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accesskey="z"><span>Mwanzo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Jumuia" title="Kuhusu mradi, mambo unaweza kufanya, na mahali pa kugundua vitu"><span>Jumuiya</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Matukio_ya_hivi_karibuni" title="Maarifa kuhusu habari za siku hizi"><span>Matukio ya hivi karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:MabadalikoyaKaribuni" title="Orodha ya mabadiliko ya hivi karibuni katika Wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mabadiliko ya karibuni</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:UkurasawaBahati" title="Onyesha ukurasa wa bahati [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ukurasa wa bahati</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Mahali pa kueleweshwa."><span>Msaada</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mwanzo" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sw.svg" width="117" height="10" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Tafuta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tafuta</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tafuta Wikipedia" aria-label="Tafuta Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Tafuta Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maalum:Tafuta"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tafuta</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Zana binafsi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Mandhari"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Badilisha mandhari ya ukubwa, upana, na rangi ya fonti ya ukurasa" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mandhari" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mandhari</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw" class=""><span>Michango</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Mauaji+ya+kimbari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Unda akaunti</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Mauaji+ya+kimbari" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ingia</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out user-links-collapsible-item" title="Chaguo zaidi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana binafsi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana binafsi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sw.wikipedia.org&uselang=sw"><span>Michango</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:SajiliAkaunti&returnto=Mauaji+ya+kimbari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Unda akaunti</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:IngiaMtumiaji&returnto=Mauaji+ya+kimbari" title="Tunakushajiisha kuingia, lakini siyo lazima. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ingia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tovuti"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Yaliyomo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Yaliyomo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Mwanzo</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ufafanuzi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ufafanuzi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ufafanuzi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ufafanuzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utunzi_wa_msamiati_"Genocide"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utunzi_wa_msamiati_"Genocide""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utunzi_wa_msamiati_"Genocide"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauaji_ya_kimbari_kama_uhalifu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauaji_ya_kimbari_kama_uhalifu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mauaji_ya_kimbari_kama_uhalifu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mauaji_ya_kimbari_kama_uhalifu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chini_ya_sheria_ya_kimataifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chini_ya_sheria_ya_kimataifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chini_ya_sheria_ya_kimataifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nia_ya_kuharibu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nia_ya_kuharibu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Nia ya kuharibu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nia_ya_kuharibu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katika_sehemu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katika_sehemu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Katika sehemu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katika_sehemu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CPPCG_kufanywa_kuwa_na_nguvu_za_kisheria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CPPCG_kufanywa_kuwa_na_nguvu_za_kisheria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CPPCG_kufanywa_kuwa_na_nguvu_za_kisheria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wajibu_wa_Baraza_la_Usalama_kulinda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wajibu_wa_Baraza_la_Usalama_kulinda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wajibu_wa_Baraza_la_Usalama_kulinda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chini_ya_sheria_ya_nchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chini_ya_sheria_ya_nchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chini ya sheria ya nchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chini_ya_sheria_ya_nchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukosoaji_wa_CPPCG_na_fafanuzi_mbalimbali_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukosoaji_wa_CPPCG_na_fafanuzi_mbalimbali_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukosoaji_wa_CPPCG_na_fafanuzi_mbalimbali_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mashitaka_ya_kimataifa_ya_mauaji_ya_kimbari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mashitaka_ya_kimataifa_ya_mauaji_ya_kimbari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mashitaka_ya_kimataifa_ya_mauaji_ya_kimbari-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mashitaka_ya_kimataifa_ya_mauaji_ya_kimbari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kupitia_mahakama_ya_kidharura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kupitia_mahakama_ya_kidharura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kupitia_mahakama_ya_kidharura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kesi_za_Nuremberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesi_za_Nuremberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Kesi za Nuremberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesi_za_Nuremberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia_ya_Zamani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia_ya_Zamani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Yugoslavia ya Zamani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia_ya_Zamani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kupitia_Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kupitia_Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kupitia_Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darfur,_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darfur,_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Darfur, Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darfur,_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauaji_ya_kimbari_katika_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauaji_ya_kimbari_katika_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauaji_ya_kimbari_katika_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatua_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari_na_juhudi_za_kuyazuia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatua_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari_na_juhudi_za_kuyazuia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatua_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari_na_juhudi_za_kuyazuia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tume_ya_Utenda_Kazi_ya_Kuzuia_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tume_ya_Utenda_Kazi_ya_Kuzuia_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tume_ya_Utenda_Kazi_ya_Kuzuia_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angalia_pia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angalia_pia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Angalia pia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angalia_pia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanbihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanbihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tanbihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanbihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Marejeo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marejeleo_zaidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marejeleo_zaidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Marejeleo zaidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marejeleo_zaidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mauaji ya kimbari</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 109 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 109</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksmoord" title="Volksmoord – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volksmoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord" title="Völkermord – Kijerumani cha Uswisi" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Völkermord" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani cha Uswisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folcmor%C3%B0or" title="Folcmorðor – Kiingereza cha Kale" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folcmorðor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza cha Kale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إبادة جماعية – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبادة جماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8" title="ابادة الشعوب – Kiarabu cha Misri" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابادة الشعوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu cha Misri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="নৰসংহাৰ – Kiassam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নৰসংহাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Kiassam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocidiu" title="Xenocidiu – Kiasturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xenocidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Kiasturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Soyqırım – Kiazerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soyqırım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Kiazerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kibashkiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Kibashkiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Генацыд – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генацыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B4" title="Генацыд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генацыд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিকল্পিত গণহত্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouennlazh" title="Gouennlazh – Kibretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouennlazh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Kibretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kibosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Kibosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidi" title="Genocidi – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genocidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جینۆساید – Kikurdi cha Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جینۆساید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi cha Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocida" title="Genocida – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genocida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil-laddiad" title="Hil-laddiad – Kiwelisi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hil-laddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Kiwelisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkedrab" title="Folkedrab – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Folkedrab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkermord" title="Völkermord – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Völkermord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AAnosid" title="Cênosid – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cênosid" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γενοκτονία – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενοκτονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocido" title="Genocido – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genocido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio" title="Genocidio – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotsiid" title="Genotsiid – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genotsiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozidio" title="Genozidio – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genozidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نسل‌کشی – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل‌کشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansanmurha" title="Kansanmurha – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansanmurha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide" title="Génocide – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génocide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoside" title="Genoside – Kifrisia cha Magharibi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Genoside" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Kifrisia cha Magharibi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinedh%C3%ADoth%C3%BA" title="Cinedhíothú – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinedhíothú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenocidio" title="Xenocidio – Kigalisi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenocidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Kigalisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="רצח עם – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח עם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नरसंहार – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9pirt%C3%A1s" title="Népirtás – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Népirtás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ցեղասպանություն – Kiarmenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեղասպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Kiarmenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ցեղասպանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ցեղասպանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida" title="Genosida – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genosida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentocido" title="Gentocido – Kiido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gentocido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Kiido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0armor%C3%B0" title="Þjóðarmorð – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðarmorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio" title="Genocidio – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Genocidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="ジェノサイド – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェノサイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida" title="Genosida – Kijava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Genosida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Kijava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გენოციდი – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გენოციდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="집단학살 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komkuj%C3%AE" title="Komkujî – Kikurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komkujî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kikurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kikyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kikyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidium" title="Genocidium – Kilatini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genocidium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Kilatini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenoside" title="Jenoside – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jenoside" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genozide" title="Genozide – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Genozide" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidas" title="Genocidas – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genocidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C4%ABds" title="Genocīds – Kilatvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Genocīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Kilatvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Геноцидсь – Lugha