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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 In Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 In the New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Biblical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Biblical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Post-Biblical views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Biblical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 In Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Hadiths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claimed_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claimed_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Claimed tombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claimed_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scholarly interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarly_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scholarly interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parodic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Parodic elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The fish </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_fish-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The fish subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Translation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Scientific speculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_connections_to_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_connections_to_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Suggested connections to legends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suggested_connections_to_legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Suggested connections to legends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Suggested_connections_to_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_of_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Epic of Gilgamesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jason_(Greek_mythology)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jason_(Greek_mythology)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Jason (Greek mythology) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jason_(Greek_mythology)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jonah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="يونس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%A2" title="ܝܘܢܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܘܢܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ona_(pey%C4%9F%C9%99mb%C9%99r)" title="İona (peyğəmbər) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İona (peyğəmbər)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="ইউনুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus" title="Yunus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Yunus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Иона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yona" title="Yona – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yona" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%C3%A0s_(profeta)" title="Jonàs (profeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jonàs (profeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1_(prorok)" title="Jonáš (prorok) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jonáš (prorok)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona" title="Jona – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jona" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_(profet)" title="Jonas (profet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jonas (profet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona" title="Jona – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jona" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Ιωνάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωνάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%C3%A1s_(profeta)" title="Jonás (profeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jonás (profeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_(profeto)" title="Jona (profeto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jona (profeto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas" title="Jonas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jonas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="یونس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas" title="Jonas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jonas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3na" title="Ióna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ióna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionah" title="Ionah – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ionah" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%82%98" title="요나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona" title="Jona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus" title="Yunus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Jonah" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giona_(profeta)" title="Giona (profeta) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giona (profeta)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99" title="יונה בן אמיתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונה בן אמיתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="იონა წინასწარმეტყველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონა წინასწარმეტყველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabii_Yona" title="Nabii Yona – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nabii Yona" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BBnis_(p%C3%AAxember)" title="Yûnis (pêxember) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yûnis (pêxember)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81" title="Юнус идавс – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Юнус идавс" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prana%C5%A1as_Jona" title="Pranašas Jona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranašas Jona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas" title="Jonas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jonas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3n%C3%A1s_pr%C3%B3f%C3%A9ta" title="Jónás próféta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jónás próféta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B4n%C3%A0_(mpaminany)" title="Jônà (mpaminany) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jônà (mpaminany)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF" title="യൂനുസ് നബി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂനുസ് നബി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يونان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يونان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="یونس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یونس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_(profeet)" title="Jona (profeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jona (profeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8A" title="ヨナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="Юнус – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Юнус" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona" title="Jona – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jona" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="یوناہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوناہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonasz" title="Jonasz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonasz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas" title="Jonas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jonas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iona" title="Iona – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iona" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonaspa_qillqasqan" title="Jonaspa qillqasqan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jonaspa qillqasqan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Иона (пророк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иона (пророк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%C3%A1%C5%A1_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Jonáš (biblická postava) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jonáš (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Biblical and Quranic prophet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jonah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jonah (disambiguation)">Jonah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Jonah <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יוֹנָה‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sistine_jonah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg/270px-Sistine_jonah.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg/405px-Sistine_jonah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Sistine_jonah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="570" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Prophet_Jonah_(Michelangelo)" title="Prophet Jonah (Michelangelo)">The Prophet Jonah</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1508–1512) by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Prophet</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">9th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Gath-hepher" title="Gath-hepher">Gath-hepher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century BCE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Yunus_Mosque" title="Al-Nabi Yunus Mosque">Tomb of Jonah</a> (destroyed), <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MR-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jonah the son of Amittai or Jonas (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יוֹנָה Yōnā, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'dove')<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> hailing from <a href="/wiki/Gath-hepher" title="Gath-hepher">Gath-hepher</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Northern Kingdom of Israel</a> around the <a href="/wiki/8th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="8th century BCE">8th century BCE</a>. He is the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophets">minor prophets</a>, which details his reluctance in delivering the judgment of God to the city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>. After he is swallowed by a large sea creature (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: דג גדול, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: dāḡ gāḏol, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'large fish') and then released, he returns to the divine mission. In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the story of Jonah represents the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repentance in Judaism</a>, the ability to repent to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> for forgiveness. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> calls himself "greater than Jonah" and promises the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> "the sign of Jonah" when referring to <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">his resurrection</a>. Early Christian interpreters viewed Jonah as the <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">type</a> of Jesus. <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah in Islam</a> is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> and the narrative of Jonah appears in a <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> named after him, <a href="/wiki/Yunus_(surah)" title="Yunus (surah)">Yūnus</a>. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Bible scholars</a> suggest the Book of Jonah is fictional,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenson200930-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm2009unpaginated-7">[6]</a> and at least partially satirical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105–107-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19-9">[8]</a> The character of Jonah son of <a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a> may have been based on the historical prophet of the same name who prophesied during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah of Judah</a>, as mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Although the creature that swallowed Jonah is often depicted in art and culture as a whale, the Hebrew text uses the phrase "large fish". In the 17th century and early 18th century, the species of the fish that swallowed Jonah was the subject of speculation by <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalists</a>, who interpreted the story as an account of a historical incident. Some modern scholars of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, on the other hand, note similarities between Jonah and other legendary religious figures, like the Indian yogi <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranatha" title="Matsyendranatha">Matsyendranatha</a> "Lord of the Fishes", the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, and the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Jonah">Book of Jonah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Book of Jonah">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/435px-Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/580px-Pieter_Lastman_-_Jonah_and_the_Whale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>Jonah and the Whale (1621) by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Lastman" title="Pieter Lastman">Pieter Lastman</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dore_jonah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dore_jonah.jpg/290px-Dore_jonah.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dore_jonah.jpg/435px-Dore_jonah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dore_jonah.jpg/580px-Dore_jonah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%27s_illustrations_for_La_Grande_Bible_de_Tours" title="Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours">Jonah Preaching to the Ninevites</a> (1866) by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>, in La Grande Bible de Tours</figcaption></figure> Jonah is the central character in the Book of Jonah, in which <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">God</a> commands him to go to the city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> to prophesy against it "for their great wickedness is come up before me,"<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> but Jonah instead attempts to flee from "the presence of the Lord" by going to <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> as Joppa or Joppe). He sets sail for <a href="/wiki/Tarshish#In_later_history" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> A huge storm arises and the sailors, realizing that it is no ordinary storm, <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">cast lots</a> and discover that Jonah is to blame.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Jonah admits this and says that if he is thrown overboard, the storm will cease.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The sailors refuse to do this and continue rowing, but all their efforts fail, and they eventually throw Jonah overboard.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> As a result, the storm calms and the sailors offer sacrifices to God.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> After being cast from the ship, Jonah is swallowed by a large fish, within the belly of which he remains for three days and three nights.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> While in the great fish, Jonah prays to God in his affliction and commits to giving thanks and to paying what he has vowed.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> God commands the fish to vomit Jonah out.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> God again commands Jonah to travel to Nineveh and prophesy to its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> This time he travels there and enters the city, crying, "In forty days Nineveh shall be overthrown."<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> After Jonah has walked across Nineveh, the people begin to believe his word and proclaim a fast.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The king of Nineveh puts on <a href="/wiki/Sackcloth" title="Sackcloth">sackcloth</a> and sits in ashes, making a proclamation which decrees fasting, the wearing of sackcloth, prayer and repentance.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> God sees their repentant hearts and spares the city at that time.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The entire city is humbled and broken, with the people (and even the livestock)<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> wearing sackcloth and ashes.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Displeased by this, Jonah refers to his earlier flight to Tarshish while asserting that, since God is merciful, it was inevitable that God would turn from the threatened calamities.