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<section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>Le <b>haut allemand</b> (<span class="lang-de" lang="de"><i>Hochdeutsche Dialekte</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> est, en linguistique, un groupe de dialectes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">germaniques</a>. Il se distingue du groupe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas-allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-allemand">bas-allemand</a> par le phénomène de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_mutation_consonantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconde mutation consonantique">seconde mutation consonantique</a> et en est séparé par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_de_Benrath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne de Benrath">ligne de Benrath</a>. Le nombre total de locuteurs dans sa zone traditionnelle, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Radkersburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Radkersburg">Bad Radkersburg</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a> est d'environ 60 millions. Il comprend les dialectes du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen allemand">moyen allemand</a>, où la seconde mutation consonantique est incomplète, et les dialectes de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_sup%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand supérieur">allemand supérieur</a>, où cette mutation est complète.</p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#3CB371;color:black;">Haut allemand<br><small>(adjectif : haut-allemand)</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Langues filles</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand standard">allemand standard</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yiddish">yiddish</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourgeois">luxembourgeois</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pays</th> <td><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liechtenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">Belgique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (pays)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">Italie</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">langues germaniques</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques occidentales">langues germaniques occidentales</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe allemand">groupe germano-néerlandais</a> <ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <b>haut allemand</b></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glottolog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/high1289">high1289</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Carte</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Haut-allemand_v2.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Haut allemand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haut-allemand_v2.png/280px-Haut-allemand_v2.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haut-allemand_v2.png/420px-Haut-allemand_v2.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haut-allemand_v2.png/560px-Haut-allemand_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="865"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #3CB371 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHaut_allemand%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Sous l'influence de l'allemand « <i>Hochdeutsch</i> », qui désigne aujourd'hui presque exclusivement la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue standard">langue standard</a>, le mot français « haut allemand » désigne aussi parfois par extension l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand standard">allemand standard</a>, langue allemande officielle issue des dialectes de ce groupe.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aire_g%C3%A9ographique"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Aire géographique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Aire_géographique"><span id="Aire_g.C3.A9ographique"></span>Aire géographique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aire géographique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/310px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1156"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 337px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/310px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" data-width="310" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/465px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/620px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Carte des différents dialectes germaniques. Les dialectes allemands sont ici en vert : dialectes de l'<i>allemand supérieur</i> en vert foncé, dialectes du <i>moyen allemand</i> en vert intermédiaire, dialectes du <i>bas allemand</i> en vert clair. En bleu : le groupe <i>scandinave</i>. En orange : le groupe <i>anglo-frison</i>. En jaune : le bas francique. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Parmi les langues que l’on rattache aux dialectes haut-allemands, il y a d'abord l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemand_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemand standard">allemand standard</a> (parfois désigné comme l'« allemand écrit »), le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yiddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yiddish">yiddish</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourgeois">luxembourgeois</a>. La langue allemande écrite s'est formée il y a maintenant plus d'un demi-millénaire, avec la découverte en Europe de l'imprimerie à caractères mobiles et la Réforme. Elle supplante depuis peu à peu tous les dialectes allemands.</p> <p>Les dialectes haut-allemands sont parlés dans plusieurs régions centrales et méridionales de l'Europe germanophone : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche">Autriche</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">Italie</a>), de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse_al%C3%A9manique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse alémanique">Suisse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_au_Liechtenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues au Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (pays)">Luxembourg</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alsace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>), dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbourg">Limbourg</a> et par endroits encore en Haute-Silésie (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pologne">Pologne</a>). On trouve en outre de par le monde quelques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isolat_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isolat (linguistique)">isolats linguistiques</a> haut-allemands, par exemple aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> ou en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roumanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roumanie">Roumanie</a>.</p> <p>Dans l’expression « haut-allemand », l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjectif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adjectif">adjectif</a> « haut » fait allusion au fait que ce groupe de dialectes était à l'origine parlé principalement dans les régions montagneuses de l'espace germanophone, par opposition aux dialectes « bas-allemands » de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plaine_d%27Allemagne_du_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plaine d'Allemagne du Nord">plaine d'Allemagne du Nord</a> et du littoral baltique. Le concept de <i>hochdeutsch</i> apparaît pour la première fois en 1440 dans les traductions effectuées de l'allemand vers le néerlandais puisqu'on lit en préface : „Uut hoghen duutsche ghetransfereert / Ende in onser talen ghekeert“<sup id="cite_ref-Berthele_2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Berthele_2003-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et <i>niederdeutsch</i> n'apparaît qu'en 1457: <span class="citation">« vanden hooghen duutsche int neder duutsche<sup id="cite_ref-Berthele_2003_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Berthele_2003-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. »</span></p> <p>« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tudesque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tudesque">Tudesque</a> » (<i>Deutsch</i>) signifie étymologiquement « propre au peuple, populaire » et, contrairement aux autres adjectifs de nationalité, désigne d'abord une langue ; ce n'est qu'ensuite qu'elle en désigne les locuteurs et même le pays où ils vivent : l'épithète latin <i>theodiscus</i> apparaît pour la première fois en 786, dans un rapport