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Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Langues germaniques occidentales</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> sous-groupe des langues germaniques </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Langues+germaniques+occidentales&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>Les <b>langues germaniques occidentales</b> (ou rameau westique) forment la plus grande des trois branches de la famille des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">langues germaniques</a>, incluant notamment l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand">allemand</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néerlandais">néerlandais</a>, mais également l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_frisonnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues frisonnes">langues frisonnes</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yiddish">yiddish</a>.</p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#3CB371;color:black;">Langues germaniques occidentales<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Région</th> <td>à l'origine, entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhin">Rhin</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpes">Alpes</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbe_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbe (fleuve)">Elbe</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">Mer du Nord</a> ; répartition mondiale aujourd'hui</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">langues germaniques</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">langues germaniques occidentales</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_anglo-frisonnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues anglo-frisonnes">langues anglo-frisonnes</a></li> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germano-n%C3%A9erlandaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germano-néerlandaises">langues germano-néerlandaises</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">IETF</a></th> <td><code>gmw</code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></span></th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id%3Dgmw">gmw</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Observatoire_linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Observatoire linguistique"><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Linguasphere</span></i></a></th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc%3D1%26tr%3Dlsr%26nid%3D52-AB">& 52-AC 52-AB & 52-AC</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/west2793">west2793</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="display:none;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #3CB371 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" 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</tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origines_et_caract%C3%A9ristiques"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origines et caractéristiques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Moyen_%C3%82ge"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Moyen Âge</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liste_et_classification"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Liste et classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Comparaison"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Comparaison</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" data-width="250" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Expansion des tribus germaniques, de 750 av. J.-C. à 1 ap. J.-C. : <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408543">.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-centre{display:table;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc ul li{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.5em}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.0em}</style> <div class="legende-bloc legende-bloc-vertical"> <ul> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#f00; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Installation avant 750 av. J.-C.</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#f84; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Installation avant 500 av. J.-C.</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#ff0; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Installation avant 250 av. J.-C.</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#0f0; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Installation avant 1 ap. J.-C.</li> </ul> </div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origines_et_caractéristiques"><span id="Origines_et_caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Origines et caractéristiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Origines et caractéristiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La théorie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnolinguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnolinguistique">ethnolinguistique</a> (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stammbaumtheorie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stammbaumtheorie (page inexistante)">Stammbaumtheorie</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammbaumtheorie" class="extiw" title="de:Stammbaumtheorie"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand : « Stammbaumtheorie »">(de)</span></a></i>) d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Schleicher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a> divise les langues germaniques en trois groupes : les langues germaniques occidentales, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_orientales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques orientales">orientales</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_scandinaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues scandinaves">septentrionales</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hawkins-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Leurs relations exactes sont difficiles à déterminer du fait, entre autres, des indices épars fournis par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rune">inscriptions runiques</a> ; de plus, demeurant mutuellement intelligibles tout au long des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasions_barbares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invasions barbares">Grandes invasions</a>, certaines variétés individuelles ne sont pas aisées à classer. Les dialectes dont les caractéristiques définissent la branche occidentale sont nés du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-germanique">proto-germanique</a> à la fin de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_de_Jastorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture de Jastorf">culture de Jastorf</a> (vers le <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>). Le groupe germanique occidental est caractérisé par plusieurs innovations <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonologie">phonologiques</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morphologie_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morphologie (linguistique)">morphologiques</a> absentes des autres groupes, telles que<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> :</p> <ul> <li>la perte du <i>w</i> après <i>ng</i> ;</li> <li>la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9mination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gémination">gémination</a> des consonnes (<i>r</i> excepté) avant le /<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/API_j?