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> He leaves the city and makes a shelter, waiting to see whether or not the city will be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> God causes a plant (in Hebrew a <a href="/wiki/Kikayon" title="Kikayon">kikayon</a>) to grow over Jonah's shelter to give him some shade from the sun.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Later, God causes a worm to bite the plant's root and it withers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Jonah, exposed to the full force of the sun, becomes faint and pleads for God to kill him.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But God said to Jonah: "Do you have a right to be angry about the vine?" And he said: "I do. I am angry enough to die." But the LORD said: "You have been concerned about this vine, though you did not tend it or make it grow. It sprang up overnight, and died overnight. But Nineveh has more than a hundred and twenty thousand people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well. Should I not be concerned about that great city?"<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jonah 4:9–11 (NIV)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">Jonah in rabbinic literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg/290px-Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg/435px-Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Kennicott_Bible_305r.l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Jonah being swallowed by the fish from the <a href="/wiki/Kennicott_Bible" title="Kennicott Bible">Kennicott Bible</a>, folio 305r (1476), in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford</figcaption></figure> The Book of Jonah (Yonah יונה) is one of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Minor_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophets">minor prophets</a> included in the Hebrew Bible. According to one tradition, Jonah was the boy brought back to life by <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> the prophet in 1 Kings.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005126–127-34">[33]</a> Another tradition holds that he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_Shunem" title="Woman of Shunem">woman of Shunem</a> brought back to life by <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> in 2 Kings<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005127-36">[35]</a> and that he is called the "son of <a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a>" (Truth) due to his mother's recognition of Elijah's identity as a prophet in 1 Kings.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005127-36">[35]</a> The Book of Jonah is read every year, in its original Hebrew and in its entirety, on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> – the Day of Atonement – as the <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a> at the afternoon <a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">mincha</a> prayer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsky1990354-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacs200665-39">[38]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Eliezer">Rabbi Eliezer</a>, the fish that swallowed Jonah was created in the primordial era<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> and the inside of its mouth was like a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> the fish's eyes were like windows<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> and a pearl inside its mouth provided further illumination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, while Jonah was inside the fish, the fish told him that its life was nearly over because soon the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> would eat them both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> Jonah promised the fish that he would save them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> Following Jonah's directions, the fish swam up alongside the Leviathan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> and Jonah threatened to leash the Leviathan by its tongue and let the other fish eat it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> The Leviathan heard Jonah's threats, saw that he was <a href="/wiki/Circumcised" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcised">circumcised</a>, and realized that he was protected by the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Lord</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> so it fled in terror, leaving Jonah and the fish alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">[39]</a> The medieval Jewish scholar and rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> (1092–1167) argued against any literal interpretation of the Book of Jonah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200320-41">[40]</a> stating that the "experiences of all the prophets except Moses were visions, not actualities."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200320-41">[40]</a> The later scholar <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a> (1437–1509), however, argued that Jonah could have easily survived in the belly of the fish for three days,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200318-42">[41]</a> because "after all, fetuses live nine months without access to fresh air."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200318–19-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">Teshuva</a> – the ability to repent and be forgiven by God – is a prominent idea in Jewish thought. This concept is developed in the Book of Jonah: Jonah, the son of truth (the name of his father "Amitai" in Hebrew means truth), refuses to ask the people of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> to repent. He seeks the truth only, and not forgiveness. When forced to go, his call is heard loud and clear, and the people of Nineveh repent ecstatically, "fasting, including the sheep," and the Jewish text is critical of this.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The Book of Jonah also highlights the sometimes unstable relationship between two religious needs: comfort and truth.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Twelfth-century Jewish rabbi and explorer <a href="/wiki/Petachiah_of_Regensburg" title="Petachiah of Regensburg">Petachiah of Regensburg</a> visited Jonah's tomb during his visit to the Holy Land, and wrote: "There is a beautiful palace built over it. Near it is a pleasure garden wherein all kinds of fruit are found. The keeper of the pleasure garden is a Gentile. Nevertheless, when Gentiles come there he gives them no fruit, but when Jews come he gives them a friendly reception, saying, Jonah, son of Amittai, was a Jew, therefore it is due to you to partake of what is his, and then gives to the Jews to eat thereof." Petachiah did not provide details about the exact location of the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In the Book of Tobit Jonah is mentioned twice in the fourteenth chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredin200647–50-47">[46]</a> the conclusion of which finds Tobit's son, Tobias, rejoicing at the news of Nineveh's destruction by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> in apparent fulfillment of Jonah's prophecy against the Assyrian capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredin200647–50-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Judgement_(Michelangelo)_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg/220px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg/330px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg/440px-Last_Judgement_%28Michelangelo%29_-_Jonah_and_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="2078" /></a><figcaption>In his fresco <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a>, Michelangelo depicted Christ below Jonah (IONAS) to qualify the prophet as his precursor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblia.pauperum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Biblia.pauperum.jpg/220px-Biblia.pauperum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Biblia.pauperum.jpg/330px-Biblia.pauperum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Biblia.pauperum.jpg/440px-Biblia.pauperum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Christ rises from the tomb, alongside Jonah spit onto the beach</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_New_Testament">In the New Testament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the New Testament">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, Jonah is mentioned in the gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimburg199339-50">[49]</a> In Matthew, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> makes a reference to Jonah when he is asked for a sign by some of the <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19943-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993167-52">[51]</a> Jesus says that the sign will be the <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)#Example_of_Jonah" title="Typology (theology)">sign of Jonah</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19943-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993167-52">[51]</a> Jonah's restoration after three days and three night inside the great fish prefigures <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">his own resurrection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19943-51">[50]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">39He answered, "A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign! But none will be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah. 40For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. 41The men of Nineveh will stand up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and now something greater than Jonah is here."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gospel of Matthew, 12:39–41<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> In Luke, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> makes a reference to Jonah in an eschatological prophecy, after a woman in the crowd suddenly exclaims, "Blessed is the womb that bare thee, and the paps which thou hast sucked" (Luke 11:27 - King James Version): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">29And when the people were gathered thick together, he began to say, "This is an evil generation: they seek a sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. 30For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall also the Son of man be to this generation. 31The queen of the south shall rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and condemn them: for she came from the utmost parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and, behold, a greater than Solomon is here. 32The men of Nineve shall rise up in the judgment with this generation, and shall condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonas; and, behold, a greater than Jonas is here. 33No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light. 34The light of the body is the eye: therefore when thine eye is single, thy whole body also is full of light; but when thine eye is evil, thy body also is full of darkness. 35Take heed therefore that the light which is in thee be not darkness. 36If thy whole body therefore be full of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full of light, as when the bright shining of a candle doth give thee light."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gospel of Luke, 11:29–36<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_Jubilee_Quartet_-_Oh_Jonah.ogg" title="File:The Golden Jubilee Quartet - Oh Jonah.ogg">Oh Jonah!</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="The_Golden_Jubilee_Quartet_-_Oh_Jonah.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/The_Golden_Jubilee_Quartet_-_Oh_Jonah.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/The_Golden_Jubilee_Quartet_-_Oh_Jonah.ogg/The_Golden_Jubilee_Quartet_-_Oh_Jonah.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">"Oh Jonah!", a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> summary of the Book of Jonah, sung by the Golden Jubilee Quartet.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Jonah is regarded as a saint by a number of Christian denominations. His feast day in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic Church</a> is on 21 September, according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Martyrologium Romanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MR-2">[2]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar</a>, Jonah's feast day is on 22 September (for those churches which follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>; 22 September currently falls in October on the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, moveable feasts are held in commemoration of Jonah as a single prophet and as one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Twelve Minor Prophets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Jonah's mission to the Ninevites is commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Nineveh" title="Fast of Nineveh">Fast of Nineveh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> Churches.<a href="#cite_note-SycOrth-59">[58]</a> Jonah is commemorated as a prophet in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church</a> on 22 September.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologians</a> have traditionally interpreted Jonah as a <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">type</a> for Jesus Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200011–20-61">[60]</a> Jonah being in swallowed by the giant fish was regarded as a foreshadowing of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Jesus's crucifixion</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200011–13-62">[61]</a> and Jonah emerging from the fish after three days was seen as a parallel for Jesus emerging from the tomb after three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200011–13-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> equates Jonah with Jesus's more <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a> side,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200020-63">[62]</a> and justifies Jonah's actions by arguing that "Jonah acts thus as a patriot, not so much that he hates the Ninevites, as that he does not want to destroy his own people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200020-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Biblical_views">Post-Biblical views</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Biblical views">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jonah.jpg/220px-Jonah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Jonah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of Jonah, 16th century (<a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kizhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizhi">Kizhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, Russia)</figcaption></figure> Other Christian interpreters, including <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, have taken a directly opposite approach,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200023–25-64">[63]</a> regarding Jonah as the epitome of envy and jealousness, which they regarded as inherent characteristics of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200025-65">[64]</a> Luther likewise concludes that the kikayon (plant) represents Judaism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200023–24-66">[65]</a> and that the worm which devours it represents Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200024-67">[66]</a> Luther also questioned the idea that the Book of Jonah was ever intended as literal history,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200319-68">[67]</a> commenting that he found it hard to believe that anyone would have interpreted it as such if it were not in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200319-68">[67]</a> Luther's <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> interpretation of Jonah remained the prevailing interpretation among German Protestants throughout early modern history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200024–26-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._D._Michaelis" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Michaelis">J. D. Michaelis</a> comments that "the meaning of the fable hits you right between the eyes",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200025-65">[64]</a> and concludes that the Book of Jonah is a polemic against "the Israelite people's hate and envy towards all the other nations of the earth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200025-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Eichhorn" title="Albert Eichhorn">Albert Eichhorn</a> was a strong supporter of Michaelis's interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200025–26-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a> regarded the Book of Jonah as a warning to all those who might attempt to flee from the wrath of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200032–33-71">[70]</a> While Luther had been careful to maintain that the Book of Jonah was not written by Jonah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> Calvin declared that the Book of Jonah was Jonah's personal confession of guilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> Calvin sees Jonah's time inside the fish's belly as equivalent to the fires of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, intended to correct Jonah and set him on the path of righteousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200034–36-73">[72]</a> Also, unlike Luther, Calvin finds fault with all the characters in the story,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> describing the sailors on the boat as "hard and iron-hearted, like <a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclops'</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> the penitence of the Ninevites as "untrained",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> and the king of Nineveh as a "novice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200033-72">[71]</a> Hooper, on the other hand, sees Jonah as the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200039–40-74">[73]</a> and the ship he is cast out from as a symbol of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200039–40-74">[73]</a> Hooper deplores such dissidents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200039–40-74">[73]</a> decrying: "Can you live quietly with so many Jonasses? Nay then, throw them into the sea!