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href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Дученто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дученто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duecento" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Дученто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дученто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#6CC;"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Italy">Art of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_arte_italiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A collage of Italian art."><img alt="A collage of Italian art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/150px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/225px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collage_arte_italiana.jpg/300px-Collage_arte_italiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman art">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Renaissance painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_art" title="Italian Baroque art">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th_century_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th century art">Neoclassical and 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Italian modern and contemporary art">Modern and contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Centennial divisions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art museums</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_di_Brera" title="Pinacoteca di Brera">Pinacoteca di Brera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Villa Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabauda_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabauda Gallery">Sabauda Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallerie_dell%27Accademia" title="Gallerie dell'Accademia">Gallerie dell'Accademia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitti_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitti Palace">Pitti Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_Firenze" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze">Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Important art festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Major works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Masaccio)" title="The Tribute Money (Masaccio)"><i>The Tribute Money</i> (Masaccio)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botticelli%27s_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli's Venus">The Birth of Venus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primavera_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primavera (painting)">Primavera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo)" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo)">The Last Supper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)" title="Annunciation (Leonardo)"><i>Annunciation</i> (Leonardo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">The Last Judgment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)"><i>David</i> (Michelangelo)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_San_Romano" title="The Battle of San Romano">The Battle of San Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Urbino" title="Venus of Urbino">Venus of Urbino</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)"><i>David</i> (Donatello)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_of_St_Matthew_(Caravaggio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calling of St Matthew (Caravaggio)">The Calling of St. Matthew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space" title="Unique Forms of Continuity in Space">Unique Forms of Continuity in Space</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian <a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_artists" title="Category:Italian artists">artists</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_painters" title="List of Italian painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_sculptors" title="Category:Italian sculptors">Sculptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_architects" title="List of Italian architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_photographers" title="Category:Italian photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_illustrators" title="Category:Italian illustrators">Illustrators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Italian art schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolognese School (painting)">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Ferrara (painting)">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine school">Florentine school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucchese School">Lucchese and Pisan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian School (art)">Venetian school</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Art movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque art">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">Metaphysical art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#6CC;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_architecture" title="Italian architecture">Italian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture of Italy">Sculpture of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_artists_to_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Italian artists to 1800">Timeline of Italian artists to 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Duecento</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/dj/: 'd' in 'dew'">dj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˌdu.eˈtʃɛnto]</a></span> literally "two hundred") or <b>Dugento</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Italian word for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian culture">Italian culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a> - that is to say 1200 to 1299. During this period the first shoots of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> appeared, in literature and art, to be developed in the following <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">trecento</a> period. </p><p>The period built on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>, and movements originating elsewhere, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> of France. Most of the innovation in both the visual arts and literature was concentrated in the second half of the century, after about 1250, when major new directions opened up in both painting and sculpture, mostly in northern Italy, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></i> (<i>Sweet New Style</i>) emerged in poetry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century, much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city-states of Italy</a> expanded greatly during this period and grew in power. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG/170px-1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG/255px-1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG/340px-1252-1303_fiorino_d%27oro_III_serie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>The gold <a href="/wiki/Italian_coin_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian coin florin">florin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> started to be the main currency of European trade during the Duecento</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with the creation in Italy of the <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_book-keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry book-keeping">double-entry book-keeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock companies">joint stock companies</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> system, a systematized <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florence became the centre of this financial industry and the gold <a href="/wiki/Italian_coin_florin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian coin florin">florin</a> became the main currency of international trade. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genova" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Genova">Republic of Genova</a> dominated the trade in the Mediterranean sea. </p><p>Many argue that the ideas that characterized the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th century Florence, in particular with the writings of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> (1265–1321) <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the painting of <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a> (1267–1337). </p><p>The Duecento was followed by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thirteenth-century Italian literary revolution helped set the stage for the Renaissance. During this century, the standard modern <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> began to be fixed, mainly as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>. Previously each region used its own language, as many continue to do, at least in the common spoken language. The standard modern Italian language began in poetic and literary writings of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> writers of the 12th century, and the grammar and core lexicon are basically unchanged from those used in Florence in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was only in the 13th century that Italian authors began writing in their native language rather than <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>. The 1250s saw a major change in Italian poetry as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Novo" title="Dolce Stil Novo">Dolce Stil Novo</a></i> (<i>Sweet New Style</i>, which emphasized <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a>) came into its own, pioneered by poets like <a href="/wiki/Guittone_d%27Arezzo" title="Guittone d'Arezzo">Guittone d'Arezzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinizelli" title="Guido Guinizelli">Guido Guinizelli</a>. Especially in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, major changes in <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> had been taking place decades before the Renaissance truly began. An increasing number of works began to be written in the Italian language in addition to the flood of Latin and Greek texts that constituted the mainstream of the Italian Renaissance. </p><p>Written works expanded beyond works of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and towards the pre-Christian eras of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>. This is not to say that no religious works were written in this period. In the early years of the next century <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i> reflects a distinctly medieval world view, and did much to establish the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan language</a>, in which it is written (also in most present-day Italian-market editions), as the standardized <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> coming into their own as a second primary influence. </p><p>Literature in Latin continued to be written, with Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> a massive and unfinished summary and exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> of the medieval church, which has continued to be influential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg/220px-Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg/330px-Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg/440px-Duccio_triptych_NatGalLon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><i>Madonna and Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a>, c. 1280</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a> (or <i>maniera greca</i>) painting is a term for <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a> produced in Italy, and Western Europe generally, under heavy influence from the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, whose many variations of the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> were copied, though the full Byzantine technique and style was not. This remained the predominant style in Italy until new developments came in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and Rome later in the century, and remained common in many areas well into the next century and beyond. </p><p>The art of the region of Tuscany (and northern Italy) in the second half of the 13th century was dominated by two masters: <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>. Their commissions were mostly religious paintings, several of them being very large altarpieces showing the Madonna and Child. These two painters, with their contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Siena" title="Guido of Siena">Guido of Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coppo_di_Marcovaldo" title="Coppo di Marcovaldo">Coppo di Marcovaldo</a> and the mysterious painter upon whose style the school may have originated, the so-called Master of St Bernardino, all worked in a manner that was highly formalised and dependent upon the ancient tradition of icon painting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cimabue and Duccio both took steps in the direction of greater naturalism, as did their contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini" title="Pietro Cavallini">Pietro Cavallini</a> of Rome. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/220px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/330px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg/440px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-31-_-_Kiss_of_Judas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="3287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <i>Kiss of Judas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a>, c. 1305</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> (born in 1266) by tradition a shepherd boy from the hills north of Florence, became Cimabue's apprentice and emerged as the most outstanding painter of his time,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though his most famous works came early in the following century. Giotto, possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini" title="Pietro Cavallini">Pietro Cavallini</a> and other Roman painters, did not base the figures that he painted upon any painterly tradition, but upon the observation of life. Unlike those of his Byzantine-related contemporaries, Giotto's figures are solidly three-dimensional; they stand squarely on the ground, have discernible anatomy and are clothed in garments with weight and structure. But more than anything, what set Giotto's figures apart from those of his contemporaries are their emotions. In the faces of Giotto's figures are joy, rage, despair, shame, spite and love. The cycle of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> of <i>the Life of Christ</i> and <i>the Life of the Virgin</i> that he painted in the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> set a new standard for narrative pictures. His <i>Ognissanti Madonna</i> hangs in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>, Florence, in the same room as Cimabue's <i>Santa Trinita Madonna</i> and Duccio's <i>Ruccellai Madonna</i> where the stylistic comparisons between the three can easily be made.