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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Judaism: religion and Zionism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judaism:_religion_and_Zionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judaism: religion and Zionism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judaism:_religion_and_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible:_Zion,_daughter(s)_of_Zion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible:_Zion,_daughter(s)_of_Zion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible: Zion, daughter(s) of Zion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible:_Zion,_daughter(s)_of_Zion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practice;_exegesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practice;_exegesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religious practice; exegesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_practice;_exegesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish–Roman_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish–Roman_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jewish–Roman wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish–Roman_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islamic tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Latter Day Saint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastafari_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastafari_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rastafari movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastafari_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bahá’í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bahá’í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Bahá’í Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bahá’í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Zion_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Zion_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mount Zion today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Zion_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صهيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صهيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="সিয়োন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিয়োন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seion" title="Seion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion" title="Sion – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sion" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciono" title="Ciono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ciono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="صهیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صهیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_(Bible)" title="Sion (Bible) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sion (Bible)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8" title="시온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="ציון (ירושלים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציון (ירושלים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_(Biblia)" title="Sion (Biblia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sion (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="صهيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صهيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="シオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion" title="Sion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion" title="Sion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੀਯੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀਯੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A3o" title="Sião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion" title="Sion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Сион (топоним) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сион (топоним)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_(Jeruzalem)" title="Sion (Jeruzalem) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sion (Jeruzalem)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="زایۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زایۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siion" title="Siion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion" title="Sion – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sion" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சீயோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீயோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ศิโยน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิโยน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyon" title="Siyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion" title="Zion – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89" title="錫安 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錫安" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89" title="錫安 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="錫安" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%E1%BB%8Dn" title="Sayọn – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Sayọn" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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35.22917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#move" title="This article is move-protected."><img alt="Page move-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Move-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Move-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Synonym for Jerusalem or Land of Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zion (disambiguation)">Zion (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zion_(name)" title="Zion (name)">Zion (name)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg/250px-Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg/330px-Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg/440px-Lieder_des_Ghetto_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>Zion</i> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Moses_Lilien" title="Ephraim Moses Lilien">Ephraim Moses Lilien</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zion</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צִיּוֹן</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣīyyōn</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek language">Biblical Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σιών</span>) is a placename in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>, often used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longmanp936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brileyp49-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> as a whole. </p><p>The name is found in <a href="/wiki/2_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Samuel">2 Samuel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%205:7&version=nrsv">2 Sam 5:7</a>), one of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> dated to approximately the mid-6th century BCE. It originally referred to a specific hill in Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>, located to the south of <a href="/wiki/Moriah" title="Moriah">Mount Moriah</a> (the Temple Mount). According to the narrative of 2 Samuel 