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href="//en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wiktionary Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-abbess rootpage-abbess skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">abbess</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#English"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">English</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Alternative_forms"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative forms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pronunciation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pronunciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Noun"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Noun</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Synonyms"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Synonyms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Related_terms"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Related terms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English">English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interproject-box sister-wikipedia sister-project noprint floatright"><div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/44px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/66px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/88px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;">English <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article on:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abbess" class="extiw" title="w:abbess">abbess</a></b></div></div><span class="interProject"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abbess" class="extiw" title="w:abbess">Wikipedia </a></span></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81571951">.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{font-size:90%;width:250px;padding:4px;text-align:left;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue,#f9f9f9);border:var(--border-color-base,#aaa)1px solid}@media screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.5;width:100%;max-width:100%}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/abbatess#English" title="abbatess">abbatess</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/abbotess#English" title="abbotess">abbotess</a></span> <span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#obsolete" title="Appendix:Glossary">obsolete</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" class="extiw" title="w:Middle English">Middle English</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm"><a href="/wiki/abbesse#Middle_English" title="abbesse">abbesse</a></i>, from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French" class="extiw" title="w:Old French">Old French</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/abeesse#Old_French" title="abeesse">abeesse</a></i> (French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/abbesse#French" title="abbesse">abbesse</a></i>), from <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Late Latin">Late Latin</a></span> or <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/abbatissa#Latin" title="abbatissa">abbatissa</a></i>, feminine of <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/abbas#Latin" title="abbas">abbas</a></i>, <i class="Latn mention" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/abbatis#Latin" title="abbatis">abbatis</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">abbot</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><span class="usage-label-accent"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="w:Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈæb.ɪs/</span>, <span class="IPA">/ˈæb.ɛs/</span></li> <li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><span class="usage-label-accent"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English" class="extiw" title="w:General American English">General American</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:English_pronunciation" title="Appendix:English pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">/ˈæb.ɪs/</span>, <span class="IPA">/ˈæb.ɛs/</span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r50165410">.mw-parser-output .k-player .k-attribution{visibility:hidden}</style><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="usage-label-accent"><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English" class="extiw" title="w:American English">US</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon qualifier-colon">:</span></td><td class="audiofile"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="en-us-abbess.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/En-us-abbess.ogg/En-us-abbess.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:en-us-abbess.ogg" title="File:en-us-abbess.ogg">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r50165410"><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="usage-label-accent"><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English" class="extiw" title="w:Canadian English">Canada</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon qualifier-colon">:</span></td><td class="audiofile"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="en-ca-abbess.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-ca-abbess.ogg/En-ca-abbess.