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the features apparent in Giotto's work is his observation of naturalistic perspective. He is regarded as the herald of the Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa_Baptistery,_architraves_over_east_portal,_c1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg/220px-Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg/330px-Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg/440px-Pisa_Baptistery%2C_architraves_over_east_portal%2C_c1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5597" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Architrave of door to the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pisa Baptistery">Pisa Baptistery</a>, c. 1200</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg/220px-Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg/330px-Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg/440px-Pulpit_-_Baptistry_-_Pisa_2014_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a>, Nativity and <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> scene from the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a>, 1260</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Reliefs</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">sculpture in the round</a>, were a much larger proportion of fine sculpture than has been the case subsequently. Modern viewers are therefore relatively unused to the form, and inclined to overlook them. Until the <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Laocoön Group">Laocoön Group</a></i> was dug up in the centre of Rome in 1506, the most dramatic and athletic poses in known <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculptures</a> were crowded reliefs on Late <a href="/wiki/Roman_sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman sarcophagi">Roman sarcophagi</a>, while the known statues were nearly all dignified but rather static standing portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> (active c, 1240s to 1278) was the leading sculptor of what <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Panofsky" title="Erwin Panofsky">Erwin Panofsky</a> called "the classicizing Proto-Renaissance". His major works were sets of reliefs, especially those on the large raised <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a> (dated 1260) and <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral_Pulpit" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit">Siena Cathedral Pulpit</a>. He had a large workshop, including his son <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>, and the many sculptures on the <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Maggiore" title="Fontana Maggiore">Great Fountain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> (1277–1278) were probably designed by Nicola, but mostly carved by them. His larger panels show crowded scenes, sometimes combining scenes in a single composition, for example the <i><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Christ">Nativity of Christ</a></i> at the Pisa baptistery; most depictions at this period would have shown two scenes in different compartments. Pisano's youth in his native <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> in the far south of Italy was passed when <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> reigned, and mostly lived there, promoting a Roman revival in the arts. Pisano is clearly influenced by study of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_sarcophagi" title="Ancient Roman sarcophagi">Ancient Roman sarcophagi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pisa pulpit was probably originally polychrome, which had been usual for Italian Romanesque sculpture. It also seems to have largely carved by Nicola himself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arca_di_San_Domenico" title="Arca di San Domenico">Arca di San Domenico</a>, a large free-standing tomb monument for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, was begun in 1264, though work by many other hands continued for centuries. Nicola and his team completed the reliefs around the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_pisano,_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea,_1298-1301,_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg/220px-Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg/330px-Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg/440px-Giovanni_pisano%2C_pulpito_di_sant%27andrea%2C_1298-1301%2C_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pulpit_of_Sant%27_Andrea,_Pistoia_(Giovanni_Pisano)" title="Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia (Giovanni Pisano)">Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>, 1297-1301</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicola's son <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a> took over his father's workshop in the 1280s, and was much more receptive to Gothic style than his father. His <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_of_Sant%27_Andrea,_Pistoia_(Giovanni_Pisano)" title="Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia (Giovanni Pisano)">Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia</a> is similar in form to his father's ones in Pisa and Siena, but shows a different style.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next century Gothic and classical influences were found together in many large works, sometimes in contention.