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Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Grapheme_Joiner" title="Combining Grapheme Joiner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Combining Grapheme Joiner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combining_Grapheme_Joiner" title="Combining Grapheme Joiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Combining Grapheme Joiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritique_invisible_bloquant" title="Diacritique invisible bloquant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diacritique invisible bloquant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B3%E5%BD%A2%E7%B4%A0%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90" title="図形素結合子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="図形素結合子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unicode control character</div> <p>The <b>combining grapheme joiner</b> (CGJ), <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+034F</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">͏</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character that has no visible glyph and is "default ignorable" by applications. Its name is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> and does not describe its function: the character does not join <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose is to semantically <i>separate</i> characters that should <i>not</i> be considered <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> as well as to block canonical reordering of <a href="/wiki/Combining_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining mark">combining marks</a> during <a href="/wiki/Unicode_normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode normalization">normalization</a>. </p><p>For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> context, adjoining letters <i>c</i> and <i>s</i> would normally be considered equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Cs_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cs (digraph)">cs digraph</a>. If they are separated by the CGJ, they will be considered as two separate graphemes. However, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">zero-width joiner</a> and similar characters, the CGJ does not affect whether the two letters are <i>rendered</i> separately or as a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">ligature</a> or cursively joined—the default behavior for this is determined by the font.<sup id="cite_ref-U6.16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U6.16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CGJ is also needed for <a href="/wiki/Complex_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex scripts">complex scripts</a>. For example, in most cases the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a> accent <a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">metheg</a> is supposed to appear to the left of the <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel point</a> and by default most display systems will render it like this even if it is typed before the vowel. But in some words in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> the metheg appears to the right of the vowel, and to tell the display engine to render it properly on the right, CGJ must be typed between the metheg and the vowel. Compare: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This table contains <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a>, requiring a font (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/ezra/">Ezra SIL SR</a> is recommended), browser, and/or operating system that properly supports Hebrew cantillation display.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td height="40">he</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">ה</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40">pathah (vowel)</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">ַ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40">metheg</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">ֽ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40">he + pathah + metheg</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">הַֽ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40">he + metheg + pathah</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">הַֽ</span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40">he + metheg + CGJ + pathah</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><span style="font-family: Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 1.5em;">הֽ͏ַ</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the case of several consecutive <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritics">combining diacritics</a>, an intervening CGJ indicates that they should not be subject to canonical reordering.<sup id="cite_ref-U6.16_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U6.16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the "<a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a>" (at U+200C in the <a href="/wiki/General_Punctuation" title="General Punctuation">General Punctuation</a> range) prevents two adjacent character from turning into a ligature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combining_grapheme_joiner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/notes/tn27/">"UTN #27: Known anomalies in Unicode Character Names"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UTN+%2327%3A+Known+anomalies+in+Unicode+Character+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fnotes%2Ftn27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombining+grapheme+joiner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U6.16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U6.16_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U6.16_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/ch16.pdf">"The Unicode StandardVersion 6.0 – Core Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. www.unicode.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+StandardVersion+6.0+%E2%80%93+Core+Specification&rft.pub=www.unicode.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode6.0.0%2Fch16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombining+grapheme+joiner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Combining_grapheme_joiner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/faq/char_combmark.html">Unicode FAQ - Characters and Combining Marks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unicode_navigation" title="Template talk:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Versions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_charts" title="Category:Unicode charts">Character charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br />code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br />inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br />historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols, emojis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Cultural, political, and religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode">Mathematical operators and symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols (including IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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