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id="toc-In_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In academia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In academia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_academia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hierology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>History of religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sacredness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="مقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagr%C3%A1u" title="Sagráu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sagráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99slik" title="Müqəddəslik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəslik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পবিত্রতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পবিত্রতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сакрален – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сакрален" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrat" title="Sagrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sagrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatost" title="Svatost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellighed" title="Hellighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hellighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig" title="Heilig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrado" title="Sagrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sagrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankteco" title="Sankteco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankteco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakratu" title="Sakratu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sakratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9" title="Sacré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sacré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilligens" title="Hilligens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hilligens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrado" title="Sagrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sagrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="신성 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신성 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D6%84%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Սրբություն (քրիստոնեություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սրբություն (քրիստոնեություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramat" title="Keramat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keramat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacro" title="Sacro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="קדושה (דת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדושה (דת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utakatifu" title="Utakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tums" title="Svētums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventyb%C4%97" title="Šventybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masina" title="Masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suci" title="Suci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig" title="Heilig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96" title="神聖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神聖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellighet" title="Hellighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hellighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilag" title="Heilag – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heilag" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99to%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Świętość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świętość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrado" title="Sagrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sagrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfin%C8%9Benie" title="Sfințenie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sfințenie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Святость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Святость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenjt%C3%ABria" title="Shenjtëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shenjtëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred" title="Sacred – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sacred" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddas" title="Muqaddas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muqaddas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="پیرۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Светост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4" title="Pyhä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helig" title="Helig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Helig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consecrated&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">Consecrated</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sacred_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sacred (disambiguation)">Sacred (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sanctity" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sanctity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sanctity (disambiguation)">Sanctity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b>Sacred</b> describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered worthy of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a> or devotion; or inspires <a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">awe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">reverence</a> among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects (a "<a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">sacred artifact</a>" that is <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessed</a>), or places ("<a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">sacred ground</a>"). </p><p>French <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> between the sacred and the <a href="/wiki/Profane_(religion)" title="Profane (religion)">profane</a> to be the central characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to <i>sacred things</i>, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represents the interests of the group, especially unity, which are embodied in sacred group symbols, or using team work to help get out of trouble. The profane, on the other hand, involve mundane individual concerns. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>sacred</i> descends from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacer" class="extiw" title="wikt:sacer">sacer</a></i>, referring to that which is '<a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a>, dedicated' or 'purified' to the gods or anything in their power, as well as to <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacerdos" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sacerdotes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacer" class="extiw" title="wikt:sacer">sacer</a> is itself from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seh%E2%82%82k-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/seh₂k-">*seh₂k-</a></i> "sacred, ceremony, ritual".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holy">Holy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Holy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Holy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Holy">Holy</a></span>".