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other leading sculptor of the period was <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> (c. 1240 – 1300/1310), who was also an architect. Born in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, he also trained with Nicola Pisano, and was his chief assistant on the <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral_Pulpit" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit">Siena Cathedral Pulpit</a>. After he began working as an independent master he spent two periods in Rome, bringing the new Tuscan style there. He worked on a number of papal tombs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italian Gothic architecture</a> began to appear in the early Duecento in northern Italy, under influence from France. The first Italian Gothic edifices were <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> abbeys, soon followed by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> churches. They spread in the whole Italian territory, often adapting the construction techniques to the local traditions. <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">Brickwork</a> was most common in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, while stone prevailed in central Italy and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, where polychrome wall decoration sometimes continued from the local <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque style">Romanesque</a> tradition. </p><p>The Dominican and Franciscan orders of <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friars</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a> and Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> respectively, became popular and well-funded in the period, and embarked on large building programmes, mostly using a cheaper and less highly decorated version of Gothic. Large schemes of <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> murals were cheap, and could be used to instruct congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a>, in effect two large churches, one above the other on a hilly site, is one of the best examples, begun in 1228 and painted with frescos by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a>, and others in the next century. </p><p>The most important buildings include <a href="/wiki/Chiaravalle_Abbey" title="Chiaravalle Abbey">Chiaravalle Abbey</a> in northern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Casamari_Abbey" title="Casamari Abbey">Casamari Abbey</a> in central Italy. Among the non-Cistercian buildings of this century which were influenced by the Gothic style, though still presenting important Romanesque features, are the <a href="/wiki/Parma_Baptistery" title="Parma Baptistery">Parma Baptistery</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Antelami" title="Benedetto Antelami">Benedetto Antelami</a> and the church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea,_Vercelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Andrea, Vercelli">Sant'Andrea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vercelli" title="Vercelli">Vercelli</a>, also featuring Antelami's influences. </p><p>This century saw the construction of numerous Gothic buildings for the Mendicant Orders. The most important ones include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi</a> (1228–1253)</li> <li>Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Spina" title="Santa Maria della Spina">Santa Maria della Spina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> (1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Antonio_of_Padua" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Sant'Antonio of Padua">Basilica of Sant'Antonio of Padua</a></li> <li>Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Francesco,_Bologna" title="San Francesco, Bologna">San Francesco, Bologna</a> (1236–1263)</li> <li>Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li></ul> <p>Also notable is the civil and military construction program promoted by Emperor and King of Sicily <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Hohenstaufen">Frederick II of Hohenstaufen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> at the beginning of the century. The most important works promoted by him include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_(Apulia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castel del Monte (Apulia)">Castel del Monte</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Maniace" class="mw-redirect" title="Castel Maniace">Castel Maniace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse, Italy">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Gate_of_Capua" title="City Gate of Capua">City Gate of Capua</a>, an imperial Romanesque evocation of a Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>. This is now destroyed though some of the sculpture is in museums.</li></ul> <p>In this period some cathedrals were also constructed or finished, such as <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vita di San Francesco, of Bonaventura Berlinghieri, 1235"><img alt="Vita di San Francesco, of Bonaventura Berlinghieri, 1235" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg/91px-Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg/137px-Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg/182px-Bonaventura_Berlinghieri_Francesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Vita di San Francesco</i>, of <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Berlinghieri" title="Bonaventura Berlinghieri">Bonaventura Berlinghieri</a>, 1235</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimabue_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross of Santa Croce, of Cimabue"><img alt="Cross of Santa Croce, of Cimabue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cimabue_025.jpg/105px-Cimabue_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cimabue_025.jpg/157px-Cimabue_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cimabue_025.jpg/209px-Cimabue_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross of <i>Santa Croce</i>, of <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schema_facciata.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of the facade of Florence Cathedral, by Arnolfo di Cambio"><img alt="Model of the facade of Florence Cathedral, by Arnolfo di Cambio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Schema_facciata.JPG/102px-Schema_facciata.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Schema_facciata.JPG/153px-Schema_facciata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Schema_facciata.JPG/204px-Schema_facciata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of the facade of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giotto: St. Francis' Sermon to the Birds"><img alt="Giotto: St. Francis' Sermon to the Birds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg/89px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg/134px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg/179px-Giotto_-_Legend_of_St_Francis_-_-15-_-_Sermon_to_the_Birds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a>: St. Francis' Sermon to the Birds </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi: Nave of the upper basilica (built 1228–1253)"><img alt="Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi: Nave of the upper basilica (built 1228–1253)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg/80px-Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg/120px-Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg/160px-Assisis_Basilica_superiore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi</a>: Nave of the upper basilica (built 1228–1253)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit, by Nicola Pisano"><img alt="Siena Cathedral Pulpit, by Nicola Pisano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG/90px-Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG/135px-Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG/180px-Pisano%27s_pulpit_at_Siena.