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:en-ca-abbess.ogg" title="File:en-ca-abbess.ogg">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li> <li>Rhymes: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymes:English/%C3%A6b%C9%AAs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymes:English/æbɪs (page does not exist)"><span class="IPA">-æbɪs</span></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhymes:English/%C3%A6b%C9%9Bs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhymes:English/æbɛs (page does not exist)"><span class="IPA">-æbɛs</span></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun">Noun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="en">abbess</strong> (<i>plural</i> <b class="Latn form-of lang-en p-form-of" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/abbesses#English" title="abbesses">abbesses</a></b>)</span> </p> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="senseid" id="English:_religion"> A female superior or <a href="/wiki/governess" title="governess">governess</a> of a <a href="/wiki/nunnery" title="nunnery">nunnery</a>, or <a href="/wiki/convent" title="convent">convent</a> of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the <a href="/wiki/abbots" title="abbots">abbots</a> have over the monks. <span class="defdate">[First attested around 1150 to 1350]</span><sup id="cite_ref-SOED_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOED-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="en">The <b>abbess</b> was always after the nuns to keep the convent immaculately clean.</i></div></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> British slang</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> A woman who runs a <a href="/wiki/brothel" title="brothel">brothel</a>; a woman employed by a <a href="/wiki/prostitute" title="prostitute">prostitute</a> to find <a href="/wiki/client" title="client">clients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1770</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Foote" class="extiw" title="w:Samuel Foote">Samuel Foote</a>, <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lame_Lover" class="extiw" title="w:The Lame Lover">The Lame Lover, a Comedy in Three Acts.<span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="As It is Performed at the Theatre-Royal in the Hay-Market.">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span></a></cite>, London: <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="Printed for">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"> </span> Paul Vaillant; and sold by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Elmsley_(bookseller)" class="extiw" title="w:Peter Elmsley (bookseller)">P<span style="font-style: normal;">[</span>eter<span style="font-style: normal;">]</span> Elmsly</a><span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="in the Strand">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span>; and Robinson and Roberts,<span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="No. 25, Pater-noster-Row.">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span>, <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1167851914">→OCLC</a></small>, Act I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lamelovercomedyi00footiala/page/12/mode/1up">page <span class="None" lang="und">12</span></a>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">Why laſt night, as Colonel Kill'em, Sir William Weezy, Lord Frederick Foretop, and I were careleſsly ſliding the Ranelagh round, picking our teeth, after a damn'd muzzy dinner at Boodle's, who ſhould trip by but an <b>abbeſs</b>, well known about town, with a ſmart little nun in her ſuite.</span></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1793</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wolcot" class="extiw" title="w:John Wolcot">John Wolcot</a>, <cite>A Poetical, Serious, and Possibly Impertinent, Epistle to the Pope</cite>‎<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.org/stream/apoeticalseriou00pindgoog#page/n38/mode/2up">[1]</a></sup>, Ode II, page <span class="None" lang="und">33</span>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">So an old <b>Abbess</b> for the rattling Rakes, / A tempting dish of human nature makes, / And dresses up a luscious Maid: / I rather should have said, indeed, <i>un</i>dresses, / To please a youth's unsanctified caresses.</span></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1881</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Egan" class="extiw" title="w:Pierce Egan">Pierce Egan</a>, chapter 8, in <cite>Life in London</cite>‎<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://archive.org/stream/tomjerrylifeinlo1881egan#page/204/mode/2up">[2]</a></sup>, page <span class="None" lang="und">205</span>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="en">"I mean to inform you," answered the <i>Oxonian</i>, with a grin on his face, "that those three nymphs, who have so much dazzled your optics, are three nuns, and the plump female is <i>Mother</i> .... of great notoriety, but generally designated the <b>Abbess</b> of .... Her residence is at no great distance from one of the royal palaces; and she is distinguished for her bold ingenuous line of conduct in the profession which she has chosen to adopt; so much so, indeed, that she eclipses all her competitors in infamy."</span></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">female superior of a nunnery</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon sense-qualifier-colon">:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/mother_superior#English" title="mother superior">mother superior</a></span></li> <li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">woman who runs a brothel</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon sense-qualifier-colon">:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/bawd#English" title="bawd">bawd</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden_abbess#English" title="Covent Garden abbess">Covent Garden abbess</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/lady_abbess#English" title="lady abbess">lady abbess</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/madam#English" title="madam">madam</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/abbey#English" title="abbey">abbey</a></span></li> <li><span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/abbot#English" title="abbot">abbot</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Translations">Translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="NavFrame" id="Translations-female_superior_of_a_nunnery"><div