</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks 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navigation-not-searchable">"Holy" and "Holiness" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy (disambiguation)">Holy (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hallow" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hallow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hallow (disambiguation)">Hallow (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Although the terms <i>sacred</i> and <i>holy</i> are similar in meaning, and they are sometimes used interchangeably, they carry subtle differences.<sup id="cite_ref-difference_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-difference-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Holiness</i> is generally used in relation to people and relationships, whereas <i>sacredness</i> is used in relation to objects, places, or happenings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a saint may be considered as holy but not necessarily sacred. Nonetheless, some things can be both holy and sacred, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Bible">Holy Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-difference_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-difference-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>sacred</i> and <i>holy</i> denote something or someone set apart to the worship of God and therefore, worthy of respect and sometimes veneration, <i>holy</i> (the stronger word) implies an inherent or essential character.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holiness originates in God and is communicated to things, places, times, and persons engaged in His Service. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> defines <i>holiness</i> as that virtue by which a man's mind applies itself and all its acts to God; he ranks it among the infused moral <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a>, and identifies it with the virtue of religion. However, whereas religion is the virtue whereby one offers God due service in the things which pertain to the Divine service, holiness is the virtue by which one makes all one's acts subservient to God. Thus, holiness or sanctity is the outcome of <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>, that Divine act by which God freely justifies a person and by which He has claimed them for His own.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_of_'holy'"><span id="Etymology_of_.27holy.27"></span>Etymology of 'holy'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology of 'holy'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>holy</i> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailagaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailagaz">hailagaz</a></i> from around <i>500 BCE</i>, an adjective derived from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailaz">hailaz</a></i> ('whole'), which was used to mean 'uninjured, sound, healthy, entire, complete'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In non-specialist contexts, the term <i>holy</i> refers to someone or something that is associated with a <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine power</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">water</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transitions">Transitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Consecration" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Consecration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Consecration (disambiguation)">Consecration (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The concept of things being made or associated with the sacred is widespread among <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, making people, places, and objects revered, set apart for special use or purpose, or transferred to the sacred sphere. Words for this include <b>hallow</b>, <b>sanctify</b>, and <b>consecrate</b>, which can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">desecration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deconsecration" title="Deconsecration">deconsecration</a>. These terms are used in various ways by different groups. </p><p>Sanctification and consecration come from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>Sanctus</i> (to set apart for special use or purpose, make holy or sacred)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>consecrat</i> (dedicated, devoted, and sacred).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verb form 'to hallow' is archaic in English, and does not appear other than in the quoted text in the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noun form <i>hallow</i>, as used in <i><a href="/wiki/Hallowtide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallowtide">Hallowtide</a></i>, is a synonym of the word <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilsonFischer2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonFischer2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DiehlDonnelly2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leslie1895_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie1895-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">branches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> the details differ. <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification in Christianity</a> usually refers to a <i>person</i> becoming holy,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Consecration_in_Christianity" title="Consecration in Christianity">consecration in Christianity</a> may include setting apart a person, <a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">building</a>, or object, for God. Among some Christian denominations there is a complementary service of "<a href="/wiki/Deconsecration" title="Deconsecration">deconsecration</a>", to remove something consecrated of its sacred character in preparation for either demolition or sale for secular use. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic Judaism</a> sanctification means sanctifying God's name by <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>, while desecration of God's name means committing <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is based on the Jewish concept of God, whose holiness is pure goodness and is transmissible by sanctifying people and things.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kiddush_Hashem" title="Kiddush Hashem">Kiddush Hashem</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_mitzvah_of_sanctifying_the_Kohen" title="The mitzvah of sanctifying the Kohen">The mitzvah of sanctifying the Kohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice_in_Jewish_law" title="Self-sacrifice in Jewish law">Self-sacrifice in Jewish law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, sanctification is termed as <a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">tazkiah</a>, other similarly used words to the term are <i><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a>-i <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a></i> (reform of the heart), <i><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></i> (beautification), <a href="/wiki/Taharat" class="mw-redirect" title="Taharat">taharat</a> (purification), <i><a href="/wiki/Ikhlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhlas">Ikhlas</a></i> (purity), <i><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a>-is-<a href="/wiki/Salim_(name)" title="Salim (name)">salim</a></i> (pure/safe/undamaged heart). <i><a href="/wiki/Tasawuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasawuf">Tasawuf</a></i> (Sufism), basically an ideology rather than a term, is mostly misinterpreted as the idea of sanctification in Islam and it is used to pray about <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, especially among Sufis, in whom it is common to say "that God sanctifies his secret" ("qaddasa Llahou Sirruhu"), and that the Saint is alive or dead.