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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Ethiopian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Researchers'_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Researchers'_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Researchers' views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Researchers'_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Researchers' views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Researchers'_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folding_of_the_Biblical_Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_of_the_Biblical_Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Folding of the Biblical Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_of_the_Biblical_Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypotheses_and_archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses_and_archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hypotheses and archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses_and_archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen of Sheba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningin_van_Skeba" title="Koningin van Skeba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koningin van Skeba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BD%D2%AD%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D4%A5%D2%B3%D3%99%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8" title="Аҳәынҭқарԥҳәыс Саватәи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҳәынҭқарԥҳәыс Саватәи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بلقيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلقيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_de_Saba" title="Reina de Saba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reina de Saba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilqeys" title="Bilqeys – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bilqeys" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بلقیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلقیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="বিলকিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিলকিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%AB-pa_L%C3%BA-%C3%B4ng" title="Sī-pa Lú-ông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sī-pa Lú-ông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Сәба батшабикәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәба батшабикәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Царыца Саўская – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Царыца Саўская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Царыца Саўская – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Царыца Саўская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_kan_Sheba" title="Reyna kan Sheba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reyna kan Sheba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Савска царица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Савска царица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenigin_vau_Saba" title="Kenigin vau Saba – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kenigin vau Saba" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljica_Sabe" title="Kraljica Sabe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraljica Sabe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_de_Sab%C3%A0" title="Reina de Sabà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reina de Sabà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovna_ze_S%C3%A1by" title="Královna ze Sáby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Královna ze Sáby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambokadzi_we_Shava" title="Mambokadzi we Shava – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mambokadzi we Shava" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhines_Sheba" title="Brenhines Sheba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhines Sheba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronningen_af_Saba" title="Dronningen af Saba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dronningen af Saba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigin_von_Saba" title="Königin von Saba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königin von Saba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeba_kuninganna" title="Seeba kuninganna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seeba kuninganna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC" title="Βασίλισσα του Σαβά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλισσα του Σαβά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_de_Saba" title="Reina de Saba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reina de Saba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dino_de_%C5%9Ceba" title="Reĝino de Ŝeba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝino de Ŝeba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabako_erregina" title="Sabako erregina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sabako erregina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بلقیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلقیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reine_de_Saba" title="Reine de Saba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reine de Saba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AD%C3%B1a_de_Saba" title="Raíña de Saba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raíña de Saba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AC%EC%99%95" title="시바의 여왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시바의 여왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkisu" title="Bilkisu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bilkisu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB" title="Շեբայի թագուհի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շեբայի թագուհի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="शबा की रानी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शबा की रानी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljica_od_Sabe" title="Kraljica od Sabe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljica od Sabe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Syeba" title="Ratu Syeba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ratu Syeba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottningin_af_Saba" title="Drottningin af Saba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Drottningin af Saba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_di_Saba" title="Regina di Saba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regina di Saba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%90" title="מלכת שבא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלכת שבא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="საბაელთა დედოფალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბაელთა დედოფალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkia_wa_Sheba" title="Malkia wa Sheba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Malkia wa Sheba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeda" title="Makeda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Makeda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Saba" title="Regina Saba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regina Saba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81bas_%C4%B7%C4%93ni%C5%86iene" title="Sābas ķēniņiene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sābas ķēniņiene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ebos_karalien%C4%97" title="Šebos karalienė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šebos karalienė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Царицата од Сава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Царицата од Сава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpanjakavavin%27_i_Saba" title="Mpanjakavavin' i Saba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpanjakavavin' i Saba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BF" title="ഷേബാ രാജ്ഞി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷേബാ രാജ്ഞി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%A1ina_ta%27_Saba" title="Reġina ta' Saba – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Reġina ta' Saba" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A3" title="ملكة سبأ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملكة سبأ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B2" title="بالقز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بالقز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Balqis" title="Ratu Balqis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ratu Balqis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Syeba" title="Ratu Syeba – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ratu Syeba" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AA-b%C4%83_n%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-u%C3%B2ng" title="Sê-bă nṳ̄-uòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sê-bă nṳ̄-uòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningin_van_Seba" title="Koningin van Seba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koningin van Seba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="शेबायिम्ह लानी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शेबायिम्ह लानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="シバの女王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シバの女王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronningen_av_Saba" title="Dronningen av Saba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dronningen av Saba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronninga_av_Saba" title="Dronninga av Saba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dronninga av Saba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_de_Saba" title="Reina de Saba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reina de Saba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilqis" title="Bilqis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bilqis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeda" title="Makeda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makeda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainha_de_Sab%C3%A1" title="Rainha de Sabá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rainha de Sabá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_din_Saba" title="Regina din Saba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regina din Saba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Царица Савская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царица Савская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ملکہ سبا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ملکہ سبا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABresha_Belkize" title="Mbretëresha Belkize – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëresha Belkize" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1" title="ෂීබාහි රැජින – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂීබාහි රැජින" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Queen of Sheba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovn%C3%A1_zo_S%C3%A1by" title="Kráľovná zo Sáby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kráľovná zo Sáby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljica_iz_Sabe" title="Kraljica iz Sabe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljica iz Sabe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بەڵقیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڵقیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Краљица од Сабе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљица од Сабе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljica_od_Sabe" title="Kraljica od Sabe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljica od Sabe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratu_Balqis" title="Ratu Balqis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ratu Balqis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_kuningatar" title="Saban kuningatar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saban kuningatar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drottningen_av_Saba" title="Drottningen av Saba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drottningen av Saba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_ng_Saba" title="Reyna ng Saba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reyna ng Saba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="மாக்கேடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாக்கேடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2" title="พระราชินีแห่งเชบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราชินีแห่งเชบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk%C4%B1s" title="Belkıs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belkıs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Цариця Савська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цариця Савська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ملکہ سبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ملکہ سبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%AF_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_x%E1%BB%A9_Sheba" title="Nữ vương xứ Sheba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nữ vương xứ Sheba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyna_han_Sheba" title="Reyna han Sheba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reyna han Sheba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="示巴女王 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="示巴女王" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="示巴女王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="示巴女王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B" title="示巴女王 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical figure in the Abrahamic religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Queen of Sheba (disambiguation)">Queen of Sheba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Queen of Sheba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملكة سبأ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ንግስተ ሳባ‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא‎</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Regina_di_Saba_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Regina_di_Saba_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Queen of Sheba</i> (1907) by Edward Slocombe</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Solomon#Religious_views" title="Solomon">Religion of Solomon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Makeda</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Ancient_Tigray" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Queen of Sheba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <b>Bilqis</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Yemeni and Islamic tradition and as <b>Makeda</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Ethiopian tradition, is a figure first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a>. In the original story, she brings a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravan</a> of valuable gifts for the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Israelite King</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. This account has undergone extensive <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> elaborations,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has become the subject of one of the most widespread and fertile cycles of <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern historians and archaeologists identify <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a> as the ancient <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a> that existed in modern-day Yemen, although no trace of the queen herself has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen's existence is disputed among some historians.