5, Mount Zion held the <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusite</a> fortress of the same name that was conquered by <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and was renamed the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a>. That specific hill ("mount") is one of the many squat hills that form Jerusalem. </p><p>The term <i>Tzion</i> came to designate the area of Davidic Jerusalem where the Jebusite fortress stood, and was used as well as <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> for the entire city of Jerusalem; and later, when <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> was built on the adjacent Mount Moriah (which, as a result, came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>), the meanings of the term <i>Tzion</i> were further extended by synecdoche to the additional meanings of the Temple itself, the hill upon which the Temple stood, the entire city of Jerusalem, the entire biblical Land of Israel, and "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology#World_to_come" title="Jewish eschatology">the World to Come</a>", the Jewish understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. </p><p>Over many centuries, until as recently as the 16th century (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region#Ottoman_period" title="Timeline of the Palestine region">Ottoman period</a>), the city <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">walls of Jerusalem</a> were rebuilt many times in new locations, so that the particular hill known in biblical times as Mount Zion is no longer within the city walls, but its location is now just outside the Old City and southeast of it. Most of the original City of David itself is thus also outside the current "Old City" wall. Adding to the confusion, another ridge, the Western Hill rather than the original Southeastern Hill (City of David) or the Southern Hill (Temple Mount), has been called 'Mount Zion' for the last two millennia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymology of the word <i>Zion</i> (<i>ṣiyyôn</i>) is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longmanp936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brileyp49-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bromileyp1006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromileyp1006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentioned in the Old Testament in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a> (2 Samuel 5:7) as the name of a <a href="/wiki/Jebusite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebusite">Jebusite</a> fortress conquered by <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, its origin seems to predate the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longmanp936-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brileyp49-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, it may be derived from the Hebrew root <i>ṣiyyôn</i> ("castle") or the Hebrew צִיָּה <i>ṣiyya</i> ("dry land" or "desert", Jeremiah 51:43). A non-Semitic relationship to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> word <i>šeya</i> ("river" or "brook") has also been suggested<sup id="cite_ref-Bromileyp1006_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromileyp1006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as also one of <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mendenhall1973_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendenhall1973-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Orthography"></span> The form <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ציון</span></span> (<i>Tzion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>: <i>Ṣiyyôn</i>) appears 108 times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>, and once with article, as <i>HaTzion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsade</a> is usually rendered as <i>z</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English translations</a>, hence the spelling <i>Zion</i> (rather than <i>Tzion</i>). This convention apparently originates in <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <b>z</b> stands for the consonant [t͡s]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism:_religion_and_Zionism">Judaism: religion and Zionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism: religion and Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible:_Zion,_daughter(s)_of_Zion"><span id="Hebrew_Bible:_Zion.2C_daughter.28s.29_of_Zion"></span>Hebrew Bible: Zion, daughter(s) of Zion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible: Zion, daughter(s) of Zion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Daughter_of_Zion"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilien_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Lilien_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Moses_Lilien" title="Ephraim Moses Lilien">Ephraim Moses Lilien</a>, Stamp for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, 1901–2. The symbolic design presents a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> containing the word Zion in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Zion</i> is mentioned 152 times in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh), most often in the <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Book of Psalms</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a>, besides six mentions in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a> (Kings, Samuel, Chronicles) and a single mention of the "daughters of Zion" in the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> (3:11) </p><p>Out of the 152 mentions, 26 instances are within the phrase of "Daughter of Zion" (Hebrew "bat Tzion"). This is a personification of the city of Jerusalem, or of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137</a>, Zion (Jerusalem) is remembered from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Captivity">Babylonian Captivity</a>. "By the waters of Babylon, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion. On the willows[a] there we hung up our lyres. For there our captors required of us songs, and our tormentors, mirth, saying, “Sing us one of the songs of Zion!” </p><p><a href="/wiki/Psalm_147" title="Psalm 147">Psalm 147</a> uses "Jerusalem" and "Zion" interchangeably to address the faithful: "The Lord builds up Jerusalem; He gathers the outcasts of Israel. He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds. His delight is not in the strength of the horse, nor his pleasure in the legs of a man, but the Lord takes pleasure in those who fear him, in those who hope in his steadfast love. Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem! Praise your God, O Zion!