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Images of the Buddha and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> are ceremonially consecrated in a broad range of Buddhist rituals that vary depending on the Buddhist traditions. <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhiseka" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhābhiseka">Buddhābhiseka</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term referring to these consecration rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-buswell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buswell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> is replete with consecration doctrine, primarily Christ's title of "The Anointed One" signifying his official, authorized and unique role as the savior of mankind from sin and death, and secondarily each individual's opportunity and ultimate responsibility to accept Jesus' will for their life and consecrate themselves to living thereby wholeheartedly. Book of Mormon examples include "sanctification cometh because of their yielding their hearts unto God" (Heleman 3:35) and "come unto Christ, who is the Holy One of Israel, and partake of his salvation, and the power of his redemption, ... and offer your whole souls as an offering unto him, and continue in fasting and praying, and endure to the end; and as the Lord liveth ye will be saved" (Omni 1:26). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Order" title="United Order">United Order</a></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> around the world, <a href="/wiki/Kumbhabhishekam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbhabhishekam">Kumbhabhishekam</a>, or the temple's consecration ceremony, is done once every 12 years. It is usually done to purify the temple after a <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">renovation</a> or simply done to renew the purity of the temple. Hindus celebrate this event on the consecration date as the witnessing gives a good soul a thousand "punya", or <a href="/wiki/Good_karma" class="mw-redirect" title="Good karma">good karma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka_Pratishtha_Mahotsava" title="Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava">Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava</a></i> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> ceremony that consecrates one or more Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> with celebration of <a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a> (five auspicious events). The ceremony is generally held when a new Jain temple is erected or new idols are installed in temples.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consecration must be supervised by a religious authority, an <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharya</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bhattaraka" title="Bhattaraka">Bhattaraka</a> or a scholar authorized by them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_academia">In academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierology">Hierology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hierology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hierotopy" title="Hierotopy">Hierotopy</a></div> <p>Hierology (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ιερος, <i>hieros</i>, 'sacred or 'holy', + <a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logy</a>) is the study of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">sacred literature</a> or <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">lore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept and the term were developed in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> art-historian and <a href="/wiki/Byzantinism" title="Byzantinism">byzantinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Lidov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Lidov">Alexei Lidov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_religions">History of religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History of religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religions">History of religions</a></div> <p>Analysing the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> of the sacred, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> outlines that religion should not be interpreted only as "belief in deities", but as "experience of the sacred."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacred is presented in relation to the profane;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relation between the sacred and the profane is not of opposition, but of complementarity, as the profane is viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Hierophany" title="Hierophany">hierophany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></div> <p>French <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> between the sacred and the <a href="/wiki/Profanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Profanum">profane</a> to be the central characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to <i>sacred things</i>, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity, which were embodied in sacred group symbols, or <a href="/wiki/Totems" class="mw-redirect" title="Totems">totems</a>. The profane, on the other hand, involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good/evil</a>. The sacred could be <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">good</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, and the profane could be either as well.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_religions">Ancient religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctity" title="Sacrosanctity">Sacrosanctity</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctity" title="Sacrosanctity">sacrosanctity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">sacrosanctitas</i>) was extremely important in attempting to protect the <a href="/wiki/Tribunes_of_the_plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunes of the plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> from personal harm. The tribunician power was later arrogated to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperors</a> in large part to provide them with the role's sacred protections. In addition to sanctifying temples and similar sanctuaries, the Romans also undertook the ritual of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sulcus primigenius</i></span> when founding a new city—particularly <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">formal colonies</a>—in order to make the entire circuit of the town's wall ritually sacred as a further means of protection. In order to allow the removal of corpses to graveyards and similarly profane work, the city gates were left exempted from the rite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indic_religions">Indic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="India"></span><span class="anchor" id="Indic"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Banyan_trees_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Banyan trees in India">Sacred banyan trees of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_rivers" title="Rigvedic rivers">Sacred Vedic rivers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sacred Sapta Sindhu rivers</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religion</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and its offshoots <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, have concept of revering and conserving ecology and environment by treating various objects as sacred, such as rivers, trees, forests or groves, mountains, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sacred rivers</b> and their reverence is a phenomenon found in several religions, especially religions which have <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">eco-friendly belief</a> as core of their religion. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikism">Sikism</a>) revere and preserve the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">groves</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Banyan_trees_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Banyan trees in India">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">mountains</a> and rivers as sacred. Among the most sacred rivers in Hinduism are the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Alter2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-hy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB-Sarasvati_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-Sarasvati-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rivers on which the <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_rivers" title="Rigvedic rivers">rigvedic rivers</a> flourished. The <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Gita">Gita</a>, the most sacred of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">hindu texts</a> were written on the banks of Sarasvati river which were codified during the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. Among other secondary sacred rivers of Hinduism are <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many more. </p><p>Among the sacred mountains, the most sacred among those are <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Tibet), <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Char_Dham" title="Char Dham">Char Dham</a> mountains and <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarnath temple">Amarnath</a> mountain, <a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a> mountain. <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> mountain, <a href="/wiki/Bandarpunch" title="Bandarpunch">Sarasvotri</a> mountain (origin of <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dhosi_Hill" title="Dhosi Hill">Dhosi Hill</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism one finds the designation of <i><a href="/wiki/Ariya-Puggala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariya-Puggala">ariya-puggala</a></i> ('noble person'). Buddha described the <a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> of a person depending on their level of purity. This purity is measured by which of the ten <i><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">samyojana</a></i> ('fetters') and <i><a href="/wiki/Kle%C5%9B%C4%81_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleśā (Buddhism)">klesha</a></i> have been purified and integrated from the <a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">mindstream</a>. These persons are called (in order of increasing sanctity) <i><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arahant</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God<br /><small><small> in Christianity</small></small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass,_Holy_Family_Church,_Teconnaught,_September_2010_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/220px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/330px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg/440px-Stained_glass%2C_Holy_Family_Church%2C_Teconnaught%2C_September_2010_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Core attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Overarching attributes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfection#Christian_monotheism" title="Perfection">Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Graciousness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutability_(theology)" title="Immutability (theology)">Immutability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impassibility" title="Impassibility">Impassibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeccability" title="Impeccability">Impeccability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_incomprehensibility" title="Divine incomprehensibility">Incomprehensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">Incorporeality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missio_Dei" title="Missio Dei">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth#Christianity" title="Religious views on truth">Veracity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Emotions expressed by God</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Wrath</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Template:Attributes of God in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Attributes of God in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Attributes of God in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></div> <p>The range of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">denominations</a> provide a wide variety of interpretations on sacredness. The <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> Churches, believe in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sacraments">Holy Sacraments</a> that the clergy perform, such as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Baptism">Holy Baptism</a>, as well as strong belief in the <a href="/wiki/Four_marks_of_the_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Four marks of the church">Holy Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Scripture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Holy Covenant</a>. They also believe that angels and saints are <a href="/wiki/Universal_call_to_holiness" title="Universal call to holiness">called to holiness</a>. In Methodist <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a> holiness has acquired the secondary meaning of the reshaping of a person through <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a> began within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> Methodist church among those who thought the church had lost the zeal and emphasis on personal holiness of Wesley's day. Around the middle of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Holiness_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Holiness Movement">Conservative Holiness Movement</a>, a conservative offshoot of the Holiness movement, was born. The <a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Higher Life movement</a> appeared in the British Isles during the mid-19th century. </p><p>Commonly recognized outward expressions or "standards" of holiness among more fundamental adherents frequently include applications relative to dress, hair, and appearance: e.g., short hair on men, uncut hair on women, and prohibitions against shorts, pants on women, make-up and jewelry. Other common injunctions are against places of worldly amusement, mixed swimming, smoking, <a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">minced oaths</a>, as well as the eschewing of television and radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Miqat" title="Miqat">Miqat</a></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">names of God in the Quran</a> is <i>Al-Quddus</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القدوس</span></span>): found in <a href="/wiki/Q59:23" class="mw-redirect" title="Q59:23">Q59:23</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D62%3Averse%3D1">62:1</a>, the closest English translation is 'holy' or 'sacred'. (It shares the same <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_Semitic_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral Semitic root">triliteral Semitic root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š">Q-D-Š</a>, as the Hebrew <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">kodesh</a></i>.) Another use of the same root is found in the Arabic name for Jerusalem: <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Quds">al-Quds</a></i>, 'the Holy'. </p><p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">ħarām</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حرام</span></span>), often translated as 'prohibited' or 'forbidden', is better understood as 'sacred' or 'sanctuary' in the context of places considered sacred in Islam. For example: </p> <ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></i>, or the 'Sacred Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>', constituting the immediate precincts of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">al-Haramain</a></i>, or 'the (two) Sanctuaries', a reference to the twin holy cities of Mecca and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>; and</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Haram_ash-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Haram ash-Sharif">Haram ash-Sharif</a></i>, or 'Noble Sanctuary', the precincts of the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness in Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Q-D-%C5%A0" title="Q-D-Š">Q-D-Š</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></div> <p>The Hebrew word <i>kodesh</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֹדֶשׁ</span></span>) is used in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> to mean 'set-apartness' and 'distinct' like is found in the Jewish marriage ceremony where it is stated by the husband to his prospective wife, "You are <i>made holy</i> to me according to the law of Moses and Israel." (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">את מקדשת לי כדת משה וישראל</span></span>). In Hebrew, <i>holiness</i> has a connotation of <i>oneness</i> and <i>transparency</i> like in the Jewish marriage example, where husband and wife are seen as one in keeping with Genesis 2:24. <i>Kodesh</i> is also commonly translated as 'holiness' and 'sacredness'.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah describes the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Aaronite priests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a> as being selected by God to perform the Temple services; they, as well, are called "holy." </p><p>Holiness is not a single state, but contains a broad spectrum. The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> lists concentric circles of holiness surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>, Temple Sanctuary, Temple Vestibule, Court of Priests, Court of Israelites, Court of Women, <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, all the walled cities of Israel, and the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinctions are made as to who and what are permitted in each area. </p><p>Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> are considered to be holy in time; the Torah calls them "holy [days of] gathering." Work is not allowed on those days, and rabbinic tradition lists <a href="/wiki/39_categories_of_activity_prohibited_on_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat">39 categories of activity</a> that are specifically prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the intrinsically holy, objects can become sacred through <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a>. Any personal possession may be dedicated to the Temple of God, after which its misappropriation is considered among the gravest of sins. The various <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifices</a> are holy. Those that may be eaten have very specific rules concerning who may eat which of their parts, and time limits on when the consumption must be completed. Most sacrifices contain a part to be consumed by the priests—a portion of the holy to be consumed by God's holy devotees. </p><p>The encounter with the holy is seen as eminently desirable, and at the same time fearful and awesome. For the strongest penalties are applied to one who transgresses in this area—one could in theory receive either the death penalty or the heavenly punishment of <i><a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">kareth</a></i>, spiritual excision, for mis-stepping in his close approach to God's domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sacredness" class="extiw" title="q:Sacredness">Sacredness</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">Numinous</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sacred" class="extiw" title="mwod:sacred">sacred</a>." <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster"><i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i></a>. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim, Émile</a>. 1915. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life</a></i>. London: George Allen & Unwin. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2182-9">978-0-8341-2182-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stormonth, James, and Philip Henry Phelp, eds. 1895. "Sacred." In <i>A Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Blackwood & sons p. 883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">de Vaan, Michiel</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages</i></a>. Brill. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16797-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16797-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16797-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin+and+the+other+Italic+Languages&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16797-1&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecZ1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-difference-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-difference_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-difference_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-sacred-and-holy/">Difference Between Sacred and Holy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021325/http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-sacred-and-holy/">Archived</a> 12 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Difference Between</i>. 26 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCann, Catherine. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGX6oKlw24UC&dq=holiness+vs+sacredness&pg=PA42"><i>New Paths Toward the Sacred Thus</i></a>. Paulist Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809145515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809145515">978-0809145515</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sacred", <i>Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i>, 5th ed., p. 875<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pope" title="Hugh Pope">Pope, Hugh</a>. 1910. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07386a.htm">Holiness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122002728/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07386a.htm">Archived</a> 22 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 20 November 2016. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingeTaylor2014" class="citation book cs1">Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014). <i>The Development of Old English – A Linguistic History of English, vol. II</i>. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 335, 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Old+English+%E2%80%93+A+Linguistic+History+of+English%2C+vol.