class="NavHead" style="text-align:left">female superior of a nunnery</div><div class="NavContent"><table class="translations" role="presentation" data-gloss="female superior of a nunnery"><tbody><tr><td class="translations-cell multicolumn-list" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81584270">.mw-parser-output .translations{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .translations-cell{background-color:var(--wikt-palette-lightyellow,#FFFFe0);vertical-align:top;text-align:left}</style> <ul><li>Arabic: <span class="Arab" lang="ar"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="رئيسية دير (page does not exist)">رَئِيسِيَّة دَيْر</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ar-Latn" class="tr Latn">raʔīsiyya(t) dayr</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Armenian: <span class="Armn" lang="hy"><a href="/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF#Armenian" title="մայրապետ">մայրապետ</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF" class="extiw" title="hy:մայրապետ">(hy)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="hy-Latn" class="tr Latn">mayrapet</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Armn" lang="hy"><a href="/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB#Armenian" title="աբբայուհի">աբբայուհի</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB" class="extiw" title="hy:աբբայուհի">(hy)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="hy-Latn" class="tr Latn">abbayuhi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Asturian: <span class="Latn" lang="ast"><a href="/wiki/abadesa#Asturian" title="abadesa">abadesa</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Basque: <span class="Latn" lang="eu"><a href="/wiki/abadesa#Basque" title="abadesa">abadesa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadesa" class="extiw" title="eu:abadesa">(eu)</a></span></li> <li>Belarusian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="be"><a href="/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0#Belarusian" title="абатыса">абаты́са</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="be-Latn" class="tr Latn">abatýsa</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Breton: <span class="Latn" lang="br"><a href="/wiki/abadez#Breton" title="abadez">abadez</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://br.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadez" class="extiw" title="br:abadez">(br)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Bulgarian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="bg"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="игуменка (page does not exist)">игуменка</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="bg-Latn" class="tr Latn">igumenka</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Catalan: <span class="Latn" lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/abadessa#Catalan" title="abadessa">abadessa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadessa" class="extiw" title="ca:abadessa">(ca)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Cornish: <span class="Latn" lang="kw"><a href="/wiki/abases#Cornish" title="abases">abases</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://kw.wiktionary.org/wiki/abases" class="extiw" title="kw:abases">(kw)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Czech: <span class="Latn" lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/abaty%C5%A1e#Czech" title="abatyše">abatyše</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/abaty%C5%A1e" class="extiw" title="cs:abatyše">(cs)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Danish: <span class="Latn" lang="da"><a href="/wiki/abbedisse#Danish" title="abbedisse">abbedisse</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbedisse" class="extiw" title="da:abbedisse">(da)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="common gender">c</abbr></span></li> <li>Dutch: <span class="Latn" lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/abdis#Dutch" title="abdis">abdis</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/abdis" class="extiw" title="nl:abdis">(nl)</a></span></li> <li>Esperanto: <span class="Latn" lang="eo"><a href="/wiki/abatino#Esperanto" title="abatino">abatino</a></span></li> <li>Estonian: <span class="Latn" lang="et"><a href="/w/index.php?title=abtiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="abtiss (page does not exist)">abtiss</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/abtiss" class="extiw" title="et:abtiss">(et)</a></span></li> <li>Finnish: <span class="Latn" lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/abbedissa#Finnish" title="abbedissa">abbedissa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbedissa" class="extiw" title="fi:abbedissa">(fi)</a></span></li> <li>French: <span class="Latn" lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/abbesse#French" title="abbesse">abbesse</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbesse" class="extiw" title="fr:abbesse">(fr)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <dl><dd>Old French: <span class="Latn" lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/abeesse#Old_French" title="abeesse">abeesse</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Galician: <span class="Latn" lang="gl"><a href="/wiki/abadesa#Galician" title="abadesa">abadesa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadesa" class="extiw" title="gl:abadesa">(gl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Georgian: <span class="Geor" lang="ka"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="აბატისა (page does not exist)">აბატისა</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ka.