du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonce_apostolique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonce apostolique">nonce apostolique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Georges_d'Ostie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Georges d'Ostie (page inexistante)">Georges d'Ostie</a> adressé au pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrien_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adrien Ier">Adrien <abbr class="abbr" title="premier"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span><sup>er</sup></abbr></a> à propos de deux synodes en Angleterre. Les décrets étaient alors rédigés à la fois en latin et en langue vernaculaire (<i>latine</i> et <i>theodisce</i>), afin qu'ils puissent être compris de tous ; mais dans ce contexte, l'adjectif désignait encore une variante du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieil-anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieil-anglais">vieil-anglais</a>. En 813, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> recommande à ses clercs de dire les messes non seulement en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> mais aussi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-roman_(langue)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-roman (langue)">langue romane</a> et tudesque (<i>in rusticam Romanam linguam aut Theodiscam</i>). Ce mot savant de tudesque dérive de l’adjectif <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieux-francique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vieux-francique">vieux-francique</a> <i>*theodisk</i> (à rapprocher du gotique <i>þiuda,</i> et du vieux haut-allemand <i>diot</i> qui signifient « peuple »), et se rapproche des gentilés <i>tedeschi</i> en italien et <i>tedescos</i> en sarde, mais aussi des mots <i>deutsch</i> et "deitsch" en haut et moyen allemand.</p> <p>Jusqu'au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien français">français médiéval</a> désignait la langue allemande comme <i>tiedeis, tieis, tiois</i> ; en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flamand_(dialecte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flamand (dialecte)">flamand</a>, <i>dietsch</i> (d'où <i>Dutch</i> en anglais, qui désigne à vrai dire le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9erlandais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Néerlandais">néerlandais</a>). Vers la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, l'adjectif latin <i>teutonicus</i> supplante graduellement <i>theodiscus</i> (encore attesté en 1050) : cette forme a été préservée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italien">italien</a> moderne : <i>tedesco</i>.</p> <p><br></p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Répartition des dialectes de l'allemand supérieur depuis 1945."> <noscript> <img alt="Répartition des dialectes de l'allemand supérieur depuis 1945." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/146px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1370"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/146px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" data-alt="Répartition des dialectes de l'allemand supérieur depuis 1945." data-width="146" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/219px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/292px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Répartition des dialectes de l'allemand supérieur depuis 1945. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Répartition des dialectes du moyen allemand depuis 1945."> <noscript> <img alt="Répartition des dialectes du moyen allemand depuis 1945." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/141px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1053"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 141px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/141px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png" data-alt="Répartition des dialectes du moyen allemand depuis 1945." data-width="141" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/212px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/283px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Répartition des dialectes du moyen allemand depuis 1945. </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Les plus anciens témoignages écrits du vieux haut-allemand sont des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glose">gloses</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>.</p> <p>Vers 1200, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_haut-allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen haut-allemand">Moyen haut-allemand</a>, combinaison de différents <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Souabe_(dialecte)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Souabe (dialecte)">dialectes souabes</a>, finit par s'imposer comme une langue littéraire de portée inter-régionale, reconnue jusqu'en Allemagne du Nord.</p> <p>Cette langue évolue à la Renaissance vers une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_%C3%A9crite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langue écrite">langue écrite</a> commune aux chancelleries du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique">Saint Empire</a>, en s'enrichissant d'apports haut-franconiens et bavarois de l'espace germanophone oriental. Elle gagne graduellement l'Allemagne hanséatique tout au long du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> (évinçant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bas_saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bas saxon">bas saxon</a>, jugé trop rustique et bourgeois), et au cours du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> s'impose comme la langue allemande écrite.</p> <p>Les périodes du haut-allemand se divisent en :</p> <ol> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieux_haut-allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieux haut-allemand">Vieux haut-allemand</a> (Ahd.), de 750 à 1050</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_haut-allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen haut-allemand">Moyen haut-allemand</a> (Mhd.), de 1050 à 1350</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Moyen_haut-allemand_tardif&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Moyen haut-allemand tardif (page inexistante)">Moyen haut-allemand tardif</a> (Fnhd.), de 1350 à 1650</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut-allemand_moderne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut-allemand moderne">Haut-allemand moderne</a> (Nhd.), de 1650 à aujourd'hui</li> </ol> <p>La délimitation temporelle pose à vrai dire plusieurs problèmes. Tout d'abord la date de 750 n'est qu'une hypothèse pour l'apparition du vieux haut-allemand : elle traduit simplement que dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, les plus anciennes sources écrites de ces parlers ne vont pas au-delà de la seconde moitié du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> : il s'agit d'un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glossaire">glossaire</a>, le codex <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abrogans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abrogans">Abrogans</a>, composé aux alentours de l'an 770<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. D'ailleurs les transitions sont très floues (elles ne valent qu'à 50 ans près environ). Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diff%C3%A9renciation_(linguistique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Différenciation (linguistique)">processus de différenciation</a> s'étend en effet sur différents plans, avec un rythme différent.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Les variantes du haut-allemand sont bien distinctes, et si, dans bien des cas, les locuteurs de régions voisines se comprennent aisément, cela ne va pas de soi pour des régions suffisamment éloignées, qui doivent alors recourir à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue-toit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue-toit">langue-toit</a> qu'est l'allemand standard.