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200040-75">[74]</a> In the eighteenth century, German professors were forbidden from teaching that the Book of Jonah was anything other than a literal, historical account.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200319-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonah_and_the_Whale,_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_(Compendium_of_Chronicles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/290px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/435px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg/580px-Jonah_and_the_Whale%2C_Folio_from_a_Jami_al-Tavarikh_%28Compendium_of_Chronicles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="2595" /></a><figcaption>Jonah and the giant fish in the <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a> (c. 1400), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah in Islam</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim"><img alt="Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/200px-Basmala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/300px-Basmala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basmala.svg/400px-Basmala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="119" /></a> Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets in the Quran</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Listed by Islamic name and Biblical name. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">ʾĀdam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">ʾIdrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh (prophet)">Ṣāliḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selah_(biblical_figure)" title="Selah (biblical figure)">Selah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">ʾIbrāhīm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">ʾIsmāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">ʾIsḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Kifl" title="Dhu al-Kifl">Dhu al-Kifl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Yūnus</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah in Islam">ʾIlyās</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_in_Islam" title="Elisha in Islam">Alyasaʿ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_in_Islam" title="Zechariah in Islam">Zakarīya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yaḥyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muḥammad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Main events</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Stories of the Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">The Three Messengers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations#Other_prophets" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Jews, Christians, and Muslims prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="background:white; padding:0 5px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_prophets" title="Template:Islamic prophets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_prophets" title="Template talk:Islamic prophets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_prophets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic prophets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quran">Quran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quran">edit</a>]</div> Jonah (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: يُونُس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Yūnus) is the title of <a href="/wiki/Yunus_(surah)" title="Yunus (surah)">the tenth chapter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Yūnus is traditionally viewed as highly important in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Faithful_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithful in Islam">faithful</a> to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and delivered His messages. Jonah is the only one of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>'s Twelve Minor Prophets to be named in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Islam,_pg._348-76">[75]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Quran_21:87" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 21:87">Quran 21:87</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quran_68:48" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 68:48">68:48</a>, Jonah is called Dhul-Nūn (Arabic: ذُو ٱلنُّوْن; meaning "The One of the Fish").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200867-78">[77]</a> In 4:163 and 6:86, he is referred to as "an apostle of Allah".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200867-78">[77]</a> Surah 37:139–148 retells the full story of Jonah:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200867-78">[77]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And verily, Jonah was among the messengers. [Mention] when he ran away to the laden ship. Then (to save it from sinking) he drew straws (with other passengers). He lost and was thrown overboard. Then the whale engulfed him while he was blameworthy. Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah, He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Resurrection</a>. But We cast him onto the open (shore), (totally) worn out, and caused a squash plant to grow over him. We (later) sent him (back) to (his city of) at least one hundred thousand people, And they believed, so We allowed them enjoyment for a while.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/As-Saaffat" title="As-Saaffat">Surah As-Saaffat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=139">37:139</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran never mentions Jonah's father,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200867-78">[77]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> tradition teaches that Jonah was from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a> and that his father was <a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Islam,_pg._348-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hadiths">Hadiths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hadiths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonah_and_the_fish_Jeremiah_in_wilderness_Uzeyr_awakened_after_the_destruction_of_Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Jonah_and_the_fish_Jeremiah_in_wilderness_Uzeyr_awakened_after_the_destruction_of_Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="377" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Jonah trying to hide his nakedness in the midst of bushes; <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> in the wilderness (top left); <a href="/wiki/Uzeyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzeyr">Uzeyr</a> awakened after the destruction of Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Zubdat_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubdat al-Tawarikh">Zubdat al-Tawarikh</a>, Ottoman miniature, 1583.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> Jonah is also mentioned in a few incidents during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> sent their servant, <a href="/wiki/Addas" title="Addas">Addas</a>, to serve him grapes for sustenance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[79]</a> Muhammad asked Addas where he was from and the servant replied Nineveh. "The town of Jonah the just, son of <a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a>!" Muhammad exclaimed. Addas was shocked because he knew that the pagan Arabs had no knowledge of the prophet Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[79]</a> He then asked how Muhammad knew of this man. "We are brothers," Muhammad replied. "Jonah was a Prophet of God and I, too, am a Prophet of God." Addas immediately accepted Islam and kissed the hands and feet of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-:1-80">[79]</a> One of the sayings attributed to Muhammad, in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Bukhari">Imam Bukhari</a>, says that Muhammad said "One should not say that I am better than Jonah".<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2002172-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1977167-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, an older contemporary of Muhammad, taught that, had Jonah not prayed to Allah, he would have remained trapped inside the fish until Judgement Day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> but, because of his prayer, Jonah "stayed only a few days within the belly of the fish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> The ninth-century Persian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> records that, while Jonah was inside the fish, "none of his bones or members were injured".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> Al-Tabari also writes that Allah made the body of the fish transparent, allowing Jonah to see the "wonders of the deep"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200874-85">[84]</a> and that Jonah heard all the fish singing praises to Allah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200874-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a>, a tenth-century poet, records that Jonah's father was seventy years old when Jonah was born<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> and that he died soon afterwards,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> leaving Jonah's mother with nothing but a wooden spoon, which turned out to be a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio200873-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Claimed_tombs">Claimed tombs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Claimed tombs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png/220px-Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png/330px-Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png/440px-Ruins_of_the_Mosque_of_Yunus.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the ruins of the mosque of Yunus, following its destruction by ISIL</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mosques_and_shrines_of_Mosul#Mosque_of_the_Prophet_Jonah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques and shrines of Mosul">Mosques and shrines of Mosul § Mosque_of_the_Prophet_Jonah</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>'s current location is marked by excavations of five gates, parts of walls on four sides, and two large mounds: the hill of Kuyunjik and hill of Nabi Yunus.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> atop Nabi Yunus was dedicated to the prophet Jonah and contained a shrine, which was revered by both Muslims and Christians as the site of Jonah's tomb.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The tomb was a popular pilgrimage site<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a> and a symbol of unity to Jews, Christians, and Muslims across the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a> On July 24, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) destroyed the mosque containing the tomb as part of a campaign to destroy religious sanctuaries it deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatrous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordTawfeeq2014-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> was taken back from ISIL in January 2017, an ancient Assyrian palace built by <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> dating to around the first half of the 7th century BCE was discovered beneath the ruined mosque.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017-90">[89]</a> ISIL had plundered the palace of items to sell on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017-90">[89]</a> but some of the artifacts that were more difficult to transport still remained in place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017-90">[89]</a> Other reputed locations of Jonah's tomb include: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Arab</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad,_Israel" title="Mashhad, Israel">Mashhad</a>, located on the ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Gath-hepher" title="Gath-hepher">Gath-hepher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimburg199339-50">[49]</a></li> <li>the Nabi Yunis mosque of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestinian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Halhul" title="Halhul">Halhul</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, was purportedly built over Jonah's tomb;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200664-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li>a sanctuary near the city of Sarafand (<a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta201397-93">[92]</a></li> <li>a hill now called Giv'at Yonah, "Jonah's Hill", at the northern edge of the Israeli town of <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, at a site covered by a modern lighthouse;</li> <li>a "tomb of Jonah" in the city of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakir</a>, Turkey, located behind the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> at <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatih_Pa%C5%9Fa_Camisi" class="extiw" title="tr:Fatih Paşa Camisi">Fatih Pasha Mosque</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> states in his <a href="/wiki/Seyahatname" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyahatname">Seyahatname</a> that he visited the tombs of prophet Jonah and prophet <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_interpretations">Scholarly interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly interpretations">edit</a>]</div> The story of a man surviving after being swallowed by a whale or giant fish is classified in the catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification systems">folktale</a> types as <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson_classification_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aarne–Thompson classification systems">ATU</a> 1889G.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical scholars</a> hold that the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> are ahistorical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071–72-100">[99]</a> Although the prophet Jonah allegedly lived in the eighth century BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a> the Book of Jonah was written centuries later during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200315–16-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> used in the Book of Jonah shows strong influences from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a> and the cultural practices described in it match those of the Achaemenid Persians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> Some scholars regard the Book of Jonah as an intentional work of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105–107-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140–142-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23-105">[104]</a> If this is the case, then it was probably admitted into the canon of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> by sages who misunderstood its satirical nature<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003106–107-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23-105">[104]</a> and mistakenly interpreted it as a serious prophetic work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003106–107-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23-105">[104]</a> Jonah himself may have been a historical prophet;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067–68-107">[106]</a> he is briefly mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Second Book of Kings</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2005124-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067-5">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a> unto the sea of the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a>, according to the word of the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">LORD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God of Israel</a>, which He spoke by the hand of His servant Jonah the son of <a href="/wiki/Amittai" title="Amittai">Amittai</a>, the prophet, who was of <a href="/wiki/Gath-hepher" title="Gath-hepher">Gath-hepher</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>2 Kings<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In a lecture delivered in 1978 and published in 1979, Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Donald Wiseman</a> defended the plausibility of many aspects of the story, supporting "the tradition that many features in the narrative exhibit an intimate and accurate knowledge of Assyria which could stem from an historical event as early as the eighth century B.C.", concluding that "the story of Jonah need not be considered as a late story or parable".