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_practice;_exegesis"><span id="Religious_practice.3B_exegesis"></span>Religious practice; exegesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious practice; exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of the Temple, and in particular its <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> (innermost sanctum), is the most holy place in the world for the Jewish people, seen as the connection between <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> and humanity. Observant Jews recite the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> three times a day facing the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, praying for the rebuilding of the Holy Temple, the restoration of the Temple service, the redemption of the world, and for the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Are any of the works cited in the source from the Kabbalah, or are they all just from the Talmud? (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zion#Dubious" title="Talk:Zion">discuss</a></i>]</sup> the more esoteric reference is made to Tzion being the spiritual point from which reality emerges, located in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Source doesn't seem to reference the physical Temple, definitely not the Second one (at most alluded to in the passage about the return from Babylon, where the rebuilt Zion is but a shell empty of holiness), nor a literal Third. The cited sermon is trictly esoterical. Here we have a very personal interpretation that wildly diverts from the source, I'd say. (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Zion#Dubious" title="Talk:Zion">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish–Roman_wars"><span id="Jewish.E2.80.93Roman_wars"></span>Jewish–Roman wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish–Roman wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></div> <p>The name "Zion" appears in the coins minted by the revolutionary government in Jerusalem during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Jewish_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Jewish Revolt">Great Jewish Revolt</a> against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> (66–73 CE). Bronze coins from the revolt bear inscriptions such as 'freedom of Zion' (from years two and three) and 'for the redemption of Zion' (from year four).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Goodblatt argues that these slogans were used to communicate the rebels' goals to the masses, serving as a unifying rallying cry for the fight for Zion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James S. McLaren suggests that its appearance on the coins may specifically refer to the Temple Mount, as part of a set of terms conveying varying layers of identity: 'Jerusalem,' representing its location and the city's as the national capital, and 'Israel,' reflecting the new independent state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Meshorer" title="Ya'akov Meshorer">Ya'akov Meshorer</a>, the name "Zion" was used on the coins as a 'poetic term' with nationalistic connotations, symbolizing not only Jerusalem but also "its history, religion, culture and desire for freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism">Zionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Types of Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg/170px-Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg/255px-Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg/340px-Bat_Zion_I_want_your_Old_New_Land_join_Jewish_regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> recruitment poster. The Daughter of Zion (representing the Hebrew people): "Your <a href="/wiki/The_Old_New_Land" title="The Old New Land">Old New Land</a> must have you! Join the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish regiment</a>."</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>", coined by Austrian <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Birnbaum" title="Nathan Birnbaum">Nathan Birnbaum</a>, was derived from the German rendering of Tzion in his journal <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Selbstemanzipation</a></i> ("self emancipation") in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zionism as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">modern political movement</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">started in 1897</a> and supported a "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish homeland">national home</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">later a state</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> people in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, though the idea has been around since the end of Jewish independent rule. The Zionist movement declared the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, following the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>. Since then, and with varying <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>, Zionists have focused on developing and protecting this state. </p><p>The last line of the Israeli national anthem <i><a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a></i> (Hebrew for "The Hope") is "....Eretz Zion, ViYerushalayim", which means literally "The land of Zion and Jerusalem". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_tradition">Islamic tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ṣahyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صهيون</span>, <i>Ṣahyūn</i> or <i>Ṣihyūn</i>) is the word for Zion in Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEFp21_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEFp21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilp114_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilp114-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing on biblical tradition, it is one of the names accorded to Jerusalem in Arabic and Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilp114_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilp114-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freundp141_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freundp141-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A valley called <i>Wādī Sahyũn</i> seemingly preserves the name and is located approximately one and three-quarter miles from the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEFp21_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEFp21-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the reference to the "precious cornerstone" of the new Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 28:16 is identified in Islamic scholarship as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelerp89_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelerp89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is said by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a> (1292–1350) to have come from the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>, though earlier Christian scholarship identifies the cornerstone with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheelerp89_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheelerp89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latter_Day_Saint">Latter Day Saint</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zion_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Zion (Latter Day Saints)">Zion (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, Zion is often used to connote a peaceful ideal society. In the Latter Day Saints belief system the term <i>Zion</i> is often used to denote a place of gathering for the saints. It is also often used to denote an area or city of refuge for the saints. