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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panch_Kalyanaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panch_Kalyanaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Panch Kalyanaka</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panch_Kalyanaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samavasarana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samavasarana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Samavasarana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samavasarana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tīrthaṅkaras_of_the_present_cosmic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tīrthaṅkaras_of_the_present_cosmic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Tīrthaṅkaras</i> of the present cosmic age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tīrthaṅkaras_of_the_present_cosmic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_cosmic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_cosmic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Present cosmic age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_cosmic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Next_cosmic_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Next_cosmic_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Next cosmic age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Next_cosmic_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Tirthankara</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthamkara" title="Tirthamkara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tirthamkara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="التيرثنقار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التيرثنقار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0" title="তীর্থংকর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তীর্থংকর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADrthankara" title="Tírthankara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tírthankara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تیرتانکارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیرتانکارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AErthankara" title="Tîrthankara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tîrthankara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0" title="તીર્થંકર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તીર્થંકર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%95%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC" title="티르탕카라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티르탕카라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="तीर्थंकर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तीर्थंकर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthamkara" title="Tirthamkara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tirthamkara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0" title="ತೀರ್ಥಂಕರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೀರ್ಥಂಕರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADrthankara" title="Tírthankara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tírthankara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="തീർത്ഥങ്കരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തീർത്ഥങ്കരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="التيرثانكار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التيرثانكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9" title="ティールタンカラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティールタンカラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤੀਰਥੰਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੀਰਥੰਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="تیرتھنکر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیرتھنکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtancara" title="Tirtancara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tirtancara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тиртханкара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиртханкара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="जैनतीर्थङ्कराः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जैनतीर्थङ्कराः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankar" title="Tirthankar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tirthankar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தீர்த்தங்கரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தீர்த்தங்கரர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="తీర్థంకరులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తీర్థంకరులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ตีรถังกร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตีรถังกร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тіртханкар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тіртханкар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="تیرتھنکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تیرتھنکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tirthankara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">In Jainism, a saviour and supreme spiritual teacher of the dharma</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jinas" redirects here. For Buddhism, see <a href="/wiki/Five_Jinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Jinas">Five Jinas</a>. For the singular, see <a href="/wiki/Jina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jina (disambiguation)">Jina (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/300px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/450px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg/600px-Jain_24-Tirthankaras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption> Jain miniature painting of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg/300px-The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg/450px-The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/The_24_Tirthankaras_forming_the_tantric_meditative_syllable_Hrim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>The 24 Tirthankaras forming the tantric meditative syllable <i>Hrim</i>, painting on cloth, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, a <i><b>Tirthankara</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tīrthaṅkara</i></span></i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">ford</a>-maker</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a saviour and supreme preacher of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">dharma</a></i> (righteous path).