+II&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=335%2C+129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ringe&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etymology.en-academic.com/30953/sanctify">"sanctify"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610021521/https://etymology.en-academic.com/30953/sanctify">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sanctify&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetymology.en-academic.com%2F30953%2Fsanctify&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/sanctify">"Sanctify | Etymology, origin and meaning of sanctify by etymonline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120071420/https://www.etymonline.com/word/sanctify">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanctify+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+sanctify+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fsanctify&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consecrate">"Definition of CONSECRATE"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027014426/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consecrate">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+CONSECRATE&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconsecrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hallow">"Dictionary.com"</a>. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 15 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212110213/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hallow">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft.pub=Lexico+Publishing+Group%2C+LLC.&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhallow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</i> entry for <i>hallowed</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:9&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:9</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2011:2&version=nrsv">Luke 11:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonFischer2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonFischer2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFischer2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas; Fischer, Ty (2005). <i>Omnibus II: Church Fathers Through the Reformation</i>. Veritas Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932168440" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932168440"><bdi>978-1932168440</bdi></a>. <q>The word "hallow" means "saint," in that "hallow" is just an alternative form of the word "holy" ("hallowed be Thy name").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omnibus+II%3A+Church+Fathers+Through+the+Reformation&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Veritas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1932168440&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Ty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiehlDonnelly2001_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2001" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark (2001). <i>Medieval Celebrations: How to Plan Holidays, Weddings, and Feasts with Recipes, Customs, Costumes, Decorations, Songs, Dances, and Games</i>. Stackpole Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811728669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811728669"><bdi>978-0811728669</bdi></a>. <q>The word hallow was simply another word for saint.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Celebrations%3A+How+to+Plan+Holidays%2C+Weddings%2C+and+Feasts+with+Recipes%2C+Customs%2C+Costumes%2C+Decorations%2C+Songs%2C+Dances%2C+and+Games&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0811728669&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie1895-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie1895_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1895" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Frank (1895). <i>Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly</i>. Allhallowtide. Frank Leslie Publishing House. p. 539. <q>Just as the term "Eastertide" expresses for us the whole of the church services and ancient customs attached to the festival of Easter, from Palm Sunday until Easter Monday, so does All-hallowtide include for us all the various customs, obsolete and still observed, of Halloween, All Saints' and All Souls' Days. From the 31st of October until the morning of the 3d of November, this period of three days, known as All-hallowtide, is full of traditional and legendary lore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Leslie%27s+Popular+Monthly&rft.series=Allhallowtide&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Frank+Leslie+Publishing+House&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justo L. González, <i>Essential Theological Terms</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, US, 2005, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13170-sanctification-of-the-name">"Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanctification of the Name"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726021628/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13170-sanctification-of-the-name">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+Sanctification+of+the+Name&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13170-sanctification-of-the-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7815-holiness">"Jewish Encyclopedia: Holiness"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726021630/https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7815-holiness">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia%3A+Holiness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7815-holiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Eduardo Campo, <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, Infobase Publishing, US, 2009, p. 598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buswell-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buswell_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400848058" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400848058"><bdi>978-1400848058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1400848058&rft.au=Robert+E.+Buswell+Jr.&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728204424/http://modernhinduculture.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:kumbhabhishekam&catid=34:agamas&Itemid=54">"Account Suspended"</a>. <i>modernhinduculture.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernhinduculture.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:kumbhabhishekam&catid=34:agamas&Itemid=54">the original</a> on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=modernhinduculture.com&rft.atitle=Account+Suspended&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernhinduculture.com%2Fcgi-sys%2Fsuspendedpage.cgi%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D88%3Akumbhabhishekam%26catid%3D34%3Aagamas%26Itemid%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], The Jaina Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5">81-208-1578-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hierology">hierology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522081429/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hierology">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020031907/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hierology?q=Hierology">hierology</a>." <i>Oxford Dictionary Online</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Lidov. "Hierotopy. The creation of sacred spaces as a form of creativity and subject of cultural history" in <i>Hierotopy. Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia</i>, ed. A.Lidov, Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2006, pp. 32–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._J._Altizer" title="Thomas J. J. Altizer">Altizer, Thomas J. J.