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<div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>.</strong></p> <p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Accueil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grammaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grammaire">grammaire</a>, le <b>prétérit</b>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">praeteritum</span></i> « passé », est un terme employé traditionnellement dans le cas des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue">langues</a> qui disposent de plusieurs formes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verbe">verbales</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analytisme_et_synth%C3%A9tisme_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analytisme et synthétisme (linguistique)">synthétiques</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passé (grammaire)">passé</a>. Le terme est interprété différemment en fonction de la grammaire de la langue où il est employé, et ayant en commun qu'il se réfère seulement à la caractéristique de ces formes d'exprimer des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proc%C3%A8s_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procès (linguistique)">procès</a> passés, sans prendre en considération l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect (grammaire)">aspect</a> qu'elles expriment en même temps. Dans le cas des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a> anciennes, c'est une dénomination commune des formes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aoriste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aoriste">aoriste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parfait_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parfait (grammaire)">parfait</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imparfait?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imparfait">imparfait</a>, héritées du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-indo-europ%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-indo-européen">proto-indo-européen</a>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a>, par exemple, a hérité de toutes les trois. On utilise parfois ce terme dans le cas de certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a> modernes aussi, se référant à une forme ou des formes verbales descendantes de l'aoriste, du parfait ou de l'imparfait, qu'elles possèdent<sup id="cite_ref-iarteva_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iarteva-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-bussmann_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bussmann-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En grammaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Français">française</a>, on appelait parfois prétérit la forme héritée du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parfait_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parfait (grammaire)">parfait</a> latin, qu'on n'appelle plus que « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple_en_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passé simple en français">passé simple</a> » au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, en opposition avec « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_compos%C3%A9_en_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passé composé en français">passé composé</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. On rencontre le terme prétérit, par exemple dans Foulet 1920, qui traite du remplacement du passé simple par le passé composé dans la langue parlée<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Concernant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a>, le terme prétérit est parfois utilisé pour la forme appelée <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">past simple</span></i> ou <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">simple past</span></i> (<abbr class="abbr" title="littéralement">litt.</abbr> « passé simple »), parce qu'elle implique tantôt l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_perfectif/imperfectif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect perfectif/imperfectif">aspect perfectif</a>, correspondant ainsi au passé simple des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_romanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues romanes">langues romanes</a>, tantôt l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspect_perfectif/imperfectif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspect perfectif/imperfectif">aspect imperfectif</a>, comme l'imparfait de ces langues. Le prétérit s'oppose à des formes appelées <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i>non-preterite</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Analytisme_et_synth%C3%A9tisme_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Analytisme et synthétisme (linguistique)">analytiques</a>, ex. <i>I spoke</i> (<i>past simple</i>) « je parlai » vs <i>I was speaking</i> (<i>past continuous</i>, littéralement « passé continu ») « je parlais », <i>I have been speaking</i> (<i>present perfect continuous</i> litt. « parfait présent continu ») « j'ai parlé », etc.<sup id="cite_ref-crystal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En grammaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand">allemande</a>, on appelle couramment <i>Präteritum</i> la forme qui correspond au <i>past simple</i> anglais, ex. <i>ich machte</i>, qui peut signifier « je faisais » (imperfectif) ou « je fis » (perfectif), en opposition aux formes analytiques <i>Perfekt</i> et <i>Plusquamperfekt</i><sup id="cite_ref-iarteva_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iarteva-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans des grammaires des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues slaves">langues slaves</a> qui ont conservé l'aoriste et l'imparfait, comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgare">bulgare</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mac%C3%A9donien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macédonien">macédonien</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbo-croate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serbo-croate">BCMS</a>, on utilise parfois pour ces formes le terme commun « prétérit »<sup id="cite_ref-iarteva_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iarteva-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En grammaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagnol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagnol">espagnole</a>, à tous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_(grammaire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode (grammaire)">modes</a>, les appellations de la plupart des nombreuses formes verbales de passé commencent par le terme <i>pretérito</i> : <i>pretérito imperfecto</i>, <i>pretérito perfecto simple</i>, <i>pretérito perfecto compuesto</i>, <i>pretérito pluscuamperfecto</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iarteva-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iarteva_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iarteva_1-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iarteva_1-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iartseva_1990">Iartseva 1990</a>, article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/396b.html">Прете́рит</a> <i>Prétérit</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-bussmann-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bussmann_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bussmann_1998">Bussmann 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 940.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dubois_2002">Dubois 2002</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 379.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-crystal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-crystal_4-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-crystal_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crystal_2008">Crystal 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 385.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bidu-Vr%C4%83nceanu_1997">Bidu-Vrănceanu 1997</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 381.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foulet1920"><span class="ouvrage" id="L._Foulet1920">L. Foulet, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La disparition du prétérit</cite> », <i>Romania : recueil trimestriel consacré à l'étude des langues et des littératures romanes</i>, Paris, Édouard Champion, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 49, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr> 46,‎ <time>1920</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">271-313</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Romania/mvKQGiYmYAcC?hl%3D%26gbpv%3D1">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-04-13" data-sort-value="2023-04-13">13 avril 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+disparition+du+pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit&rft.jtitle=Romania+%3A+recueil+trimestriel+consacr%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+des+langues+et+des+litt%C3%A9ratures+romanes&rft.aulast=Foulet&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.date=1920&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=271-313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Da_Silva_et_Pereira-Tresmontant_1998">Da Silva et Pereira-Tresmontant 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 169-170.