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>tirthankara</i> signifies the founder of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">tirtha</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb19965_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb19965-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fordable passage across <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">saṃsāra</a></i>, the sea of interminable birth and death. According to Jains, <i>tirthankaras</i> are the supreme preachers of <i>dharma</i>, who have conquered <i>saṃsāra</i> on their own and made a path for others to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the <i>Tīrthaṅkara</i> attains <i><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">kevala jnana</a></i> (omniscience). A Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow them from <i>saṃsāra</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> (liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200616_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200616-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a>, the wheel of time is divided into two halves, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/utsarpini">Utsarpiṇī</a></i>, the ascending time cycle, and <i><a href="/wiki/Avasarpi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Avasarpiṇī">avasarpiṇī</a></i>, the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of the cycle, exactly 24 <i>tirthankaras</i> grace this part of the universe. There have been infinitely many tirthankaras in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200220_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200220-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>tirthankara</i> in the present cycle (Hunda Avsarpini) was <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, who is credited with formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last <i>tirthankara</i> of the present half-cycle was <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (599 BC–527 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200219_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010286_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010286-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, the 23rd <i>tirthankara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-183_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-183-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>tirthankara</i> organises the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Jainism)" title="Sangha (Jainism)">sangha</a></i>, a fourfold order of <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">male and female monastics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">srāvakas</a></i> (male followers) and <i>śrāvikā</i>s (female followers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200917_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200917-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>tirthankara's</i> teachings form the basis for the Jain <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons</a>. The inner knowledge of <i>tirthankara</i> is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect, and their teachings contain no contradictions. The degree of elaboration varies according to society's spiritual advancement and purity during their period of leadership. The higher the level of society's spiritual advancement and purity of mind, the lower the elaboration required. </p><p>While Jains document and revere <i>tirthankaras</i>, their grace is said to be available to all living beings regardless of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tīrthaṅkaras</i> are <i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">arihants</a></i> who, after attaining <i><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">kevala jñāna</a></i> (pure infinite knowledge),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2006164_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2006164-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preach the <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">dharma</a></i>. An <i>Arihant</i> is also called <i>Jina</i> (victor), one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride, and greed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200616_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200616-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dwell exclusively within the realm of their soul and are entirely free of <i><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">kashayas</a></i>, inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhis</a></i>, or spiritual powers, are readily available to them, which they use exclusively for living beings' spiritual elevation. Through <i><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%9Bana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darśana">darśana</a></i>, divine vision, and <i><a href="/wiki/Deshna" class="mw-redirect" title="Deshna">deshna</a></i>, divine speech, they help others attain <i>kevalajñana</i> and <i>moksha</i> (final liberation). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>tirthankara</i> signifies the founder of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">tirtha</a></i>, a fordable passage across <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">saṃsāra</a></i>, the sea of interminable births and deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200916_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200916-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2006169-170_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2006169-170-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tirthankaras</i> are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers", and "Makers of the River-Crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma"><span id="T.C4.ABrtha.E1.B9.85kara-naam-karma"></span><i>Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_statues,_Gwalior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/220px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/330px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg/440px-Jain_statues%2C_Gwalior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>Tirthankara images at <a href="/wiki/Siddhachal_Caves" title="Siddhachal Caves">Siddhachal Caves</a> inside <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jain texts propound that a special type of <i><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a></i>, the <i>tīrthaṅkara nama-karma</i>, raises a soul to the supreme status of a <i>Tīrthaṅkara</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i>, a major Jain text, lists 16 observances that lead to the <i><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">bandha</a></i> (bondage) of this <i>karma</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201191_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201191-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Purity of right faith</li> <li>Reverence</li> <li>Observance of vows and supplementary vows without transgressions</li> <li>Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge</li> <li>Perpetual fear of the cycle of existence</li> <li>Giving gifts (charity)</li> <li>Practising austerities according to one's capacity</li> <li>Removal of obstacles that threaten the equanimity of ascetics</li> <li>Serving the meritorious by warding off evil or suffering</li> <li>Devotion to omniscient lords, chief preceptors, preceptors, and the scriptures</li> <li>Practice of the six essential daily duties</li> <li>Propagation of the teachings of the omniscient</li> <li>Fervent affection for one's brethren following the same path.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Panch_Kalyanaka"><i>Panch Kalyanaka</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Panch Kalyanaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg/220px-Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg/330px-Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg/440px-Sixteen_Symbolic_Dreams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a> seen by a tirthankara's mother during pregnancy</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></div><p>Five auspicious events called <i>Pañca kalyāṇaka</i> mark every <i>tirthankara</i>'s life:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001110_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ol><li><i>Gārbha kalyāṇaka</i> (conception): When a tirthankara's <i><a href="/wiki/Jiva_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiva (Jainism)">ātman</a></i> (soul) comes into their mother's womb.