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">j</span></a>/ ;</li> <li>le remplacement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9sinence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Désinence">désinence</a> <i>-t</i> par <i>-i</i> à la seconde personne du singulier au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prétérit">prétérit</a> ;</li> <li>l’apparition des formes brèves des verbes <i>être debout</i> et <i>aller</i> (allemand <i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">stehen</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">gehen</span></i>, néerlandais <i><span class="lang-ne" lang="ne">staan</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-ne" lang="ne">gaan</span></i> contre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieux_norrois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vieux norrois">vieux norrois</a> <i><span class="lang-non" lang="non">standa</span></i> et <i><span class="lang-non" lang="non">ganga</span></i>) ;</li> <li>le développement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9rondif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gérondif">gérondif</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Cependant, de nombreux linguistes doutent de l’existence d’un ancêtre commun aux langues germaniques occidentales plus récent que le proto-germanique, c’est-à-dire d'un « proto-germanique occidental »<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ainsi, certains pensent qu’après la séparation du groupe oriental, les langues germaniques restantes se sont divisées en quatre dialectes principaux<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kuhn-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : le germanique septentrional et trois autres groupes, appelés collectivement « germanique occidental » :</p> <ol> <li>le germanique de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer du Nord">mer du Nord</a>, ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ingvaeonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingvaeonique">ingvaeonique</a>, ancêtre de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-frison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-frison">anglo-frison</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas allemand">bas allemand</a> ;</li> <li>le germanique de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbe_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbe (fleuve)">Elbe</a>, ancêtre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut allemand">haut allemand</a> ;</li> <li>le germanique de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weser">Weser</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhin">Rhin</a>, ancêtre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francique_(langue_morte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Francique (langue morte)">francique</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néerlandais">néerlandais</a>.</li> </ol> <p>Les preuves de cette théorie viennent de plusieurs innovations linguistiques que l'on retrouve à la fois dans les langues germaniques septentrionales et occidentales<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dont :</p> <ul> <li>la mutation du <i>ǣ</i> proto-germanique vers <i>ā</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ;</li> <li>le développement de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umlaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umlaut">umlaut</a> ;</li> <li>le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhotacisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhotacisme">rhotacisme</a> du <i>z</i> vers le <i>r</i> ;</li> <li>le développement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pronom_d%C3%A9monstratif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronom démonstratif">pronom démonstratif</a> à l’origine du <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">this</span></i> anglais.</li> </ul> <p>De ce point de vue, selon la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_des_vagues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théorie des vagues">théorie des vagues</a> et en contradiction avec la théorie ethnolinguistique (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stammbaumtheorie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stammbaumtheorie (page inexistante)">Stammbaumtheorie</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammbaumtheorie" class="extiw" title="de:Stammbaumtheorie"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en allemand : « Stammbaumtheorie »">(de)</span></a></i>) d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Schleicher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>, les propriétés communes des langues germaniques occidentales ne proviennent pas d’un « proto-germanique occidental » originel, mais sont plutôt issues des contacts que les peuples germaniques ont eu entre eux en Europe centrale et desquels les peuples scandinaves ont été privés. Néanmoins, il a été argumenté que, d’après leur syntaxe quasi identique, les langues germaniques occidentales étaient, au début du moins, suffisamment proches pour être mutuellement compréhensibles<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Moyen_Âge"><span id="Moyen_.C3.82ge"></span>Moyen Âge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Moyen Âge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Durant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a>, les langues germaniques occidentales se retrouvèrent divisées du fait du développement insulaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen anglais">moyen anglais</a> d’une part, et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_mutation_consonantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconde mutation consonantique">seconde mutation consonantique</a> sur le continent d’autre part. La seconde mutation consonantique sépara le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut allemand">haut allemand</a> des autres langues germaniques occidentales. Au début des temps modernes, une grande variété de dialectes existait entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_al%C3%A9manique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut alémanique">haut alémanique</a> au sud (le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut-valaisan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut-valaisan">haut-valaisan</a> étant le dialecte germanique vivant le plus méridional) et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas saxon">bas saxon</a> septentrional au nord. Bien que ces deux extrêmes soient considérés comme des dialectes germaniques, ils ne sont pas mutuellement intelligibles. En effet, au contraire des dialectes du sud, ceux du nord n’ont pas été affectés par la seconde mutation consonantique.