</a> 1968. <i>Mircea Eliade and the Dialectic of the Sacred</i>. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-083-7171-96-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-083-7171-96-8">978-083-7171-96-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliade, Mircea. 1987. <i>The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion</i>, translated by W. R. Trask. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0156-79201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0156-79201-1">978-0156-79201-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iţu, Mircia. 2006. <i>Mircea Eliade</i>. Bucharest: Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-725-715-4" title="Special:BookSources/973-725-715-4">973-725-715-4</a>. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pals, Daniel. 1996. <i>Seven Theories of Religion</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508725-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508725-9">0-19-508725-9</a>. p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alter2001-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alter2001_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2001" class="citation cs2">Alter, Stephen (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ"><i>Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture</i></a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100585-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-100585-7"><bdi>978-0-15-100585-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324113652/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9yQgAACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Waters%3A+A+Pilgrimage+Up+the+Ganges+River+to+the+Source+of+Hindu+Culture&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Trade+%26+Reference+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-15-100585-7&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqb9yQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hy-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hy_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainPushpendra_K._AgarwalVijay_P._Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Sharad K.; Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345"><i>Hydrology and water resources of India – Volume 57 of Water science and technology library</i></a>. Springer. pp. 344–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5179-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-5179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrology+and+water+resources+of+India+%E2%80%93+Volume+57+of+Water+science+and+technology+library&rft.pages=344-354&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Sharad+K.&rft.au=Pushpendra+K.+Agarwal&rft.au=Vijay+P.+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZKs1gBhJSWIC%26q%3DYamuna%2BRiver%26pg%3DRA1-PA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=Yamuna+River&pg=PA290"><i>Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-760-2"><bdi>0-85229-760-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85229-760-2&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPP7O3nb3g0C%26q%3DYamuna%2BRiver%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-Sarasvati-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB-Sarasvati_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarasvati">"Sarasvati | Hindu deity"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014318/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarasvati">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sarasvati+%26%23124%3B+Hindu+deity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSarasvati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917222019/http://www.brill.com/narmadaparikrama-circumambulation-narmada-river">"Narmadāparikramā – Circumambulation of the Narmadā River"</a>. Brill. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/narmadaparikrama-circumambulation-narmada-river">the original</a> on 17 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narmad%C4%81parikram%C4%81+%E2%80%93+Circumambulation+of+the+Narmad%C4%81+River&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brill.com%2Fnarmadaparikrama-circumambulation-narmada-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snelling, John. (1990). <i>The Sacred Mountain: The Complete Guide to Tibet's Mount Kailas</i>. 1st edition 1983. Revised and enlarged edition, including: Kailas-Manasarovar Travellers' Guide. Forwards by H.H. the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Christmas Humphreys. East-West Publications, London and The Hague. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85692-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85692-173-4">0-85692-173-4</a>, pp. 39, 33, 35, 225, 280, 353, 362–363, 377–378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D59%3Averse%3D23">59:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue_Letter_Bible" class="citation web cs1">Blue Letter Bible. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org//lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=h6944&t=HNV">"H6944 – qodesh – Strong's Hebrew Lexicon (HNV)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815140557/https://www.blueletterbible.org//lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=h6944&t=HNV">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H6944+%E2%80%93+qodesh+%E2%80%93+Strong%27s+Hebrew+Lexicon+%28HNV%29.&rft.au=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2F%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3Dh6944%26t%3DHNV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASacredness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah Kelim, chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishna, Shabbat 7:2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim, Emile</a> (1915) <i>The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.</i> London: George Allen & Unwin (originally published 1915, English translation 1915).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a> (1957) <i>The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion.</i> Translated by Willard R. Trask. (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jay_Oord" title="Thomas Jay Oord">Thomas Jay Oord</a> and Michael Lodahl (2006) <i>Relational Holiness: Responding to the Call of Love.</i> Kansas City, Missouri: Beacon Hill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8341-2182-9">978-0-8341-2182-9</a></li> <li>Pals, Daniel (1996) <i>Seven Theories of Religion.</i> New York: Oxford University Press. US <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508725-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-508725-9">0-19-508725-9</a> (pbk).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Sharpe" title="Eric J. Sharpe">Sharpe, Eric J.</a> (1986) <i>Comparative Religion: A History</i>, 2nd ed., (London: Duckworth, 1986/La Salle: Open Court). US <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9041-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9041-9">0-8126-9041-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacredness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sacredness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sacredness">sacredness</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Holy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Holy">Holy</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hallow" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hallow">Hallow</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sacred-and-profane">The Sacred and the Profane</a> by Carsten Colpe (Encyclopedia of Religion)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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