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" class="extiw" title="ka:აბატისა">(ka)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ka-Latn" class="tr Latn">abaṭisa</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>German: <span class="Latn" lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84btissin#German" title="Äbtissin">Äbtissin</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%84btissin" class="extiw" title="de:Äbtissin">(de)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priorin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priorin (page does not exist)">Priorin</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Priorin" class="extiw" title="de:Priorin">(de)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberin#German" title="Oberin">Oberin</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oberin" class="extiw" title="de:Oberin">(de)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">Reverend Mother</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li> <li>Greek: <span class="Grek" lang="el"><a href="/wiki/%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7#Greek" title="ηγουμένη">ηγουμένη</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="el:ηγουμένη">(el)</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="el-Latn" class="tr Latn">igouméni</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Hungarian: <span class="Latn" lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/ap%C3%A1caf%C5%91n%C3%B6kn%C5%91#Hungarian" title="apácafőnöknő">apácafőnöknő</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/ap%C3%A1caf%C5%91n%C3%B6kn%C5%91" class="extiw" title="hu:apácafőnöknő">(hu)</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="hu"><a href="/wiki/ap%C3%A1tn%C5%91#Hungarian" title="apátnő">apátnő</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/ap%C3%A1tn%C5%91" class="extiw" title="hu:apátnő">(hu)</a></span></li> <li>Icelandic: <span class="Latn" lang="is"><a href="/wiki/abbad%C3%ADs#Icelandic" title="abbadís">abbadís</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://is.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbad%C3%ADs" class="extiw" title="is:abbadís">(is)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Ido: <span class="Latn" lang="io"><a href="/wiki/abadino#Ido" title="abadino">abadino</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://io.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadino" class="extiw" title="io:abadino">(io)</a></span></li> <li>Interlingua: <span class="Latn" lang="ia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbatessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbatessa (page does not exist)">Abbatessa</a></span></li> <li>Irish: <span class="Latn" lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/ban-ab#Irish" title="ban-ab">ban-ab</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%A1thairab#Irish" title="máthairab">máthairab</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Italian: <span class="Latn" lang="it"><a href="/wiki/badessa#Italian" title="badessa">badessa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/badessa" class="extiw" title="it:badessa">(it)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Japanese: <span class="Jpan" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%83%A7#Japanese" title="尼僧">尼僧</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A2#Japanese" title="院">院</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7#Japanese" title="長">長</a></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="tr">nisōinchō</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Latin: <span class="Latn" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/abbatissa#Latin" title="abbatissa">abbātissa</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Latvian: <span class="Latn" lang="lv"><a href="/wiki/abate#Latvian" title="abate">abate</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://lv.wiktionary.org/wiki/abate" class="extiw" title="lv:abate">(lv)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Lithuanian: <span class="Latn" lang="lt"><a href="/wiki/abat%C4%97#Lithuanian" title="abatė">abatė</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://lt.wiktionary.org/wiki/abat%C4%97" class="extiw" title="lt:abatė">(lt)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Macedonian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0#Macedonian" title="опатица">опатица</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="mk-Latn" class="tr Latn">opatica</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Cyrl" lang="mk"><a href="/wiki/%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0#Macedonian" title="игуменија">игуменија</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="mk-Latn" class="tr Latn">igumenija</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Manx: <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/wiki/ard-chaillagh#Manx" title="ard-chaillagh">ard-chaillagh</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/wiki/ard-chaillagh_ghoo#Manx" title="ard-chaillagh ghoo">ard-chaillagh ghoo</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/wiki/ard-ven_reill#Manx" title="ard-ven reill">ard-ven reill</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ben_abb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ben abb (page does not exist)">ben abb</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="gv"><a href="/w/index.php?title=moir_abb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="moir abb (page does not exist)">moir abb</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Norman: <span class="Latn" lang="nrf"><a href="/wiki/abb%C3%AAsse#Norman" title="abbêsse">abbêsse</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">Jersey</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li> <li>Norwegian: <dl><dd>Bokmål: <span class="Latn" lang="nb"><a href="/wiki/abbedisse#Norwegian_Bokmål" title="abbedisse">abbedisse</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbedisse" class="extiw" title="no:abbedisse">(no)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="masculine gender">m</abbr> or <abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></dd> <dd>Nynorsk: <span class="Latn" lang="nn"><a href="/wiki/abbedisse#Norwegian_Nynorsk" title="abbedisse">abbedisse</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Occitan: <span class="Latn" lang="oc"><a href="/wiki/abadessa#Occitan" title="abadessa">abadessa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://oc.