ya Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Геноцидсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Lugha ya Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kimacedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Kimacedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വംശഹത്യ – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശഹത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Төрлөөр устгах – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төрлөөр устгах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0" title="ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂမ္စိုတ်ကမၠက်ဂကူ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembasmian_kaum" title="Pembasmian kaum – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembasmian kaum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkermoard" title="Volkermoard – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Volkermoard" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नरसंहार – Kinepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नरसंहार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Kinepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Folkemord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkemord" title="Folkemord – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkemord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidi" title="Genocidi – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genocidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਸਲਕੁਸ਼ੀ – Kipunjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਸਲਕੁਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Kipunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludob%C3%B3jstwo" title="Ludobójstwo – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludobójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="نسل وژنه – Kipashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نسل وژنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Kipashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Genocídio – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kiromanshi" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Kiromanshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Ґеноцід – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеноцід" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гэноцид – Kisakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гэноцид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Kisakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotz%C3%ACdiu" title="Genotzìdiu – Kisardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Genotzìdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Kisardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="نسل ڪشي – Kisindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نسل ڪشي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Kisindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්ග සංහාරය – Kisinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ග සංහාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Kisinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genocide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADda_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Genocída (právo) – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Genocída (právo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocid" title="Genocid – Kislovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Genocid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Kislovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenocidi" title="Gjenocidi – Kialbania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenocidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Kialbania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kiserbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkmord" title="Folkmord – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Folkmord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இனப்படுகொலை – Kitamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இனப்படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Kitamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D3%A3" title="Наслкушӣ – Kitajiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Наслкушӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Kitajiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpatay_ng_lahi" title="Pagpatay ng lahi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpatay ng lahi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Soykırım – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soykırım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kituva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Kituva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%89%D9%86%DA%86%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="ئىرىقى قىرغىنچىلىق – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىرىقى قىرغىنچىلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Геноцид – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геноцид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="نسل کشی – Kiurdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نسل کشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Kiurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotsid" title="Genotsid – Kiuzbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genotsid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Kiuzbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenos%C3%ACdio" title="Zenosìdio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zenosìdio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng" title="Diệt chủng – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diệt chủng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenocide" title="Djenocide – Kiwaloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djenocide" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Kiwaloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henosidyo" title="Henosidyo – Kiwaray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henosidyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Kiwaray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="种族灭绝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="გენოციდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გენოციდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פעלקער מארד – Kiyiddi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעלקער מארד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Kiyiddi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="种族灭绝 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="种族灭绝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9ng-cho%CC%8Dk_bia%CC%8Dt-choa%CC%8Dt" title="Chéng-cho̍k bia̍t-choa̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chéng-cho̍k bia̍t-choa̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" title="種族滅絕 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="種族滅絕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mitazamo"> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg/220px-Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg/330px-Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg/440px-Buchenwald_Slave_Laborers_Liberation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Makambi_ya_KZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Makambi ya KZ">Kambi</a> la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchenwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buchenwald (bado haujaandikwa)">Buchenwald</a> walipouawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halaiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halaiki (bado haujaandikwa)">halaiki</a> ya watu kwa <a href="/wiki/Amri" title="Amri">amri</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mauaji ya kimbari</b> ni ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Angamizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angamizi (bado haujaandikwa)">angamizi</a> ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpango&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mpango (bado haujaandikwa)">mpango</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Kundi" title="Kundi">kundi</a> zima la watu au ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sehemu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sehemu (bado haujaandikwa)">sehemu</a> yake kwa msingi wa <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabila" title="Kabila">kabila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangi" title="Rangi">rangi</a> au <a href="/wiki/Dini" title="Dini">dini</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ufafanuzi">Ufafanuzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Ufafanuzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ufafanuzi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ingawa <a href="/wiki/Ufafanuzi" title="Ufafanuzi">ufafanuzi</a> fasaha haujapatikana, kutokana na tofauti kati ya <a href="/wiki/Wataalamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wataalamu">wataalamu</a> wa mauaji ya kimbari, ufafanuzi wa ki<a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> hupatikana katika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkataba_wa_Kuzuia_na_Kuadhibu_Uhalifu_wa_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari (bado haujaandikwa)">Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari</a> (unaofupishwa "CPPCG" katika <a href="/wiki/Lugha" title="Lugha">lugha</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Kiingereza" title="Kiingereza">Kiingereza</a>) wa <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Umoja wa Mataifa">Umoja wa Mataifa</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Mwaka" title="Mwaka">mwaka</a> wa <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibara (bado haujaandikwa)">Ibara</a> ya 2 ya <a href="/wiki/Mkataba" title="Mkataba">mkataba</a> huo inayafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "Tendo lolote kati ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika kwa nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au cha kidini, kama vile: ma<a href="/wiki/Uaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Uaji">uaji</a> ya watu wa kikundi hicho; kusababisha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athari (bado haujaandikwa)">athari</a> kubwa upande wa <a href="/wiki/Mwili" title="Mwili">mwili</a> au wa <a href="/wiki/Akili" title="Akili">akili</a> kwa watu wa kikundi hicho; kutwika kwa ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kusudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kusudi (bado haujaandikwa)">kusudi</a> juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uharibifu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uharibifu (bado haujaandikwa)">uharibifu</a> wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili; kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia <a href="/wiki/Wanawake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanawake">wanawake</a> wasijifungue katika kikundi hicho; [na] kuhamisha <a href="/wiki/Watoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Watoto">watoto</a> wa kikundi hicho hadi kikundi kingine kwa lazima.<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utangulizi wa CPPCG unasema kuwa matukio ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanyika tangu <a href="/wiki/Jadi" title="Jadi">jadi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CPPCG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPCG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lakini haikuwa hadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raphael Lemkin (bado haujaandikwa)">Raphael Lemkin</a> alipoyatunga maneno hayo na wahusika wa <a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Wayahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi</a> waliposhtakiwa katika <a href="/wiki/Kesi_za_Nuremberg" title="Kesi za Nuremberg">kesi za Nuremberg</a>; ndipo Umoja wa Mataifa ulipokubaliana na CPPCG ambayo iliufafanua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhalifu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhalifu (bado haujaandikwa)">uhalifu</a> wa mauaji ya kimbari ya watu chini ya <a href="/wiki/Sheria_ya_kimataifa" title="Sheria ya kimataifa">sheria ya kimataifa</a>. Kulikuwa na zaidi ya miaka 40 kati ya CPPCG kukamilika na ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shtaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shtaka (bado haujaandikwa)">shtaka</a> ya kwanza chini ya ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharti (bado haujaandikwa)">sharti</a> ya mkataba kufanywa. </p><p>Hadi leo mashtaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari, hasa ya <a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Rwanda" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda</a>, na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Srebrenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Srebrenica (bado haujaandikwa)">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Srebrenica</a>, yamefanywa kupitia mahakama ya dharura ya kimataifa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai</a> iliundwa mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> ikiwa na <a href="/wiki/Mamlaka" title="Mamlaka">mamlaka</a> ya kuwahukumu watu kutoka nchi ambazo zimetia <a href="/wiki/Saini" class="mw-redirect" title="Saini">saini</a> mkataba huo, lakini hadi sasa haijamhukumu yeyote. </p><p>Tangu CPPCG ianze kutumika mnamo Januari <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a>, takriban <a href="/wiki/Nchi" title="Nchi">nchi</a> 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inayajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG ndani ya sheria za nchi yao, na baadhi ya wahusika wa mauaji ya kimbari wamepatikana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatia (bado haujaandikwa)">hatia</a> chini ya sheria za namna hizo, kama vile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Jorgic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikola Jorgic (bado haujaandikwa)">Nikola Jorgic</a>, ambaye alipatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari katika <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> na mahakama ya <a href="/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani">Ujerumani</a> (Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani). </p><p>Wakosoaji wa CPPCG wameangazia uwepo wa ufafanuzi finyu wa makundi yanayolindwa chini ya mkataba, hasa ukosefu wa <a href="/wiki/Ulinzi" title="Ulinzi">ulinzi</a> kwa makundi ya kisiasa, jambo ambalo linajulikana kama Mauaji ya watu wa kundi fulani la kisiasa (Mauaji hayo yamejumuishwa na mauaji ya kimbari katika baadhi ya nchi).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatizo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatizo (bado haujaandikwa)">Tatizo</a> moja ni kwamba hadi mkusanyiko wa <a href="/wiki/Kesi" title="Kesi">kesi</a> za sheria kutoka mashtaka upatikane, ufafanuzi fasaha wa kile ambacho mkataba ulimaanisha haukuwa umepimwa <a href="/wiki/Mahakama" title="Mahakama">mahakamani</a>, kwa mfano, ni nini hasa maana ya maneno "katika sehemu"? Kadiri wahalifu wanavyozidi kufikishwa mahakamani chini ya mfumo wa mahakama ya kimataifa na kesi za mahakama za nchi, ndivyo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkusanyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkusanyo (bado haujaandikwa)">mkusanyo</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Hoja" title="Hoja">hoja</a> za kisheria na <a href="/wiki/Tafsiri" title="Tafsiri">tafsiri</a> za kisheria unavyosaidia kuyashughulikia ma<a href="/w/index.php?title=Suala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suala (bado haujaandikwa)">suala</a> haya. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukosoaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukosoaji (bado haujaandikwa)">Ukosoaji</a> mwingine wa CPPCG ni kwamba wakati vifungu vyake vimetumiwa na <a href="/wiki/Baraza_la_Usalama_la_Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa">Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa</a>, vimetumiwa tu kuwaadhibu wale ambao tayari wametenda mauaji ya kimbari na wamekuwa wapumbavu kiasi kwamba wameacha <a href="/wiki/Ishara" title="Ishara">ishara</a> fulani iliyoandikwa. Ilikuwa ukosoaji huo uliosababisha kuundwa kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheria_ya_Baraza_la_Usalama_la_Umoja_wa_Mataifa_ya_1674&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ya 1674 (bado haujaandikwa)">Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ya 1674</a> na <a href="/wiki/Baraza_la_Usalama_la_Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa">Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa</a> tarehe <a href="/wiki/28_Aprili" title="28 Aprili">28 Aprili</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, ambayo inahimiza Baraza lichukue hatua ya kuwalinda <a href="/wiki/Raia" title="Raia">raia</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Vita" title="Vita">vita</a> na kulinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, <a href="/wiki/Utakaso_wa_kikabila" title="Utakaso wa kikabila">utakaso wa kikabila</a> na uhalifu dhidi ya u<a href="/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu">binadamu</a>. </p><p>Wasomi wa mauaji ya kimbari, kama vile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Stanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Stanton (bado haujaandikwa)">Gregory Stanton</a>, wamedadisi kwamba masharti na vitendo ambavyo mara nyingi hutokea kabla, wakati na baada ya mauaji ya kimbari - kama vile vikundi vya wahasiriwa kunyimwa <a href="/wiki/Utu" title="Utu">utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upangaji" title="Upangaji">upangaji</a> kabambe katika makundi yanayofanya mauaji ya kimbari, na kukana kwa mauaji ya kimbari na wahusika wake - yanaweza kutambuliwa na hatua kuchukuliwa kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kabla ya kutokea. Wakosoaji wa <a href="/wiki/Mbinu" title="Mbinu">mbinu</a> hii, kama vile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirk_Moses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirk Moses (bado haujaandikwa)">Dirk Moses</a>, wamedai kwamba haya hayafafani na mambo jinsi yalivyo na kwamba, kwa mfano, <i>"<a href="/wiki/Michafuko_ya_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Michafuko ya Darfur">Michafuko ya Darfur</a> itakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo"</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utunzi_wa_msamiati_"Genocide""><span id="Utunzi_wa_msamiati_.22Genocide.22"></span>Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Utunzi wa msamiati "Genocide""><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maneno "mauaji ya kimbari" yalianzishwa na Lemkin Raphael (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwanachuoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwanachuoni (bado haujaandikwa)">mwanachuoni</a> wa kisheria mwenye asili ya <a href="/wiki/Myahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Myahudi">Kiyahudi</a> aliyezaliwa <a href="/wiki/Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland">Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a>-<a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>), mnamo mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>, kwanza kutoka <a href="/wiki/Kilatini" title="Kilatini">Kilatini</a> "gens, gentis," kumaanisha "kuzaliwa, kabila, ukoo, aina" au mzizi wa <a href="/wiki/Kigiriki" title="Kigiriki">Kigiriki</a> "génos" (γένος) (maana sawa); pili kutoka Kilatini -"cidium" (kukata, na kuua) kupitia <a href="/wiki/Kifaransa" title="Kifaransa">Kifaransa</a> -"cide".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>, Lemkin aliitayarisha <a href="/wiki/Insha" title="Insha">insha</a> yenye kichwa: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uhalifu_wa_Kinyama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uhalifu wa Kinyama (bado haujaandikwa)">Uhalifu wa Kinyama</a></i> ambapo mauaji ya kimbari yalionyeshwa kuwa uhalifu dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa. Dhana ya uhalifu, ambayo baadaye ilibadilika na kuwa wazo la mauaji ya kimbari, ilitokana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mang%27amuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mang'amuz (bado haujaandikwa)">mang'amuzi</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Waashuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Waashuri">Waashuri</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Euro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> waliouawa kinyama nchini <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> tarehe <a href="/wiki/11_Agosti" title="11 Agosti">11 Agosti</a> 1933. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tukio (bado haujaandikwa)">Tukio</a> la Iraq lilimpa Lemkin "kumbukumbu ya kuchinjwa kwa <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Waarmenia</a>" kwa mikono ya <a href="/wiki/Waturuki" title="Waturuki">Waturuki</a> miaka <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>-<a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>, wakati wa <a href="/wiki/Vita_Vikuu_Vya_Kwanza_Vya_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Vikuu Vya Kwanza Vya Dunia">Vita Vikuu Vya Kwanza Vya Dunia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliliwakilisha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendekezo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendekezo (bado haujaandikwa)">pendekezo</a> lake la kwanza la kuyafanya "matendo kama hayo ya kinyama" yawe hatia kwa Baraza la Sheria la <a href="/wiki/Shirikisho_la_Mataifa" title="Shirikisho la Mataifa">Shirikisho la Mataifa</a> mjini <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> mwaka huohuo. Pendekezo lilishindikana, na kazi yake haikuifurahisha <a href="/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali">serikali</a> ya Polandi, ambayo wakati huo ilikuwa ikiifuata <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sera (bado haujaandikwa)">sera</a> ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upatanisho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upatanisho (bado haujaandikwa)">upatanisho</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani">Ujerumani</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Nazi_(siasa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi (siasa)">Kinazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mwaka wa 1944, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taasisi_ya_Carnegie_kwa_Amani_ya_Kimataifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taasisi ya Carnegie kwa Amani ya Kimataifa (bado haujaandikwa)">Taasisi ya Carnegie kwa Amani ya Kimataifa</a> ilachapisha maandishi muhimu zaidi ya Lemkin, yaliyoitwa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utawala_wa_Kiaksisi_Katika_Ulaya_Iliyokuwa_si_Huru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utawala wa Kiaksisi Katika Ulaya Iliyokuwa si Huru (bado haujaandikwa)">Utawala wa Kiaksisi Katika Ulaya Iliyokuwa si Huru</a></i>, nchini <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a> hicho kilikuwa na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchambuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchambuzi (bado haujaandikwa)">uchambuzi</a> wa kina wa kisheria wa <a href="/wiki/Utawala" title="Utawala">utawala</a> katika nchi zilizosimamiwa na Ujerumani wa Kinazi wakati wa <a href="/wiki/Vita_Vikuu_Vya_Pili_Vya_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Vikuu Vya Pili Vya Dunia">Vita Vikuu Vya Pili Vya Dunia</a>, pamoja na ufafanuzi wa maneno <i>mauaji ya kimbari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wazo la Lemkin la mauaji ya kimbari kama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosa (bado haujaandikwa)">kosa</a> dhidi ya sheria za kimataifa lilikubalika na <a href="/wiki/Jamii" title="Jamii">jamii</a> ya kimataifa na lilikuwa mojawapo kati ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheria_msingi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheria msingi (bado haujaandikwa)">sheria msingi</a> za <a href="/wiki/Mashitaka_ya_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashitaka ya Nuremberg">Mashitaka ya Nuremberg</a> (mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinazi) iliyotilia mkazo katika sehemu ya 3 kuwa watuhumiwa "walifanya mauaji ya kimbari kwa makusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, kuviaangamiza vikundi vya rangi na vya kitaifa ..." <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Lemkin aliiwasilisha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasimu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasimu (bado haujaandikwa)">rasimu</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Azimio" class="mw-redirect" title="Azimio">azimio</a> la Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa nchi kadhaa katika <a href="/wiki/Jitihada" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitihada">jitihada</a> za kuzishawishi zilidhamini azimio hilo. Kupitia msaada wa Marekani, azimio liliwekwa mbele ya Mkuu wa Bunge lizingatiwe. Akiyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari mwaka wa <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>, Lemkin aliandika: </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p> Kiujumla, mauaji ya kimbari si lazima yamaanishe uangamizaji wa taifa mara moja, isipokuwa yanapofuatwa na mauaji ya halaiki ya watu wote wa taifa hilo. Inanuiwa kuashiria mpango wa hatua mbalimbali zenye nia ya kuangamiza misingi muhimu ya maisha ya vikundi vya kimataifa, zikiwa na nia ya kuviangamiza vikundi hivi vyenyewe. Lengo la mpango kama huo utakuwa kubomoa miundo-msingi ya kisiasi na kijamii, ya tamaduni, lugha, hisia za kitaifa, dini na kuwepo kwa vikundi vya kitaifa kiuchumi, na uharibifu wa usalama wa kibinafsi, uhuru, afya, heshima na hata maisha ya watu binafsi katika vikundi hivyo.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mauaji_ya_kimbari_kama_uhalifu">Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mauaji ya kimbari kama uhalifu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chini_ya_sheria_ya_kimataifa">Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Chini ya sheria ya kimataifa"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kufuatia mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi, Lemkin alifanikiwa katika kampeni za kukubalika ulimwenguni kote kwa <a href="/wiki/Sheria_za_kimataifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheria za kimataifa">sheria za kimataifa</a> zilizoyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari na kuyapinga. Mnamo mwaka wa 1946, kikao cha kwanza cha Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] kilipitisha azimio la Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Sheria 96 "lililosisitiza" kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa, lakini ambalo halikutoa ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa uhalifu huo. Mnamo mwaka 1948, Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa uliukubali "Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhabu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari" ambao ulifafanua kisheria kwa mara ya kwanza mauaji ya kimbari. </p><p>"CPPCG" ilipitishwa na Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 9 Desemba 1948 na ikawa rasmi mnamo 12 Januari 1951 (Sheria nambari 260 (III)). Inayo ufafanuzi unaotambulika kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari ambao uliingizwa kwenye sheria ya jinai ya kitaifa ya nchi nyingi, na ilikubalika na Katiba ya <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, mkataba ambao ulianzisha <a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai</a> (ICC kwa lugha ya Kiingereza). Mkataba (katika ibara ya 2) unafafanua mauaji ya kimbari: </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p> ...tendo lolote kutoka ya yale yafuatayo linalofanyika na nia ya kuharibu, kikamilifu au katika sehemu, kikundi cha kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi au kundi la kidini, kama vile </p><dl><dd>(a) mauaji ya watu wa kikundi hicho;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(b) kusababisha athari kubwa ya kimwili au kiakili kwa watu wa kikundi hicho;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(c) kuzitwika kimakusudi juu ya kundi hali za maisha, zinazonuiwa kuleta uharibifu wa mwili mzima au sehemu ya mwili;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(d) kuchukua hatua zinazonuiwa kuzuia wanawake wasijifungue) katika kikundi hicho;</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(e) kuhamisha watoto wa kikundi hicho hadi kundi lingine kwa lazima.</dd></dl> <p style="text-align: right;"> – <cite style="font-style:normal;">Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Hualifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari, Ibara ya II </cite></p> </blockquote> <p>Rasimu ya kwanza ya Mkataba iliyajumuisha mauaji ya kisiasa, lakini <a href="/wiki/Muungano_wa_Jamhuri_za_Kisosholisti_za_Kisovyeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muungano wa Jamhuri za Kisosholisti za Kisovyeti">Muungano wa Jamhuri za Kisosholisti za Kisovyeti</a> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pamoja na baadhi ya mataifa mengine yalikataa hatua dhidi ya makundi yaliyotambuliwa kuwa na maoni sawa ya kisiasa au hali ya kijamii yatambulike kama mauaji ya kimbari,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kwa hivyo, masharti haya hatimaye yaliondolewa katika maelewano ya kisiasa na kidiplomasia. </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p>Mkataba ulionekana kukubalika kwa minajili ya kuwasaidia watu katika taabani na raia. Malengo yake ni kulinda kuwepo kuwa vikundi fulani vya watu na kutilia mkazo na kusisitiza zile kanuni za kimsingi za utu na maadili. Kulingana na haki zilizopo, majukumu ya kisheria ya kujiepusha na mauaji ya kimbari yanafahamika kama <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erga_omnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erga omnes (bado haujaandikwa)">erga omnes</a></i> <br /><br /> Wakati mkataba uliporasimiwa kwa mara ya kwanza, tayari ilitarajiwa kuwa haungetumika tu kwa kwa aina ya mauaji ya kimbari ya wakati huo, bali ungetumika "kwa mbinu yoyote ambao huenda ingeundwa siku za usoni kwa madhumuni ya kuangamiza kikundi fulani".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jinsi ilivyosisitizwa katika utangulizi wa Mkataba, mauaji ya kimbari yameadhiri enzi zote za kihistoria, na ni kwa kulifahamu swala hili la kusikitisha ambapo dhana hii inapewa hali yake ya kubadilika ya kihistoria. <br /><br /> Mkataba lazima utafsiriwe kwa nia nzuri, kulingana na maana ya kawaida ya maneno yake, katika muktadha wa maneno hayo, na kwa mujibu wa chombo na lengo lake. Isitoshe, nakala ya Mkataba inafaa itafsiriwe kwa namna itakayowezesha sababu na maana ipewe kwa kila neno. Hakuna neno au sehemu nyeti ambayo inafaa kupuuzwa au kufanywa kana kwamba imetumia maneno mengi bure, labda tu ikiwa kufanya hivi kunahitajika kutupea maana kwa maswala yatakaposomwa kikamilifu.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><br /> Mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia chini ya sheria ya kimataifa bila kujali "ikiwa makosa yalitendwa katika kipindi cha amani au vita" (ratiba ya I). Kwa hivyo, muktadha ambapo jambo lilitokea haujalishi (kwa mfano, wakati wa amani, wakati wa migogoro ndani ya kitaifa, migoro ya kimataifa ya silaha au kiujumla yoyote yanayoendela) mauaji ya kimbari ni hatia ya kimataifa inayoadhibika. – </p> <p style="text-align: right;"> – <cite style="font-style:normal;">Kamati ya Wataalamu ya Umoja wa Mataifa iliyochunguza ukiukaji wa sheria ya kimataifa ya kibinadamu katika eneo la Yugoslavia ya zamani.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nia_ya_kuharibu">Nia ya kuharibu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Nia ya kuharibu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nia ya kuharibu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mnamo mwaka wa 2007 Mahakama ya Ulaya ya <a href="/wiki/Haki_za_Kibinadamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Haki za Kibinadamu">Haki za Kibinadamu</a> (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza), ilibainisha katika uamuzi wake wa kesi ya <i>Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani</i> kuwa mnamo mwaka wa 1992 wasomi wengi wa kisheria walikuwa na mtazamo finyu kwamba "nia ya kuharibu" katika CPPCG ilimaanisha uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia wa kundi lenye ulinzi na kwamba haya bado yalikuwa maoni ya wengi. Lakini ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wachache walikuwa na mtazamo mpana na hawakufikiri uharibifu wa kimwili na kibaiolojia ulikuwa muhimu kwani dhamira ya kuharibu kundi la kitaifa, kirangi, kidini au kikabila ilitosha kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katika hukumu iyo hiyo ECHR ilipitia uamuzi wa mahakama kadhaa ya kimataifa na ya kimanisipaa na Ilibainisha kuwa Mahakama ya Kimataifa la Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani na Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki yalikuwa yamekubali kupitia ufafanuzi finyu, kwamba uharibifu wa kibaiolojia na kimwili ulikuwa muhimu kwa tendo kuhitimu kuwa mauaji ya kimbari. </p><p>ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa wakati wa uamuzi wake, mbali na mahakama nchini Ujerumani ambayo yalikuwa na mtazamo mpana, kulikuwa na kesi chache za mauaji ya kimbari chini katika nchi zingine zilizokuwa miongoni mwa <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> manisipaa za nchi zilizokuwa zimetia sahini mkataba na kwamba "Hakuna kesi zilizoripotiwa ambapo mahakama ya nchi hizo yamefafanua aina ya uharibifu wa kikundi ambao lazima mhalifu awe amekusudia ili kupatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katika_sehemu">Katika sehemu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Katika sehemu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Katika sehemu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maneno "kikamilifu au katika sehemu" yamejadaliwa kwa kina na wasomi wa sheria ya kibinadamu ya kimataifa.