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narratives">Narratives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical">Biblical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG/200px-K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG/300px-K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG/400px-K%C3%B6ln_Dom_J%C3%BCngeres_Bibelfenster85.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="2617" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Queen of Sheba and Solomon, around 1280, window now in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n,_por_Tintoretto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg/200px-Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg/300px-Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg/400px-Visita_de_la_reina_de_Saba_a_Salom%C3%B3n%2C_por_Tintoretto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>The Queen of Sheba's visit to Solomon</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circa">around</a> 1555</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Queen of Sheba (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Malkaṯ Šəḇāʾ</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>; <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">βασίλισσα Σαβά</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">basílissa Sabá</i></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܡܠܟܬ ܫܒܐ</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization"><span title="This word or these words should have a romanized transliteration or transcription.">romanization needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ንግሥተ ሳባ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Nəgśətä Saba</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), whose name is not stated, came to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> "with a very great retinue, with camels bearing spices, and very much gold, and precious stones" (<a href="/wiki/1_Kings_10" title="1 Kings 10">1 Kings 10</a>:2). "Never again came such an abundance of spices" (10:10; <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_9" title="2 Chronicles 9">2 Chronicles 9</a>:1–9) as those she gave to Solomon. She came "to prove him with hard questions", which Solomon answered to her satisfaction. They exchanged gifts, after which she returned to her land.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the term <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥiddot</i></span> or 'riddles' (<a href="/wiki/1_Kings_10" title="1 Kings 10">1 Kings 10</a>:1), an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> whose shape points to a sound shift no earlier than the sixth century BC, indicates a late origin for the text.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there is no mention of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a> in 539 BC, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Noth" title="Martin Noth">Martin Noth</a> has held that the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Book of Kings</a> received a definitive redaction around 550 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheba was quite well known in the classical world, and its country was called <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the mid-1st millennium BC, there were <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> also in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, in the area that later became the realm of <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-saba_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-saba-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five places in the Bible where the writer distinguishes <i>Sheba</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁבא</span></span>), i.e. the Yemenite Sabaeans, from <i>Seba</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סבא</span></span>), i.e. the African Sabaeans. In <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Ps.</a> 72:10 they are mentioned together: "the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spelling differentiation, however, may be purely factitious; the indigenous inscriptions make no such difference, and both Yemenite and African Sabaeans are there spelled in exactly the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-saba_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-saba-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are still no inscriptions found from <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> that furnish evidence for the Queen of Sheba herself, South Arabian inscriptions do mention a South Arabian queen (<i>mlkt</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a>: <span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩩</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in the north of Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> inscriptions repeatedly mention Arab queens.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-sabea_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-sabea-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Sabaean tribes knew the title of <i>mqtwyt</i> ("high official", <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a>: <span lang="xsa" dir="rtl">𐩣𐩤𐩩𐩥𐩺𐩩</span>). <i>Makada</i> or <i>Makueda</i>, the personal name of the queen in Ethiopian legend, might be interpreted as a popular rendering of the title of <i>mqtwyt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nce-saba_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nce-saba-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title may be derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a> <i>m'kit</i> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><span lang="egy">𓅖𓎡𓇌𓏏𓏛</span></span>) "protectress, <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewife</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The queen's visit could have been a <a href="/wiki/Trade_mission" title="Trade mission">trade mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ei2-saba_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-saba-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early South Arabian trade with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> involving wood and spices transported by <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a> is attested in the early 9th century BC and may have begun as early as the 10th.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent theory suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Ophel_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophel inscription">Ophel inscription</a> in Jerusalem was written in the <a href="/wiki/Sabaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaic language">Sabaic language</a> and that the text provides evidence for trade connections between ancient South Arabia and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the 10th century BC<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Sabaic <a href="/wiki/Awwam" class="mw-redirect" title="Awwam">Awwām Temple</a>, known in folklore as <i>Maḥram</i> ("the Sanctuary of") <i>Bilqīs</i>, was recently excavated by archaeologists, but no trace of the Queen of Sheba has been discovered so far in the many inscriptions found there.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Sabean temple, the Barran Temple (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معبد بران</span>), is also known as the <i> 'Arash Bilqis</i> ("Throne of Bilqis"), which like the nearby Awwam Temple was also dedicated to the god <a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a>, but the connection between the <a href="/wiki/Barran_Temple" title="Barran Temple">Barran Temple</a> and Sheba has not been established archaeologically either.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bible stories of the Queen of Sheba and the ships of <a href="/wiki/Ophir" title="Ophir">Ophir</a> served as a basis for legends about the Israelites traveling in the Queen of Sheba's entourage when she returned to her country to bring up her child by Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon;_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG/200px-Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG/300px-Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG/400px-Piero_della_Francesca-_Legend_of_the_True_Cross_-_the_Queen_of_Sheba_Meeting_with_Solomon%3B_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, from <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_True_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the True Cross">The History of the True Cross</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/200px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/300px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg/400px-Claude_Lorrain_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4563" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Embarkation_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" title="The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba">The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> (1600‒1682), oil on canvas</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheba_demin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheba_demin.jpg/200px-Sheba_demin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheba_demin.jpg/300px-Sheba_demin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sheba_demin.jpg/400px-Sheba_demin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Solomon and The Queen of Sheba</i>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_De_Min_(painter)" title="Giovanni De Min (painter)">Giovanni De Min</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">Christian scriptures</a> mention a "queen of the South" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">βασίλισσα νότου</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Regina austri</i>), who "came from the uttermost parts of the earth", i.e. from the extremities of the then known world, to hear the wisdom of Solomon (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Mt.</a> 12:42; <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Lk.</a> 11:31).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mystical interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, which was felt as supplying a literal basis for the speculations of the allegorists, makes its first appearance in <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, who wrote a voluminous commentary on the Song of Songs.<sup id="cite_ref-cbtel-canticles_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbtel-canticles-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his commentary, Origen identified the bride of the Song of Songs with the "queen of the South" of the Gospels (i.e., the Queen of Sheba, who is assumed to have been Ethiopian).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have proposed either the marriage of Solomon with the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a>, or his marriage with an Israelite woman, the <a href="/wiki/Shulamite" title="Shulamite">Shulamite</a>. The former was the favorite opinion of the mystical interpreters to the end of the 18th century; the latter has obtained since its introduction by <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Good" title="John Mason Good">Good</a> (1803).