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bidu-Vrănceanu_1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : roumain">(ro)</abbr> Bidu-Vrănceanu, Angela <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique" lang="ro">Dicționar general de științe. Științe ale limbii</cite> [« Dictionnaire général des sciences. Sciences de la langue »], Bucarest, Editura științifică, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/973-44-0229-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/973-44-0229-3"><span class="nowrap">973-44-0229-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/10986209/87525919-DSL-Dictionar-de-Stiinte-Ale-Limbii">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dic%C8%9Bionar+general+de+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Be.+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be+ale+limbii&rft.place=Bucarest&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.au=Bidu-Vr%C4%83nceanu%2C+Angela&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=973-44-0229-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bussmann_1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bussmann, Hadumod (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique" lang="en">Dictionary of Language and Linguistics</cite> [« Dictionnaire de la langue et de la linguistique »], Londres – New York, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-203-98005-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-203-98005-0"><span class="nowrap">0-203-98005-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/142124/Routledge_Dictionary_of_Language_and_Linguistics.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Londres+%E2%80%93+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Bussmann%2C+Hadumod&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-203-98005-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Crystal_2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Crystal, David, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics</cite> [« Dictionnaire de linguistique et de phonétique »], Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="quatrième">4<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 529 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4051-5296-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4051-5296-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4051-5296-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120458/https://anekawarnapendidikan.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/a-dictionary-of-linguistics-and-phonetics-by-david-christal.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.edition=4&rft.au=Crystal%2C+David&rft.date=2008&rft.tpages=529&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5296-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Da_Silva_et_Pereira-Tresmontant_1998">Da Silva, Monique et Pereira-Tresmontant, Carmen, <cite class="italique">La grammaire espagnole</cite>, Paris, Hatier, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-218-72267-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-218-72267-4"><span class="nowrap">2-218-72267-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+grammaire+espagnole&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hatier&rft.au=Da+Silva%2C+Monique&rft.au=Pereira-Tresmontant%2C+Carmen&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=2-218-72267-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Dubois_2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Dubois_(linguiste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Dubois (linguiste)">Dubois, Jean</a> <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (et d’autres)">et al.</abbr></i>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de linguistique</cite>, Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, <time>2002</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireDeLinguistiqueDubois">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+linguistique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Larousse-Bordas%2FVUEF&rft.au=Dubois%2C+Jean&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Iartseva_1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : russe">(ru)</abbr> Iartseva, V. N. (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="ru">Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь</cite> [« Dictionnaire encyclopédique de linguistique »], Moscou, Sovietskaïa Entsiklopedia,‎ <time>1990</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.place=Moscou&rft.pub=Sovietska%C3%AFa+Entsiklopedia&rft.au=Iartseva%2C+V.+N.&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APr%C3%A9t%C3%A9rit"></span></span></li> </ul> 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<div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A4teritum" title="Präteritum – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Präteritum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasau_perfecto_simple_d%2527indicativo" title="Pasau perfecto simple d'indicativo – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pasau perfecto simple d'indicativo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amzer-dremenet_strizh" title="Amzer-dremenet strizh – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amzer-dremenet strizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A9teritum" title="Préteritum – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Préteritum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datid" title="Datid – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Datid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A4teritum" title="Präteritum – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präteritum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Preterite" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterito" title="Preterito – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Preterito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%25C3%25A9rito_perfecto_simple" title="Pretérito perfecto simple – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pretérito perfecto simple" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteriti" title="Preteriti – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Preteriti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%25C3%25A9rito_de_indicativo" title="Pretérito de indicativo – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pretérito de indicativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeteritum" title="Praeteritum – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Praeteritum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passato_perfecte_simple" title="Passato perfecte simple – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Passato perfecte simple" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterito" title="Preterito – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Preterito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passato_remoto" title="Passato remoto – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Passato remoto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passad_lontan" title="Passad lontan – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Passad lontan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filazam-potoana_lasa_tsotra" title="Filazam-potoana lasa tsotra – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filazam-potoana lasa tsotra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A4teritum" title="Präteritum – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Präteritum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritum" title="Preteritum – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Preteritum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritum" title="Preteritum – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Preteritum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pret%25C3%25A9rito" title="Pretérito – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pretérito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterit" title="Preterit – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Preterit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preteritum" title="Preteritum – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Preteritum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%25C3%25A4teritum" title="Präteritum – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Präteritum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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