</p> <p>Parmi les variantes de l’allemand moderne, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas allemand">bas allemand</a> est le plus proche de l’anglais moderne. Le district d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angeln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angeln">Angeln</a>, qui a donné son nom à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a>, se situe à l’extrême nord de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, près de la frontière <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemark">danoise</a> et de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mer_Baltique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mer Baltique">mer Baltique</a>. Au sud de l’Angeln se trouve la région où les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> vivaient (aujourd’hui incluse dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basse-Saxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basse-Saxe">Basse-Saxe</a>). Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglo-Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuples_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples germaniques">tribus germaniques</a>, étaient un mélange de nombreux peuples du nord de l’Allemagne et de la péninsule du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Liste_et_classification">Liste et classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liste et classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Germanische_sprachen.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanische_sprachen.PNG/324px-Germanische_sprachen.PNG" decoding="async" width="324" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 324px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanische_sprachen.PNG/324px-Germanische_sprachen.PNG" data-width="324" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanische_sprachen.PNG/486px-Germanische_sprachen.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Germanische_sprachen.PNG/648px-Germanische_sprachen.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Étendue des langues germaniques dans le monde. Parmi celles représentées, les langues germaniques occidentales comprennent l'anglais (bleu), l'allemand (vert), le néerlandais (jaune), l'afrikaans (ocre), le frison (noir), et le yidiche (rouge). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les divisions entre sous familles des langues germaniques occidentales sont rarement précisément définies et forment plutôt des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continuum_linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continuum linguistique">continua linguistiques</a>, les dialectes adjacents étant inter-compréhensibles au contraire des dialectes plus distants.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_anglo-frisonnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues anglo-frisonnes">Langues anglo-frisonnes</a> <ul> <li>Groupe anglo-saxon <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">Anglais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yola_(langue_germanique)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yola (langue germanique) (page inexistante)">Yola</a> (dialecte de Forth et Bargy) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fingalien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fingalien">fingalien</a> (éteints)</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_frisonnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues frisonnes">Langues frisonnes</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frison_occidental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frison occidental">Frison occidental</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frison_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frison oriental">Frison oriental</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frison_septentrional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frison septentrional">Frison septentrional</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germano-n%C3%A9erlandaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germano-néerlandaises">Langues germano-néerlandaises</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas allemand">Bas allemand</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas saxon">Bas saxon</a> (ou bas allemand occidental) <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bas_saxon_septentrional&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bas saxon septentrional (page inexistante)">Bas saxon septentrional</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westphalien_(langue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westphalien (langue)">Westphalien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostphalien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostphalien">Ostphalien</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_allemand_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas allemand oriental">Bas allemand oriental</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_francique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas francique">Bas francique</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbourgeois">Limbourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néerlandais">Néerlandais</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrikaans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haut allemand">Haut allemand</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand">Allemand</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen allemand">Moyen allemand</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourgeois">Luxembourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_de_Pennsylvanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand de Pennsylvanie">Allemand de Pennsylvanie</a> ou <i>Deitsch</i></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand supérieur">Allemand supérieur</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al%C3%A9manique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alémanique">Alémanique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavarois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavarois">Bavarois</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilamowicien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilamowicien">Wilamowicien</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Comparaison">Comparaison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Comparaison" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Le tableau suivante montre les relations qui unissent les principales langues germaniques occidentales (anglais, néerlandais et haut allemand) à l’aide des mots issus des racines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-germanique">proto-germaniques</a> <i>*se/*þe</i>, <i>*hwa</i>, et <i>*he</i>. (Ces racines sont en réalité des simplifications de trois ensembles de racines de formes similaires, partageant la même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consonne">consonne</a> initiale ou alternant entre deux consonnes dans le cas de <i>*se/*þe</i>.)