<sup id="cite_ref-cbtel-canticles_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbtel-canticles-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bride of the Canticles is assumed to have been black due to a passage in <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> 1:5, which the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> (1952) translates as "I am very dark, but comely", as does <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i>Nigra sum, sed formosa</i>), while the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (1989) has "I am black and beautiful", as the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">μέλαινα εἰμί καί καλή</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One legend has it that the Queen of Sheba brought Solomon the same gifts that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> later gave to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Christians sometimes identified the queen of Sheba with the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyl</a> <i>Sabba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coptic">Coptic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coptic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Solomon and the queen was popular among <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, as shown by fragments of a Coptic legend preserved in a Berlin papyrus. The queen, having been subdued by deceit, gives Solomon a <a href="/wiki/Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar">pillar</a> on which all earthly science is inscribed. Solomon sends one of his <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> to fetch the pillar from Ethiopia, whence it instantly arrives. In a Coptic poem, queen Yesaba of <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush</a> asks riddles of Solomon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian">Ethiopian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethiopian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG/220px-Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG/330px-Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG/440px-Ethiopian_Chapel_IMG_0574.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Solomon receiving the Queen of Sheba (detail), Chapel of the Four Living Creatures (disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopians</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg/220px-Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg/330px-Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg/440px-Cluny_-_T%C3%AAte_de_la_reine_de_Saba_-_Portail_central_Abbaye_St_Denis_-_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Part of the head of the Queen of Sheba from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Abbey of Saint Denis</a> - XIIth century</figcaption></figure> <p>The most extensive version of the legend appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i> (Glory of the Kings), the Ethiopian national saga,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated from Arabic in 1322.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> is the child of Solomon and <i>Makeda</i> (the Ethiopic name for the queen of Sheba; she is the child of the man who destroys the legendary snake-king <a href="/wiki/Arwe" title="Arwe">Arwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-manzo2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manzo2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from whom the Ethiopian dynasty claims descent to the present day. While the Abyssinian story offers much greater detail, it omits any mention of the Queen's hairy legs or any other element that might reflect on her unfavourably.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eahc-solomonic2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eahc-solomonic2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the Gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">Matthew 12</a>:42) and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">Luke 11</a>:31), the "queen of the South" is claimed to be the queen of Ethiopia. In those times, King Solomon sought merchants from all over the world, in order to buy materials for the building of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a>. Among them was Tamrin, great merchant of Queen Makeda of Ethiopia. Having returned to Ethiopia, Tamrin told the queen of the wonderful things he had seen in Jerusalem, and of Solomon's wisdom and generosity, whereupon she decided to visit Solomon. She was warmly welcomed, given a palace for dwelling, and received great gifts every day. Solomon and Makeda spoke with great wisdom, and instructed by him, she converted to Judaism. Before she left, there was a great feast in the king's palace. Makeda stayed in the palace overnight, after Solomon had sworn that he would not do her any harm, while she swore in return that she would not steal from him. As the meals had been spicy, Makeda awoke thirsty at night and went to drink some water, when Solomon appeared, reminding her of her oath. She answered: "Ignore your oath, just let me drink water." </p><p>That same night, Solomon had a dream about the sun rising over Israel, but being mistreated and despised by the Jews, the sun moved to shine over Ethiopia and Rome. Solomon gave Makeda a ring as a token of faith, and then she left. On her way home, she gave birth to a son, whom she named Baina-leḥkem (i.e. bin al-ḥakīm, "Son of the Wise Man", later called Menilek). After the boy had grown up in Ethiopia, he went to Jerusalem carrying the ring and was received with great honors. The king and the people tried in vain to persuade him to stay. Solomon gathered his nobles and announced that he would send his first-born son to Ethiopia together with their first-borns. He added that he was expecting a third son, who would marry the king of Rome's daughter and reign over Rome so that the entire world would be ruled by David's descendants. Then Baina-leḥkem was anointed king by Zadok the high priest, and he took the name David. The first-born nobles who followed him are named, and even today some Ethiopian families claim their ancestry from them. Prior to leaving, the priests' sons had stolen the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, after their leader Azaryas had offered a sacrifice as commanded by one God's angel. With much wailing, the procession left Jerusalem on a wind cart led and carried by the archangel Michael. Having arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, Azaryas revealed to the people that the Ark is with them. David prayed to the Ark and the people rejoiced, singing, dancing, blowing horns and flutes, and beating drums. The Ark showed its miraculous powers during the crossing of the stormy Sea, and all arrived unscathed. When Solomon learned that the Ark had been stolen, he sent a horseman after the thieves and even gave chase himself, but neither could catch them. Solomon returned to Jerusalem and gave orders to the priests to remain silent about the theft and to place a copy of the Ark in the Temple, so that the foreign nations could not say that Israel had lost its fame.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some sources, Queen Makeda was part of the dynasty founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Za_Besi_Angabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Za Besi Angabo (page does not exist)">Za Besi Angabo</a> in 1370 BC. The family's intended choice to rule Aksum was Makeda's brother, Prince Nourad, but his early death led to her succession to the throne. She apparently ruled the Ethiopian kingdom for more than 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-eahc-makeda_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eahc-makeda-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1922_regnal_list_of_Ethiopia" title="1922 regnal list of Ethiopia">1922 regnal list of Ethiopia</a> claims that Makeda reigned from 1013 to 982 BC, with dates following the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rey266_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rey266-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Aksum">Book of Aksum</a>, Makeda is described as establishing a new capital city at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azeba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azeba (page does not exist)">Azeba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">Edward Ullendorff</a> holds that <i>Makeda</i> is a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Candace" class="mw-redirect" title="Candace">Candace</a>, the name or title of several Ethiopian queens from <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Seba</a>. Candace was the name of that queen of the Ethiopians whose chamberlain was converted to Christianity under the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">Acts 8</a>:27) in 30 AD. In the 14th-century (?) <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic language">Ethiopic</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> (Ethiopic <i>Meqédon</i>) is said to have met a queen <i>Kandake</i> of <a href="/wiki/Nubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubi">Nubia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition that the biblical Queen of Sheba was an ingenuous ruler of Ethiopia who visited King Solomon in Jerusalem is repeated in a 1st-century account by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. He identified Solomon's visitor as a queen of Egypt and Ethiopia </p><p>Historians believe that the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> actually began in 1270 with the emperor <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>, who, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Church">Ethiopian Church</a>, overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, which had ruled Ethiopia since sometime during the 10th century. The link to King Solomon provided a strong foundation for Ethiopian national unity. "Ethiopians see their country as God's chosen country, the final resting place that he chose for the Ark – and Sheba and her son were the means by which it came there".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that the dynasty officially ended in 1769 with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyoas_I" title="Iyoas I">Iyoas</a>, Ethiopian rulers continued to trace their connection to it, right up to the last 20th-century emperor, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eahc-solomonic2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eahc-solomonic2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one tradition, the Ethiopian Jews (<a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a>, "Falashas") also trace their ancestry to Menelik I, son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opinion that appears more historical is that the Falashas descend from those Jews who settled in Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Exile">first exile</a>, and who, upon the fall of the Persian domination (539–333 BC), on the borders of the Nile, penetrated into the Sudan, whence they went into the western parts of Abyssinia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several emperors have stressed the importance of the <i>Kebra Negast</i>. One of the first instances of this can be traced in a letter from Prince Kasa (King John IV) to Queen Victoria in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasa states, "There is a book called <i>Kebra Nagast</i> which contains the law of the whole of Ethiopia, and the names of the shums (governors), churches and provinces are in this book. I pray you will find out who has got this book and send it to me, for in my country my people will not obey my orders without it."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the historic importance given to the <i>Kebra Negast</i>, there is still doubt to whether or not the Queen sat on the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Ant.</a> 8:165–173), the queen of Sheba was the queen of Egypt and Ethiopia, and brought to Israel the first specimens of the <a href="/wiki/Balm_of_Gilead" title="Balm of Gilead">balsam</a>, which grew in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> in the historian's time.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-je-queen_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-queen-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus (<i>Antiquities</i> 2.5‒10) represents <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> as conquering the capital of Aethiopia, and changing its name from Seba to <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus affirms that the Queen of Sheba or Saba came from this region, and that it bore the name of Saba before it was known by that of Meroe. There seems also some affinity between the word Saba and the name or title of the kings of the Aethiopians, <a href="/wiki/Sabaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaco">Sabaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS"><span title="That word has since come to be known as the name, not title, of a Pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty, King of Kush and Egypt. (April 2024)">obsolete source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Talmud (<a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a> 15b) insists that it was not a woman but a kingdom of Sheba (based on varying interpretations of Hebrew <i>mlkt</i>) that came to Jerusalem. Baba Bathra 15b: "Whoever says <i>malkath Sheba</i> (I Kings X, 1) means a woman is mistaken; ... it means the kingdom (מַלְכֻת) of Sheba".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is explained to mean that she was a woman who was not in her position because of being married to the king, but through her own merit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most elaborate account of the queen's visit to Solomon is given in the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> (see: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Colloquy_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" class="extiw" title="s:Translation:Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba">Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a> informed Solomon that the kingdom of Sheba was the only kingdom on earth not subject to him and that its queen was a sun worshiper. He thereupon sent it to Kitor in the land of Sheba with a letter attached to its wing commanding its queen to come to him as a subject. She thereupon sent him all the ships of the sea loaded with precious gifts and 6,000 youths of equal size, all born at the same hour and clothed in purple garments. They carried a letter declaring that she could arrive in Jerusalem within three years although the journey normally took seven years. When the queen arrived and came to Solomon's palace, thinking that the glass floor was a pool of water, she lifted the hem of her dress, uncovering her legs. Solomon informed her of her mistake and reprimanded her for her hairy legs. She asked him three (<a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther 1:3) or, according to the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Prov.