for the Study of Genocide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudyofgenocide.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidescholars.org">"International Association of Genocide Scholars"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidescholars.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inogs.com/">"International Network of Genocide Scholars (INoGS)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Network+of+Genocide+Scholars+%28INoGS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finogs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507161218/http://endgenocide.org/">"United to End Genocide"</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endgenocide.org">yang asal</a> pada 7 Mei 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 Mac</span> 2017</span>. <q>penggabungan Gabungan Selamatkan Darfur dan Rangkaian Campur Tangan Genosid</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+to+End+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendgenocide.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/simon-skjodt-center">"Simon-Skjodt Center for the Prevention of Genocide"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (laman tidak wujud)">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simon-Skjodt+Center+for+the+Prevention+of+Genocide&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fgenocide-prevention%2Fsimon-skjodt-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org">"Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz+Institute+for+Peace+and+Reconciliation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitzinstitute.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uva.nl/en/discipline/history/specialisations/holocaust-and-genocide-studies.html?cb">"Holocaust and Genocide Studies"</a>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 17 Jun 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2019-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uva.nl%2Fen%2Fdiscipline%2Fhistory%2Fspecialisations%2Fholocaust-and-genocide-studies.html%3Fcb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cla.umn.edu/chgs">"Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Minnesota (laman tidak wujud)">University of Minnesota</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla.umn.edu%2Fchgs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsp.yale.edu/">"Genocide Studies Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+Studies+Program&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concordia.ca/research/migs.html">"Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concordia_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concordia University (laman tidak wujud)">Concordia University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreal+Institute+for+Genocide+Studies&rft.pub=Concordia+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordia.ca%2Fresearch%2Fmigs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mar.umd.edu">"Minorities at Risk Project"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Maryland (laman tidak wujud)">University of Maryland</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minorities+at+Risk+Project&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mar.umd.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocideprevention.eu">"Budapest Centre for Mass Atrocities Prevention"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budapest+Centre+for+Mass+Atrocities+Prevention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocideprevention.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APembasmian+kaum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐6554ff846b‐tdqrc Cached time: 20241120075347 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.666 seconds Real time usage: 1.971 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 10658/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 381483/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11624/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 13/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 587439/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.949/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 24397415/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1723.431 1 -total 45.61% 786.142 2 Templat:Reflist 17.49% 301.498 8 Templat:Lang 17.23% 296.871 1 Templat:Jawi 16.64% 286.808 67 Templat:Cite_web 15.84% 273.011 63 Templat:Cite_book 5.73% 98.736 2 Templat:Ifsubst 5.69% 98.041 24 Templat:Cite_journal 5.63% 97.043 1 Templat:Script 5.39% 92.857 1 Templat:Script/Arabic --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key mswiki:pcache:idhash:35568-0!canonical and timestamp 20241120075345 and revision id 6378546. 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class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-t9h2n","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.666","walltime":"1.971","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10658,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":381483,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11624,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":587439,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1723.431 1 -total"," 45.61% 786.142 2 Templat:Reflist"," 17.49% 301.498 8 Templat:Lang"," 17.23% 296.871 1 Templat:Jawi"," 16.64% 286.808 67 Templat:Cite_web"," 15.84% 273.011 63 Templat:Cite_book"," 5.73% 98.736 2 Templat:Ifsubst"," 5.69% 98.041 24 Templat:Cite_journal"," 5.63% 97.043 1 Templat:Script"," 5.39% 92.857 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