</p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%"> <caption> Tableau comparatif de mots issus de trois racines dans des langues germaniques occidentales modernes </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Description</th> <th colspan="3">Anglais</th> <th colspan="3">Néerlandais</th> <th colspan="3">Allemand</th> </tr> <tr> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="4"><b>Nominatif</b></td> <td style="width:8%"><i>Masc.</i></td> <td>the</td> <td>who</td> <td>he</td> <td>de</td> <td>wie</td> <td>hij, ie</td> <td>der</td> <td>wer</td> <td>er</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Neutre</i></td> <td>that</td> <td>what</td> <td>it</td> <td>dat</td> <td>wat</td> <td>het</td> <td>das</td> <td>was</td> <td>es</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Fém.</i></td> <td>she</td> <td>(who)</td> <td>hoo<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>tab 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>zij, ze</td> <td>(wie)</td> <td></td> <td>sie, die</td> <td>(wer)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Pluriel</i></td> <td>they</td> <td>(who)</td> <td></td> <td>zij, ze</td> <td>(wie)</td> <td></td> <td>sie, die</td> <td>(wer)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Démonstratif</b></td> <td>this</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dit, deze</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>dies-</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Adverbial/Nominal</b></td> <td>so, thus</td> <td>while</td> <td></td> <td>zo, dus</td> <td>wijl</td> <td></td> <td>so</td> <td>Weile</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Relatif</b></td> <td>such</td> <td>which</td> <td>each</td> <td>zulk</td> <td>welke</td> <td>elk</td> <td>solch-</td> <td>welch-</td> <td>elch-<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>tab 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Duel</b></td> <td></td> <td>whether</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>weder</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Description</th> <th colspan="3">Anglais</th> <th colspan="3">Néerlandais</th> <th colspan="3">Allemand</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"><b>Datif</b></td> <td><i>Masc./Neut.</i></td> <td></td> <td>whom</td> <td>him</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hem</td> <td>dem</td> <td>wem</td> <td>ihm</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Fém.</i></td> <td></td> <td>(whom)</td> <td>her</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>haar</td> <td>der</td> <td>(wem)</td> <td>ihr</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Pluriel</i></td> <td>them</td> <td>(whom)</td> <td>'em</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hen/hun</td> <td>den</td> <td>(wem)</td> <td>ihnen</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2"><b>Génitif</b></td> <td><i>Masc./Neut.</i></td> <td></td> <td>whose</td> <td>his</td> <td></td> <td>wiens</td> <td></td> <td>des(sen)</td> <td>wessen</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Fem./Plural</i></td> <td>their</td> <td></td> <td>her</td> <td></td> <td>wier</td> <td>haar</td> <td>der(en)</td> <td></td> <td>ihr-</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Locatif</b></td> <td>there</td> <td>where</td> <td>here</td> <td>daar</td> <td>waar</td> <td>hier</td> <td>da, dar-</td> <td>wo, war-</td> <td>hier</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Allatif</b></td> <td>thither</td> <td>whither</td> <td>hither</td> <td>der</td> <td></td> <td>her</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>her</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Ablatif</b></td> <td>thence</td> <td>whence</td> <td>hence</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(von) dannen</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" colspan="2"><b>Instrumental</b></td> <td></td> <td>why, how</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>hoe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>wie</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" rowspan="2"><b>Temporel/ Conjonctif</b></td> <td><i>I</i></td> <td>then</td> <td>when</td> <td></td> <td>dan</td> <td>wanneer</td> <td></td> <td>dann</td> <td>wann</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>II</i></td> <td>than</td> <td>(when)</td> <td></td> <td>(dan)</td> <td>(wanneer)</td> <td></td> <td>denn</td> <td>wenn</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Description</th> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> <th>De *Se/*þe</th> <th>De *Hwa</th> <th>De *He</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Anglais</th> <th colspan="3">Néerlandais</th> <th colspan="3">Allemand</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen anglais">Moyen anglais</a> / West Midlands English</b></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_haut-allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen haut-allemand">Moyen haut-allemand</a></b></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages?oldid%3D384279700">West Germanic languages</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages?action%3Dhistory">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>. </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hawkins_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HawkinsComrie1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_A._HawkinsBernard_Comrie1987"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John A. <span class="nom_auteur">Hawkins</span> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Comrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Comrie">Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Comrie</span></a> (éditeur), <cite class="italique" lang="en">The World's Major Languages</cite>, New York, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>1987</time>, 1025 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-19-520521-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-19-520521-9"><span class="nowrap">0-19-520521-9</span></a>)</small><span class="lang-en" lang="en">, « Germanic languages »</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">68–76</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.atitle=Germanic+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Comrie%2C+Bernard&rft.date=1987&rft.pages=68%E2%80%9376&rft.tpages=1025&rft.isbn=0-19-520521-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+germaniques+occidentales"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Robinson_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Robinson_2-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Robinson_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robinson1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Orrin_W._Robinson1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Orrin W. <span class="nom_auteur">Robinson</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Old English and Its Closest Relatives : A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, <time>1992</time>, 290 