</a> ii. 6; <a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalḳ.</a> ii., § 1085, <a href="/wiki/Midrash_ha-Hefez" title="Midrash ha-Hefez">Midrash ha-Hefez</a>), more riddles to test his wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-je-queen_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-queen-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Yemenite manuscript entitled "Midrash ha-Hefez" (published by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">S. Schechter</a> in <i>Folk-Lore</i>, 1890, pp. 353 et seq.) gives nineteen riddles, most of which are found scattered through the Talmud and the Midrash, which the author of the "Midrash ha-Hefez" attributes to the Queen of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-je1-solomon_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-solomon-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these riddles are simply Bible questions, some not of a very edifying character. The two that are genuine riddles are: "Without movement while living, it moves when its head is cut off", and "Produced from the ground, man produces it, while its food is the fruit of the ground". The answer to the former is, "a tree, which, when its top is removed, can be made into a moving ship"; the answer to the latter is, "a wick".<sup id="cite_ref-je1-riddle_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-riddle-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rabbis who denounce Solomon interpret <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_10" title="1 Kings 10">1 Kings 10</a>:13 as meaning that Solomon had criminal intercourse with the Queen of Sheba, the offspring of which was <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, who destroyed the Temple (comp. <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> ad loc.). According to others, the sin ascribed to Solomon in <a href="/wiki/1_Kings_11" title="1 Kings 11">1 Kings 11</a>:7 et seq. is only figurative: it is not meant that Solomon fell into <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, but that he was guilty of failing to restrain his wives from idolatrous practises (<a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shab.</a> 56b).<sup id="cite_ref-je1-solomon_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1-solomon-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a> avers that <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> was the fruit of the union between Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, the Queen of Sheba was considered one of the queens of the demons and is sometimes identified with <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a>, first in the <a href="/wiki/Targum#Targum_Ketuvim" title="Targum">Targum of Job</a> (1:15), and later in the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> and the subsequent literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilquis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/220px-Bilquis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/330px-Bilquis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bilquis.jpg/440px-Bilquis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Bilqis (the queen of Sheba) reclining in a garden, facing the hoopoe, Solomon's messenger. <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> (c. 1595), tinted drawing on paper</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Awwam" title="Temple of Awwam">Temple of Awwam</a> or "Mahram Bilqis" ("Sanctuary of the Queen of Sheba") is a Sabaean temple dedicated to the principal deity of Saba, Almaqah (frequently called "Lord of ʾAwwām"), near <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Ma'rib</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_(CBL_T_406.2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg/220px-Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg/330px-Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg/440px-Bilqis_Queen_of_Sheba_Enthroned_%28CBL_T_406.2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6660" data-file-height="10075" /></a><figcaption>Bilqis Queen of Sheba Enthroned. From the Book of Solomon (Suleymannama) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firdausi_of_Bursa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firdausi of Bursa (page does not exist)">Firdausi of Bursa</a> made for <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> (1481-1512). <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Chester Beatty Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_(Bilqis)_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/220px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg/440px-Hafiz_-_Left_Side_of_a_Double-page_Illustrated_Frontispiece_Depicting_Queen_Sheba_%28Bilqis%29_Enthroned_-_Walters_W6313A_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Illustration in a <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> frontispiece depicting Queen Sheba, Walters manuscript W.631, around 1539</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I found [there] a woman ruling them, and she has been given of all things, and she has a great throne. I found that she and her people bow to the sun instead of God. Satan has made their deeds seem right to them and has turned them away from the right path, so they cannot find their way.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_27:23%E2%80%9324" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 27:23–24">Quran 27:23–24</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the above verse (<i><a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayah</a></i>), after scouting nearby lands, a bird known as the <i>hud-hud</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) returns to <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">King Solomon</a> relating that the land of Sheba is ruled by a queen. In a letter, Solomon invites the Queen of Sheba, who like her followers had <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">worshipped the sun</a>, to submit to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>. She expresses that the letter is noble and asks her chief advisers what action should be taken. They respond by mentioning that her kingdom is known for its might and inclination towards war, however that the command rests solely with her. In an act suggesting the diplomatic qualities of her leadership,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she responds not with brute force, but by sending her ambassadors to present a gift to King Solomon. He refuses the gift, declaring that God gives far superior gifts and that the ambassadors are the ones only delighted by the gift. King Solomon instructs the ambassadors to return to the Queen with a stern message that if he travels to her, he will bring a contingent that she cannot defeat. The Queen then makes plans to visit him at his palace. Before she arrives, King Solomon asks several of his chiefs who will bring him the Queen of Sheba's throne before they come to him in complete submission.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></i> first offers to move her throne before King Solomon would rise from his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a man with knowledge of the Scripture instead has her throne moved to King Solomon's palace in the blink of an eye, at which King Solomon exclaims his gratitude towards God as King Solomon assumes this is God's test to see if King Solomon is grateful or ungrateful.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Solomon disguises her throne to test her awareness of her own throne, asking her if it seems familiar. She answers that during her journey to him, her court had informed her of King Solomon's prophethood, and since then she and her subjects had made the intention to submit to God. King Solomon then explains that God is the only god that she should worship, not to be included alongside other false gods that she used to worship. Later the Queen of Sheba is requested to enter a palatial hall. Upon first view she mistakes the hall for a lake and raises her skirt to not wet her clothes. King Solomon informs her that is not water rather it is smooth slabs of glass. Recognizing that it was a marvel of construction which she had not seen the likes of before, she declares that in the past she had harmed her own soul but now submits, with King Solomon, to God (27:22–44).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She was told, "Enter the palace." But when she saw it, she thought it was a body of water and uncovered her shins [to wade through]. He said, "Indeed, it is a palace [whose floor is] made smooth with glass." She said, "My Lord, indeed I have wronged myself, and I submit with Solomon to God, Lord of the worlds."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> 27:44<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The story of the Queen of Sheba in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> shares some similarities with the Bible and other Jewish sources.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-queen_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-queen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a> supplement the story. Here they claim that the Queen's name is <i>Bilqīs</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بِلْقِيْس</span>), probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">παλλακίς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">pallakis</i></span> or the Hebraised <i>pilegesh</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>"). The Quran does not name the Queen, referring to her as "a woman ruling them" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">امْرَأَةً تَمْلِكُهُمْ</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the nation of Sheba.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some, he then married the Queen, while other traditions say that he gave her in marriage to a King of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Al-Hamdani</a>, the Queen of Sheba was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ilasaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilasaros">Ilsharah Yahdib</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean</a> king of South Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-nce-saba_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nce-saba-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another tale, she is said to be the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Jinni" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinni">jinni</a> (or peri)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a human.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to E. Ullendorff, the Quran and its commentators have preserved the earliest literary reflection of her complete legend, which among scholars complements the narrative that is derived from a Jewish tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this assuming to be the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a>. However, according to the Encyclopaedia Judaica Targum Sheni is dated to around 700<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly the general consensus is to date Targum Sheni to late 7th- or early 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which post-dates the advent of Islam by almost 200 years. Furthermore, M. J. Berdichevsky<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explains that this Targum is the earliest narrative articulation of Queen of Sheba in Jewish tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Researchers'_views"><span id="Researchers.27_views"></span>Researchers' views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Researchers' views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg/220px-Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg/330px-Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg/440px-Stele_Iglum_Louvre_AO1029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption>Sabaean stele: a feast and a camel driver, with an inscription in Sabaean on top</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folding_of_the_Biblical_Text">Folding of the Biblical Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folding of the Biblical Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dating of the story of the Queen of Sheba is not well established. A significant number of biblical philologists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that an early version of the story of the Queen of Sheba existed before the composition of the Deuteronomistic history (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640–609 BCE</span>) and was revised and placed therein by an anonymous redactor labelled the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a> (Dtr) by textual scholars. However, many scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the account from the Third Book of Kings in its present form was compiled during the so-called Second Deuteronomic Revision (<i>Dtr2</i>), produced during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a> (c. 550 BCE). The purpose of the story seems to be to glorify the figure of King Solomon, who is portrayed as a ruler who enjoyed authority and captured the imagination of other rulers. Such an exaltation is dissonant with the general critical tone of the Deuteronomic history towards King Solomon. Later, this account was also placed in the <a href="/wiki/Paralipomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralipomenon">Second Book of the Paralipomenon</a> (II Chronicles), written in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Settlement</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-retso_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retso-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypotheses_and_archaeological_evidence">Hypotheses and archaeological evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hypotheses and archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have noted that the Queen of Sheba's visit to Jerusalem could conceivably have been a trade mission related to the Israelite king's efforts to settle on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and thereby undermine the monopoly of Saba and other South Arabian kingdoms on caravan trade with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assyrian sources confirm that South Arabia was engaged in <a href="/wiki/International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="International Trade">International Trade</a> as early as 890 BC, so the arrival in Jerusalem in Solomon's time of a trading mission from a South Arabian kingdom seems quite possible.