<a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parodic_elements">Parodic elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parodic elements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/290px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/435px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG/580px-Nineveh_Adad_gate_exterior_entrance_far2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Modern restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> gate at Nineveh in a photograph taken prior to the gate's total destruction by <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> in April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomey2016-111">[110]</a> The Book of Jonah exaggerates the size of Nineveh far beyond what it actually was historically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The views expressed by Jonah in the Book of Jonah are a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of views held by members of Jewish society at the time when it was written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003106-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a> The primary target of the satire may have been a faction whom <a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Morton Smith</a> calls "Separationists",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105-113">[112]</a> who believed that God would destroy those who disobeyed him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a> that sinful cities would be obliterated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a> and that God's mercy did not extend to those outside the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic covenant">Abrahamic covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105-113">[112]</a> McKenzie and Graham remark that "Jonah is in some ways the most 'orthodox' of Israelite theologians – to make a theological point."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a> Jonah's statements throughout the book are characterized by their militancy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012142-114">[113]</a> but his name ironically means "dove",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012142-114">[113]</a> a bird which the ancient Israelites associated with peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">[102]</a> Jonah's rejection of God's commands is a parody of the obedience of the prophets described in other Old Testament writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322-115">[114]</a> The king of Nineveh's instant repentance parodies the rulers throughout the other writings of the Old Testament who disregard prophetic warnings, such as <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23-105">[104]</a> The readiness to worship God displayed by the sailors on the ship and the people of Nineveh contrasts ironically with Jonah's own reluctance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200323-116">[115]</a> as does Jonah's greater love for kikayon providing him shade than for all the people in Nineveh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200323-116">[115]</a> The Book of Jonah also employs elements of <a href="/wiki/Absurdist_fiction" title="Absurdist fiction">literary absurdism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> it exaggerates the size of the city of Nineveh to an implausible degree<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> and incorrectly refers to the administrator of the city as a "king".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> According to scholars, no human could realistically survive for three days inside a fish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">[1]</a> and the description of the livestock in Nineveh fasting alongside their owners is "silly".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">[25]</a> Some of these points are countered in the aforementioned lecture of Donald Wiseman.<a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-110">[109]</a> The motif of a protagonist being swallowed by a giant fish or whale became a stock <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> of later satirical writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200774–81-117">[116]</a> Similar incidents are recounted in <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian of Samosata</a>'s <a href="/wiki/True_History" class="mw-redirect" title="True History">A True Story</a>, which was written in the second century CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200776-77-118">[117]</a> and in the novel <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen%27s_Narrative_of_his_Marvellous_Travels_and_Campaigns_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia">Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a> in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200777–78-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_fish">The fish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The fish">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation">Translation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Translation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg/220px-Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg/330px-Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg/440px-Germany_Worms_Cathedral_Jonah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Jonah and the "great fish" on the south doorway of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Worms_Cathedral" title="Worms Cathedral">Dom St. Peter</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> Though art and culture often depicts Jonah's fish as a <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a>, the Hebrew text, as throughout scripture,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] refers to no marine species in particular, simply saying "great fish" or "big fish". While some biblical scholars suggest the size and habits of the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> correspond better to the representations of Jonah's experiences, normally an adult human is too large to be swallowed whole. The development of <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> from the 18th century onwards made it clear that most, if not all, species of whale are incapable of swallowing a human, leading to much controversy about the veracity of the biblical story of Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-Kemp1979-120">[119]</a> In Jonah 2:1 (1:17 in English translations), the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> text reads dag gadol<a href="#cite_note-blb-121">[120]</a> (דג גדול) or, in the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, dāḡ gāḏōl (דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל), which means "great fish".<a href="#cite_note-blb-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translates this phrase into Greek as kētei megalōi (κήτει μεγάλῳ), meaning "huge fish".<a href="#cite_note-Robertson1960-123">[122]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the same word meaning "fish" (<a href="/wiki/Cetus_(mythology)" title="Cetus (mythology)">kêtos</a>) is used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">sea monster</a> slain by the hero <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> that nearly devoured the Princess <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer201428-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> later translated this phrase as piscis grandis in his Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> He translated koilia kétous, however, as ventre ceti in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 12:40:<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> this second case occurs only in this verse of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200781-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parris2015-128">[127]</a> At some point cetus became synonymous with "whale" (the study of whales is now called <a href="/wiki/Cetology" title="Cetology">cetology</a>). In his 1534 translation, <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> translated the phrase in Jonah 2:1 as "greate fyshe" and the word kétos (Greek) or cetus (Latin) in Matthew 12:40<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> as "whale". Tyndale's translation was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">Authorized Version</a> of 1611. Since then, the "great fish" in Jonah 2 has been most often interpreted as a whale. In English some translations use the word "whale" for Matthew 12:40, while others use "sea creature" or "big fish".<a href="#cite_note-Huber2013-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_speculation">Scientific speculation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scientific speculation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg/330px-Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg/495px-Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg/660px-Whale_shark_Georgia_aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>, the largest known species of fish<a href="#cite_note-Wood1976-131">[130]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg/220px-0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg/330px-0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg/440px-0b4a8510_by_vitaly_sokol-dbw14sol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, the largest toothed predator and one of the largest extant species of whales</figcaption></figure> In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalists</a>, interpreting the Jonah story as a historical account, became obsessed with trying to identify the exact species of the fish that swallowed Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200042–45-132">[131]</a> In the mid-nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a>, professor of Hebrew at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, claimed that the Book of Jonah must have been authored by Jonah himself<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201148-133">[132]</a> and argued that the fish story must be historically true, or else it would not have been included in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201148-133">[132]</a> Pusey attempted to scientifically catalogue the fish,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200047–48-134">[133]</a> hoping to "shame those who speak of the miracle of Jonah's preservation in the fish as a thing less credible than any of God's other miraculous doings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200048-135">[134]</a> The debate over the fish in the Book of Jonah played a major role during <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>'s cross-examination of <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Scopes_trial" title="Scopes trial">Scopes trial</a> in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Smolla1997-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lidz2016-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200319-68">[67]</a> Darrow asked Bryan "When you read that ... the whale swallowed Jonah ... how do you literally interpret that?"<a href="#cite_note-Smolla1997-136">[135]</a> Bryan replied that he believed in "a God who can make a whale and can make a man and make both of them do what He pleases."<a href="#cite_note-Smolla1997-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200319-68">[67]</a> Bryan ultimately admitted that it was necessary to interpret the Bible,<a href="#cite_note-Smolla1997-136">[135]</a> and is generally regarded as having come off looking like a "buffoon".<a href="#cite_note-Lidz2016-137">[136]</a> The largest of all whales – <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a> – are <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> which eat <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>; and "it is commonly said that this species would be choked if it attempted to swallow a <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>."<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The largest of all fishes – the <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> — has a large mouth, but its throat is only four inches wide, with a sharp elbow or bend behind the opening, such that not even a human arm would be able to pass through it. Therefore, Jonah could not have been swallowed by a whale shark.<a href="#cite_note-Gudger1940-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm whales">Sperm whales</a>, however, appear to be a different matter: They regularly eat <a href="/wiki/Giant_squid" title="Giant squid">giant squid</a>, so presumably one could swallow a human.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[139]</a> Similar to a cow, sperm whales have four-chambered stomachs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[139]</a> The first chamber has no gastric juices but has muscular walls to crush its food.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On the other hand, it is not possible to breathe inside the sperm whale's stomach because there is no air (but probably methane instead).<a href="#cite_note-:0-140">[139]</a> A 2023 novel by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kraus_(author)" title="Daniel Kraus (author)">Daniel Kraus</a> explores the idea of a man surviving being swallowed by a sperm whale, but with an oxygen tank.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg/220px-Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg/330px-Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg/440px-Jonah_in_the_whale_detail_Verdun_altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Jonah in a <a href="/wiki/Champlev%C3%A9" title="Champlevé">champlevé</a> enamel (1181) by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Verdun" title="Nicholas of Verdun">Nicholas of Verdun</a> in the Verduner altar at <a href="/wiki/Klosterneuburg" title="Klosterneuburg">Klosterneuburg</a> abbey, Austria</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, "Jonah's fish" (yunus balığı) is the term used for <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuretBayram1996-144">[143]</a> A long-established expression among sailors uses the term "a Jonah" to mean a sailor/passenger whose presence on board brings bad luck and endangers the ship.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Later, this meaning was extended to "a person who carries a <a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">jinx</a>, one who will bring bad luck to any enterprise."<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Despite its brevity, the Book of Jonah has been adapted numerous times in literature and in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005xv-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200071–72-148">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a> (1851), <a href="/wiki/Father_Mapple" title="Father Mapple">Father Mapple</a> delivers a sermon on the Book of Jonah. Mapple asks why Jonah does not show remorse for disobeying God while he is inside of the fish. He concludes that Jonah admirably understands that "his dreadful punishment is just."<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Collodi" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a> (1883) features the <a href="/wiki/Pinocchio" title="Pinocchio">title character</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Geppetto" title="Geppetto">Geppetto</a> being swallowed by "<a href="/wiki/The_Terrible_Dogfish" title="The Terrible Dogfish">the Terrible Dogfish</a>," an allusion to the story of Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrone2007486-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)" title="Pinocchio (1940 film)">1940 film adaptation</a> of the novel retains this allusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinsky200431-151">[150]</a> The story of Jonah was adapted into <a href="/wiki/Phil_Vischer" title="Phil Vischer">Phil Vischer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Nawrocki" title="Mike Nawrocki">Mike Nawrocki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated film</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonah:_A_VeggieTales_Movie" title="Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie">Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie</a> (2002). In the film, Jonah (portrayed by Archibald Asparagus) is swallowed by a gargantuan whale.