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8047-2221-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8047-2221-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8047-2221-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DxAeJoF55hhsC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+Its+Closest+Relatives&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.stitle=A+Survey+of+the+Earliest+Germanic+Languages&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rft.date=1992&rft.tpages=290&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2221-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+germaniques+occidentales"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kuhn_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kuhn1955–56"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hans_Kuhn1955–56"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hans <span class="nom_auteur">Kuhn</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Zur Gliederung der germanischen Sprachen</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 66,‎ 1955–56, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1–47</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zur+Gliederung+der+germanischen+Sprachen&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsches+Altertum+und+deutsche+Literatur&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.date=1955&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+germaniques+occidentales"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mais voir aussi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fausto Cercignani">Fausto Cercignani</a>, <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, in «Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung», 86/1, 1972, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">104-110</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Graeme Davis (2006:154) fait remarquer : « les langues du groupe germanique durant l’ancienne période sont bien plus proches qu’on le croyait auparavant. En effet, il ne semble pas déraisonnable de la voir comme des dialectes d’une langue unique. Ils sont sans aucun doute bien plus proches entre eux que ne le sont les divers dialectes du chinois moderne, par exemple. Une analogie moderne raisonnable serait l’arabe, où une diversité dialectale considérable existe au sein du concept d’une seule langue arabe." In: <span class="ouvrage" id="Davis2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Graeme_Davis2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Graeme <span class="nom_auteur">Davis</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Comparative syntax of old English and old Icelandic : linguistic, literary and historical implications</cite>, Berne, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Lang_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Lang (maison d'édition)">Peter Lang</a>, <time>2006</time>, 189 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, poche <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-03910-270-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-03910-270-9"><span class="nowrap">978-3-03910-270-9</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro_de_contr%C3%B4le_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numéro de contrôle de la Bibliothèque du Congrès">LCCN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/2006275614">2006275614</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTSSVGiHRBQcC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+syntax+of+old+English+and+old+Icelandic&rft.place=Berne&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.stitle=linguistic%2C+literary+and+historical+implications&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=189&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-270-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ALangues+germaniques+occidentales"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="25" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/38px-Thorn-eth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/50px-Thorn-eth.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Langues germaniques">Portail des langues germaniques</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLangues_germaniques_occidentales%26oldid%3D212649331">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&oldid=212649331</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Langues_germaniques_occidentales&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="W0landdd" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1708457751"> <span>Dernière modification le 20 février 2024, à 20:35</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_tale" title="Wes-Germaanse tale – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%2588%259D%25E1%258B%2595%25E1%2588%25AB%25E1%2589%25A5-%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2593%25E1%258B%258A_%25E1%2589%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%2589%258B%25E1%258B%258E%25E1%2589%25BD_%25E1%2589%25A4%25E1%2589%25B0%25E1%2588%25A0%25E1%2589%25A5" title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas_occidentals" title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanisca_spr%25C3%25A6ca" title="Westgermanisca spræca – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westgermanisca spræca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="لغات جرمانية غربية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية غربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%25C3%25BCes_xerm%25C3%25A1niques_occidentales" title="Llingües xermániques occidentales – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xermániques occidentales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C_%25DA%2598%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="باتی ژرمن دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprochn" title="Westgermanische Sprochn – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Westgermanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Sulnopan_na_Alemaniko" title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански езици – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западногермански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AE_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B9" title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%25C3%25BCes_germ%25C3%25A0niques_occidentals" title="Llengües germàniques occidentals – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües germàniques occidentals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25A1padogerm%25C3%25A1nsk%25C3%25A9_jazyky" title="Západogermánské jazyky – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západogermánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3dwjacornogermaniske_r%25C4%259Bcy" title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AD%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AD%25CF%2582_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582" title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="West Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcident%25C4%259Dermana_lingvaro" title="Okcidentĝermana lingvaro – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidentĝermana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_germ%25C3%25A1nicas_occidentales" title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4negermaani_keeled" title="Läänegermaani