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani yalibainisha katika kesi la "Mwendesha mashitaka dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Kesi I - uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 Agosti 2001)" <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kwamba mauaji ya kimbari yalikuwa yametendeka. Katika "Mwendesha dhidi ya Radislav Krstic - Chumba cha Rufaa - Uamuzi- IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 Aprili 2004) " <sup id="cite_ref-PvRKappel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvRKappel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aya za 8, 9, 10, na 11 zilifumbua suala la "katika sehemu" na zilipata kuwa "sehemu lazima iwe sehemu muhimu ya kundi. </p><p>Lengo la Mkataba wa Mauaji ya Kimbari ni kuzuia uangamizaji wa kimakusudi wa makundi zima ya binadamu, na sehemu iliyolengwa lazima iwe muhimu kiasi cha kuadhirisha kundi zima." Mahakama ya Rufaa inapeana maelezo zaidi ya kesi zingine na maoni ya wachambuzi wa kuheshimika kuhusu Mkataba wa Mauaji ya kimbari kuelezea jinsi walivyolifikia hitimisho hili. </p><p>Waamuzi wanaendelea katika aya ya 12, “Uamuzi wa ikiwa wakati sehemu inayolengwa inatosha kukidhi mahitaji haya unabidi maswala mengi yazingatiwe. Ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu ya kikundi inayolengwa ndiyo sehemu muhimu na inayofaa kuanzia, ingawa sio mwisho wa uchunguzi katika matukio yote. Idadi ya watu binafsi wanaolengwa lazima inakiliwe si tu kwa ujumla, lakini pia kwa uhusiano na ukubwa wa kijumla wa kundi zima. Bali na ukubwa wa kiidadi wa sehemu inayolengwa, umuhimu wake katika kundi unaweza kuwa wazo muhimu. Ikiwa sehemu maalum ya kikundi inaweza kuliwakilisha kundi lote kiujumla, au ni muhimu kwa uhai wake, hilo linaweza kuunga mkono wazo kuwa sehemu hiyo inahitimu kama muhimu kulingana na maana ya Ibara ya 4 [ya Katiba ya Mahakama].” <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katika aya ya 13 ya waamuzi wanaangazia suala la wahalifu kuweza kuwafikia waathirika: “mifano ya kihistoria ya mauaji ya kimbari pia inaonyesha kwamba eneo la wahalifu, wanalojishughulisha nalo na kulidhibiti, na pia kiwango wanachoweza kufikia, yanafaa kutiliwa maanani... Dhamira ya kuharibu inayoundwa na mhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari daima itakomeshwa na upungufu wa nafasi inayopatikana kwake. Ingawa sababu hii pekee haitaonyesha kama kundi linalolengwa ni la kutosha, inaweza - ikihusishwa pamoja na mambo mengine - kusaidia katika uchambuzi.” <sup id="cite_ref-PvRKappel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvRKappel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CPPCG_kufanywa_kuwa_na_nguvu_za_kisheria">CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Hariri sehemu: CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: CPPCG kufanywa kuwa na nguvu za kisheria"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baada ya nchi chache 20 zilizohitajika kuupitisha Mkataba kutia sahihi, ulifanywa kuwa sheria ya kimataifa mnamo tarehe 12 Januari 1951. Hata hivyo wakati huo, wanachama wawili pekee kati ya wanachama tano wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa (UNSC kwa Kiingereza) walikuwa wametia sahini mkataba: <a href="/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa">Ufaransa</a> na <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Uchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamhuri ya Uchina">Jamhuri ya Uchina</a>. Hatimaye <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Kisovyeti" title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti">Umoja wa Kisovyeti</a> ulitia sahini mnamo mwaka wa 1954, <a href="/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza">Uingereza</a> mnamo mwaka wa 1970, <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_Uchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina">Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina</a> mnamo mwaka wa 1983 (Ikiwa imeingia badala ya Jamhuri ya Uchina yenye makao Taiwan katika UNSC mnamo mwaka wa 1971), na <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a> mnamo mwaka wa 1988. Kukawia huku kurefu kuunga mkono Mkataba wa mauaji ya Kimbari na mataifa yenye nguvu duniani kulisababisha Mkataba kutotumika kwa zaidi ya miongo minne. Ni tu katika miaka ya 1990 ndipo sheria ya kimataifa ya uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari ilipoanza kutekelezwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wajibu_wa_Baraza_la_Usalama_kulinda">Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Hariri sehemu: Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Wajibu wa Baraza la Usalama kulinda"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[[Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Umoja wa Mataifa">Umoja wa Mataifa</a> nambari 1674, iliyopitishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa mnamo tarehe 28 Aprili 2006, "inatilia mkazo masharti ya aya za 138 na 139 za Nyaraka ya Matokeo ya Mkutano wa Dunia wa mwaka 2005 kuhusu wajibu wa kuwalinda wakazi kutoka mauaji ya kimbari, uhalifu wa kivita, utakaso wa kikabila na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azimio_la_Baraza_la_Usalama_la_Umoja_wa_Mataifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa (bado haujaandikwa)">azimio</a> linapea Baraza jukumu la kuchukua hatua kuwalinda raia wakati wa vita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chini_ya_sheria_ya_nchi">Chini ya sheria ya nchi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Hariri sehemu: Chini ya sheria ya nchi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Chini ya sheria ya nchi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tangu Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari (CPPCG kwa Kiingereza) ulipofanywa kuwa sheria mnamo Januari mwaka wa 1951 zipatazo nchi 80 ambazo ni wanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa zimepitisha sheria ambayo inajumuisha masharti ya CPPCG katika <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> zao za kimanispaa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ukosoaji_wa_CPPCG_na_fafanuzi_mbalimbali_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari">Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Hariri sehemu: Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ukosoaji wa CPPCG na fafanuzi mbalimbali za mauaji ya kimbari"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Schabas amependekeza kuwa kuwepo kwa mwili wa kudumu kama ilivyopendekezwa katika Ripoti ya Whitaker kufuatilia utekelezaji wa Mkataba wa mauaji ya kimbari, na kuhitaji nchi kutoa ripoti kuhusu jinsi zinavyoufuata mkataba (kama zile zilizojumuishwa ndani ya Itifaki Isiyo ya Lazima ya Mkataba dhidi ya Mateso ya Umoja wa Mataifa) , kutaufanya mkataba uwe na ufanisi zaidi.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wakiandika mnamo mwaka wa 1998 Kurt Jonassohn na Karin Bjørnson walisema kuwa CPPCG ilikuwa chombo cha kisheria kilichotokana na maafikiano ya kidiplomasia. Kwa hivyo, maneno ya mkataba hayafai kuwa ufafanuzi ufaao kutumika kama zana ya utafiti, na ingawa inatumika kwa kusudi hili, kwani ina hadhi ya kisheria ya kimataifa ambayo nyingine hazina, ufanunuzi mbalimbali pia umedadisiwa. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanazidi kusema kwamba hakuna fafanuzi mbadala kati ya hizi ambazo zilizopata msaada mwingi kwa sababu mbalimbali.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jonassohn na Bjørnson wanadadisi kuwa sababu kuu ya ukosefu wa ufafanuzi wa kiujumla wa mauaji ya kimbari kuibuka ni kuwa wasomi wameurekebisha mtazamo wao ili kuvisisitiza vipindi tofauti na wamepata kuwa ni afadhali kutumia fafanuzi zinazotofautiana kidogo ili kuwasaidia kuyatafsiri matukio. Kwa mfano Frank Chalk na Kurt Jonassohn waliichunguza historia yote ya binadamu, ilhali Leo Kuper na R.J. Rummel katika maandishi yao ya hivi karibuni waliupea uzito karne ya 20, na Helen Fein, Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr wameyaangalia matukio yaliyofuata Vita Vya Pili Vya Duniani. Jonassohn na Bjørnson wameyakosoa baadhi ya matokeo ya utafiti huu wakisema kuwa ni mapana sana na wanahitimisha kwamba nidhamu ya kielimu ya masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari ni changa mno kuwa na msingi ambapo dhana ya kitaaluma itaweza kujengwa.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuondolewa kwa makundi ya kijamii na kisiasa kama malengo ya mauaji ya kimbari katika ufafanuzi wa kisheria wa CPPCG umekosolewa na baadhi ya wanahistoria na wataalamu wa kijamii, kwa mfano M. Hassan Kakar katika kitabu chake "Uvamizi wa Kisovyeti na Jibu la Kiafghani, 1979-1982" <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anadokeza kuwa ufafanuzi wa kimataifa wa mauaji ya kimbari una vikwazo vingi sana,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na kwamba ni lazima ujumuishe makundi ya kisiasa au kikundi chochote kinachofafanuliwa hivyo na mhalifu na anawanukuu Chalk na Jonassohn: "Mauaji ya kimbari ni mauaji ya aina ya kihalaiki kwa upande mmoja ambapo nchi au wenye mamlaka wanakusudia kuangamiza kundi, kwani kundi na uanachama katika kundi hilo linafafanuliwa na mhalifu." <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ingawa kuna ufafanuzi mbalimbali wa hayo maneno, Adam Jones anasema kwamba wasomi wengi wa mauaji ya kimbari hufikiria kuwa "nia ya kuharibu" ni sharti iwe kwa kitendo chochote kuitwa mauaji ya kimbari, na kwamba kuna makubaliano yanayozidi kuongezeka kuhusu kujumuisha swala la uharibifu wa kimwili.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbara Harff na Ted Gurr waliyafafanua mauaji ya kimbari kama "ukuzaji na utekelezaji wa sera na nchi au mawakala wake ambazo husababisha vifo vya sehemu muhimu ya kundi ... [wakati] makundi yanayoteswa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa." <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harff na Gurr pia wanatofautisha mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya kundi la kisiasa kupitia sifa ambazo wanachama wa kundi hilo wanajitambulisha kwa serikali. Katika mauaji ya kimbari, makundi yanayodhulumiwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia sifa za jumuiya zao, yaani, kabila, dini au utaifa. Katika mauaji ya kisiasa makundi ya wahasiriwa yanafafanuliwa kimsingi kupitia nafasi ya kihierarkia au upinzani wa kisiasa dhidi ya utawala au vikundi muhimu.<sup id="cite_ref-HG-2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG-2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel D. Polsby na Don B. Kates, Jr. wanasema ya kuwa "... sisi tunafuata mbinu ya Harff inayotofautisha kati ya mauaji ya kimbari na mauaji ya wapinzani wa kisiasa ambayo anaelezea kuwa 'hasira ya halaiki isiyokawia kwa muda mrefu, ambayo, ingawa mara nyingi inaruhusiwa na wenye mamlaka, ni nadra kuendelea. ' Kama ghasia itaendelea kwa muda fulani, basi, anasema Harff, tofauti kati ya kuruhusu na kushiriki itaisha. "<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kulingana na R.J. Rummel, mauaji ya kimbari yana maana tatu tofauti. Maana yake ya kawaida ni mauaji ya watu na serikali kutokana nao kuwa wanachama wa kundi fulani la kitaifa, kikabila, kirangi, au kidini. Maana ya kisheria ya mauaji ya kimbari inahusu mkataba wa kimataifa, <i>Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari</i>. Hii pia ni pamoja na kutoua ambao mwishowe kunaangamiza, kama vile kuzuia kuzaliwa au kuhamisha watoto kwenda kundi lingine kwa lazima. Maana ya kiujumla ya mauaji ya kimbari ni sawa na maana ya kawaida lakini pia inajumuisha mauaji ya kiserikali ya wapinzani wa kisiasa au vinginevyo mauaji ya kimakusudi. Ni kwa minajili ya kuepuka utata kuhusu maana inayolengwa ndio Rummel akayatunga maneno mauaji ya idadi ya wakazi kwa ile maana ya tatu.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukosoaji mkuu wa jinsi jumuiya ya kimataifa ilivyokabiliana na Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda ni kuwa ilikuwa tendaji, si makini. Jamii ya kimataifa imeanzisha mfumo kwa ajili ya kuendesha mashtaka dhidi ya wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari lakini bado haijaunda nia au mifumo ya kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari wakati yanapotokea. Wakosoaji wanaashiria <a href="/wiki/Mgogoro_wa_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mgogoro wa Darfur">mgogoro wa Darfur</a> na kupendekeza kwamba ikiwa yeyote atapatikana na hatia ya mauaji ya kimbari baada ya mgogoro huo iwe kupitia mashtaka mbele ya Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai au Mahakama ya <i>kidharura</i> ya Jinai, hili litauthibitisha mtazamo huu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kigezo:Marejeo_yanahitajika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kigezo:Marejeo yanahitajika (bado haujaandikwa)">Kigezo:Marejeo yanahitajika</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mashitaka_ya_kimataifa_ya_mauaji_ya_kimbari">Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Hariri sehemu: Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mashitaka ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kupitia_mahakama_ya_kidharura">Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Hariri sehemu: Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kupitia mahakama ya kidharura"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nchi zote zilizotia saini mkataba wa CPPCG zinafaa kuzuia na kuadhibu vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari, katika wakati wa amani na vita, ingawa vizuizi kadhaa hufanya hili liwe jambo gumu kutekeleza. Hasa, baadhi ya watia sahini &mdash yaani, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uhindi" title="Uhindi">Uhindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ufilipino" title="Ufilipino">Ufilipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> &mdash zilitia saini na maafikiano kwamba hakuna madai ya mauaji ya kimbari yangeoweza kuletwa dhidi yao katika <a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Haki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki</a> bila idhini yao.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Licha ya maandamano rasmi ya watia sahini wengine (hasa <a href="/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro">Kupro</a> na <a href="/wiki/Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway">Norway</a>) kuhusu maadili na uaminifu wa kisheria wa kinga wanayojipa, kinga hiyo dhidi ya mashitaka imetumika mara kadhaa, kama wakati Marekani ilipokataa kuruhusu madai ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanywa dhidi yao na <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> kufuatia vita vya 1999 vya <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kawaida imekubalika kwamba, angalau tangu <a href="/wiki/Vita_Vikuu_Vya_Pili_vya_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Vikuu Vya Pili vya Dunia">Vita Vikuu Vya Pili vya Dunia</a>, mauaji ya kimbari yamekuwa haramu chini ya <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> ya kimila ya kimataifa kama kinga na vilevile chini ya <a href="/wiki/Sheria" title="Sheria">sheria</a> ya kawaida ya kimataifa. Kwa ujumla, ni vigumu kuyaanzisha mashtaka dhidi ya matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari, kwa sababu mfululizo wa uwajibikaji lazima ufahamike. Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai hutumika haswa kwa sababu nchi husika haziwezi kuyashitaki au hazina nia ya kuushitaka uhalifu wenye ukubwa wa kiasi hiki zenyewe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kesi_za_Nuremberg">Kesi za Nuremberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Hariri sehemu: Kesi za Nuremberg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kesi za Nuremberg"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Kesi_za_Nuremberg" title="Kesi za Nuremberg">Kesi za Nuremberg</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Kwa sababu kukubalika kwa <a href="/wiki/Sheria_za_kimataifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheria za kimataifa">sheria za kimataifa</a> ulimwenguni kote, zinazoyafafanua na kuyapinga mauaji ya kimbari kulitimika mnamo mwaka wa 1948, pamoja na kupitishwa kwa <i>Mkataba wa Kuzuia na Kuadhibu kwa Uhalifu wa Mauaji ya Kimbari</i> (CPPCG), wale wahalifu ambao walishitakiwa baada ya vita katika mahakama ya kimataifa, kwa ajili ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi walipatikana na hatia ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia zingine maalum kama vile mauaji. Hata hivyo mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi yanatambuliwa duniani kote kuwa mauaji ya kimbari, na maneno ambayo yalikuwa yameundwa mwaka wa awali na Raphael Lemkin,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yalionekana katika mashitaka ya viongozi 24 wa Kinaksi, shitaka la 3, lilisema kuwa watuhumiwa wote walikuwa "wameua kimakusudi na kwa utaratibu - yaani, uangamizaji wa vikundi vya kirangi na vya kitaifa ... " <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Hariri sehemu: Rwanda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Rwanda"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Rwanda" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Rwandan_Genocide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rwandan_Genocide.jpg/200px-Rwandan_Genocide.