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Janma kalyāṇaka</i> (birth): Birth of a tirthankara. <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> performs a ceremonial bath on <i>tirthankara</i> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009200_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009200-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009246_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009246-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Diksha kalyāṇaka</i> (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and becomes an ascetic.</li> <li><i>Keval Gyan kalyāṇaka (omniscience)</i>: When a tirthankara attains <i>kevalajñāna</i> (infinite knowledge). A <i><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">samavasarana</a></i> (divine preaching hall) is then erected from where they deliver sermons and establish 'tirth (chaturvidh <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a>).</li> <li><i>Nirvāṇa/Moksha kalyāṇaka</i> (liberation): <i>Nirvana</i> is when a tirthankara leaves their mortal body. It is followed by the final liberation, <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">moksha</a></i>, after which their soul resides in <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></i>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samavasarana"><i>Samavasarana</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Samavasarana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg/220px-Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg/330px-Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg/440px-Lord_Risbabhdev_in_Samosharan_on_Mount_Kailash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><i>Samavasarana</i> of Tirthankara <a href="/wiki/Rishabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabha">Rishabha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Jain_temple" title="Ajmer Jain temple">Ajmer Jain temple</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></div> <p>After attaining <i>kevalajñāna</i>, the <i>tirthankara</i> preaches the path to liberation in the <i>samavasarana</i>. According to Jain texts, <i><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">devas</a></i> (heavenly beings) erect the heavenly pavilion where <i>devas</i>, humans, and animals assemble to hear the <i>tirthankara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015200_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015200-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A samavasarana is a three-level structure. The lowest level, made of rajat (silver), is the parking space for vehicles. The second is the svarna (gold) level. All animals reside in the svarna level, while the highest level, made of precious gems, is reserved for various important figures, such as kings and their families, the devas and the ascetics. Humans and animals hear a <i>tirthankara</i>'s speech in their language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramansagar200839-43_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramansagar200839-43-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tīrthaṅkaras_of_the_present_cosmic_age"><span id="T.C4.ABrtha.E1.B9.85karas_of_the_present_cosmic_age"></span><i>Tīrthaṅkaras</i> of the present cosmic age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tīrthaṅkaras of the present cosmic age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided into two halves, <i>Utsarpiṇī</i> (ascending half cycle) and <i>Avasarpiṇī</i> (descending half cycle). 24 <i>tirthankaras</i> are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition, the <i>tirthankaras</i> were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of those lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in legendary stories. According to Jain canons, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, the first <i>tirthankara</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded the <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200415_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200415-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which 21 other <i>tirthankaras</i> rose over time. Two <i>tirthankaras</i> – <a href="/wiki/Munisuvrata" title="Munisuvrata">Munisuvrata</a>, the 20th, and <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>, the 22nd – belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jain tradition, the 20 <i>tirthankaras</i> attained <i>moksha</i> on Mount <a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a>, in the present Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsho20164_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsho20164-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Ashtāpada (Mount Kailash), <a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Champapuri" title="Champapuri">Champapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a> on Mount <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, and Mahavira, the last <i>tirthankara</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Pawapuri" title="Pawapuri">Pawapuri</a>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>. Twenty-one of the <i>tirthankaras</i> are said to have attained <i>moksha</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">kayotsarga</a></i> (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira are said to have done so in the <i>Padmasana</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas,_c._1500,_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG/220px-Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG/330px-Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG/440px-Altarpiece_with_multiple_Jinas%2C_c._1500%2C_Norton_Simon_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="3590" /></a><figcaption>A metal sculpture of <i>Tirthankara</i>s of present, previous and next cosmic ages (72 in total)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_cosmic_age">Present cosmic age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present cosmic age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirthankaras">List of Tirthankaras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_(Rishabhanatha_(Adinatha)),_Parshvanatha,_Neminatha,_and_Mahavira)_LACMA_M.85.55_(1_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/220px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/330px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/440px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Jain chaumukha sculpture at <a href="/wiki/LACMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LACMA">LACMA</a>, 6th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 <i>tirthankaras</i> of this age are:<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999550_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999550-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015181-208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015181-208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Emblem</th> <th>Colour </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Adinatha)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">Bull</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajitanatha" title="Ajitanatha">Ajitanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sambhavanatha" title="Sambhavanatha">Sambhavanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abhinandananatha" title="Abhinandananatha">Abhinandananatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">Monkey</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumatinatha" title="Sumatinatha">Sumatinatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingo</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padmaprabha" title="Padmaprabha">Padmaprabha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padma_(attribute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma (attribute)">Padma</a></td> <td>Red </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suparshvanatha" title="Suparshvanatha">Suparshvanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></td> <td>Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandraprabha" title="Chandraprabha">Chandraprabha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></td> <td>White </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pushpadanta" title="Pushpadanta">Pushpadanta</a> (Suvidhinath)<sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a></td> <td>White </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shitalanatha" title="Shitalanatha">Shitalanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">Kalpavriksha</a> according to the Digambara. <a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Srivatsa</a> according to Svetambara</td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shreyanasanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shreyanasanatha">Shreyanasanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">Rhinoceros</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Buffalo</a></td> <td>Red </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vimalanatha" title="Vimalanatha">Vimalanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">Boar</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anantanatha" title="Anantanatha">Anantanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">Porcupine</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcon</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbara</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharmanatha" title="Dharmanatha">Dharmanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shantinatha" title="Shantinatha">Shantinatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">Antelope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunthunatha" title="Kunthunatha">Kunthunatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aranatha" title="Aranatha">Aranatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ll%C4%ABn%C4%81tha" class="mw-redirect" title="Māllīnātha">Māllīnātha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a></td> <td>Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munisuvrata" title="Munisuvrata">Munisuvrata</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">Tortoise</a></td> <td>Black/Dark Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naminatha" title="Naminatha">Naminatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_caerulea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphaea caerulea">Blue lotus</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">Shankha</a></td> <td>Black/Dark Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">Snake</a></td> <td>Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_31-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a></td> <td>Golden </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Next_cosmic_age">Next cosmic age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Next cosmic age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The next 24 <i>tirthankaras</i>, who will be born in <i>utsarpinī</i> age, are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Previous human birth </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Padmanabha</td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Shrenika</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002276_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002276-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Surdev</td> <td>Mahavira's uncle Suparshva </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Suparshva</td> <td>King Kaunik's son king <a href="/wiki/Udayin" title="Udayin">Udayin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Svamprabh</td> <td>The ascetic Pottil </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Sarvanubhuti</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a></i> Dridhayadha </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Devshruti</td> <td>Kartik's Shreshti </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Udaynath</td> <td><i>Shravak</i> Shamkha </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Pedhalputra</td> <td><i>Shravak</i> Ananda </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Pottil</td> <td><i>Shravak</i> Sunand </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Shatak</td> <td><i>Sharavak</i> Shatak </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Suvrat</td> <td>Satyaki of Mahabharata </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Amam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Shrinishkashay</td> <td>Satyaki Rudhra </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Nishpulak</td> <td>Krishna's brother Balbhadra also known as <a href="/wiki/Balrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrama">Balrama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Nirmam</td> <td><i>Shravika</i> Sulsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Chitragupta</td> <td>Krishna's brother's mother <a href="/wiki/Rohini_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini Devi">Rohini Devi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Samadhinath</td> <td>Revati Gathapatni </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Samvarnath</td> <td><i>Sharavak</i> Shattilak </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Yashodhar</td> <td><i>Rishi</i> Dwipayan </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Vijay</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Malladev</td> <td>Nirgranthaputra or Mallanarada </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Devachandra</td> <td><i>Shravak</i> Ambadh </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>Anantvirya</td> <td><i>Shravak</i> Amar </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>Bhadrakat</td> <td>Swati </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/200px-Mahavir.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/300px-Mahavir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/400px-Mahavir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Digambara <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABr_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāvīr Swami">Mahāvīr Swami</a> iconography</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg/200px-Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Shri_Simandhar_Swami.