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_connections_to_legends">Suggested connections to legends</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Suggested connections to legends">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG/220px-Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG/330px-Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG/440px-Chapiteau_Mozac_Jonas_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Jonah being swallowed by a great toothed sea-monster. Sculpted column capital from the nave of the abbey-church in <a href="/wiki/Mozac" title="Mozac">Mozac</a>, France, 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epic of Gilgamesh">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> suggests that the story of Jonah parallels a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> obtains a plant from the bottom of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a> In the Book of Jonah, a <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worm</a> (in Hebrew tola'ath, "maggot") bites the shade-giving plant's root causing it to wither;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a> whereas in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh ties stones to his feet and plucks his plant from the floor of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989118–119-154">[153]</a> Once he returns to the shore, the rejuvenating plant is eaten by a serpent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989119-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jason_(Greek_mythology)">Jason (Greek mythology)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jason (Greek mythology)">edit</a>]</div> Campbell also noted several similarities between the story of Jonah and that of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> in Greek mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a> The Greek rendering of the name Jonah is Jonas (Ἰωνᾶς), which differs from Jason (Ἰάσων) only in the order of sounds—both os are <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omegas</a> suggesting that Jason may have been confused with Jonah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">[152]</a> Gildas Hamel, drawing on the Book of Jonah and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> sources—including <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Greek vases</a> and the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Valerius Flaccus">Gaius Valerius Flaccus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Orphic Argonautica</a>—identifies a number of shared motifs, including the names of the heroes, the presence of a dove, the idea of "fleeing" like the wind and causing a storm, the attitude of the sailors, the presence of a sea-monster or dragon threatening the hero or swallowing him, and the form and the word used for the "gourd" (<a href="/wiki/Kikayon" title="Kikayon">kikayon</a>). Hamel takes the view that it was the Hebrew author who reacted to and adapted this mythological material to communicate his own quite different message.<a href="#cite_note-Hamel2015-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a>, a person who stays underwater for a long time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling#Prophets" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Jonah on the Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_and_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Legends and the Quran">Legends and the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Qisas Al-Anbiya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Driscoll, James F. (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jonas">"Jonas" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jonas&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Justus_Knecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Justus Knecht (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/LXVI._The_Prophet_Jonas.">"The Prophet Jonas." </a>. A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Prophet+Jonas.&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Friedrich+Justus+Knecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lasine, Stuart. 2020. Jonah and the Human Condition: Life and Death in Yahweh’s World.New York: Bloomsbury/T & T Clark.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἰωνᾶς Iōnâs; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: يونس Yūnus, Yūnis or يونان Yūnān; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Ionas </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071_1-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2000">Levine 2000</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-MR-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MR_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MR_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5lAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Jonas,+prophet+Sept.+21%22">The Roman Martyrology</a>. Westminster, Maryland: Newman Bookshop. 1944. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Martyrology&rft.place=Westminster%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Newman+Bookshop&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5lAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Jonas%2C%2Bprophet%2BSept.%2B21%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawfeeq2014" class="citation web cs1">Tawfeeq, Dana Ford,Mohammed (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/iraq-violence/index.html">"Extremists destroy Jonah's tomb, officials say"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Extremists+destroy+Jonah%27s+tomb%2C+officials+say&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft.aulast=Tawfeeq&rft.aufirst=Dana+Ford%2CMohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F24%2Fworld%2Firaq-violence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripke198067_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripke198067_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripke198067_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKripke1980">Kripke 1980</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenson200930-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenson200930_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenson2009">Jenson 2009</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm2009unpaginated-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm2009unpaginated_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm2009">Chisholm 2009</a>, p. unpaginated: "Despite the modern scholarly consensus that the book is fictional, [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105–107-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003105–107_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003105–107_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBand2003">Band 2003</a>, pp. 105–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200318–19_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen_Zvi2003">Ben Zvi 2003</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hebrew-English Bible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b14.htm#25">2 Kings 14:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:4–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:8–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:13–15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:15–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 2:1–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 2:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:2–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:6–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200325-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200325_26-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#3:" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 3:</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 4:1–4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#4:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 4:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#4:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 4:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#4:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 4:7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#4:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 4:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#17:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Kings">1 Kings 17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005126–127-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005126–127_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green 2005</a>, pp. 126–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Kings#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Kings">2 Kings 4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005127-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005127_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005127_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Kings#17:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Kings">1 Kings 17:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsky1990354-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirsky1990354_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirsky1990">Mirsky 1990</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacs200665-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacs200665_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaacs2006">Isaacs 2006</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005128_40-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green 2005</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200320-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200320_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200320_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200318-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200318_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200318–19-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200318–19_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Sanhedrin". Babylonian Talmud. 61a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Talmud&rft.pages=61a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bashevkin, Dovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelehrhaus.com/timely-thoughts/2016/9/29/jonah-and-the-varieties-of-religious-motivation-a-religious-educators-perspective-on-why-people-become-religious">"Jonah and the Varieties of Religious Motivation."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012155807/http://www.thelehrhaus.com/timely-thoughts/2016/9/29/jonah-and-the-varieties-of-religious-motivation-a-religious-educators-perspective-on-why-people-become-religious">Archived</a> 12 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lehrhaus. 9 October 2016. 11 October 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Travels of Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415052054/http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim/travels_of_rabbi_pesachia_of_regensburg.pdf">59</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredin200647–50-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBredin200647–50_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBredin200647–50_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBredin2006">Bredin 2006</a>, pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:38" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 12:38–41</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#16:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">16:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#11:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 11:29–32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELimburg199339-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimburg199339_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimburg199339_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLimburg1993">Limburg 1993</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein19943-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19943_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19943_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein19943_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993167-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993167_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993167_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%2012:39–41">Matthew 12:39–41</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#11:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 11:29–36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oca.org/saints/all-lives/2017/09/22">"Lives of all saints commemorated on September 22"</a>. Orthodox Church in America. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lives+of+all+saints+commemorated+on+September+22&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fsaints%2Fall-lives%2F2017%2F09%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314104527/http://armenianchurch.ge/en/component/content/article/36-february/80-prophetjonah">"Commemoration of the Prophet Jonah"</a>. Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Holy Church in Georgia. 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Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Link+to+Google+map+with+Nineveh+markers+at+gates%2C+wall+sections%2C+hills+and+mosque&rft.pub=Goo.gl&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%3A443%2Fmaps%3Fq%3D%2522Al-Nabi%2BYunus%2522%2BOR%2Bhill%2BOR%2Bgate%2BOR%2Bwall%2Bloc%3A%2BMosul%2C%2BIraq%26hl%3Den%26ie%3DUTF8%26sll%3D37.6%2C-95.665%26sspn%3D36.011613%2C56.337891%26t%3Dh%26hq%3D%2522Al-Nabi%2BYunus%2522%2BOR%2Bhill%2BOR%2Bgate%2BOR%2Bwall%26hnear%3DMosul%2C%2BN%25C4%25ABnaw%25C4%2581%2C%2BIraq%26z%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html">"ISIS destroys 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. 25 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727203131/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/07/25/ISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014. <q>The radical Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) group has destroyed shrines belonging to two prophets, highly revered by both Christians and Muslims, in the northern city of Mosul, al-Sumaria News reported Thursday. "ISIS militants have destroyed the Prophet Younis (Jonah) shrine east of Mosul city after they seized control of the mosque completely," a security source, who kept his identity anonymous, told the Iraq-based al-Sumaria News.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+destroys+%27Jonah%27s+tomb%27+in+Mosul&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F07%2F25%2FISIS-destroys-tombs-of-two-prophets-in-Mosul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuelFarhanLawandow2017_88-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamuelFarhanLawandow2017">Samuel, Farhan & Lawandow 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordTawfeeq2014-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordTawfeeq2014_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFordTawfeeq2014">Ford & Tawfeeq 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnsor2017_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnsor2017">Ensor 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman200664-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman200664_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2006">Friedman 2006</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelpalestine.ps/en/article/50/Halhoul">"Halhoul"</a>. www.travelpalestine.ps. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.travelpalestine.ps&rft.atitle=Halhoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelpalestine.ps%2Fen%2Farticle%2F50%2FHalhoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta201397-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta201397_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta2013">Costa 2013</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Talha Ugurluel, Dünyaya Hükmeden Sultan Kanuni: Gerçeklerin Anlatıldığı Bir Tarih Kitabı, Timas, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=113242">Hz. Yunus ve Diyabakir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613122436/http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=113242">Archived</a> 13 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WowTurkey. Posted 16 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.biz.tr/20638287-Evliya-celebi-nin-seyahatname-sinde-diyarbakir-diyarbakir-in-evliya-celebi-s-seyahatname.html">EVLİYA ÇELEBİ’NİN SEYAHATNAME’SİNDE DİYARBAKIR (Turkish)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tigrishaber.com/evliya-celebi-diyarbakirda-521yy.htm">EVLİYA ÇELEBİ DİYARBAKIR’DA (Turkish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613121442/https://www.tigrishaber.com/evliya-celebi-diyarbakirda-521yy.