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rwandan_Genocide.jpg/300px-Rwandan_Genocide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rwandan_Genocide.jpg/400px-Rwandan_Genocide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Vifuvu vya waadhiriwa wa <a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Rwanda" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda">mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda</a> katika makavazi ya makumbusho</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai_ya_Rwanda" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Rwanda</a> (<b>ICTR</b> kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ni mahakama chini ya mwavuli wa <a href="/wiki/Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Umoja wa Mataifa">Umoja wa Mataifa</a> kwa ajili ya kushitaki makosa yaliyotokea nchini <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> wakati wa mauaji ya kimbari yaliyotokea pale katika kipindi cha Aprili 1994, kilichoanza tarehe 6 Aprili. ICTR iliundwa tarehe 8 Novemba 1994 na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ili kuhukumu wale watu waliofanya vitendo vya mauaji ya kimbari na ukiukaji mwingine mbaya wa sheria za kimataifa nchini Rwanda, au kwa raia wa Rwanda katika majimbo jirani , kati ya tarehe 1 Januari na tarehe 31 Desemba 1994. </p><p>Kufikia wakati wa sasa, ICTR imekamilisha kesi kumi na tisa na kuwahukumu washitakiwa ishirini na watano. Kesi za watu wengine ishirini na watano bado zinaendelea. Kumi na watisa wanasubiri kesi zao kizuizini. Kumi bado hawajakamatwa. Kesi ya kwanza, ya Jean-Paul Akayesu, ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Jean Kambanda, Waziri Mkuu wa mpito, aliyakubali mashtaka.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yugoslavia_ya_Zamani">Yugoslavia ya Zamani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Hariri sehemu: Yugoslavia ya Zamani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Yugoslavia ya Zamani"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Bosnia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia (bado haujaandikwa)">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Maneno <b>Mauaji ya kimbari ya Bosnia</b> hutumika kurejelea mauaji ya kimbari yaliyofanywa na vikosi vya Kisabi pale Srebrenica mnamo mwaka wa 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> au kwa utakaso wa kikabila ambao ulifanyika wakati wa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vita_nchini_Bosnia_na_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vita nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina (bado haujaandikwa)">Vita vya Kibosnia</a> vya mwaka 1992 hadi 1995 (mtazamo unaokataliwa na wasomi wengi).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo mwaka wa 2001 Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Yugoslavia ya Zamani (ICTY kwa Kiingereza) yaliamua kuwa mauaji ya Srebrenica yaliyotendeka mwaka wa 1995 yalikuwa kitendo cha mauaji ya kimbari.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo tarehe 26 Februari mwaka wa 2007 <a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Haki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki</a> (ICJ), katika <i> kesi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari ya Kibosnia</i> yaliuunga mkono uamuzi wa awali wa ICTY kwamba mauaji ya Srebrenica yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari, lakini yalipata kuwa serikali ya Kisabia haikuwa imeshiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari mapana zaidi katika eneo la Bosnia na Herzegovina wakati wa vita, jinsi serikali ya Kibosnia ilivyokuwa ikidai.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo tarehe 12 Julai 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahakama_ya_Ulaya_ya_Haki_za_Kibinadamu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu (bado haujaandikwa)">Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Kibinadamu</a> (ECHR kwa lugha ya Kiingereza) ikiikataa rufaa ya Nikola Jorgic dhidi ya kushitakiwa kwake kwa mauaji ya kimbari na mahakama ya Kijerumani (Kesi ya Jorgic dhidi ya Ujerumani) ilibainisha kuwa tafsiri pana ya mahakama ya Kijerumani kuhusu mauaji ya kimbari imekataliwa na mahakama ya kimataifa yanapozingatia kesi sawa.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ECHR pia ilibainisha kuwa katika <a href="/wiki/Karne_ya_21" title="Karne ya 21">karne ya 21</a> "Miongoni mwa wasomi, wengi wana maoni kwamba utakaso wa kikabila, haswa jinsi ulivyotendwa na vikosi vya Kisabi katika Bosnia na Herzegovina ili kuwafukuza Waislamu na Wakroati kutoka makazi yao , haukuwa mauaji ya kimbari. Hata hivyo, kuna idadi kubwa ya wasomi pia ambao wamependekeza kuwa matendo haya yalikuwa mauaji ya kimbari"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watu wapatao 30 wameshitakiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari wakati wa miaka ya mapema ya 1990 nchini <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_na_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia na Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>. Hadi wa leo baada ya maombi mengi maalum mbele ya koti na hukumu chache ambazo zilifanikiwa kutupiliwa mbali baada ya rufaa Radislav Krstic tu ndiye aliyekuwa amepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika mahakama ya kimataifa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kigezo:Marejeo_yanahitajika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kigezo:Marejeo yanahitajika (bado haujaandikwa)">Kigezo:Marejeo yanahitajika</a> Wengine watatu wamepatikana na hatia ya kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari nchini Bosnia na mahakama ya Kijerumani, mmoja wao akiwa Nikola Jorgic ambaye alishindwa katika rufaa dhidi ya hukumu yake katika Mahakama ya Ulaya ya Haki za Binadamu. Kesi za mashtaka zinaendelea nchini Bosnia na Herzegovina dhidi ya wanachama wengi wa zamani wa vikosi vya usalama vya Kibosnia na Kisabi kwa mashitaka mengi yakiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milosevic" title="Slobodan Milosevic">Slobodan Milosevic</a>, alikuwa Rais wa zamani wa Serbia na <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> na alikuwa mtu mwenye ushawishi mkuu zaidi wa kisiasa kuwahi kufikishwa mbele ya ICTY. Alifariki tarehe 11 Machi 2006 wakati kesi yake ambapo alituhumiwa kwa mauaji ya kimbari au kushiriki katika mauaji ya kimbari katika maeneo ndani ya Bosnia na Herzegovina ilipokuwa ikiendelea, kwa hivyo hakuna uamuzi uliorudishwa. Mnamo mwaka wa 1995 ICTY ilitoa kibali kwa ajili ya kukamatwa kwa Wasabia wa Kibosnia Radovan Karadzic na Ratko Mladic kwa mashitaka kadhaa ikiwemo mauaji ya kimbari. Mnamo tarehe 21 Julai 2008 Karadzic alikamatwa Belgrade, na kwa sasa yuko katika gereza la Hague akisubiri kesi yake. Ratko Mladic bado hajakamatwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kupitia_Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai">Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Hariri sehemu: Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Kupitia Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadi wa leo mashitaka yote ya kimataifa ya mauaji ya kimbari yamefanywa katika mahakama maalum ya kimataifa. Tangu mwaka 2002, Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai yamepewa uwezo wa kushitaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake ikiwa mahakama ya kitaifa hayana nia au hayawezi kuchunguza au kushitaka wahalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari, hivyo kufanywa kuwa "mahakama ya mwisho," na kuliachia mchi binafsi jukumu la kimsingi la kushtaki kwa mujibu wa mamlaka yake wanaodaiwa kuwa wahalifu. Kutokana na wasiwasi wa Marekani kuihusu ICC, Marekani inaonelea heri kuendelea kutumia mahakama ya kimataifa maalum kwa uchunguzi wa namna hiyo na mashitaka yatakayoibuka.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Darfur,_Sudan"><span id="Darfur.2C_Sudan"></span>Darfur, Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Hariri sehemu: Darfur, Sudan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Darfur, Sudan"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/wiki/Vita_katika_eneo_la_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita katika eneo la Darfur">Vita katika eneo la Darfur</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Mgogoro unaoendelea katika eneo la <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, ambao ulianza mwaka wa 2003, ulitangazwa kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari" na Katibu wa Nchi ya <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Powell (bado haujaandikwa)">Colin Powell</a> tarehe 9 Septemba, mnamo mwaka wa 2004 katika ushahidi mbele ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamati_ya_Seneti_ya_Marekani_ya_Uhusiano_wa_Nje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamati ya Seneti ya Marekani ya Uhusiano wa Nje (bado haujaandikwa)">Kamati ya Seneti ya Uhusiano wa Nje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hata hivyo tangu wakati huo, hakuna mwanachama mwingine wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa ambaye ameufuata mfano huo. Kwa kweli, mnamo Januari mwaka wa 2005, Tume ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi wa Darfur, iliyoidhinishwa na Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa Sheria nambari 1564 ya 2004, ilitoa taarifa kwa Katibu Mkuu ikisema kwamba "Serikali ya Sudan haijafuata sera ya mauaji ya kimbari." <sup id="cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hata hivyo, tume hiyo ilionya kwamba "hitimisho kwamba hakuna sera za uangamizaji zilizofuatwa na kutekelezwa katika eneo la Darfur na wenye mamlaka serikalini, moja kwa moja au kupitia wanamgambo chini ya udhibiti wake, haipaswi kueleweka kwa njia yoyote ile kama kutoashiria ukubwa wa hatia zilizofanywa katika kanda hiyo. Hatia za kimataifa kama vile hatia dhidi ya ubinadamu na hatia za kivita zilizofanywa katika eneo la Darfur zinaweza kuwa na uzito sawa na mauaji ya kimbari." <sup id="cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo mwezi Machi mwaka wa 2005, Baraza la Usalama lilipeleka kirasmi swala la Darfur kwa mwendesha mashitaka wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai, huku likiizingatia ripoti ya Tume lakini bila kuutaja uhalifu wowote maalum.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanachama wawili wa kudumu wa Baraza la Usalama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umoja_wa_Marekani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umoja wa Marekani (bado haujaandikwa)">Umoja wa Marekani</a> na <a href="/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_Uchina" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamhuri ya Watu wa Uchina">Uchina</a>, hawakupiga kura kuhusu azimio la sheria ya kushtaki.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kwa mujibu wa ripoti yake ya nne kwa Baraza la Usalama, Mwendesha mashitaka amepata "uwezekano wa kuweko na misingi ya kuamini kwamba watu waliotambulishwa katika Sheria ya Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Kimataifa nambari 1593] wamefanya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita," lakini hakupata ushahidi wa kutosha kuwashitaki kwa mauaji ya kimbari.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mnamo Aprili mwaka wa 2007, Waamuzi wa ICC walitoa vibali vya kukamatwa kwa ya aliyekuwa Waziri wa Nchi kwa ajili ya Mambo ya Ndani, Ahmad Harun, na kiongozi wa wanamigambo wa Janjaweed, Ali Kushayb, kwa uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na uhalifu wa kivita.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnamo tarehe 14 Julai mwaka 2008, waendesha mashitaka katika <a href="/wiki/Mahakama_ya_Kimataifa_ya_Jinai" title="Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai">Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai</a> (ICC), waliyaandikisha mashtaka kumi ya uhalifu wa kivita dhidi ya Rais wa Sudan <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>: matatu ya makosa ya mauaji ya kimbari, matano ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu na mawili ya mauaji. Waendesha mashitaka wa ICC wamedai kwamba al-Bashir "aliongoza upangaji na utekelezaji wa mpango wa kuharibu sehemu kuu" ya makundi tatu ya kikabila katika eneo la Darfur kwa sababu ya makabila yao. </p><p>Mnamo tarehe 4 Machi mwaka wa 2009 ICC ilitoa hati ya kukamatwa kwa Omar Al Bashir, Rais wa Sudan kadri Chumba cha utangulizi cha I cha ICC kilipohitimisha kuwa cheo chake kama mkuu wa nchi yake si kinga dhidi ya mashitaka mbele ya ICC. Hati ya kukamatwa ilikuwa kwa sababu ya uhalifu wa kivita na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu. Haikujumuisha uhalifu wa mauaji ya kimbari kwa sababu idadi kubwa ya waliokuwa katika Chumba cha utangulizi cha ICC hawakuona kama waendesha mashitaka walikuwa wametoa ushahidi wa kutosha kulijumuisha kosa hilo.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mauaji_ya_kimbari_katika_historia">Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Hariri sehemu: Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Makala kuu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari_katika_historia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia (bado haujaandikwa)">Mauaji ya kimbari katika historia </a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Utangulizi wa CPPCG hausemi tu kuwa "mauaji ya kimbari ni kosa chini ya sheria za kimataifa, kinyume na roho na malengo ya Umoja wa Mataifa na linalokashifiwa na dunia iliyostaarabika", bali kwamba "katika vipindi vyote vya kihistoria mauaji ya kimbari yameleta hasara kuu kwa ubinadamu ". </p><p>Kuamua matukio ya kihistoria ambayo ni mauaji ya kimbari na ambayo ni tabia za kiuhalifu au unyama tu si jambo rahisi na wazi. Isitoshe, katika kesi zote ambapo shutuma za mauaji ya kimbari zimesambazwa, wanaotoka katika pande mbalimbali wanakana vikali tafsiri na maelezo ya tukio hilo, na hata mara nyingi huwa na maoni mbalimbali kuhusu ukweli. Mashitaka ya mauaji ya kimbari hayachukuliwi kimzaha na mara nyingi huzua utata. Majaribio ya wanaoangalia <a href="/wiki/Historia" title="Historia">historia</a> upya kuyakana mauaji ya kimbari (hasa mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi) ni, katika nchi chache, kinyume na sheria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hatua_za_mauaji_ya_kimbari_na_juhudi_za_kuyazuia">Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Hariri sehemu: Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Hatua za mauaji ya kimbari na juhudi za kuyazuia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p> Ili mauaji ya kimbari yatokee, mambo fulani yanafaa kuwepo. Kwanza kabisa ni utamaduni wa kitaifa ambao hauheshimu maisha ya kibinadamu inavyotakiwa. Jamii yenye uongozi wa kiimla, na itikadi zake zinazodaiwa kuwa bora kuliko zingine, ni jambo lingine linalofaa kuwepo kwa matendo ya mauaji ya kimbari kufanyika.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isitoshe, watu wa kundi linaloonekana kuwa na umuhimu mwingi lazima liwaangalie watu ambao huenda wakawa waathiriwa wa ukatili wao kama wao si binadamu kamili: kama “makafiri,” “watenda-unyama,” “watu ambayo hawajastaarabika,” “wasiomchamungu,” “waliokosa nidhamu,” “waliopingwa na miko,” “walio duni kirangi,” “watu wanaonuia kuharibu mpangilio wa kijamii,” “wanaopinga-mapinduzi,” na kadhalika.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hali hii pekee haitoshi kwa wahusika kufanya mauaji ya kimbari. Kufanya hivyo — yaani, kufanya mauaji ya kimbari — wahalifu wanahitaji wenye mamlaka wawe na nguvu na muungano na mpango wa ukiritimba na pia kuwe na watu wenye maradhi ya kiakili na wahalifu. Pia kampeni za wahusika za kuwawekea shutuma na kuwakosea utu waathiriwa zinahitajika, ambazo kwa kawaida huwa majimbo au serikali mpya zinazojaribu kulazimisha watu kuzifuata itikadi mpya na mipango yao ya kijamii.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p style="text-align: right;"> – <cite style="font-style:normal;">M. Hassan Kakar<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </cite></p> </blockquote> <p>Mnamo mwaka wa 1996 Gregory Stanton rais wa shirika la kulinda dhidi ya mauaji ya kimbari aliwasilisha jarida kwa jina "Hatua 8 za mauaji ya kimbari" katika Idara ya Jimbo nchini <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSGW-1996_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSGW-1996-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katika jarida hilo alipendekeza kuwa mauaji ya kimbari hufanyika katika hatua nane ambazo ni za "kutabiriwa lakini ambazo haziwezi kuepukika kikamilifu".<sup id="cite_ref-GSGW-1996_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSGW-1996-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jarida la Stanton liliwasilishwa katika Idara ya Jimbo, muda mfupi baada ya mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda na uchambuzi mwingi umejikita katika sababu iliyoyafanya mauaji hayo ya kimbari kufanyika. Hatua ya kinga alizozipendekeza, kulingana na shabaha ya awali ya watu ambao utafiti huo ulilenga, zilikuwa zile ambazo Marekani ingeweza kutekeleza moja kwa moja au ingeweza, kwa kutumia ushawishi, wake kufanya serikali nyingine kutekeleza. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hatua </th> <th>Sifa </th> <th>Hatua Zuilifu </th></tr> <tr> <th>1.<br /> Uainishaji </th> <td>Watu hugawanywa katika makundi ya "sisi na wao". </td> <td>"Hatua kuu zuilifu wakati huu wa mapema ni kuendeleza taasisi zitakazowafikia wote na ambazo zitapunguza ...utengano." </td></tr> <tr> <th>2.