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadessa" class="extiw" title="oc:abadessa">(oc)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Old Galician-Portuguese: <span class="Latn" lang="roa-opt"><a href="/wiki/abadessa#Old_Galician-Portuguese" title="abadessa">abadessa</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Polish: <span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/przeorysza#Polish" title="przeorysza">przeorysza</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/przeorysza" class="extiw" title="pl:przeorysza">(pl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/ksieni#Polish" title="ksieni">ksieni</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/ksieni" class="extiw" title="pl:ksieni">(pl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/opatka#Polish" title="opatka">opatka</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/opatka" class="extiw" title="pl:opatka">(pl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Portuguese: <span class="Latn" lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/abadessa#Portuguese" title="abadessa">abadessa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadessa" class="extiw" title="pt:abadessa">(pt)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Romanian: <span class="Latn" lang="ro"><a href="/wiki/stare%C8%9B%C4%83#Romanian" title="stareță">stareță</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/stare%C8%9B%C4%83" class="extiw" title="ro:stareță">(ro)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Russian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0#Russian" title="аббатиса">аббати́са</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:аббатиса">(ru)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ru-Latn" class="tr Latn">abbatísa</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0#Russian" title="настоятельница">настоя́тельница</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8F#Russian" title="монастыря">монастыря́</a>)</span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ru-Latn" class="tr Latn">nastojátelʹnica (monastyrjá)</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="Cyrl" lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F#Russian" title="игуменья">игу́менья</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:игуменья">(ru)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="ru-Latn" class="tr Latn">igúmenʹja</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Scottish Gaelic: <span class="Latn" lang="gd"><a href="/wiki/ban-aba#Scottish_Gaelic" title="ban-aba">ban-aba</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Slovene: <span class="Latn" lang="sl"><a href="/wiki/opatinja#Slovene" title="opatinja">opatinja</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/opatinja" class="extiw" title="sl:opatinja">(sl)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Spanish: <span class="Latn" lang="es"><a href="/wiki/abadesa#Spanish" title="abadesa">abadesa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/abadesa" class="extiw" title="es:abadesa">(es)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li> <li>Swedish: <span class="Latn" lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/abbedissa#Swedish" title="abbedissa">abbedissa</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbedissa" class="extiw" title="sv:abbedissa">(sv)</a></span></li> <li>Tagalog: <span class="Latn" lang="tl"><a href="/wiki/abadesa#Tagalog" title="abadesa">abadesa</a></span></li> <li>Turkish: <span class="Latn" lang="tr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ba%C5%9Frahibe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="başrahibe (page does not exist)">başrahibe</a></span></li> <li>Ukrainian: <span class="Cyrl" lang="uk"><a href="/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0#Ukrainian" title="абатиса">абати́са</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:абатиса">(uk)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="uk-Latn" class="tr Latn">abatýsa</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span></li> <li>Vietnamese: <span class="Latn" lang="vi">(Christianity) <a href="/wiki/b%C3%A0#Vietnamese" title="bà">bà</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_tu_vi%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="trưởng tu viện (page does not exist)">trưởng tu viện</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Christianity)_n%E1%BB%AF_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_tu_vi%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Christianity) nữ trưởng tu viện (page does not exist)">(Christianity) nữ trưởng tu viện</a></span>/ <span class="Latn" lang="vi">(Buddhism) <a href="/wiki/n%E1%BB%AF#Vietnamese" title="nữ">nữ</a> <a href="/wiki/tr%E1%BB%A5_tr%C3%AC#Vietnamese" title="trụ trì">trụ trì</a></span></li> <li>Volapük: <span class="Latn" lang="vo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=jilep%C3%A4dan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="jilepädan (page does not exist)">jilepädan</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://vo.wiktionary.org/wiki/jilep%C3%A4dan" class="extiw" title="vo:jilepädan">(vo)</a></span></li> <li>Welsh: <span class="Latn" lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/abades#Welsh" title="abades">abades</a></span><span class="tpos"> <a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/abades" class="extiw" title="cy:abades">(cy)</a></span> <span class="gender"><abbr title="feminine gender">f</abbr></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text">Elliott K. Dobbie, C. William Dunmore, Robert K. Barnhart, et al. (editors), <i>Chambers Dictionary of Etymology</i> (Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, 2004 [1998], <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0550142304" title="Special:BookSources/0550142304">→ISBN</a>), page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOED-2"><a href="#cite_ref-SOED_2-0"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source">Lesley Brown, editor-in-chief, William R. Trumble and Angus Stevenson, editors (<span class="None" lang="und">2002</span>), “abbess”, in <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles</a></cite>, 5th edition, Oxford, New York, N.Y.: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860457-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860457-0">→ISBN</a></small>, page 3.