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is, however, a problem with the chronology: Solomon lived from approximately <a href="/wiki/965_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="965 BC">965</a> to <a href="/wiki/926_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="926 BC">926 BC</a>, and the first traces of the Sabean monarchy appear some 150 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-taini_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taini-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg/200px-Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg/300px-Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg/400px-Bar%27an_temple_1986-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the Temple of the Sun in <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Maribe</a>. Built in the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th century BC</a>, it existed for 1,000 years</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, explorers I. Halevi and Glaser found in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> the ruins of the huge city of <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the inscriptions found, scientists read the name of four South Arabian states: <a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Minea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hadhramaut" title="Kingdom of Hadhramaut">Hadramawt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sawa</a>. As it turned out, the residence of the kings of Sheba was the city of Marib (modern <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>), which confirms the traditional version of the queen's origin from the south of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Inscriptions found in southern Arabia do not mention female rulers, but from <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> documents of the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BC" title="8th century BC">8th</a>-<a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">7th century BC</a>, Arabian queens in the more northern regions of Arabia are known. In the 1950s Wendell Philips <i>(Wendell Philips)</i> excavated the temple of the goddess Balqis at Marib.<sup id="cite_ref-arch_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arch-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, American archaeologists discovered in Sana'a the ruins of a temple near the palace of the biblical Queen of Sheba in Marib (north of Sana'a). According to the American researcher Madeleine Phillips, they found columns, numerous drawings and objects dating back three millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationYemen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LocationYemen.png/220px-LocationYemen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/LocationYemen.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> - Territory where the queen probably came from</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg/220px-Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg/330px-Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg/440px-Ethiopia_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> - The country where her son may have ruled</figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers attribute the origin of the legend about the son of the Queen of Sheba in Ethiopia to the fact that apparently in the <a href="/wiki/6th_century_BC" title="6th century BC">6th century BC</a> the Sabaeans, having crossed the <a href="/wiki/Bab_el-Mandeb_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab el-Mandeb Strait">Bab el-Mandeb Strait</a>, settled near the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and occupied part of Ethiopia,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'capturing' the memory of its ruler with her and transplanting it to new soil. One of the provinces of Ethiopia bears the name Shewa (Shawa, modern. <a href="/wiki/Shoa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoa (province)">Shoa</a>). </p><p>The viewpoint according to which the birthplace of the Queen of Sheba or her prototype was not South Arabia but North Arabia is also quite widespread. Among other North Arabian tribes, the Sabaeans are mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a>. These northern Sabeans can be associated in a number of ways with the Sabeans (Sabeans) mentioned in the book of Job (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Job%201:15&version=nrsv">Job 1:15</a>), the Sheba of the book of the prophet Ezekiel (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2027:22&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 27:22</a>), and with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahams</a> grandson Sheba (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2025:3&version=nrsv">Genesis 25:3</a>, cf. also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:7&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2010:28&version=nrsv">Genesis 10:28</a>) (the name of Sheba's brother Dedan, mentioned next to it, is associated with the oasis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Ula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Ula (page does not exist)">El-Ula</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>). According to some scholars, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> first came into contact with the northern Sabaeans, and only later, perhaps through their mediation, with Saba in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-retso_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retso-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian J. A. Montgomery has suggested that in the <a href="/wiki/10th_century_BC" title="10th century BC">Xth century BC</a> the Sabeans lived in northern Arabia, although they controlled trade routes from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenobia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenobia.jpg/200px-Zenobia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenobia.jpg/300px-Zenobia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zenobia.jpg/400px-Zenobia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, queen of Palmyra, which <a href="/wiki/Harry_St_John_Philby" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry St John Philby">Harry St John Philby</a> considered the origin of later legends about the Queen of Sheba</figcaption></figure><p>The famous Arabian explorer <a href="/wiki/Harry_St_John_Philby" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry St John Philby">Harry St John Philby</a> also believed that the Queen of Sheba did not originate from Southern Arabia, but from Northern Arabia, and that the legends about her at some point blended with the stories of <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, the warrior queen of <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tadmor,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmor, Syria">Tadmor, Syria</a>), who lived in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century CE</a> and converted to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is told (by one of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed's</a> biographers) that it was in Palmyra, in the <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th century</a> during the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Walid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Walid I">Walid I</a>, that a sarcophagus was found with the inscription:<i> 'Here is buried the pious Bilqis, the consort of Solomon...'.</i> Jewish Kabbalistic tradition also considers Tadmor to be the burial place of the Queen, an evil deviless, and the city is considered an ominous haven for demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer199892_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer199892-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also parallels between Sheba and another eastern autocrat, the famous <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a>, also a warrior and irrigator who lived around the same time, in the late <a href="/wiki/9th_century_BC" title="9th century BC">9th century BC</a>, which can be traced in folklore. Thus, the 2nd-century AD writer <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a> retells a Syrian legend in which the father of Semiramis is called Hadhad. In addition, the Hebrew legend made the queen the mother of Nebuchadnezzar and Semiramis his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer1998148–150_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer1998148–150-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Special:EditPage/Queen of Sheba">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Queen_of_Sheba" title="Talk:Queen of Sheba">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit">improve this section</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Special:EditPage/Queen of Sheba">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment of Solomon in literature, art, and music also involves the sub-themes of the Queen of Sheba and the <a href="/wiki/Shulammite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulammite">Shulammite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>. King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba was not a common subject until the 12th century. In Christian iconography Solomon represented Jesus, and Sheba represented the gentile Church; hence Sheba's meeting with Solomon bearing rich gifts foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">adoration of the Magi</a>. On the other hand, Sheba enthroned represented the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of the virgin">coronation of the virgin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sculptures of the Queen of Sheba are found on great <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> cathedrals such as <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Rheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 12th century cathedrals at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury</a> include artistic renditions in stained glass windows and doorjamb decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a>, the enamel depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black woman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg_Monastery" title="Klosterneuburg Monastery">Klosterneuburg Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen of Sheba, standing in water before Solomon, is depicted on a window in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saabaghiberti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saabaghiberti.jpg/220px-Saabaghiberti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saabaghiberti.jpg/330px-Saabaghiberti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Saabaghiberti.jpg/440px-Saabaghiberti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">Florence Baptistry</a> door, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> (1378‒1455), bronze relief.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reception of the queen was a popular subject during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. It appears in the bronze doors to the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, in frescoes by <a href="/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Camposanto Monumentale">Campo Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>) and in the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Loggie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>). Examples of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_school_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian school (art)">Venetian art</a> are by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prado" class="mw-redirect" title="Prado">Prado</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinacotheca_(Turin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinacotheca (Turin) (page does not exist)">Pinacotheca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>). In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a> painted <i><a href="/wiki/The_Embarkation_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba" title="The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba">The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ej2-solomon_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej2-solomon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a> (c. 1466) on the <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_True_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of the True Cross">Legend of the True Cross</a></i> contain two panels on the visit of the Queen of Sheba to Solomon. The legend links the beams of Solomon's palace (adored by Queen of Sheba) to the wood of the crucifixion. The Renaissance continuation of the analogy between the Queen's visit to Solomon and the adoration of the Magi is evident in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Epiphany_(Bosch_triptych)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Epiphany (Bosch triptych)">Triptych of the Adoration of the Magi</a></i> (c. 