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Śvētāmbara <a href="/wiki/Simandhar" title="Simandhar">Simandhar Swami</a> iconography</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A tīrthaṅkara is represented either in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> (<i>Padmasana</i>) or in the meditation Khadgasana (<i><a href="/wiki/Kayotsarga" title="Kayotsarga">Kayotsarga</a></i>) posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209-210_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209-210-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter, which is similar to the military <a href="/wiki/Standing_at_attention" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing at attention">standing at attention</a>, is a difficult posture to hold for long and is preferred by Jains because it minimizes the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and thus the risk to sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting upon the knee of the other leg, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tirthankara images have no distinctive facial features, clothing, or (mostly) hairstyles, and are differentiated based on the symbol or emblem (<i>Lanchhana</i>) belonging to each <i>tirthanakara</i> except <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>. Statues of Parshvanatha have a snake crown. The first Tirthankara, <a href="/wiki/Rishabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabha">Rishabha</a>, is identifiable by the <a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">locks of hair</a> falling on his shoulders. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Suparshvanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Suparshvanath">Suparshvanath</a> is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or the corner of the statue's pedestal. The Jain sects <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Śvetāmbara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2010_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images are often marked with <a href="/wiki/Srivatsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivatsa">Srivatsa</a> on the chest and <a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a> on the forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Srivatsa is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">ashtamangala</a> (auspicious symbols), which sometimes resembles <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Endless_knot" title="Endless knot">endless knot</a>, a flower, or a diamond-shaped symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197815,_31_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197815,_31-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodies of tirthankara statues are exceptionally consistent throughout over 2,000 years of the historical record. The bodies are rather slight, with very wide shoulders and a narrow waist. Even more than is usual in Indian sculpture, the depiction takes relatively little interest in accurate depiction of musculature and bones but is interested in modeling outer surfaces as broad swelling forms. The ears are extremely elongated, alluding to the heavy earrings the figures wore in their early lives before they took the path to enlightenment, when most were wealthy, if not royal. </p><p>Sculptures with four heads are not uncommon in early sculpture, but unlike the comparable Hindu images, these represent four different <i>tirthanakaras</i>, not four aspects of the same deity. Multiple extra arms are avoided <i>in tirthanakara</i> images, though their attendants or guardians may have them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha (Hinduism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paranath_Avtar" title="Paranath Avtar">Paranath Avtar</a></div> <p>The first <i>Tirthankara</i>, <i>Rishabhanatha</i> is mentioned in Hindu texts like the <i>Rigveda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vishnupurana</i>, and <i>Bhagwata Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao200713_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao200713-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras: Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._K._R._Shah20119_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._K._R._Shah20119-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about the Tirthankaras, particularly Rishabha.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga Vasishta, Chapter 15 of Vairagya Khanda, Sloka 8, gives the saying of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am not Rama. I have no desire for material things. Like Jina I want to establish peace within myself.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a>, a 20th-century Jain writer, claimed that the "<a href="/wiki/Four_and_Twenty_Elders" class="mw-redirect" title="Four and Twenty Elders">Four and Twenty Elders</a>" mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (the final book of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>) are "Twenty-four <i>Tirthankaras</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain193078_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain193078-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tirthankaras" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tirthankaras">Tirthankaras</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">God in Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirthankaras">List of Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva (Jainism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596895/Tirthankar"><i>Britannica Tirthankar Definition</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320023732/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirthankara">archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica+Tirthankar+Definition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F596895%2FTirthankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabb19965-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabb19965_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabb1996">Babb 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirthankara">"Tirthankara | Definition, Names, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817043220/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirthankara">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Tirthankara+%7C+Definition%2C+Names%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTirthankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200616-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200616_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200616_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2006">Sangave 2006</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200220-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200220_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200219-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200219_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010286-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010286_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaliaferroMarty2010">Taliaferro & Marty 2010</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghvi2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vir_Sanghvi" title="Vir Sanghvi">Sanghvi, Vir</a> (14 September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518135901/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx"><i>Rude Travel: Down The Sages</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/rude-travel-down-the-sages/article1-1121641.aspx">the original</a> on 18 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rude+Travel%3A+Down+The+Sages&rft.pub=Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft.aulast=Sanghvi&rft.aufirst=Vir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbrunch-stories%2Frude-travel-down-the-sages%2Farticle1-1121641.