<br /> Kufanya Mifano </th> <td>"Ikijumuishwa na chuki, mifano inaweza kusukumwa kwa lazimi kwa wanachama wa vikundi vilivyotengwa ..." </td> <td>"Ili kukabiliana na kufanywa kwa mifano, mifano ya chuki inaweza kufanywa kuwa haramu kisheria hasa hotuba za chuki." </td></tr> <tr> <th>3.<br /> Kunyima watu Utu </th> <td>"Kundi moja linakana ubinadamu wa kundi lingine. Wanachama wa kundi hilo wanafananishwa na wanyama, viumbe viharibifu, wadudu au magonjwa. " </td> <td>"Viongozi wa nchi na wa kimataifa wanapaswa kushutumu matumizi ya hotuba za chuki na kufanya hotuba hizo zisikubalike kitamaduni. Viongozi wanaochochea mauaji ya kimbari wanafaa kupigwa marufuku wasisafiri kimataifa na wanafaa kunyimwa fedha walizohifadhi katika nchi geni." </td></tr> <tr> <th>4.<br /> Mipangilio </th> <td>"Mauaji ya kimbari daima hupangwa ...Vikundi maalum vya kijeshi au wanamgambo mara nyingi hupewa mafunzo na silaha ..." </td> <td>"Umoja wa Mataifa unapaswa kuanzisha vikwazo vya kisilaha dhidi ya serikali na raia wa nchi zinazoshiriki katika michafuko ya mauaji ya kimbari, na kuunda tume ili kuchunguza ukiukaji wa sheria" </td></tr> <tr> <th>5.<br /> Ubaguzi </th> <td>"Vikundi vya kueneza chuki hueneza matangazo ya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipropaganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kipropaganda (bado haujaandikwa)">kipropaganda</a> yenye ubaguzi..." </td> <td>"Kuzuia kunaweza kumaanisha viongozi wa wastani kupewa ulinzi wa kisalama au msaada kwa vikundi vya <a href="/wiki/Haki_za_binadamu" title="Haki za binadamu">haki za binadamu</a> ...Upinduzi wa serikali na makundi haramu lazima yashutumiwe kupitia vikwazo vya kimataifa." </td></tr> <tr> <th>6.<br /> Maandalizi </th> <td>"Wahasiriwa hutambuliwa na kutengwa nje kwa sababu ya kabila au dini wanayojitambulisha nao..." </td> <td>"Katika hatua hii, ni lazima Hali ya Dharura dhidi ya Mauaji ya Kimbari itangazwe..." </td></tr> <tr> <th>7.<br /> Uangamizaji </th> <td>"Ni "uangamizaji" katika fikira za wauaji kwani hawaamini waathirika kuwa binadamu kamili." </td> <td>"Katika hatua hii, ni hatua ya dharura pekee yenye kutumia nguvu na silaha inayoweza kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari. Maeneo bayana ya salama au maeneo ya kuwawezesha wakimbizi kutorokea lazima yaundwe na yawe na ulinzi imara wa kimataifa wenye silaha." </td></tr> <tr> <th>8.<br />Kukana mauaji ya kimbari </th> <td>"Wahalifu ... hukana kwamba walifanya uhalifu wowote ..." </td> <td>"Jibu la kukana ni adhabu kupitia mahakama ya kimataifa" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Katika jarida la Baraza la Utafiti wa <a href="/wiki/Sayansi_ya_Jamii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayansi ya Jamii">Sayansi ya Jamii</a> Dirk Moses anazikosoa mbinu za Stanton akihitimisha: </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"><p> Kutokana na mazoea haya yasiyoridhisha katika kuyakomesha mauaji ya kimbari, swali linalofaa kuulizwani mbona dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari" ishindwe kutazamia na kukomesha mauaji ya kimbari kwa ufasaha wa kutegemewa. Dhana ya "masomo ya mauaji ya kimbari," hasa jinsi yanavyoendeshwa katika eneo la Marekani ya Kaskazini, yana nguvu na udhaifu. Ingawa ujasiri wa kimadili na mikakati ya umma inafaa kupongezwa, dhana yenyewe inaonekana pofu kimaana katika miradi ya kiimpiriali ambayo ni sehemu ya shida na pia sehemu ya suluhisho. Serikali ya Marekani iliita Darfur mauaji ya kimbari ili kuyafurahisha mashirika ya kindani yanayotetea haki, na kwa sababu matamshi hao hayana umuhimu wowote. Machafuko ya Darfur yatakamilika kwa wakati utakaozifaa nguvu kubwa ambazo zina mambo yatakayozifaidi katika kanda hiyo. </p><p style="text-align: right;"> – <cite style="font-style:normal;">Dirk Moses<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tume_ya_Utenda_Kazi_ya_Kuzuia_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari">Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Hariri sehemu: Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Tume ya Utenda Kazi ya Kuzuia Mauaji ya Kimbari"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mnamo Tarehe 8 Desemba mwaka wa 2008, tume ya utenda kazi ya kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari, iliyosimamiwa na <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Albright" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeline Albright">Madeline Albright</a>, Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Marekani kama wenyekiti msimamizi, na William Cohen, Katibu Mkuu wa zamani wa Ulinzi wa <a href="/wiki/Marekani" title="Marekani">Marekani</a>, ilitoa ripoti yake ya mwisho ambayo ilihitimisha kwamba serikali ya Marekani inaweza kuyazuia mauaji ya kimbari na ukatili mkubwa dhidi ya binadamu katika siku usoni.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katika mujibu wa maneno ya Bw. Kohen, “Ripoti hii inatoa mwongozo ambao unaweza kuiwezesha Marekani kuichukua hatua ya kuzuia, ikifanya kazi pamoja na washirika wa kimataifa, ili kuchelewesha mazingaombwe ya kesi za mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili katika siku za usoni.”<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kati ya mapendekezo ni: </p> <ul><li>jukumu la utendaji kwake rais wa Marekani ambalo litaonyesha Marekani na Dunia yote kwamba kuzuia mauaji ya kimbari na visa vikubwa vya ukatili ni kipaumbele cha taifa kitaifa</li></ul> <ul><li>kuujenga mwili ndani ya Baraza la Usalama wa Taifa la Marekani kuchambua vitisho na kuwaza juu ya hatua za kinga</li></ul> <ul><li>kuanzisha mfuko wa dola milioni 250 wa kuizuia migogoro kuzuia na kukabiliana na machafuko</li></ul> <ul><li>kusaidia kujenga mtandao wa kimataifa kwa ajili ya kubadilishana habari na uratibu wa hatua za kinga<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Angalia_pia">Angalia pia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Hariri sehemu: Angalia pia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Angalia pia"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple English Wiktionary"><img alt="Simple English Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/68px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/90px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Simple English Wiktionary</figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wikamusi</a> ya Kiswahili ina maelezo na tafsiri ya maana ya neno: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://sw.wiktionary.org/wiki/mauaji_ya_kimbari" class="extiw" title="wikt:mauaji ya kimbari">mauaji ya kimbari</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Wayahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Wayahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauaji_ya_kimbari_ya_Rwanda" title="Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda">Mauaji ya kimbari ya Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirika_la_Kimataifa_la_Wasomi_wa_Mauaji_ya_Kimbari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirika la Kimataifa la Wasomi wa Mauaji ya Kimbari (bado haujaandikwa)">Shirika la Kimataifa la Wasomi wa Mauaji ya Kimbari</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanbihi">Tanbihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Hariri sehemu: Tanbihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Tanbihi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CPPCG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CPPCG_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CPPCG_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdirame, Guglielmo "The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the <i>Ad Hoc</i> Tribunals", <i>International & Comparative Law Quarterly</i> (2000), 49 : 578-598 Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/S002058930006437X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20110604115350/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=07E462EEFA2A366C7A6476B30AC9CB06.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1531072">Archived</a> 4 Juni 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Naomi Klein. <i>The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</i>, Macmillan, 2007 <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0805079831" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8050-7983-1</a>, 9780805079838. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=b1uQNYbE8DkC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101">p. 101</a>, see footnote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, second edition draft entry 2004. "genocide".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Lemkin <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm">Chapter IX: <i>Genocide a new term and new conception for destruction of nations</i></a>, (Washington, D.C.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (bado haujaandikwa)">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, 1944), pages 79 - 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Euro_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Euro_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Euro_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm">Raphael Lemkin</a> - EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"By 'genocide', we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>, ix. 79. As quoted in the 3rd <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford English Dictionary (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford English Dictionary (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> "Genocide" citing <i>Sunday Times</i> 21 Oktoba 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Lemkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm">Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</a> (Wash., D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Gellately_&_Ben_Kiernan2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ay76mYBLU3sC&pg=PA267&dq=where+Stalin+was+presumably+anxious+to+avoid+his+purges+being+subjected+to+genocidal+scrutiny&ei=spQHR_3wH4PupwLX9JCgDQ&ie=ISO-8859-1&sig=suohkDH9HmLiBxpySx1tf8bEOn8"><i>The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. uk. 267. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0521527503" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0521527503"><bdi>0521527503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Specter+of+Genocide%3A+Mass+Murder+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521527503&rft.au=Robert+Gellately+%26+Ben+Kiernan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAy76mYBLU3sC%26pg%3DPA267%26dq%3Dwhere%2BStalin%2Bwas%2Bpresumably%2Banxious%2Bto%2Bavoid%2Bhis%2Bpurges%2Bbeing%2Bsubjected%2Bto%2Bgenocidal%2Bscrutiny%26ei%3DspQHR_3wH4PupwLX9JCgDQ%26ie%3DISO-8859-1%26sig%3DsuohkDH9HmLiBxpySx1tf8bEOn8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFStaub,_Ervin" class="citation book cs1">Staub, Ervin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=genocide+political+economic+groups+soviet+union&source=web&ots=uDb44sHgNn&sig=p3cz359teRaU5hdnZD7bImddDP4#PPA8,M1"><i>The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. uk. 8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-521-42214-0" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-521-42214-0"><bdi>0-521-42214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Evil%3A+The+Origins+of+Genocide+and+Other+Group+Violence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-42214-0&rft.au=Staub%2C+Ervin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D29u-vt_KgGEC%26pg%3DPA8%26lpg%3DPA8%26dq%3Dgenocide%2Bpolitical%2Beconomic%2Bgroups%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DuDb44sHgNn%26sig%3Dp3cz359teRaU5hdnZD7bImddDP4%23PPA8%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">From a statement made by Mr. Morozov, representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, on 19 Aprili 1948 during the debate in the Ad Hoc Committee on Genocide (E/AC.25/SR.12).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature on 23 Mei 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, No. I-18232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I">Mandate, structure and methods of work: Genocide I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070621223751/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#I">Archived</a> 21 Juni 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm">UN Commission of Experts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20071113130411/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/Intr.htm">Archived</a> 13 Novemba 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. to examine violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, created by <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_780&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (bado haujaandikwa)">Security Council resolution 780</a> (1992) of 6 Oktoba 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">European Court of Human Rights <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight=">Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)</a> paragraphs 18, 36,74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">European Court of Human Rights <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight=">Judgement in Jorgic v. Germany (Application no. 74613/01)</a> paragraphs 43-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">What is Genocide?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070505161753/http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">Archived</a> 5 Mei 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. McGill Faculty of Law (McGill University)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PvRKappel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PvRKappel_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PvRKappel_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)</a> See Paragraph 6: "Article 4 of the Tribunal's Statute, like the Genocide Convention, covers certain acts done with "intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/icty/statute.html">Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991</a>, U.N. Doc. S/25704 at 36, annex (1993) and S/25704/Add.1 (1993), adopted by Security Council on 25 Mei 1993, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154915/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef%21OpenDocument">"Resolution 1674 (2006)"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAl.NSF/361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959/e529762befa456f8852571610045ebef!OpenDocument">chanzo</a> mnamo 2009-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+1674+%282006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAl.NSF%2F361eea1cc08301c485256cf600606959%2Fe529762befa456f8852571610045ebef%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Schabas <i>War crimes and human rights: essays on the death penalty, justice and accountability</i>, Cameron May, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1905017634" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-905017-63-4</a>, 9781905017638. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SPhGSg_5Go0C&pg=PA791&dq=Whitaker+Report+Sub+commision&lr=&as_brr=3#PPA791,M1">p. 791</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonassohn-133-135-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jonassohn-133-135_24-1">24.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Jonassohn & Karin Solveig Björnson, <i>Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations in Comparative Perspective: In Comparative Perspective</i>, Transaction Publishers, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0765804174" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7658-0417-4</a>, 9780765804174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES">pp. 133-135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol">Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a> press © 1995 The Regents of the University of California.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol">4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan: 13. Genocide Throughout the Country</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Chalk, Kurt Jonassohn <i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i>, Yale University Press, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0300044461" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-04446-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Adam. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_excerpts.htm">Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</a></i>, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers, 2006. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0415353858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-35385-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf">Chapter 1: The Origins of Genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20171010110108/http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf">Archived</a> 10 Oktoba 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pp.20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">What is Genocide?