1510) by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_boccaccio,_delle_donne_illustri,_per_filippo_giunti,_firenze_1596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg/220px-Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg/330px-Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg/440px-Giovanni_boccaccio%2C_delle_donne_illustri%2C_per_filippo_giunti%2C_firenze_1596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Boccaccio's <i><a href="/wiki/On_Famous_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="On Famous Women">On Famous Women</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boccaccio's <i><a href="/wiki/On_Famous_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="On Famous Women">On Famous Women</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">De Mulieribus Claris</i>) follows Josephus in calling the Queen of Sheba <i>Nicaula</i>. Boccaccio writes she is the Queen of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and that some people say she is also the queen of <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. He writes that she had a palace on "a very large island" called <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile river">Nile river</a>. From there Nicaula travelled to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to see <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>'s short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi" title="The Gift of the Magi">The Gift of the Magi</a></i> contains the following description to convey the preciousness of the protagonist Della Dillingham Young's hair: "Had the queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" title="The Book of the City of Ladies">The Book of the City of Ladies</a></i> continues the convention of calling the Queen of Sheba "Nicaula". The author praises the Queen for secular and religious wisdom and lists her besides Christian and Hebrew prophetesses as first on a list of dignified female pagans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tragical_History_of_Doctor_Faustus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus">Doctor Faustus</a></i> refers to the Queen of Sheba as <i>Saba</i>, when <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> is trying to persuade <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faustus</a> of the wisdom of the women with whom he supposedly shall be presented every morning.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>'s autobiographical novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Orient" title="Voyage to the Orient">Voyage to the Orient</a></i> (1851), details his travels through the Middle East with much artistic license. He recapitulates at length a tale told in a Turkish cafe of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Soliman</a>'s love of Balkis, the Queen of Saba, but she, in turn, is destined to love Adoniram (<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abif" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Abif">Hiram Abif</a>), Soliman's chief craftsman of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a>, owing to both her and Adoniram's divine genealogy. Soliman grows jealous of Adoniram, and when he learns of three craftsmen who wish to sabotage his work and later kill him, Soliman willfully ignores warnings of these plots. Adoniram is murdered and Balkis flees Soliman's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>'s "Elégie pour la Reine de Saba", published in his <i>Elégies majeures</i> in 1976, uses the Queen of Sheba in a love poem and for a political message. In the 1970s, he used the Queen of Sheba fable to widen his view of <a href="/wiki/Negritude" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritude">Negritude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurafrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurafrique">Eurafrique</a> by including "Arab-Berber Africa".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i> includes the tale of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_that_Stamped" title="The Butterfly that Stamped">The Butterfly that Stamped</a></i>. Therein, Kipling identifies Balkis, "Queen that was of Sheba and Sable and the Rivers of the Gold of the South" as best, and perhaps only, beloved of the 1000 wives of Suleiman-bin-Daoud, King Solomon. She is explicitly ascribed great wisdom ("Balkis, almost as wise as the Most Wise Suleiman-bin-Daoud"); nevertheless, Kipling perhaps implies in her a greater wisdom than her husband, in that she is able to gently manipulate him, the afrits and djinns he commands, the other quarrelsome 999 wives of Suleimin-bin-Daoud, the butterfly of the title and the butterfly's wife, thus bringing harmony and happiness for all. </p><p>The Queen of Sheba appears as a character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Solomon" title="The Ring of Solomon">The Ring of Solomon</a></i>, the fourth book in <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Stroud" title="Jonathan Stroud">Jonathan Stroud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bartimaeus_Sequence" title="Bartimaeus Sequence">Bartimaeus Sequence</a>. She is portrayed as a vain woman who, fearing Solomon's great power, sends the captain of her royal guard to assassinate him, setting the events of the book in motion. </p><p>In modern popular culture, she is often invoked as a sarcastic retort to a person with an inflated sense of entitlement, as in "Who do you think you are, the Queen of Sheba?"<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg/220px-Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg/330px-Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg/440px-Betty_Blythe_Queen_of_Sheba_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betty_Blythe" title="Betty Blythe">Betty Blythe</a> as the queen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1921_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1921 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1921).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Robinne" title="Gabrielle Robinne">Gabrielle Robinne</a> in <i>La reine de Saba</i> (1913)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Blythe" title="Betty Blythe">Betty Blythe</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1921_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1921 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1921)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/France_Dh%C3%A9lia" title="France Dhélia">France Dhélia</a> in <i>Le berceau de dieu</i> (1926)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Page_(actress)" title="Dorothy Page (actress)">Dorothy Page</a> in <i>King Solomon of Broadway</i> (1935)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Leonora_Ruffo" title="Leonora Ruffo">Leonora Ruffo</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1952_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1952)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Sheba" title="Solomon and Sheba">Solomon and Sheba</a></i> (1959)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winifred_Bryan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winifred Bryan (page does not exist)">Winifred Bryan</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba_Meets_the_Atom_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man">Queen of Sheba Meets the Atom Man</a></i> (1963)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Anya_Phillips" title="Anya Phillips">Anya Phillips</a> in <i>Rome '78</i> (1978)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_%26_Sheba_(1995_film)" title="Solomon & Sheba (1995 film)">Solomon & Sheba</a></i> (1995)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox" title="Vivica A. Fox">Vivica A. Fox</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(film)" title="Solomon (film)">Solomon (film)</a></i> (1997)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Aamito_Lagum" title="Aamito Lagum">Aamito Lagum</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Thousand_Years_of_Longing" title="Three Thousand Years of Longing">Three Thousand Years of Longing</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" title="File:Handel - Arrival of the Queen of Sheba.ogg">Arrival of the Queen of Sheba</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="201" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>Arrival of the Queen of Sheba</i> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Friedrich Händel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a></i> (composed in 1748; first performed in 1749), oratorio by <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>; the "Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" from this work is often performed as a concert piece</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_reine_de_Saba" title="La reine de Saba">La reine de Saba</a></i> (1862), opera by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_K%C3%B6nigin_von_Saba" title="Die Königin von Saba">Die Königin von Saba</a></i> (1875), opera by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Karl Goldmark</a></li> <li><i>La Reine de Scheba</i> (1926), opera by <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Hahn" title="Reynaldo Hahn">Reynaldo Hahn</a></li> <li><i>Belkis, Regina di Saba</i> (1931), ballet by <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a></li> <li><i>Solomon and Balkis</i> (1942), opera by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Thompson" title="Randall Thompson">Randall Thompson</a></li> <li><i>The Queen of Sheba</i> (1953), cantata for women's voices by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Castelnuovo-Tedesco" title="Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco">Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco</a></li> <li>"Black Beauty" (1970), song by <a href="/wiki/Focus_(band)" title="Focus (band)">Focus</a></li> <li>“Leila, the Queen of Sheba” (1981), song by <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Dots" title="Dolly Dots">Dolly Dots</a></li> <li>“Throne of Gold” (1984), song by <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a></li> <li>"Sheba" (1989), song by <a href="/wiki/Bad_Brains" title="Bad Brains">Bad Brains</a></li> <li>“The Original Queen of Sheba” (1991), song by <a href="/wiki/Great_White" title="Great White">Great White</a></li> <li>Machine Gun (1993), by <a href="/wiki/Slowdive" title="Slowdive">Slowdive</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFcha" title="Aïcha">Aïcha</a>" (1996), by <a href="/wiki/Khaled_(musician)" title="Khaled (musician)">Khaled</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Princesses_Nubiennes" title="Princesses Nubiennes">Makeda</a>" (1998), French-language R&B by French-Cameroonian duo <a href="/wiki/Les_Nubians" title="Les Nubians">Les Nubians</a></li> <li>"Balqis" (2000), song by <a href="/wiki/Siti_Nurhaliza" title="Siti Nurhaliza">Siti Nurhaliza</a></li> <li>"Thing Called Love" (1987), song by <a href="/wiki/John_Hiatt" title="John Hiatt">John Hiatt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_%26_Sheba_(1995_film)" title="Solomon & Sheba (1995 film)">Solomon & Sheba</a></i> (1995)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Vivica_A._Fox" title="Vivica A. Fox">Vivica A. Fox</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(film)" title="Solomon (film)">Solomon</a></i> (1997)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Andrulla_Blanchette" title="Andrulla Blanchette">Andrulla Blanchette</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Lexx" title="Lexx">Lexx</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lexx_episodes#Season_4_.282001.E2.80.932002.29" title="List of Lexx episodes">Season 4, Episode 21</a>: "Viva Lexx Vegas" (2002)</li> <li>Played by Amani Zain in <i>Queen of Sheba: Behind the Myth</i> (2002)</li> <li>Played by <a href="/wiki/Yetide_Badaki" title="Yetide Badaki">Yetide Badaki</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)" title="American Gods (TV series)">American Gods</a></i> as Bilquis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַלְכַּת שְׁבָא‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Malkaṯ Səḇāʾ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملكة سبأ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Malikat Sabaʾ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ንግሥተ ሳባ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Nəgśətä Saba</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بلقيس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Balqīs</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ማክዳ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Makəda</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belkis" title="Belkis">Belkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barran_Temple" title="Barran Temple">Barran Temple</a>, also known as "Throne of Bilqis"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_Africa" title="Legends of Africa">Legends of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_monarchs_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legendary monarchs of Ethiopia">List of legendary monarchs of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Minaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Banu Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belqeys_Castle" title="Belqeys Castle">Belqeys Castle</a></li> <li><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:کوه بلقیس">Mount of Belqeys (Queen of Sheba)</a> (Persian Wikipedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/echoes-of-a-legendary-queen/">"Echoes of a Legendary Queen"</a>. <i>Harvard Divinity Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Divinity+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+a+Legendary+Queen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.hds.harvard.edu%2Fechoes-of-a-legendary-queen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/may/26/features.review7">"Queen of Sheba - Treasures from Ancient Yemen"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. 