keeled – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänegermaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25DA%2598%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A4nsigermaaniset_kielet" title="Länsigermaaniset kielet – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsigermaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgermansk_m%25C3%25A1l" title="Vesturgermansk mál – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vesturgermansk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waastgermaans_spriaken" title="Waastgermaans spriaken – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waastgermaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaanske_talen" title="Westgermaanske talen – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Westgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xerm%25C3%25A1nicas_occidentais" title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%259E%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnogermanski_jezici" title="Zapadnogermanski jezici – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadnogermanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadogermanske_r%25C4%259B%25C4%258De" title="Zapadogermanske rěče – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zapadogermanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_germ%25C3%25A1n_nyelvek" title="Nyugati germán nyelvek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D6%2580%25D6%2587%25D5%25B4%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A6%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westala_Germana" title="Westala Germana – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Westala Germana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgerm%25C3%25B6nsk_tungum%25C3%25A1l" title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_occidentali" title="Lingue germaniche occidentali – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E3%2582%25B2%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25B3%25E8%25AA%259E%25E7%25BE%25A4" title="西ゲルマン語群 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ゲルマン語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Joermanik_languij" title="Wes Joermanik languij – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wes Joermanik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_ti%25C7%25A7ermanin_tutrimin" title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2584%259C%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25A5%25B4%25EB%25A7%258C%25EC%2596%25B4%25EA%25B5%25B0" title="서게르만어군 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서게르만어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Germanicae_occidentales" title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_taole" title="Wes-Germaanse taole – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wes-Germaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujenedes_germaniches_uzidenteles" title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%25C5%25B3_german%25C5%25B3_kalbos" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų germanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietum%25C4%25A3erm%25C4%2581%25C5%2586u_valodas" title="Rietumģermāņu valodas – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански јазици – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западногермански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaansche_Spraken" title="Westgermaansche Spraken – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Westgermaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoanse_toalen" title="West-Germoanse toalen – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West-Germoanse toalen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germaanse_talen" title="West-Germaanse talen – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%25C3%25A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%25C3%25A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_germanicas_occidentalas" title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenganan_west_german" title="Lenganan west german – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenganan west german" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyki_zachodniogerma%25C5%2584skie" title="Języki zachodniogermańskie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki zachodniogermańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="لیندی جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیندی جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25ADnguas_germ%25C3%25A2nicas_ocidentais" title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_germanice_de_vest" title="Limbi germanice de vest – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi germanice de vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Западногерманские языки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западногерманские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Germanic_leids" title="Wast Germanic leids – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wast Germanic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25A1padogerm%25C3%25A1nske_jazyky" title="Západogermánske jazyky – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západogermánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%25C3%25ABt_perendimore_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Западногермански језици – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западногермански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4stgermaniske_Sproaken" title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%2581" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%25C4%25B1_Cermen_dilleri" title="Batı Cermen dilleri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Cermen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8" title="Західногерманські мови – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західногерманські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25BA" title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25B3m_ng%25C3%25B4n_ng%25E1%25BB%25AF_German_ph%25C3%25ADa_T%25C3%25A2y" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoans" title="West-Germoans – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="West-Germoans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AF%25AD%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼语支 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西日耳曼语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580w%25E1%25BB%258Dn_%25C3%25A8d%25C3%25A8_%25C3%258Cw%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2580or%25C3%25B9n_J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25ACk%25C3%25AC" title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼語支 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_German_g%25C3%25AD-chi" title="Sai German gí-chi – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai German gí-chi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E6%2597%25A5%25E8%2580%25B3%25E6%259B%25BC%25E8%25AA%259E%25E6%2594%25AF" title="西日耳曼語支 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" 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