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral_Pulpit" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit">Siena Cathedral Pulpit</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Perugia's Fontana Maggiore, by Pisano"><img alt="Perugia's Fontana Maggiore, by Pisano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG/120px-1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG/180px-1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG/240px-1010PerugiaFontanaMaggiore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Maggiore" title="Fontana Maggiore">Fontana Maggiore</a>, by Pisano </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guido da Siena's "Flight into Egypt""><img alt="Guido da Siena's "Flight into Egypt"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg/120px-Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg/180px-Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg/240px-Guido_da_Siena_-_Fuga_in_Egitto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Guido da Siena">Guido da Siena</a>'s "Flight into Egypt" </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> – the 14th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> – the 15th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> – the 16th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a> – the 17th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a> – the 18th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a> – the 19th century in Italian culture</li> <li>Novecento - the 20th century in Italian culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/duecento">"duecento"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=duecento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fduecento&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Art</i> (3rd ed.), s.v. "Quattrocento".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Burke, Peter</a> (23 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5uo9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232"><i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691162409" title="Special:BookSources/9780691162409"><bdi>9780691162409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Renaissance%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Italy&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft.isbn=9780691162409&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5uo9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knight, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04628a.htm">"Dante and his time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dante+and+his+time&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04628a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetti2011" class="citation web cs1">Coletti, Vittorio (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell'Italiano)/">"Storia della lingua"</a>. Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+della+lingua&rft.pub=Istituto+della+Enciclopedia+italiana&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Coletti&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fstoria-della-lingua_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepschyLepschy1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laura_Lepschy" title="Anna Laura Lepschy">Lepschy, Anna Laura</a>; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ph1dAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Italian Language Today</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780091280208" title="Special:BookSources/9780091280208"><bdi>9780091280208</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/478819">478819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Language+Today&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F478819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780091280208&rft.aulast=Lepschy&rft.aufirst=Anna+Laura&rft.au=Lepschy%2C+Giulio+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dph1dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1979" class="citation book cs1">White, John (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPmLkQEACAAJ"><i>Duccio: Tuscan Art and the Medieval Workshop</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500091357" title="Special:BookSources/9780500091357"><bdi>9780500091357</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5976552">5976552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duccio%3A+Tuscan+Art+and+the+Medieval+Workshop&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5976552&rft.isbn=9780500091357&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPmLkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1568" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1568). <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Artists"><i>Lives of the Artists</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.date=1568&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All three are reproduced and compared at <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting,_development_of_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Renaissance painting, development of themes">Italian Renaissance painting, development of themes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEimerl1967" class="citation book cs1">Eimerl, Sarel (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofgiottoc1200eime"><i>The World of Giotto</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Time, Inc.">Time, Inc.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofgiottoc1200eime/page/n202">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/518807">518807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Giotto&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Time%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F518807&rft.aulast=Eimerl&rft.aufirst=Sarel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofgiottoc1200eime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuecento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, 219–221, 236–237; Avery, 181; Seymour, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartt, 51–58; Avery, 11–18; White, 74–91; Osborne, 876–877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, 81-83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, 113–142; Hartt, 55–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, 591–614</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duecento&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burke, Peter. <i>The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy</i> Princeton University Press. Princeton, 1999.</li> <li>Shaw, Prue. <i>Reading Dante: From Here to Eternity</i>. Liveright Publishing. New York, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63149-006-4">978-1-63149-006-4</a>.</li> <li>Nolthenius, Helene. ‘’ Duecento: The Late Middle Ages in Italy’’. McGraw-Hill. New York, 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(art_historian)" title="John White (art historian)">White, John</a>. <i>Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400</i>, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 3rd edn 1993 (now Yale History of Art series). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300055854" title="Special:BookSources/0300055854">0300055854</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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