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rastafari_movement">Rastafari movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rastafari movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>I say fly away home to Zion, fly away home...One bright morning when my work is over, man will fly away home...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rastaman Chant, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers" title="Bob Marley and the Wailers">Bob Marley and the Wailers</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, "Zion" stands for a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> place of unity, peace and freedom, as opposed to "<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>", the oppressing and exploiting system of the materialistic modern world and a place of evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It proclaims Zion, as reference to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, the original birthplace of humankind, and from the beginning of the movement calls to <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> to Zion, the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> and Heaven on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Rastafari believe themselves to represent the real <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a> in modern times, and their goal is to repatriate to Ethiopia, or to Zion. The <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>-language <i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i> serves as inspiration for the idea that the "Glory of Zion" transferred from Jerusalem to Ethiopia in the time of Solomon and Sheba, c. 950 BCE. </p><p>Rastafari <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> contains many references to Zion; among the best-known examples are the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley" title="Bob Marley">Bob Marley</a> songs "Zion Train", "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Lion_Zion" title="Iron Lion Zion">Iron Lion Zion</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Wailer" title="Bunny Wailer">Bunny Wailer</a> song "Rastaman" ("The Rasta come from Zion, Rastaman a Lion!"), The Melodians song "Rivers of Babylon" (based on Psalm 137, where the captivity of <i>Babylon</i> is contrasted with the freedom in <i>Zion</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Brains" title="Bad Brains">Bad Brains</a> song "Leaving Babylon", the <a href="/wiki/Damian_Marley" title="Damian Marley">Damian Marley</a> song featuring <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a> "Road to Zion", <a href="/wiki/The_Abyssinians" title="The Abyssinians">The Abyssinians</a>' "Forward Unto Zion" and <a href="/wiki/Kiddus_I" title="Kiddus I">Kiddus I</a>'s "Graduation in Zion", which is featured in the 1977 cult roots rock reggae film <i><a href="/wiki/Rockers_(1978_film)" title="Rockers (1978 film)">Rockers</a></i>, and "Let's Go to Zion" by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Francis" title="Winston Francis">Winston Francis</a>. Reggae groups such as <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Tea" title="Cocoa Tea">Cocoa Tea</a> also have many references to Zion in their various songs. </p><p>The Jewish longing for Zion, starting with the deportation and enslavement of Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, was adopted as a metaphor by Christian black <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Need the year this event took place (January 2020)">year needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, Zion symbolizes a longing by wandering peoples for a safe homeland. This could be an actual place such as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari</a> or <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> for the Jews. Rastafari, while not identifying as "Jews", identify themselves and Africa as Zion. Specifically, Ethiopia is acknowledged as the mountains of Zion. Further, Rastafari ontology views all Africans as God's Chosen People. This differs from Judaic narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Bahá’í_Faith"><span id="The_Bah.C3.A1.E2.80.99.C3.AD_Faith"></span>The Bahá’í Faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Bahá’í Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> References to Zion occur in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá’í Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Bahá’u’lláh</a>, the prophet-founder of the Bahá’í Faith wrote, concerning the Bahá’í Revelation,</p><blockquote><p>"The time foreordained unto the peoples and kindreds of the earth is now come. The promises of God, as recorded in the holy Scriptures, have all been fulfilled. Out of Zion hath gone forth the Law of God, and Jerusalem, and the hills and land thereof, are filled with the glory of His Revelation." -Bahá’u’lláh, <i><a href="/wiki/Gleanings_from_the_Writings_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Gleanings from the Writings of Baháʼu'lláh">Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>"Call out to Zion, O Carmel, and announce the joyful tidings: He that was hidden from mortal eyes is come! His all-conquering sovereignty is manifest; His all-encompassing splendor is revealed." -Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet of Carmel<i>, <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h_Revealed_After_the_Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mount_Zion_today">Mount Zion today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mount Zion today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg/250px-Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Dormitio_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Dormition" title="Abbey of the Dormition">Abbey of the Dormition</a> on the modern Mount Zion.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a></div> <p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a> refers to a hill south of the Old City's <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a>, not to the Temple Mount. This apparent misidentification dates at least from the 1st century AD, when <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> calls Jerusalem's Western Hill "Mount Zion".<sup id="cite_ref-Pixner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pixner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Dormition" title="Abbey of the Dormition">Abbey of the Dormition</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_David%27s_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="King David's Tomb">King David's Tomb</a> are located upon the hill currently called Mount Zion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beulah_(land)" title="Beulah (land)">Beulah (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Book of Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_of_Gold" title="Jerusalem of Gold">Jerusalem of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="New world order (Baháʼí)">New world order (Baháʼí)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of Zion">Prisoners of Zion</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also variously transliterated <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sion</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tzion</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tsion</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tsiyyon</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sion</i> is the spelling in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, also adopted in modern French.