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-183-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182-183_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 182-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200917-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200917_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalcerowicz2009">Balcerowicz 2009</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel2010">Flügel 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2006164-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2006164_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2006">Sangave 2006</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUpinder_Singh2016">Upinder Singh 2016</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200916-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz200916_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalcerowicz2009">Balcerowicz 2009</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2006169-170-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2006169-170_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2006">Sangave 2006</a>, p. 169-170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain19303_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1930">Champat Rai Jain 1930</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953212_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201191-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201191_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011">Vijay K. Jain 2011</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2001110-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2001110_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2001">Cort 2001</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=74859">"HereNow4U.net :: Glossary/Index – Terms – Eastern Terms – Chyavana Kalyanak"</a>, <i>HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314224049/http://herenow4u.net/index.php?id=74859">archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HereNow4u%3A+Portal+on+Jainism+and+next+level+consciousness&rft.atitle=HereNow4U.net+%3A%3A+Glossary%2FIndex+%E2%80%93+Terms+%E2%80%93+Eastern+Terms+%E2%80%93+Chyavana+Kalyanak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herenow4u.net%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D74859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009200-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009200_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009246-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009246_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015200-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015200_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2015">Vijay K. Jain 2015</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramansagar200839-43-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPramansagar200839-43_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPramansagar2008">Pramansagar 2008</a>, p. 39-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200415-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200415_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatubhai_Shah2004">Natubhai Shah 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015151-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015151_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2015">Vijay K. Jain 2015</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsho20164-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsho20164_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsho2016">Osho 2016</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999550-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999550_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoniger1999">Doniger 1999</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015181-208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015181-208_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2015">Vijay K. Jain 2015</a>, p. 181-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713111418/http://www.jainuniversity.org/pdfbooks/030414060736pdfbooks.pdf">"Tirthankara (EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS) pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainuniversity.org/pdfbooks/030414060736pdfbooks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tirthankara+%28EMBLEMS+OR+SYMBOLS%29+pdf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainuniversity.org%2Fpdfbooks%2F030414060736pdfbooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Name-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_31-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jainworld.com/tir.htm">"Name"</a>. <i>jainworld.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125060942/https://jainworld.com/tir.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jainworld.com&rft.atitle=Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjainworld.com%2Ftir.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002276-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002276_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209-210-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953209-210_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 209-210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198779_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUmakant_P._Shah1987">Umakant P. Shah 1987</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECort2010_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCort2010">Cort 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/red_sandstone_figure_of_a_tirt.aspx">"Red sandstone figure of a tirthankara"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019023104/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/r/red_sandstone_figure_of_a_tirt.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+sandstone+figure+of+a+tirthankara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fasia%2Fr%2Fred_sandstone_figure_of_a_tirt.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197815,_31-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197815,_31_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainFischer1978">Jain & Fischer 1978</a>, p. 15, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Srinivasan, Doris, <i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i>, pp. 329-330, 1997, BRILL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004107584" title="Special:BookSources/9004107584">9004107584</a>, 9789004107588, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA335">google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405042049/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA335">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008318_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao200713-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao200713_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao2007">Rao 2007</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._K._R._Shah20119-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._K._R._Shah20119_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDr._K._R._Shah2011">Dr. K. R. Shah 2011</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149990">978-0231149990</a>, pages 151–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm">"Great Men's View on Jainism"</a>. <i>Jainism Literature Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035732/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/quote/greatmen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jainism+Literature+Center&rft.atitle=Great+Men%27s+View+on+Jainism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.fas.harvard.edu%2F~pluralsm%2Faffiliates%2Fjainism%2Fquote%2Fgreatmen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain193078-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain193078_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1930">Champat Rai Jain 1930</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb1996" class="citation cs2">Babb, Lawrence A. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y64wDwAAQBAJ"><i>Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520203242" title="Special:BookSources/9780520203242"><bdi>9780520203242</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702114823/https://books.google.com/books?id=y64wDwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absent+Lord%3A+Ascetics+and+Kings+in+a+Jain+Ritual+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780520203242&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy64wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalcerowicz2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Balcerowicz" title="Piotr Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz, Piotr</a> (2009), <i>Jainism and the definition of religion</i> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Granth_Karyalay" title="Hindi Granth Karyalay">Hindi Granth Karyalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88769-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88769-29-2"><bdi>978-81-88769-29-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+the+definition+of+religion&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hindi+Granth+Karyalay&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-88769-29-2&rft.aulast=Balcerowicz&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess1874" class="citation cs2">Burgess, Jas (1874), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBooAAAAYAAJ"><i>Indian Antiquary</i></a>, vol. 2, Popular Prakashan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702114823/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBooAAAAYAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Antiquary&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBooAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">Cort, John E.</a> (2010) [1953], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC"><i>Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1"><bdi>978-0-19-538502-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framing+the+Jina%3A+Narratives+of+Icons+and+Idols+in+Jain+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538502-1&rft.aulast=Cort&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDBpq23-0QoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCort2001" class="citation cs2">Cort, John E. 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(1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC"><i>Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2"><bdi>0-87779-044-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702114824/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87779-044-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZP_f9icf2roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X"><bdi>0-415-26605-X</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702114824/https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26605-X&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2010" class="citation journal cs1">Flügel, P. 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Wiley (page does not exist)">Wiley, Kristi L.</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810868212" title="Special:BookSources/9780810868212"><bdi>9780810868212</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810868212&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUz9o-EKTpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953) [April 1952], <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer"><i>Philosophies Of India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATirthankara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirthankara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/essay/a-study-of-the-philosophy-of-jainism/d/doc242092.html">The lives of the Tīrthaṅkaras</a> in <i>A study of the philosophy of Jainism</i> by Deepa Baruah (2017)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajitanatha" title="Ajitanatha">Ajitanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhavanatha" title="Sambhavanatha">Sambhavanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinandananatha" title="Abhinandananatha">Abhinandananatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatinatha" title="Sumatinatha">Sumatinatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaprabha" title="Padmaprabha">Padmaprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suparshvanatha" title="Suparshvanatha">Suparshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraprabha" title="Chandraprabha">Chandraprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpadanta" title="Pushpadanta">Pushpadanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitalanatha" title="Shitalanatha">Shitalanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreyansanatha" title="Shreyansanatha">Shreyansanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasupujya" title="Vasupujya">Vasupujya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalanatha" title="Vimalanatha">Vimalanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanatha" title="Anantanatha">Anantanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmanatha" title="Dharmanatha">Dharmanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantinatha" title="Shantinatha">Shantinatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunthunatha" title="Kunthunatha">Kunthunatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranatha" title="Aranatha">Aranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallinatha" title="Mallinatha">Mallinatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munisuvrata" title="Munisuvrata">Munisuvrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naminatha" title="Naminatha">Naminatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simandhar_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Simandhar Swami">Simandhar Swami</a> (other world)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><i>Samanya</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahubali" title="Bahubali">Bahubali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravartin">Bharata Chakravartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrabhuti Gautama">Indrabhuti Gautama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudharmaswami" title="Sudharmaswami">Sudharmaswami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambuswami" title="Jambuswami">Jambuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabhi" title="Nabhi">Nabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudravijaya" title="Samudravijaya">Samudravijaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Jainism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In-jain-o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/20px-In-jain-o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/30px-In-jain-o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/In-jain-o.svg/40px-In-jain-o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="217" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mokṣa</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" 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