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> TigrisHaber. Posted 22 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200778_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram2012">Ingram 2012</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200071–72-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200071–72_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2000">Levine 2000</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200315–16-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen_Zvi200315–16_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen_Zvi2003">Ben Zvi 2003</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140–142-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2012140–142_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram2012">Ingram 2012</a>, pp. 140–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenzieGraham1998113_103-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998">McKenzie & Graham 1998</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson1996155_104-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerson1996">Person 1996</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200322–23_105-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003106–107-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003106–107_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003106–107_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBand2003">Band 2003</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripke198067–68-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripke198067–68_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKripke1980">Kripke 1980</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2005124-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle2005124_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoyle2005">Doyle 2005</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b14.htm#25">2 Kings 14:25</a>, JPS (1917) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiseman-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_110-1">b</a> "Archaeology and the Book of Jonah", delivered in January, 1978, published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Wiseman1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Donald Wiseman</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112082129/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/TynBul/Library/TynBull_1979_30_02_Wiseman_JonahsNineveh.pdf">"Jonah's Nineveh"</a> (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 30: 29–52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tyndalehouse.com/TynBul/Library/TynBull_1979_30_02_Wiseman_JonahsNineveh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tyndale+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Jonah%27s+Nineveh&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=29-52&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Donald+Wiseman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyndalehouse.com%2FTynBul%2FLibrary%2FTynBull_1979_30_02_Wiseman_JonahsNineveh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomey2016-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomey2016_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomey2016">Romey 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003106-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003106_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBand2003">Band 2003</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBand2003105-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003105_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBand2003105_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBand2003">Band 2003</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram2012142-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2012142_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram2012142_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram2012">Ingram 2012</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200322-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200322_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines200323-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200323_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines200323_116-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaines2003">Gaines 2003</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200774–81-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200774–81_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, pp. 74–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200776-77-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200776-77_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, p. 76-77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200777–78-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200777–78_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp1979-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp1979_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1979" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Peter Kemp (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VmnPwAACAAJ">The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08308-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08308-6"><bdi>978-0-586-08308-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217011744/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VmnPwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Ships+%26+the+Sea&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08308-6&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Peter+Kemp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VmnPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blb-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blb_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blb_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lxx/jon/1/17/t_conc_890017">"Yonah - Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (LXX)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Letter_Bible" title="Blue Letter Bible">Blue Letter Bible</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911144915/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lxx/jon/1/17/t_conc_890017">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Yonah+-+Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon+%28LXX%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flxx%2Fjon%2F1%2F17%2Ft_conc_890017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/interlinear/jonah/1-17.htm">Interlinear Bible: Greek, Hebrew, Transliterated, English ...</a> Bible Hub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911130706/http://biblehub.com/interlinear/jonah/1-17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interlinear+Bible%3A+Greek%2C+Hebrew%2C+Transliterated%2C+English+...&rft.pub=Bible+Hub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Finterlinear%2Fjonah%2F1-17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson1960-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson1960_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1960" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, A. T. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhaeqyhMjHgC">Word Pictures in the New Testament – Matthew</a>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhaeqyhMjHgC&dq=%22Jon+2:1%22%22kētei+megalōi%22%22huge+fish%22&pg=PT99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-610-25188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-610-25188-4"><bdi>978-1-610-25188-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206061553/https://books.google.com/books?id=VhaeqyhMjHgC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Pictures+in+the+New+Testament+%E2%80%93+Matthew&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-1-610-25188-4&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVhaeqyhMjHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremmer201428-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremmer201428_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBremmer2014">Bremmer 2014</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+2:1&version=vulgate">Jonah 2:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12:40&version=vulgate">Matthew 12:40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200781-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiolkowski200781_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiolkowski2007">Ziolkowski 2007</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-Parris2015-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Parris2015_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParris2015" class="citation book cs1">Parris, David Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JN30BgAAQBAJ">Reading the Bible with Giants. How 2000 Years of Biblical Interpretation Can Shed New Light on Old Texts</a> (2 ed.). Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-625-64728-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-625-64728-3"><bdi>978-1-625-64728-3</bdi></a>. <q>What is interesting...is the way that Jerome...translated the references to the big fish in Jonah and Matthew. [...] In translating Matt 12:40, however, he follows the Greek text and says that Jonah was in the ventre ceti—the belly of the whale/sea monster"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Bible+with+Giants.+How+2000+Years+of+Biblical+Interpretation+Can+Shed+New+Light+on+Old+Texts&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-625-64728-3&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=David+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJN30BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:40" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 12:40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huber2013-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Huber2013_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberHuber2013" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Walt; Huber, Rose (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khtQAwAAQBAJ">How Did God Do It? A Symphony of Science and Scripture</a>. Victoria, British Columbia: Friesen Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-460-21127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-460-21127-4"><bdi>978-1-460-21127-4</bdi></a>. <q>The word whale is never used in the book of Jonah. The only biblical reference to "Jonah and the whale" appears in the New Testament in Matthew 12:40 (KJV & RSV). [...] Whale is not used in the other translations: TEV uses big fish; NLT, great fish; and TNIV, huge fish"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Did+God+Do+It%3F+A+Symphony+of+Science+and+Scripture&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Friesen+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-460-21127-4&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft.au=Huber%2C+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhtQAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood1976-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood1976_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1976" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gerald L. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWhFAQAAIAAJ">The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats</a>. Guinness Superlatives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900424-60-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900424-60-1"><bdi>978-0-900424-60-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Animal+Facts+and+Feats&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-900424-60-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWhFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200042–45-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood200042–45_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwood2000">Sherwood 2000</a>, pp. 42–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201148-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201148_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201148_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2011">Green 2011</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200047–48-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood200047–48_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwood2000">Sherwood 2000</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200048-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood200048_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwood2000">Sherwood 2000</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smolla1997-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smolla1997_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smolla1997_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smolla1997_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smolla1997_136-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolla1997" class="citation news cs1">Smolla, Rodney A. (5 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/971005.05smollat.html">"Monkey Business"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Monkey+Business&rft.date=1997-10-05&rft.aulast=Smolla&rft.aufirst=Rodney+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F10%2F05%2Freviews%2F971005.05smollat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lidz2016-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lidz2016_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lidz2016_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLidz2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Lidz, Franz (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/dayton-tennessee-evolved-scopes-trial-180958497/">"How Much Has the Town Where the Scopes Trial Took Place Evolved Since the 1920s?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=How+Much+Has+the+Town+Where+the+Scopes+Trial+Took+Place+Evolved+Since+the+1920s%3F&rft.date=2016-04&rft.aulast=Lidz&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fdayton-tennessee-evolved-scopes-trial-180958497%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Lydekker's New Natural History, Vol, III, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gudger1940-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Gudger1940_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudger1940" class="citation journal cs1">Gudger, Eugene Willis (1940). "Twenty-five Years' Quest of the Whale Shark". The Scientific Monthly. 50 (3): 225–233. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940SciMo..50..225G">1940SciMo..50..225G</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/16929">16929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Monthly&rft.atitle=Twenty-five+Years%27+Quest+of+the+Whale+Shark&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-233&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F16929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940SciMo..50..225G&rft.aulast=Gudger&rft.aufirst=Eugene+Willis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleth2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Eveleth" title="Rose Eveleth">Eveleth, Rose</a> (25 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/could-a-whale-accidentally-swallow-you-it-is-possible-26353362/">"Could a whale accidentally swallow you? It is possible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Could+a+whale+accidentally+swallow+you%3F+It+is+possible&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.aulast=Eveleth&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fcould-a-whale-accidentally-swallow-you-it-is-possible-26353362%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidenberg2014" class="citation web cs1">Reidenberg, Joy (19 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/science-features/what-would-happen-if-you-were-swallowed-whale">"What would happen if you were swallowed by a whale?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Scientists" title="The Naked Scientists">The Naked Scientists</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Naked+Scientists&rft.atitle=What+would+happen+if+you+were+swallowed+by+a+whale%3F&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft.aulast=Reidenberg&rft.aufirst=Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenakedscientists.com%2Farticles%2Fscience-features%2Fwhat-would-happen-if-you-were-swallowed-whale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithScales2010" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Chris; Scales, Helen (27 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenakedscientists.com/articles/questions/could-human-survive-swallowing-whale">"Could a human survive swallowing by a whale?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Scientists" title="The Naked Scientists">The Naked Scientists</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Naked+Scientists&rft.atitle=Could+a+human+survive+swallowing+by+a+whale%3F&rft.date=2010-06-27&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Scales%2C+Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenakedscientists.com%2Farticles%2Fquestions%2Fcould-human-survive-swallowing-whale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Whalefall by Daniel Kraus.