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebrew Academy 2006 convention for the romanization of Hebrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf">Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060444/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longmanp936-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longmanp936_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLongmanEnns2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tremper_Longman" title="Tremper Longman">Longman, Tremper</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Enns" title="Peter Enns">Enns, Peter</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA936"><i>Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 936. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-1783-2"><bdi>978-0-8308-1783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+Wisdom%2C+Poetry+%26+Writings%3A+A+Compendium+of+Contemporary+Biblical+Scholarship&rft.pages=936&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-1783-2&rft.aulast=Longman&rft.aufirst=Tremper&rft.au=Enns%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE2k36XAkv4C%26pg%3DPA936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brileyp49-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brileyp49_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1981" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Arnold Albert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eq5gFlzMxQgC"><i>The book of Psalms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-551-00846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-551-00846-5"><bdi>978-0-551-00846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Psalms&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-551-00846-5&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deq5gFlzMxQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromileyp1006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromileyp1006_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromileyp1006_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA1006"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. p. 1006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3782-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1006&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyklDk6Vv0l4C%26pg%3DPA1006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendenhall1973-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mendenhall1973_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1973" class="citation book cs1">Mendenhall, George (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tenthgenerationo0000mend"><i>The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-1654-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-1654-8"><bdi>0-8018-1654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tenth+Generation%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Biblical+Tradition&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8018-1654-8&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftenthgenerationo0000mend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Responsa Project: Version 13</i>, Bar Ilan University, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kline, D.E., <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for readers of English</i>, Carta Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>, 1987, pp. xii–xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Dixon, <i>A general introduction to the Sacred Scriptures: in a series of dissertations, critical hermeneutical and historical</i>, J. Murphy, 1853, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Addison Alexander, <i>Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah</i> (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_hFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA65">p. 65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Heshy_Grossman" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Heshy Grossman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shemayisrael.co.il/parsha/dimension/archives/devarim.htm">"The Weekly Parsha: A New Dimension. Parshas Devarim: Tisha b'Av"</a>. <i>Shema Yisrael</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shema+Yisrael&rft.atitle=The+Weekly+Parsha%3A+A+New+Dimension.+Parshas+Devarim%3A+Tisha+b%27Av&rft.au=Rabbi+Heshy+Grossman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shemayisrael.co.il%2Fparsha%2Fdimension%2Farchives%2Fdevarim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span> Links: <a href="/wiki/Weekly_parsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly parsha">Weekly parsha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Devarim_(parashah)" title="Devarim (parashah)">Devarim (parashah)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tisha_b%27Av" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisha b'Av">Tisha b'Av</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodblatt2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodblatt, David (2006). <i>Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124, <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49906-7"><bdi>978-0-511-49906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Ancient+Jewish+Nationalism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=124%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-511-49906-7&rft.aulast=Goodblatt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLaren2011" class="citation cs2">McLaren, James S. (2011-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004216693/B9789004216693_007.xml">"Going to War against Rome: The Motivation of the Jewish Rebels"</a>, <i>The Jewish Revolt against Rome</i>, Brill, pp. 146, 149, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004216693_007">10.1163/9789004216693_007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21669-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21669-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Revolt+against+Rome&rft.atitle=Going+to+War+against+Rome%3A+The+Motivation+of+the+Jewish+Rebels&rft.pages=146%2C+149&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004216693_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21669-3&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004216693%2FB9789004216693_007.