</p> <p>Les variantes du haut-allemand sont concernées de façon très variable par la mutation consonantique : seul le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavarois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavarois">bavarois</a> (par ex. le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tyrol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Langues" title="Tyrol">tyrolien</a> et les dialectes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al%C3%A9manique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alémanique">alémaniques</a>) présentent une mutation complète, alors qu'elle n'est que très partielle dans la plupart des autres dialectes haut-allemands : un cas extrême est celui du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbourgeois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbourgeois">Limbourgeois</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6lmsc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mölmsc (page inexistante)">Mölmsc</a>, où la mutation se limite au passage de <i>ik</i> à <i>ich</i>, mais qui, par leur situation nettement au nord de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isoglosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isoglosse">isoglosse</a> <i>maken–machen</i> (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligne_de_Benrath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligne de Benrath">ligne de Benrath</a>) peuvent être rattachés aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_franciques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues franciques">parlers franciques</a>. C'est particulièrement dans l'ouest de l'Allemagne moyenne que la mutation linguistique s'est érodée, par influence méridionale (frontière linguistique francique) : mais cette tendance est géographiquement très progressive d'est en ouest, de sorte qu'il n'y a pas d'accord sur la frontière linguistique du haut-allemand dans les régions rhénanes.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">L’attribut se réfère à l’altitude géographique de la région des locuteurs. <i>Bas</i> signifie donc « basse altitude », ce qui correspond au Nord proche de la mer, et <i>haut</i> signifie « haute altitude », donc le Sud plus proche des Alpes.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Berthele_2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Berthele_2003_2-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Berthele_2003_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Cité d'après <span class="ouvrage" id="Berthele2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Raphael_Berthele2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Raphael Berthele, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Die Deutsche Schriftsprache und die Regionen.</cite>, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, <time>2003</time>, 285 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3-11-017497-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3-11-017497-9"><span class="nowrap">3-11-017497-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCdPqTR8RbHYC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 137<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Deutsche+Schriftsprache+und+die+Regionen.&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Berthele&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=137&rft.tpages=285&rft.isbn=3-11-017497-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHaut+allemand"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haut_allemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">D'après <span class="ouvrage" id="König2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Werner_König2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Werner König, <cite class="italique" lang="de"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dtv-Atlas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dtv-Atlas">dtv-Atlas</a> deutsche Sprache</cite>, Munich, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, <time>2004</time>, 248 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/3-423-03025-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/3-423-03025-9"><span class="nowrap">3-423-03025-9</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 66 et suiv.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=dtv-Atlas+deutsche+Sprache&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=66%26nbsp%3Bet+suiv.&rft.tpages=248&rft.isbn=3-423-03025-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHaut+allemand"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/haut_allemand" class="extiw" title="wikt:haut allemand">haut allemand</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguistique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguistique">Linguistique</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_langues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de langues">Liste de langues</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_par_famille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues par famille">Langues par famille</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues indo-européennes">Langues indo-européennes</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques">Langues germaniques</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germaniques occidentales">Langues germaniques occidentales</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langues_germano-n%C3%A9erlandaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langues germano-néerlandaises">Langues germano-néerlandaises</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52040?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func%3Dfind-c%26local_base%3Daut%26ccl_term%3Dica%3Dph114695">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/high1289">Glottocode</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52040?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/High-German-language"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0077188.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des langues germaniques"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/25px-Thorn-eth.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="267"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/25px-Thorn-eth.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="25" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/38px-Thorn-eth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Thorn-eth.png/50px-Thorn-eth.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Langues_germaniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Langues germaniques">Portail des langues germaniques</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’Allemagne"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/37px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 37px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/37px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="37" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/55px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/74px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Allemagne">Portail de l’Allemagne</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l'Autriche"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/50px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/66px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Autriche">Portail de l'Autriche</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Liechtenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du Liechtenstein"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/37px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 37px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/37px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="37" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/55px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/74px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Liechtenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Liechtenstein">Portail du Liechtenstein</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du Luxembourg"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/37px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 37px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/37px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="37" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/55px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/74px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Luxembourg">Portail du Luxembourg</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Suisse"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="38" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg/56px-Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg/75px-Flag-map_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Suisse">Portail de la Suisse</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Alsace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de l’Alsace"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg/66px-Flag_of_Alsace_%28old%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Alsace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Alsace">Portail de l’Alsace</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Moselle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la Moselle"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg/22px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg/22px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="22" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg/33px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg/44px-Blason_d%C3%A9partement_fr_Moselle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Moselle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Moselle">Portail de la Moselle</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Province_de_Li%C3%A8ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la province de Liège"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 33px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="33" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg/66px-Flag_of_the_Province_of_Li%C3%A8ge.