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/books/Whalefall/Daniel-Kraus/9781665918183">[1]</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_McRobert2023" class="citation journal cs1">Neil McRobert (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2388496-whalefall-review-stunning-novel-about-being-swallowed-by-a-whale/#">"Whalefall review: Stunning novel about being swallowed by a whale"</a>. New Scientist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Whalefall+review%3A+Stunning+novel+about+being+swallowed+by+a+whale&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.au=Neil+McRobert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2388496-whalefall-review-stunning-novel-about-being-swallowed-by-a-whale%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuretBayram1996-144"><a href="#cite_ref-TuretBayram1996_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevket_TuretAli_Bayram1996" class="citation book cs1">Sevket Turet; Ali Bayram (1 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzxkAAAAMAAJ">Practical English-Turkish handbook</a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781804769" title="Special:BookSources/9780781804769"><bdi>9780781804769</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213205630/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzxkAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+English-Turkish+handbook&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft.isbn=9780781804769&rft.au=Sevket+Turet&rft.au=Ali+Bayram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzxkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/03/06/102957718.pdf">"Afflicted with a Jonah; The Sea Captain's Fear of Parsons' Sons"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. 6 March 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Afflicted+with+a+Jonah%3B+The+Sea+Captain%27s+Fear+of+Parsons%27+Sons&rft.date=1885-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1885%2F03%2F06%2F102957718.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Jonah">"Jonah"</a>. Collins English Dictionary (11 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627051337/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jonah">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FJonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2005xv-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2005xv_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen2005">Green 2005</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwood200071–72-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwood200071–72_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherwood2000">Sherwood 2000</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Lewis, John (21 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/2017/07/the-problem-with-herman-melvilles-reading-of-the-book-of-jonah/">"The Problem with Herman Melville's Reading of the Book of Jonah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213205630/https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/2017/07/the-problem-with-herman-melvilles-reading-of-the-book-of-jonah/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Herman+Melville%27s+Reading+of+the+Book+of+Jonah&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fpicks%2F2017%2F07%2Fthe-problem-with-herman-melvilles-reading-of-the-book-of-jonah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarrone2007486-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarrone2007486_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarrone2007">Marrone 2007</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinsky200431-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinsky200431_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinsky2004">Pinsky 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeming" class="citation web cs1">Deming, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876">"Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110120034/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/jonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jonah%3A+A+VeggieTales+Movie+%282002%29&rft.pub=AllMovie&rft.aulast=Deming&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmovie.com%2Fmovie%2Fjonah-a-veggietales-movie-v266876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell198890–95_153-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1988">Campbell 1988</a>, pp. 90–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989118–119-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989118–119_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley1989119-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley1989119_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamel2015-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamel2015_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hamel, Gildas (25 April 2015) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.ucsc.edu/dist/9/20/files/2015/06/Jonah.pdf">"Taking the Argo to Nineveh: Jonah and Jason in a Mediterranean Context"</a> (PDF). Judaism. 44 (3): 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judaism&rft.atitle=Taking+the+Argo+to+Nineveh%3A+Jonah+and+Jason+in+a+Mediterranean+Context&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=Gildas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fsites.ucsc.edu%2Fdist%2F9%2F20%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F06%2FJonah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBand2003" class="citation book cs1">Band, Arnold J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHo50J7fGe4C&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PA107">Studies in Modern Jewish Literature</a>. JPS Scholar of Distinction Series. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0762-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0762-8"><bdi>0-8276-0762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Modern+Jewish+Literature&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.series=JPS+Scholar+of+Distinction+Series&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8276-0762-8&rft.aulast=Band&rft.aufirst=Arnold+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHo50J7fGe4C%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zvi2003" class="citation book cs1">Ben Zvi, Ehud (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH-zK8_Mzy4C&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PA18">The Signs of Jonah: Reading and Rereading in Ancient Yehud</a>. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6268-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6268-5"><bdi>0-8264-6268-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Signs+of+Jonah%3A+Reading+and+Rereading+in+Ancient+Yehud&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-6268-5&rft.aulast=Ben+Zvi&rft.aufirst=Ehud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH-zK8_Mzy4C%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBredin2006" class="citation book cs1">Bredin, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rTeBAAAQBAJ&q=Jonah+in+the+Book+of+Tobit&pg=PA49">Studies in the Book of Tobit: A Multiple Disciplinary Approach</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08229-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08229-6"><bdi>0-567-08229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Book+of+Tobit%3A+A+Multiple+Disciplinary+Approach&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-567-08229-6&rft.aulast=Bredin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rTeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DJonah%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2BTobit%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2014" class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan M. (2014) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyoiAwAAQBAJ&q=Ketos+mythology&pg=PA28">Interpretations of Greek Mythology</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-81300-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-81300-4"><bdi>978-1-315-81300-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpretations+of+Greek+Mythology&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-315-81300-4&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyoiAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DKetos%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1uFuXlvFgMC&q=Joseph+Campbell+the+Hero+with+a+Thousand+Faces+Jonah">The Hero With A Thousand Faces</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 90–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08571-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-08571-8"><bdi>0-586-08571-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hero+With+A+Thousand+Faces&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=90-95&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-586-08571-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1uFuXlvFgMC%26q%3DJoseph%2BCampbell%2Bthe%2BHero%2Bwith%2Ba%2BThousand%2BFaces%2BJonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm2009" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LN1FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT382">Handbook on the Prophets</a>. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-365-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58558-365-2"><bdi>978-1-58558-365-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+Prophets&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58558-365-2&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLN1FEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2013" class="citation book cs1">Costa, Nicholas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGb-9NimZGoC&q=Sarafand+grave+of+Jonah&pg=PA97">Adam to Apophis: Asteroids, Millenarianism and Climate Change</a>. Lemona, Cyprus: D'Aleman Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9963-2917-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9963-2917-0-0"><bdi>978-9963-2917-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adam+to+Apophis%3A+Asteroids%2C+Millenarianism+and+Climate+Change&rft.place=Lemona%2C+Cyprus&rft.pub=D%27Aleman+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9963-2917-0-0&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGb-9NimZGoC%26q%3DSarafand%2Bgrave%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalley1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Dalley, Stephanie</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar">Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283589-0"><bdi>0-19-283589-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-283589-0&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26q%3DIshtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2005" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Brian (2005). Martínez, F. García; Vervenne, M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCL37hVvEIUC&q=Jonah+2+Kings+14%3A25&pg=PA124">Interpreting Translation: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust</a>. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1689-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1689-3"><bdi>90-429-1689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Translation%3A+Studies+on+the+LXX+and+Ezekiel+in+Honour+of+Johan+Lust&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-429-1689-3&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCL37hVvEIUC%26q%3DJonah%2B2%2BKings%2B14%253A25%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlapWarren2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dunlap, Janine W.; Warren, Hillary (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VBuyPno2j8C&q=Jonah+in+popular+culture&pg=PA240">"VeggieTales"</a>. In Woods, Robert H. (ed.). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture: Pop Goes the Gospel. Vol. 1, Film, Radio, and the Internet. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger: An Imprint of ABC Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313386541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313386541"><bdi>978-0313386541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VeggieTales&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Christians+and+Popular+Culture%3A+Pop+Goes+the+Gospel&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Praeger%3A+An+Imprint+of+ABC+Clio&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313386541&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Janine+W.&rft.au=Warren%2C+Hillary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VBuyPno2j8C%26q%3DJonah%2Bin%2Bpopular%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsor2017" class="citation news cs1">Ensor, Josie (28 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/27/previously-untouched-600bc-palace-discovered-shrine-demolished/">"Previously Untouched 600 BC Palace Discovered Under Shrine Demolished by ISIL in Mosul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Previously+Untouched+600+BC+Palace+Discovered+Under+Shrine+Demolished+by+ISIL+in+Mosul&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=Josie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F27%2Fpreviously-untouched-600bc-palace-discovered-shrine-demolished%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelFarhanLawandow2017" class="citation news cs1">Samuel, Sigal; Farhan, Sara; Lawandow, Atoor (24 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/07/tomb-of-jonah-mosul-isis/534414/">"ISIS Destroyed Jonah's Tomb, but Not Its Message"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=ISIS+Destroyed+Jonah%27s+Tomb%2C+but+Not+Its+Message&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft.au=Farhan%2C+Sara&rft.au=Lawandow%2C+Atoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F07%2Ftomb-of-jonah-mosul-isis%2F534414%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordTawfeeq2014" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Dana; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (25 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=hp_t1">Extremists Destroy Jonah's Tomb, Officials Say</a>. CNN.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremists+Destroy+Jonah%27s+Tomb%2C+Officials+Say&rft.pub=CNN.com&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Tawfeeq%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F24%2Fworld%2Firaq-violence%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2006" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Saul S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCNpmgDOYTwC&q=Halhul+grave+of+Jonah&pg=PA64">A History of the Middle East</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2356-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2356-0"><bdi>0-7864-2356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=MacFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7864-2356-0&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Saul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCNpmgDOYTwC%26q%3DHalhul%2Bgrave%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2003" class="citation book cs1">Gaines, Janet Howe (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eLpZ83tJVX4C&q=parody+in+the+Book+of+Jonah&pg=PA22">Forgiveness in a Wounded World: Jonah's Dilemma</a>. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58983-077-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58983-077-6"><bdi>1-58983-077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgiveness+in+a+Wounded+World%3A+Jonah%27s+Dilemma&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58983-077-6&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Janet+Howe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeLpZ83tJVX4C%26q%3Dparody%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1977" class="citation book cs1">Graham, William Albert (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vnlwN7Nw9EC&q=Jonah+in+Hadith&pg=PA167">Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources with Special Reference to the Ḥadîth Qudsî</a>. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-279-7612-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-279-7612-0"><bdi>90-279-7612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Word+and+Prophetic+Word+in+Early+Islam%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+the+Sources+with+Special+Reference+to+the+%E1%B8%A4ad%C3%AEth+Quds%C3%AE&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=90-279-7612-0&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vnlwN7Nw9EC%26q%3DJonah%2Bin%2BHadith%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2005" class="citation book cs1">Green, Barbara (2005) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iNGKntf0VYC&q=Jewish+views+on+Jonah&pg=PA125">Jonah's Journeys</a>. Interfaces. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5038-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5038-4"><bdi>0-8146-5038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonah%27s+Journeys&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=Interfaces&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8146-5038-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1iNGKntf0VYC%26q%3DJewish%2Bviews%2Bon%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2011" class="citation book cs1">Green, Barbara (2011). "The Old Testament in Christian Spirituality". In Holder, Arthur (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-KvM69hyCMC&q=Jonah+and+the+fish+Pusey&pg=PA48">The Blackwell Companion to Christian Spirituality</a>. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4501-0247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4501-0247-6"><bdi>978-1-4501-0247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Testament+in+Christian+Spirituality&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Christian+Spirituality&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4501-0247-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4-KvM69hyCMC%26q%3DJonah%2Band%2Bthe%2Bfish%2BPusey%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2012" class="citation book cs1">Ingram, Virginia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvIRBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PA141">"Satire and Cognitive Dissonance in the Book of Jonah, In the Light of Ellen's Laws of Psychological Hermeneutics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J._Harold_Ellens" title="J. Harold Ellens">Ellens, J. Harold</a> (ed.). Psychological Hermeneutics for Biblical Themes and Texts: A Festschrift in Honor of Wayne G. Rollins. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567566027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567566027"><bdi>978-0567566027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satire+and+Cognitive+Dissonance+in+the+Book+of+Jonah%2C+In+the+Light+of+Ellen%27s+Laws+of+Psychological+Hermeneutics&rft.btitle=Psychological+Hermeneutics+for+Biblical+Themes+and+Texts%3A+A+Festschrift+in+Honor+of+Wayne+G.+Rollins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0567566027&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhvIRBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacs2006" class="citation book cs1">Isaacs, Ronald H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKv9b5NgJloC&q=Book+of+Jonah+chanted+on+Holy+Saturday&pg=PA65">Questions Christians Ask the Rabbi</a>. Brooklyn, New York: KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-924-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-924-1"><bdi>0-88125-924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+Christians+Ask+the+Rabbi&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-88125-924-1&rft.aulast=Isaacs&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKv9b5NgJloC%26q%3DBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bchanted%2Bon%2BHoly%2BSaturday%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jenson, Philip Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLKoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: A Theological Commentary</a>. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-44289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-44289-5"><bdi>978-0-567-44289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obadiah%2C+Jonah%2C+Micah%3A+A+Theological+Commentary&rft.series=The+Library+of+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament+Studies&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-567-44289-5&rft.aulast=Jenson&rft.aufirst=Philip+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLKoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripke1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke, Saul A.</a> (1980) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vvAlOBfq0kC">Naming and Necessity</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674598461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674598461"><bdi>978-0674598461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+and+Necessity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0674598461&rft.aulast=Kripke&rft.aufirst=Saul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vvAlOBfq0kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2000" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Étan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCwe9nIZJRYC&q=H.+L.+Ginsberg+The+Five+Megillot+and+Jonah&pg=PA71">Heaven and Earth, Love and Law: Studies in Biblical Thought</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016952-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016952-5"><bdi>3-11-016952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Earth%2C+Love+and+Law%3A+Studies+in+Biblical+Thought&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-11-016952-5&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=%C3%89tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCwe9nIZJRYC%26q%3DH.%2BL.%2BGinsberg%2BThe%2BFive%2BMegillot%2Band%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimburg1993" class="citation book cs1">Limburg, James (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fbi7BwAAQBAJ&q=Halhul+grave+of+Jonah&pg=PA39">Jonah: A Commentary</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Knox Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21296-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21296-4"><bdi>0-664-21296-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonah%3A+A+Commentary&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+Knox+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-664-21296-4&rft.aulast=Limburg&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFbi7BwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHalhul%2Bgrave%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrone2007" class="citation book cs1">Marrone, Gaetana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69ey6Z-05fMC&q=book+of+jonah+Carlo+Collodi&pg=PA486">Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J</a>. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-390-3"><bdi>978-1-57958-390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Italian+Literary+Studies%3A+A-J&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-390-3&rft.aulast=Marrone&rft.aufirst=Gaetana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69ey6Z-05fMC%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2Bjonah%2BCarlo%2BCollodi%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Stepehn L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PA113">The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25652-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25652-X"><bdi>0-664-25652-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+Today%3A+An+Introduction+to+Critical+Issues&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-664-25652-X&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Stepehn+L.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Matt+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky1990" class="citation book cs1">Mirsky, Mark Jay (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABxqH1gsXnEC&q=Book+of+Jonah+chanted+in+Hebrew&pg=PA354">Rabbinic Fantasies: Imaginative Narratives from Classical Hebrew Literature</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07402-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07402-6"><bdi>0-300-07402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabbinic+Fantasies%3A+Imaginative+Narratives+from+Classical+Hebrew+Literature&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-300-07402-6&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Mark+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABxqH1gsXnEC%26q%3DBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bchanted%2Bin%2BHebrew%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerson1996" class="citation book cs1">Person, Raymond (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYKtAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PA155">In Conversation with Jonah: Conversation Analysis, Literary Criticism, and the Book of Jonah</a>. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-619-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-619-8"><bdi>1-85075-619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Conversation+with+Jonah%3A+Conversation+Analysis%2C+Literary+Criticism%2C+and+the+Book+of+Jonah&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85075-619-8&rft.aulast=Person&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYKtAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Pinsky, Mark I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGtbYTyulb4C&q=book+of+jonah+pinocchio&pg=PA31">The Gospel According to Disney</a>. Louisville, London: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22591-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22591-8"><bdi>0-664-22591-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Disney&rft.place=Louisville%2C+London&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-664-22591-8&rft.aulast=Pinsky&rft.aufirst=Mark+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGtbYTyulb4C%26q%3Dbook%2Bof%2Bjonah%2Bpinocchio%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Romey, Kristin (19 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419200512/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160419-Islamic-State-ISIS-ISIL-Nineveh-gates-Iraq-Mosul-destroyed/">"Exclusive Photos Show Destruction of Nineveh Gates by ISIS"</a>. National Geographic. The National Geographical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160419-Islamic-State-ISIS-ISIL-Nineveh-gates-Iraq-Mosul-destroyed/">the original</a> on 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Exclusive+Photos+Show+Destruction+of+Nineveh+Gates+by+ISIS&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F04%2F160419-Islamic-State-ISIS-ISIL-Nineveh-gates-Iraq-Mosul-destroyed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014499-4"><bdi>0-14-014499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Ringwood%2C+Australia%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Yvonne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kivijc6ZX5QC&q=Jonah">A Biblical Text and Its Afterlives: The Survival of Jonah in Western Culture</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79561-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79561-3"><bdi>0-521-79561-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biblical+Text+and+Its+Afterlives%3A+The+Survival+of+Jonah+in+Western+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-79561-3&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKivijc6ZX5QC%26q%3DJonah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1994" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Robert H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRDCqEHDqDEC&q=Jesus+greater+than+Solomon&pg=PA3">The Method and Message of Jesus' Teachings</a>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25513-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25513-2"><bdi>0-664-25513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Method+and+Message+of+Jesus%27+Teachings&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-664-25513-2&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRDCqEHDqDEC%26q%3DJesus%2Bgreater%2Bthan%2BSolomon%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicchio2008" class="citation book cs1">Vicchio, Stephen J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GULkDAAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+views+on+Jonah&pg=PA69">Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith</a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-304-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-304-8"><bdi>978-1-55635-304-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Figures+in+the+Islamic+Faith&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55635-304-8&rft.aulast=Vicchio&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGULkDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2Bviews%2Bon%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonArmerdingWalker2017" class="citation book cs1">Walton, John H.; Armerding, Carl E.; Walker, Larry L. (2017) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxYIDgAAQBAJ&q=The+Book+of+Jonah+as+a+work+of+satire&pg=PT61">Jonah, Nahum, Habukkuk, Zephaniah</a>. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53196-8"><bdi>978-0-310-53196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jonah%2C+Nahum%2C+Habukkuk%2C+Zephaniah&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.series=The+Expositor%27s+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53196-8&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Armerding%2C+Carl+E.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Larry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxYIDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%2Bas%2Ba%2Bwork%2Bof%2Bsatire%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIDZIep-GIQC&q=one+should+not+say+that+i+am+better+than+jonah&pg=PA172">Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis</a>. New York City, New York and London, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4957-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4957-3"><bdi>0-8264-4957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+in+the+Quran%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Quran+and+Muslim+Exegesis&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-4957-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIDZIep-GIQC%26q%3Done%2Bshould%2Bnot%2Bsay%2Bthat%2Bi%2Bam%2Bbetter%2Bthan%2Bjonah%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiolkowski2007" class="citation book cs1">Ziolkowski, Jan M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJ12yPfBL4IC&q=Lucian%27s+True+Story+and+the+Book+of+Jonah&pg=PA80">Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales: The Medieval Latin Past of Wonderful Lies</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03379-9"><bdi>978-0-472-03379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairy+Tales+from+Before+Fairy+Tales%3A+The+Medieval+Latin+Past+of+Wonderful+Lies&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03379-9&rft.aulast=Ziolkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJ12yPfBL4IC%26q%3DLucian%2527s%2BTrue%2BStory%2Band%2Bthe%2BBook%2Bof%2BJonah%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jonah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jonah">Jonah</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.gallery/art/jan-the-elder-brueghel/jonah-leaving-the-whale/145/passage">Jonah leaving whale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1701.htm">The Book of Jonah (Hebrew and English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jonah+1-4&version=NIV">The Book of Jonah (NIV)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschBudde1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Budde" title="Karl Budde">Budde, Karl</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8751-jonah-book-of">"Jonah, Book of"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jonah%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft.au=Budde%2C+Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8751-jonah-book-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJonah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102696">Prophet Jonah</a> Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synaxarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaxarion">synaxarion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/jonah.html">The Prophet Jonah</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info">Christian Iconography</a> website</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>‡ (<a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Israelite prophets in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)" title="Shemaiah (prophet)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahaziel" title="Jahaziel">Jahaziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#Eliezer_the_prophet" title="Eliezer">Eliezer ben Dodavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a>‡ (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Daniel in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beor_(biblical_figure)" title="Beor (biblical figure)">Beor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoz" title="Amoz">Amoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeri" title="Beeri">Beeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agur" title="Agur">Agur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzi" title="Buzi">Buzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_(prophet)" title="Oded (prophet)">Oded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)" title="Azariah (prophet)">Azariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate persons whose status as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> is not universally accepted.</li> <li>‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2468262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2468262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2468262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000097897336">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2147905176379092423">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8274156133240458430005">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84951705">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22151776733018010493">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32391/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639951">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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