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeshorer1982" class="citation book cs1">Meshorer, Ya'akov (1982). <i>Ancient Jewish Coinage</i>. Vol. 2. Amphora Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewish+Coinage&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Amphora+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Meshorer&rft.aufirst=Ya%27akov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Lange, Nicholas, <i>An Introduction to Judaism</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (2000), p. 30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46624-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46624-5">0-521-46624-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEFp21-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEFp21_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEFp21_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalestine_Exploration_Fund1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nodAAQAAIAAJ">"Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Volumes 109–110"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exploration Quarterly">Palestine Exploration Quarterly</a></i>. Published at the Fund's Office: 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly%2C+Volumes+109%E2%80%93110&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnodAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilp114-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilp114_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilp114_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&pg=PA114"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freundp141-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freundp141_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreund2009" class="citation book cs1">Freund, Richard A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EWWup0o-o4C&pg=PA141"><i>Digging Through the Bible: Modern Archaeology and the Ancient Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4645-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-4645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+Through+the+Bible%3A+Modern+Archaeology+and+the+Ancient+Bible&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4645-5&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EWWup0o-o4C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheelerp89-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelerp89_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheelerp89_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=By7D11xMzlcC&pg=PA89"><i>Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1603-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1603-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1603-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+in+the+Quran+and+Islamic+Exegesis&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1603-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBy7D11xMzlcC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510000915/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Babylon--2">"Definition of Babylon (chiefly among Rastafari)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/Babylon--2">the original</a> on May 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Babylon+%28chiefly+among+Rastafari%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2FBabylon--2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/rasta/believe.shtml">"What Do Rastafarians Believe"</a>. <i>Jamaican Culture</i>. Jamaicans.com. 2003-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaican+Culture&rft.atitle=What+Do+Rastafarians+Believe&rft.date=2003-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicans.com%2Fculture%2Frasta%2Fbelieve.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Condon, R.. (1994). ZION AT THE CROSSROADS: "African Zion, the Sacred Art of Ethiopia". Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art. 1994. 49-52. 10.1215/10757163-1-1-49. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahá’u’lláh" class="citation book cs1">Bahá’u’lláh. <i>Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gleanings+from+the+Writings+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99u%E2%80%99ll%C3%A1h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahá’u’lláh" class="citation book cs1">Bahá’u’lláh. <i>Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tablets+of+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h+Revealed+After+the+Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99u%E2%80%99ll%C3%A1h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pixner-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pixner_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPixner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bargil_Pixner" title="Bargil Pixner">Pixner, Bargil</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvhA6IE4VqgC&pg=PA321"><i>Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem: Jesus and Jewish Christianity in Light of Archaeological Discoveries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-865-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-865-3"><bdi>978-0-89870-865-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+the+Messiah+and+Sites+of+the+Early+Church+from+Galilee+to+Jerusalem%3A+Jesus+and+Jewish+Christianity+in+Light+of+Archaeological+Discoveries&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-865-3&rft.aulast=Pixner&rft.aufirst=Bargil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvhA6IE4VqgC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/zion?lang=eng">"Zion"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zion&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fzion%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ludlow, D. H. (Ed.) (1992). Vol 4. <i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i>. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.</li> <li>McConkie, B. R. (1966). <i>Mormon Doctrine</i>. (2nd ed). Utah: Bookcraft.</li> <li>Steven Zarlengo: <i>Daughter of Zion: Jerusalem's Past, Present, and Future</i>. Dallas: Joseph Publishing, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vlkb0cSBGlIC">David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts</a></i>. Winona Lake, Ill.: Eisenbrauns. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2">1-57506-092-2</a>.</li> <li>Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a>, <i>A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion</i>, Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B78954%2B462%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+78954+462+6">978 1 78954 462 6</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>, vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp. 37–38, 40–42. "Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> were to <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a>'s vision of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish homeland">Jewish homeland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and how contemptuous he was not only of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> but of Jewish life outside Zion. [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p. 42 of Shatz's review.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism" title="Template:Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism" title="Template talk:Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/60px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betar_US" title="Betar US">Betar US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_Colonialism" title="Surrogate Colonialism">Surrogate Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_as_a_pejorative" title="Zionist as a pejorative">Zionist as a pejorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zion&params=31_46_18_N_35_13_45_E_type:mountain_source:kolossus-ruwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, 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