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070505161753/http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">Archived</a> 5 Mei 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. McGill Faculty of Law (<a href="/w/index.php?title=McGill_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGill University (bado haujaandikwa)">McGill University</a>) source cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr <i>Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides,</i> International Studies Quarterly, 37:3, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG-2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HG-2_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/9496/Genocide-Origins-Evolution-Concept.html">Origins and Evolution of the Concept</a> in the Science Encyclopedia by Net Industries. states "Politicide, as [Barbara] Harff and [Ted R.] Gurr define it, refers to the killing of groups of people who are targeted not because of shared ethnic or communal traits, but because of 'their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups' (p. 360)". But does not give the book title to go with the page number.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm">There are NO Statutes of Limitations on the Crimes of Genocide!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20150728203923/http://www.apfn.org/apfn/genocide.htm">Archived</a> 28 Julai 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> On the website of the American Patriot Friends Network. Cites Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr "Toward empirical theory of genocides and politicides," International Studies Quarterly 37, 3 [1988].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1">of Holocaust and gun control</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20080115232405/http://law.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html#fn1">Archived</a> 15 Januari 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington University (bado haujaandikwa)">Washington University</a> Law Quarterly 1997, (Cite as 75 Wash. U. L.Q. 1237). Article cites Citing Barbara Harff, <i>Recognizing Genocides and Politicides</i>, in GENOCIDE WATCH 27 (Helen Fein ed., 1992) pp.37,38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.HTM">Domocide versus genocide; which is what?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/treaty1gen.htm">United Nations Treaty Collection (As of 9 October 2001): Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> on the web site of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/english/">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm">(See for example the submission by Agent of the United States, Mr. David Andrews to the ICJ Public Sitting, 11 May 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20070817233454/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-International_Law10.htm">Archived</a> 17 Agosti 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford English Dictionary (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford English Dictionary</a>: 1944 R. Lemkin <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i> ix. 79 "By 'genocide' we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_English_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford English Dictionary (bado haujaandikwa)">Oxford English Dictionary</a> "Genocide" citing Sunday Times 21 Oktoba 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">These figures need revising they are from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICTR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICTR (bado haujaandikwa)">ICTR</a> page which says see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ictr.org/">www.ictr.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1907122.stm">Bosnian genocide suspect extradited</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 2 Aprili 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009182616/http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/">European Court of Human Rights</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526110447/http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/viewhbkm.asp?sessionId=1448788&skin=hudoc-en&action=html&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649&key=63590&highlight=">Jorgic v. Germany Judgment</a>, 12 Julai 2007. § 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (bado haujaandikwa)">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)</a> that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). It was upheld in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html">Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Appeals Chamber - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091849/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL&type=politics">"Courte: Serbia failed to prevent genocide, UN court rules"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Associated Press</a>. 2007-02-26. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics">chanzo</a> mnamo 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2021-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Courte%3A+Serbia+failed+to+prevent+genocide%2C+UN+court+rules&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL%26type%3Dpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 Agosti 2001, §§ 580</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ECHR <i>Jorgic v. Germany Judgment</i>, 12 Julai 2007. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 Januari 2000), § 751. In 14 Januari 2000 the ICTY ruled in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor_v._Kupreskic_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (bado haujaandikwa)">Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others</a> case that the killing of 116 Muslims in order to expel the Muslim population from a village, was persecution, not of genocide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">ICJ press release 2007/8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100213065153/http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=1897&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1">Archived</a> 13 Februari 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 26 Februari 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ECHR <i>Jorgic v. Germany Judgment</i>, 12 Julai 2007. § 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amicc.org/docs/U.S.%20statement%20on%20ICC%20draft%20resolution_23Nov051.pdf">Statement by Carolyn Willson, Minister Counselor for International Legal Affairs, on the Report of the ICC, in the UN General Assembly</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF (123 KB)</span> 23 Novemba 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html">POWELL DECLARES KILLING IN DARFUR 'GENOCIDE'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20040911045335/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html">Archived</a> 11 Septemba 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer (bado haujaandikwa)">The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</a>, 9 Septemba 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-org-Januari-25-2005-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_49-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-un-org-Januari-25-2005_49-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf">Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF (1.14 MB)</span>, 25 Januari 2005, at 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf">Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005)</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF (24.8 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sc8351.doc.htm">SECURITY COUNCIL REFERS SITUATION IN DARFUR, SUDAN, TO PROSECUTOR OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT</a>, UN Press Release SC/8351, 31 Machi 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf">Fourth Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the Security Council pursuant to UNSC 1593 (2005)</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF (597 KB)</span>, Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, 14 Desemba 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813022926/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf">Statement by Mr. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the United Nations Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-cpi.int/">International Criminal Court</a>, 5 Juni 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306001121/http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/0EF62173-05ED-403A-80C8-F15EE1D25BB3.htm">ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan</a> (ICC-CPI-20090304-PR394), ICC press release, 4 Machi 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <a href="#Rererences">References</a> Chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol">4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan</a> Footnote 9. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <a href="#Rererences">References</a> Chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol">4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan</a> Footnote 10. Citing For details, see Carlton, <i>War and Ideology.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar <a href="#Rererences">References</a> Chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&chunk.id=d0e5195&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e5195&brand=eschol">4. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan</a> Footnote 11. Citing Horowitz, quoted in Chalk and Jonassohn, Genocide, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hassan Kakar , ,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol">Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSGW-1996-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GSGW-1996_59-0">59.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GSGW-1996_59-1">59.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Stanton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/8stagesofgenocide.html">The 8 Stages of Genocide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Watch (bado haujaandikwa)">Genocide Watch</a>, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> has found somewhat similar stages for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hate_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hate groups (bado haujaandikwa)">hate groups</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dirk Moses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/">Why the Discipline of "Genocide Studies" Has Trouble Explaining How Genocides End?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20171018082403/http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/Moses/">Archived</a> 18 Oktoba 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Science_Research_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Science Research Council (bado haujaandikwa)">Social Science Research Council</a>, 22 Desemba 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1209/p03s07-usgn.html">Christian Science Monitor 9 December 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509044009/http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html">"PGTF press release"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/release.html">chanzo</a> mnamo 2009-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PGTF+press+release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fgenocide_taskforce%2Frelease.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf">Report of the Prevention of Genocide Task Force</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090509043828/http://www.usip.org/genocide_taskforce/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf">Archived</a> 9 Mei 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pp. 111-114</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeo">Marejeo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeo"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kakar, M. Hassan. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/editions/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol">Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982</a></i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0520085914" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-08591-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marejeleo_zaidi">Marejeleo zaidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Hariri sehemu: Marejeleo zaidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauaji_ya_kimbari&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Marejeleo zaidi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAndreopoulos1994" class="citation book cs1">Andreopoulos, George J., ed. (1994). <i>Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0812232496" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0812232496"><bdi>0812232496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+Conceptual+and+Historical+Dimensions&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0812232496&rft.aulast=Andreopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+J.%2C+ed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFChalk1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal"><i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0300044461" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0300044461"><bdi>0300044461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Sociology+of+Genocide%3A+Analyses+and+Case+Studies&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0300044461&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorysociology00chal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Charny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Charny (bado haujaandikwa)">Charny, Israel W.</a> (1 Desemba 1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Genocide</i>. ABC-Clio Inc. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0874369282" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0874369282"><bdi>0874369282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-Clio+Inc&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.isbn=0874369282&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFConversi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Conversi, Daniele (2005). "Genocide, ethnic cleansing, and nationalism". Katika Gerard Delanty, Krishan Kumar (eds) (mhr.). <i>Handbook of Nations and Nationalism</i>. Juz. la vol. 1. London: Sage Publications. ku. 319–333. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1412901014" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1412901014"><bdi>1412901014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide%2C+ethnic+cleansing%2C+and+nationalism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=319-333&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1412901014&rft.aulast=Conversi&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|editor=</code> has generic name (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|volume=</code> has extra text (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhagen2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Goldhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Goldhagen (bado haujaandikwa)">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worsethanwargeno00gold"><i>Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PublicAffairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PublicAffairs (bado haujaandikwa)">PublicAffairs</a>. uk. 672. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1586487698" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1586487698"><bdi>1586487698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worse+Than+War%3A+Genocide%2C+Eliminationism%2C+and+the+Ongoing+Assault+on+Humanity&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=1586487698&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworsethanwargeno00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHarff2003" class="citation book cs1">Harff, Barbara (Agosti 2003). <i>Early Warning of Communal Conflict and Genocide: Linking Empirical Research to International Responses</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0813398401" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0813398401"><bdi>0813398401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Warning+of+Communal+Conflict+and+Genocide%3A+Linking+Empirical+Research+to+International+Responses&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003-08&rft.isbn=0813398401&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Hochschild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Hochschild (bado haujaandikwa)">Hochschild, Adam</a> (1998). <i>King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0395759242" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0395759242"><bdi>0395759242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror%2C+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0395759242&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Louis_Horowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Louis Horowitz (bado haujaandikwa)">Horowitz, Irving</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takinglivesgenoc0000horo_r4z3"><i>Taking Lives: Genocide and State Power</i></a> (tol. la 5th). Transaction Publishers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0765800942" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0765800942"><bdi>0765800942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Lives%3A+Genocide+and+State+Power&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0765800942&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Irving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakinglivesgenoc0000horo_r4z3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohn1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidegrosshum0000jona"><i>Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1560003146" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1560003146"><bdi>1560003146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1560003146&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocidegrosshum0000jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Michael J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowheretohidedef0000kell"><i>Nowhere to Hide: Defeat of the Sovereign Immunity Defense for Crimes of Genocide & the Trials of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0820478350" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0820478350"><bdi>0820478350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nowhere+to+Hide%3A+Defeat+of+the+Sovereign+Immunity+Defense+for+Crimes+of+Genocide+%26+the+Trials+of+Slobodan+Milosevic+and+Saddam+Hussein&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0820478350&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowheretohidedef0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Kiernan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Kiernan (bado haujaandikwa)">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326"><i>Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0300100981" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0300100981"><bdi>0300100981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0300100981&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLaban2002" class="citation book cs1">Laban, Alexander (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocideanthropo0000unse"><i>Genocide: An Anthropological Reader</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/063122355X" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/063122355X"><bdi>063122355X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+An+Anthropological+Reader&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=063122355X&rft.aulast=Laban&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocideanthropo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFLemarchand1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Lemarchand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Lemarchand (bado haujaandikwa)">Lemarchand, René</a> (1996). <i>Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0521566231" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0521566231"><bdi>0521566231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burundi%3A+Ethnic+Conflict+and+Genocide&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521566231&rft.aulast=Lemarchand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharine_MacKinnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catharine MacKinnon (bado haujaandikwa)">MacKinnon, Catharine A.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arewomenhumanoth00mack"><i>Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues</i></a>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0674025555" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0674025555"><bdi>0674025555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+Women+Human%3F%3A+And+Other+International+Dialogues&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0674025555&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Catharine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farewomenhumanoth00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFPower2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samantha_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samantha Power (bado haujaandikwa)">Power, Samantha</a> (2003). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Problem_from_Hell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Problem from Hell (bado haujaandikwa)">"A Problem from Hell": America and the Age of Genocide</a></i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0060541644" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0060541644"><bdi>0060541644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22A+Problem+from+Hell%22%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0060541644&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavriel_David_Rosenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavriel David Rosenfeld (bado haujaandikwa)">Rosenfeld, Gavriel D.</a> (1999). "The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent Polemical Turn in Holocaust and Genocide Scholarship". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies (bado haujaandikwa)">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 28–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.1.28">10.1093/hgs/13.1.28</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Uniqueness%3A+Reflections+on+the+Recent+Polemical+Turn+in+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Scholarship&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-61&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F13.1.28&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Gavriel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_journal" title="Kigezo:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Rotberg, Robert I. (1996). <i>From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises</i>. Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0815775903" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0815775903"><bdi>0815775903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Massacres+to+Genocide%3A+The+Media%2C+Public+Policy%2C+and+Humanitarian+Crises&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0815775903&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.J._Rummel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.J. Rummel (bado haujaandikwa)">Rummel, R.J.</a> (Machi 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM"><i>Death by Government</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaction_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaction Publishers (bado haujaandikwa)">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1560009276" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/1560009276"><bdi>1560009276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997-03&rft.isbn=1560009276&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FNOTE1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2007" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatisgenocide0000shaw"><i>What is Genocide?</i></a>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0745631827" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0745631827"><bdi>0745631827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0745631827&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatisgenocide0000shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSunga1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyal_S._Sunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyal S. Sunga (bado haujaandikwa)">Sunga, Lyal S.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergingsystemof0000sung"><i>The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation</i></a>. Kluwer. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9041104720" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/9041104720"><bdi>9041104720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+System+of+International+Criminal+Law%3A+Developments+in+Codification+and+Implementation&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9041104720&rft.aulast=Sunga&rft.aufirst=Lyal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergingsystemof0000sung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFSunga1992" class="citation book cs1">Sunga, Lyal S. (1992). <i>Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations</i>. Springer. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0792314530" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0792314530"><bdi>0792314530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individual+Responsibility+in+International+Law+for+Serious+Human+Rights+Violations&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0792314530&rft.aulast=Sunga&rft.aufirst=Lyal+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFTotten2008" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel (2008). <i>Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</i> (tol. la 3rd). Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0415990858" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0415990858"><bdi>0415990858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0415990858&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale"><i>Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornell_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornell University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0801439655" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0801439655"><bdi>0801439655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0801439655&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalsolutionsma00vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameter: <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Msaada:CS1_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Msaada:CS1 errors (bado haujaandikwa)">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFWeitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Weitz, Eric D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit"><i>A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (bado haujaandikwa)">Princeton University Press</a>. ku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centurygenocideu00weit/page/n368">360</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0691122717" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0691122717"><bdi>0691122717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Genocide%3A+Utopias+of+Race+and+Nation&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0691122717&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturygenocideu00weit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="PDFlink"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100816/http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf">"Preventing Genocide and Mass Killing: The Challenge for the United Nations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/admin/Download/pdf/MRGGenocideReport.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Genocide+and+Mass+Killing%3A+The+Challenge+for+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorityrights.org%2Fadmin%2FDownload%2Fpdf%2FMRGGenocideReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF (366 KB)</span>, report by Minority Rights Group International, 2006</li></ul> <dl><dt>Muhtasari</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070404004937/http://www.aegistrust.org/">"Aegis Trust (genocide prevention trust)"</a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegistrust.org/">chanzo</a> mnamo 2007-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aegis+Trust+%28genocide+prevention+trust%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegistrust.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AMauaji+ya+kimbari" class="Z3988"></span> An independent international organisation dedicated to eliminating genocide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1701562.stm">BBC on defining genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/">Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>; Responding to Threats of Genocide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide at Law-Ref.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100106103304/http://www.law-ref.org/GENOCIDE/index.html">Archived</a> 6 Januari 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warcrimes.info/">Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20091224150610/http://www.warcrimes.info/">Archived</a> 24 Desemba 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facinghistory.org/">Facing History and Ourselves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocideintervention.net/">Genocide Intervention Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618100356/http://www.genocidewatch.org/eightstages.htm">Genocide Watch</a> stages of genocide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inogs.com">International Network of Genocide Scholars (INoGS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isg-iags.org/">Institute for the Study of Genocide/International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20040923231859/http://www.isg-iags.org/">Archived</a> 23 Septemba 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neveragaininternational.org/">Never Again</a> International youth genocide prevention organization; organized the 2004 Rwanda Forum at the Imperial War Museum in London.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/">Never Again Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090829094131/http://www.neveragaininternational.org/wiki/">Archived</a> 29 Agosti 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide">OneWorld Perspectives Magazine: Preventing Genocide (April/May 2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20081224180448/http://us.oneworld.net/section/us/perspectives/8/genocide">Archived</a> 24 Desemba 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.- global human rights and development network looks at genocide from a variety of perspectives</li> <li>Staff, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/">The Crime of Genocide in Domestic Laws and Penal Codes</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/aboutus/">Prevent Genocide International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html">Voices of the Holocaust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20220315171005/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/holocaust.html">Archived</a> 15 Machi 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - a learning resource at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/dictat.html">Worst Genocides of the 20th Century</a> - a list of the some of the worst genocides in the 20th century. Listing from the most amount of victims to the least amount.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm">Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20090705205205/http://netnebraska.org/extras/humanrights/02gen/0200/0200_01.htm">Archived</a> 5 Julai 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - a learning resource, highlighting the cases of Myanmar, Bosnia, the DRC, and Darfur</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/">Whitaker Report</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Rasilimali</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/">Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrefugees.org/">USA for UNHCR Web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warcrimes.tv/">War Crimes TV Videos and Communities against War Crimes and Genocide</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mipango ya Utafiti</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/">Centre for the Study of Genocide and Mass Violence, Sheffield, United Kingdom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20080929002017/http://www.genocidecentre.dept.shef.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 29 Septemba 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.nl/">Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20100202192215/http://www.chgs.nl/">Archived</a> 2 Februari 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/">Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/gsp/">Genocide Studies Program, Yale University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/genodynamics/index.htm">GenoDynamics: Understanding Genocide Through Time and Space</a> by Christian Davenport (University of Maryland) and Allan Stam (Dartmouth University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migs.concordia.ca/">Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies, Concordia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/">Minorities at Risk project at the University of Maryland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20081204090551/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/">Archived</a> 4 Desemba 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inforce.org.uk/">The Inforce Foundation (International Forensic Centre of Excellence), UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20091227130604/http://www.inforce.org.uk/">Archived</a> 27 Desemba 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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