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source">Albert Barrère and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" class="extiw" title="w:Charles Godfrey Leland">Charles G[odfrey] Leland</a>, compilers and editors (<span class="None" lang="und">1889–1890</span>) “abbess”, in <cite>A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant<span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="Embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian Slang, Pidgin English, Tinkers’ Jargon and other Irregular Phraseology">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span></cite>, volume <span class="None" lang="und">I (A–K)</span>, Edinburgh: <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="Printed for subscribers only at">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"> </span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ballantyne" class="extiw" title="w:James Ballantyne">The Ballantyne Press</a>, <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/882571771">→OCLC</a></small>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adictionaryofsla01barriala/page/3">page 3</a>.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"> ^ </a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stephen_Farmer" class="extiw" title="w:John Stephen Farmer">John S[tephen] Farmer</a>, compiler (<span class="None" lang="und">1890</span>) “<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">abbess</span>”, in <cite>Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present.<span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of All Classes of Society for More than Three Hundred Years. With Synonyms in English, French, German, Italian, etc. Compiled and Edited by John S. Farmer, [...]">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span></cite>, volume I, [London: <span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="Printed [by]">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"> </span> Thomas Poulter and Sons]<span class="q-hellip-sp"> </span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">[</span></span><span title="for subscribers only.">…</span><span class="q-hellip-b"><span style="font-style: normal;">]</span></span><span class="q-hellip-b"></span>, <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1312390">→OCLC</a></small>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slangitsanalogue01farmuoft/page/n5/mode/1up">pages <span class="None" lang="und">3–4</span></a>.</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=abbess&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abbess" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abbess">Abbess</a></b> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="extiw" title="w:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (11th edition, 1911)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=abbess&oldid=82646596">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=abbess&oldid=82646596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Georgian_translations" title="Category:Terms with Georgian translations">Terms with Georgian translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_German_translations" title="Category:Terms with German translations">Terms with German translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Greek_translations" title="Category:Terms with Greek translations">Terms with Greek translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Hungarian_translations" title="Category:Terms with Hungarian translations">Terms with Hungarian translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Icelandic_translations" title="Category:Terms with Icelandic translations">Terms with Icelandic translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Ido_translations" title="Category:Terms with Ido translations">Terms with Ido translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Interlingua_translations" title="Category:Terms with Interlingua translations">Terms with Interlingua translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Irish_translations" title="Category:Terms with Irish translations">Terms with Irish translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Italian_translations" title="Category:Terms with Italian translations">Terms with Italian translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Japanese_translations" title="Category:Terms with Japanese translations">Terms with Japanese translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Latin_translations" title="Category:Terms with Latin translations">Terms with Latin translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Latvian_translations" title="Category:Terms with Latvian translations">Terms with Latvian translations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terms_with_Lithuanian_translations" title="Category:Terms with Lithuanian translations">Terms with Lithuanian translations</a></li><li><a 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</h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Norsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/abbess" title="abbess – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="abbess" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 10:33.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Definitions and other text are available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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