2002-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Queen+of+Sheba+-+Treasures+from+Ancient+Yemen&rft.date=2002-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2002%2Fmay%2F26%2Ffeatures.review7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei2-bilkis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ei2-bilkis_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Ullendorff1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ullendorff" title="Edward Ullendorff">E. Ullendorff</a> (1991), "BILḲĪS", <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, pp. 1219–1220</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BIL%E1%B8%B2%C4%AAS&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=1219-1220&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.au=E.+Ullendorff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection">"Collection | British Museum"</a>. <i>www.britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Collection+%7C+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Finkelstein,<i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots' of the Western Tradition</i> p.167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Geographic, issue mysteries of history, September 2018, p.45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Brown1906" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Brown_(theologian)" title="Francis Brown (theologian)">Francis Brown</a>, ed. (1906), "שְׁבָא", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hebrewenglishlex00browuoft"><i>Hebrew and English Lexicon</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 985a</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D6%B0%D7%81%D7%91%D6%B8%D7%90&rft.btitle=Hebrew+and+English+Lexicon&rft.pages=985a&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhebrewenglishlex00browuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_England_BrookeNorman_McLeanHenry_John_Thackeray1930" class="citation cs2">Alan England Brooke; Norman McLean; Henry John Thackeray, eds. (1930), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/OldTestamentGreeklxxTextCodexVaticanus/06.OTGreek.Vat.v2.LHB.p2.Kings.I.II.Brooke.McLean.1930..pdf"><i>The Old Testament in Greek</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. II.2, Cambridge University Press, p. 243</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Greek&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FOldTestamentGreeklxxTextCodexVaticanus%2F06.OTGreek.Vat.v2.LHB.p2.Kings.I.II.Brooke.McLean.1930..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Payne_Smith1903" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Payne_Margoliouth" title="Jessie Payne Margoliouth">J. 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London: Camelot Press. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Country+of+the+Blue+Nile&rft.place=London&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Camelot+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.54591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2002" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, John Henrik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43617128">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Cultural Unity of Negro Africa...": A Reappraisal Cheikh Anta Diop Opens Another Door to African History"</a>. <i>Présence Africaine</i> (165/166): 53–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fpresa.165.0053">10.3917/presa.165.0053</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43617128">43617128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+Africaine&rft.atitle=%22The+Cultural+Unity+of+Negro+Africa...%22%3A+A+Reappraisal+Cheikh+Anta+Diop+Opens+Another+Door+to+African+History&rft.issue=165%2F166&rft.pages=53-64&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fpresa.165.0053&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43617128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43617128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_DiMarco1973" class="citation cs2">Vincent DiMarco (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCM7CEzwDnIC&pg=PA57">"Travels in Medieval <i>Femenye</i>: Alexander the Great and the Amazon Queen"</a>, in Theodor Berchem; Volker Kapp; Franz Link (eds.), <i>Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch</i>, Duncker & Humblot, pp. 47–66, 56–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783428487424" title="Special:BookSources/9783428487424"><bdi>9783428487424</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Travels+in+Medieval+Femenye%3A+Alexander+the+Great+and+the+Amazon+Queen&rft.btitle=Literaturwissenschaftliches+Jahrbuch&rft.pages=47-66%2C+56-57&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9783428487424&rft.au=Vincent+DiMarco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCM7CEzwDnIC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/sheba_01.shtml">"Ancient History in depth: The Queen Of Sheba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1980-2943-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1980-2943-4"><bdi>978-0-1980-2943-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252662926">252662926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qur%27an+and+woman%3A+rereading+the+sacred+text+from+a+woman%27s+perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252662926&rft.isbn=978-0-1980-2943-4&rft.aulast=Amina&rft.aufirst=Wadud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/38">"Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم"</a>. <i>Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.atitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F27%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/39">"Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم"</a>. <i>Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.atitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F27%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/40">"Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم"</a>. <i>Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.atitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F27%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/">"Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم"</a>. <i>Al-Qur'an al-Kareem - القرآن الكريم</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.atitle=Al-Qur%27an+al-Kareem+-+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/44">Surat an-Naml 27:44</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/23">Surat an-Naml 27:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27/22">Surat an-Naml 27:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall Rosenöl. Erstes und zweytes Fläschchen: Sagen und Kunden des Morgenlandes aus arabischen, persischen und türkischen Quellen gesammelt BoD – Books on Demand 9783861994862 p. 103 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer-Purgstall2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph Freiherr von (2016-03-05) [1813]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcOuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Rosenöl. Erstes und zweytes Fläschchen: Sagen und Kunden des Morgenlandes aus arabischen, persischen und türkischen Quellen gesammelt</i></a> (in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783861994862" title="Special:BookSources/9783861994862"><bdi>9783861994862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosen%C3%B6l.+Erstes+und+zweytes+Fl%C3%A4schchen%3A+Sagen+und+Kunden+des+Morgenlandes+aus+arabischen%2C+persischen+und+t%C3%BCrkischen+Quellen+gesammelt&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft.isbn=9783861994862&rft.aulast=Hammer-Purgstall&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Freiherr+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcOuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>"Targum Sheni", Encyclopaedia Judaica, 1997</i>. <q>It seems that the most acceptable view is that which places its composition at the end of the seventh or the beginning of the eighth century, a view that is strengthened by its relationship to the Pirkei de-R. Eliezer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Targum+Sheni%22%2C+Encyclopaedia+Judaica%2C+1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlinda_Damsma" class="citation journal cs1">Alinda Damsma. "DIE TARGUME ZU ESTHER". <i>Das Buch Esther. August 2013 Internationale Jüdisch-Christliche Bibelwoche</i>: 6. <q>Targum Scheni :Jetzt können wir unsere Aufmerksamkeit kurz der zweiten Haupttradition der Esther Targume zuwenden, die als Targum Scheni bekannt ist. Dieses Werk stammt vom Ende des 7. oder Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts. /// Translation: This work (Targum Sheni) dates to the end of the 7th or beginning of the 8th century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Das+Buch+Esther.+August+2013+Internationale+J%C3%BCdisch-Christliche+Bibelwoche&rft.atitle=DIE+TARGUME+ZU+ESTHER&rft.pages=6&rft.au=Alinda+Damsma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdichevsky" class="citation book cs1">Berdichevsky, Micah J. <i>Mimekor Yisrael: Selected Classical Jewish Folktales</i>. pp. 24–27. <q>The present text, a translation of a story that occurs in Targum Sheni of the Book Esther, dates from the seventh to early eighth century and is the earliest narrative articulation of the Queen of Sheba in Jewish tradition</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimekor+Yisrael%3A+Selected+Classical+Jewish+Folktales&rft.pages=24-27&rft.aulast=Berdichevsky&rft.aufirst=Micah+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retso-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retso_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retso_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Retsö. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUepRuQO8ZkC&hl=ru"><i>The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads.</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2003. - Pages 134-135, 171-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowell K. Handy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gam10TAOZusC&hl=ru"><i>The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium.</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Brill">Brill</a>, 1997. - Pp. 72-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Men A. , Archpriest <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.ru/Books/Men3-5.html"><i>Isagogy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101202621/http://www.biblicalstudies.ru/Books/Men3-5.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // (§ 30. Solomon. The temple of Jerusalem (3 Kings 1-11; 2 Chr 1-9). Book of Paralipomenon. book of Proverbs).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andre Lemaire, <i>The United Monarchy: Saul, David and Solomon</i> // <i>Ancient Israel</i>, Washington, 1988, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taini-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taini_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zagadki.claw.ru/shared/013.htm">Secrets of the Queen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180127122616/http://www.zagadki.claw.ru/shared/013.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // zagadki.claw.ru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/events/unicomm/NewsReleases/queen.htm">Arabian desert surrenders Queen of Sheba's secrets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120605042706/http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/events/unicomm/NewsReleases/queen.htm">Archived</a> 2012-06-05 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> // ucalgary.ca.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arch_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oparin A. А.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauka.bible.com.ua/new/zater_kor1.htmlLost">Kingdoms. Archaeological study of the Third Book of Kings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324114304/http://nauka.bible.com.ua/new/zater_kor1.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // nauka.bible.com.ua.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rian.ru/science/discovery/20051106/42001999.html">US archaeologists say they have found a 'wonder of the world' in Yemen</a> // RIA Novosti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyer R. King Solomon. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998, p. 201. Cited in Oparin A. А. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauka.bible.com.ua/new/zater_kor1.htmlЗатерянные">kingdoms. Archaeological study of the Third Book of Kings</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> // nauka.bible.com.ua.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Eph'al, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-QO9Noo-ygC&hl=ru"><i>The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9th-5th Centuries</i></a>, Leiden: Brill, 1982, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Montgomery, <i>Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Kings</i>, Edinburgh: ICC, 1951, p. 215f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hatcher Childress <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prq6ykijSyQC&pg=PA224&dq=queen+sheba&lr=&hl=en&sig=BL0-0eTDXwbHqpclc5ixc-pq_rY">Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of Africa & Arabia</a>// books.google.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer199892-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer199892_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayer1998">Bayer 1998</a>, p. 92.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBayer1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayer1998148–150-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBayer1998148–150_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBayer1998">Bayer 1998</a>, pp. 148–150.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBayer1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrd, Vickie, editor; Queen of Sheba: Legend and Reality, (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a>: The Bowers Museum of Cultural Art, 2004), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Verdun" title="Nicholas of Verdun">Nicholas of Verdun</a>: Klosterneuburg Altarpiece, 1181; column #4/17, row #3/3. NB the accompanying subject and hexameter verse: "Regina Saba." "Vulnere dignare regina fidem Salemonis." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/record.php?record=33463">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220746/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/record.php?record=33463">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved 24 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/b/bosch/91adorat/01tripty.html">"Web Gallery of Art, searchable fine arts image database"</a>. <i>www.wga.hu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wga.hu&rft.atitle=Web+Gallery+of+Art%2C+searchable+fine+arts+image+database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wga.hu%2Fframes-e.html%3F%2Fhtml%2Fb%2Fbosch%2F91adorat%2F01tripty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <i>Famous Women</i> translated by Virginia Brown 2001, p. 90; Cambridge and London, Harvard University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01130-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01130-9">0-674-01130-9</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlowe, Christopher; Doctor Faustus and other plays: Oxford World Classics, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gérard de Nerval. <i>Journey to the Orient</i>, III.3.1–12. Trans. Conrad Elphinston. Antipodes Press. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpleth2002" class="citation journal cs1">Spleth, Janice (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v033/33.4spleth.html">"The Arabic Constituents of Africanité: Senghor and the Queen of Sheba"</a>. <i>Research in African Literatures</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 60–75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820499">3820499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+African+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+Constituents+of+Africanit%C3%A9%3A+Senghor+and+the+Queen+of+Sheba&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=60-75&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3820499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spleth&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fresearch_in_african_literatures%2Fv033%2F33.4spleth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Stanley (3 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219172134/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/mysterious-queen-sheba-legend-church-archaeology">"In search of the real Queen of Sheba"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/mysterious-queen-sheba-legend-church-archaeology">the original</a> on February 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=In+search+of+the+real+Queen+of+Sheba&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fmysterious-queen-sheba-legend-church-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Slowdive-machine-gun-lyrics"><i>Slowdive – Machine Gun</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slowdive+%E2%80%93+Machine+Gun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FSlowdive-machine-gun-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQueen+of+Sheba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thaʿlabī, <i>Qiṣaṣ</i> ̣(1356 A.H.), 262–4</li> <li>Kisāʾī, <i>Qiṣaṣ</i> (1356 A.H.), 285–92</li> <li>G. Weil, <i>The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud ...</i> (1846)</li> <li>G. Rosch, <i>Die Königin von Saba als Königin Bilqis</i> (Jahrb. f. Prot. Theol., 1880) 524‒72</li> <li>M. Grünbaum, <i>Neue Beiträge zur semitischen Sagenkunde</i> (1893) 211‒21</li> <li>E. Littmann, <i>The legend of the Queen of Sheba in the tradition of Axum</i> (1904)</li> <li>L. Ginzberg, <i>Legends of the Jews</i>, 3 (1911), 411; 4 (1913), 143–9; (1928), 288–91</li> <li>H. Speyer, <i>Die biblischen Erzählungen im Qoran</i> (1931, repr. 1961), 390–9</li> <li>E. Budge, <i>The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menyelek</i> (1932)</li> <li>J. Ryckmans, <i>L'Institution monarchique en Arabie méridionale avant l'Islam</i> (1951)</li> <li>E. Ullendorff, <i>Candace (Acts VIII, 27) and the Queen of Sheba</i> (New Testament Studies, 1955, 53‒6)</li> <li>E. Ullendorff, <i>Hebraic-Jewish elements in Abyssinian (monophysite) Christianity</i> (JSS, 1956, 216‒56)</li> <li>D. Hubbard, <i>The literary sources of the Kebra Nagast</i> (St. Andrews University Ph. D. thesis, 1956, 278‒308)</li> <li><i>La Persécution des chrétiens himyarites au sixième siècle</i> (1956)</li> <li>Bulletin of American Schools of Oriental Research 143 (1956) 6–10; 145 (1957) 25–30; 151 (1958) 9–16</li> <li>A. Jamme, <i>La Paléographique sud-arabe de J. Pirenne</i> (1957)</li> <li>R. Bowen, F. Albright (eds.), <i>Archaeological Discoveries in South Arabia</i> (1958)</li> <li><i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Bible</i> (1963) 2067–70</li> <li>T. Tamrat, <i>Church and State in Ethiopia</i> (1972) 1270–1527</li> <li>W. Daum (ed.), <i>Die Königin von Saba: Kunst, Legende und Archäologie zwischen Morgenland und Abendland</i> (1988)</li> <li>J. Lassner, <i>Demonizing the Queen of Sheba: Boundaries of Gender and Culture in Postbiblical Judaism and Medieval Islam</i> (1993)</li> <li>M. Brooks (ed.), <i>Kebra Nagast (The Glory of Kings)</i> (1998)</li> <li>J. Breton, <i>Arabia Felix from the Time of the Queen of Sheba: Eighth Century B.C. to First Century A.D.</i> (1999)</li> <li>D. Crummey, <i>Land and Society in the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century</i> (2000)</li> <li>A. Gunther (ed.), <i>Caravan Kingdoms: Yemen and the Ancient Incense Trade</i> (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_Sheba&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Islamic">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Qur'anic_account">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_honored_women" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Template:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Template talk:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Honoured_women_in_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Honoured women in Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_honored_women" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Islamic honored women</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generations of <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islam" title="Eve">Hawwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generations of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm</a> and his sons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hājar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rafqā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Rāḥīl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Generation of <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Asiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#Islamic_view" title="Jochebed">Yukabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Maryam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Ṣaffūrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Reign of Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Bathsheba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Islamic">Bilquis, the Queen of Sheba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">House of <a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Imran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Alyassabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;width:1%">Time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amina_bint_Wahb" title="Amina bint Wahb">Aminah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halimah_bint_Abi_Dhuayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb">Halimah al-Sa'diyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Mothers of the Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solomon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solomon" title="Template:Solomon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solomon" title="Template talk:Solomon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solomon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solomon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and<br />reputed relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Naamah (wife of Solomon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(wife_of_Solomon)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (wife of Solomon)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occurrences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Judgement of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Marcolf" title="Solomon and Marcolf">Solomon and Marcolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Solomon in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_shamir" title="Solomon's shamir">Solomon's shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Solomon" title="Throne of Solomon">Throne of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reputed works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Protocanonical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_72" title="Psalm 72">Psalm 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_127" title="Psalm 127">Psalm 127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deuterocanonical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apocryphal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Solomon" title="Prayer of Solomon">Prayer of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Solomon" title="Testament of Solomon">Testament of Solomon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grimoires <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Key_of_Solomon" title="Key of Solomon">Key of Solomon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lesser_Key_of_Solomon" title="The Lesser Key of Solomon">The Lesser Key of Solomon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Treatise_of_Solomon" title="Magical Treatise of Solomon">Magical Treatise of Solomon</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="King Solomon's Mines">King Solomon's Mines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_column" title="Solomonic column">Solomonic column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_knot" title="Solomon's knot">Solomon's knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Pools" title="Solomon's Pools">Solomon's Pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery (goetia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Song_of_Songs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Song_of_Songs" title="Template:Song of Songs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Song_of_Songs" title="Template talk:Song of Songs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Song_of_Songs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Song of Songs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Song_of_Songs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_1" title="Song of Songs 1">Song of Songs 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_2" title="Song of Songs 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_3" title="Song of Songs 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_4" title="Song of Songs 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_5" title="Song of Songs 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_6" title="Song of Songs 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_7" title="Song of Songs 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_8" title="Song of Songs 8">8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">En-gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Heshbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezreel (city)">Jezreel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Qedarite">Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirzah_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirzah (ancient city)">Tirzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_Old_Testament_figures,_A%E2%80%93K#Amminadib" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor Old Testament figures, A–K">Amminadib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamite" title="Shulamite">Shulamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Queen of Sheba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_tower" title="Ivory tower">Ivory tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">Lily of the valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Sharon" title="Rose of Sharon">Rose of Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veniat_dilectus_meus" class="mw-redirect" title="Veniat dilectus meus">Veniat dilectus meus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">Israelian Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beloved_(Rossetti)" title="The Beloved (Rossetti)"><i>The Beloved</i> (Rossetti)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sponsa_de_Libano" title="Sponsa de Libano">Sponsa de Libano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs_(Egon_Tschirch)" title="Song of Songs (Egon Tschirch)"><i>Song of Songs</i> (Tschirch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240 (pesher)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:מגילת שיר השירים">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%86%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Άσμα Ασμάτων">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Songes_of_Songes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Songes of Songes">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Song of Solomon">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Song of Solomon">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Song_of_Solomon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Song of Solomon">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159888#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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