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Province_de_Li%C3%A8ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Province de Liège">Portail de la province de Liège</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DHaut_allemand%26oldid%3D219423465">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&oldid=219423465</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Haut_allemand&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="AmbroiseL" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1728833061"> <span>Dernière modification le 13 octobre 2024, à 16:24</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogduitse_tale" title="Hoogduitse tale – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoogduitse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochdeutsche_Dialekte" title="Hochdeutsche Dialekte – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hochdeutsche Dialekte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_altochermanicas" title="Luengas altochermanicas – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas altochermanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="اللهجات الألمانية العليا – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللهجات الألمانية العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%25C3%25BCes_altoxerm%25C3%25A1niques" title="Llingües altoxermániques – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües altoxermániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D8%25AE%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="یوخاری آلمانی دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوخاری آلمانی دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Верхненямецкія мовы – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Верхненямецкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B" title="Верхненямецкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Верхненямецкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Горногермански езици – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горногермански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259A_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%25B9" title="উচ্চ জার্মান ভাষাসমূহ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উচ্চ জার্মান ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_alemany" title="Alt alemany – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alt alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochdeutsche_Dialekte" title="Hochdeutsche Dialekte – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochdeutsche Dialekte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="High German languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_altogerm%25C3%25A1nicas" title="Lenguas altogermánicas – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas altogermánicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="زبان‌های آلمانی علیا – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آلمانی علیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%25C3%25A4saksa" title="Yläsaksa – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yläsaksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heechd%25C3%25BAtske_talen" title="Heechdútske talen – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heechdútske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A2%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="שפות גרמניות עיליות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמניות עיליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornjonjema%25C4%258Dki_jezici" title="Gornjonjemački jezici – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gornjonjemački jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feln%25C3%25A9met_nyelvek" title="Felnémet nyelvek – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felnémet nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258E%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25A3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Վերին գերմաներենի բարբառներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերին գերմաներենի բարբառներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jerman_Tinggi" title="Rumpun bahasa Jerman Tinggi – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jerman Tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_alto-tedesche" title="Lingue alto-tedesche – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue alto-tedesche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%259C%25B0%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584%25E8%25AA%259E" title="高地ドイツ語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高地ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B3%25A0%25EC%25A7%2580_%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC%25EC%2596%25B4" title="고지 독일어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고지 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecti_Theodiscae_altae" title="Dialecti Theodiscae altae – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dialecti Theodiscae altae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%25C4%258Di%25C5%25B3_auk%25C5%25A1tai%25C4%258Di%25C5%25B3_tarm%25C4%2597" title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių aukštaičių tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Горногермански јазици – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Горногермански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogd%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsche_Dialekten" title="Hoogdüütsche Dialekten – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hoogdüütsche Dialekten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogduuts" title="Hoogduuts – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hoogduuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogduits" title="Hoogduits – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoogduits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B8gtysk" title="Høgtysk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgtysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B8ytysk" title="Høytysk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høytysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_wysokoniemiecki" title="Język wysokoniemiecki – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wysokoniemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto-alem%25C3%25A3o" title="Alto-alemão – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alto-alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8" title="Верхненемецкие языки – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верхненемецкие языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High German languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%25C3%25ABt_e_larta_gjermane" title="Gjuhët e larta gjermane – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët e larta gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B6gtyska" title="Högtyska – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högtyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%25C3%25BCksek_Almanca_dilleri" title="Yüksek Almanca dilleri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek Almanca dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2590%25DA%25AF%25D9%2589%25D8%25B2%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D9%2583_%25DA%25AF%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="ئېگىزلىك گېرمان تىلى – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېگىزلىك گېرمان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Верхньонімецька мова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верхньонімецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25B3m_ng%25C3%25B4n_ng%25E1%25BB%25AF_%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c_cao_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%258Ba" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Đức cao địa – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Đức cao địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="高地德语 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高地德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-t%25C4%2593_Tek-g%25C3%25AD" title="Ko-tē Tek-gí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-tē Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E6%2596%2587" title="高地德文 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高地德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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