CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Phoenician alphabet - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c7ca1d1-82a1-402e-98e7-cc3b67a51e7f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Phoenician_alphabet","wgTitle":"Phoenician alphabet","wgCurRevisionId":1259343552,"wgRevisionId":1259343552,"wgArticleId":69874,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2024","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Latin-language text", "All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from June 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019","Articles containing Phoenician-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles with disputed statements from March 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019","Articles with text in Semitic languages","Phoenician alphabet","11th-century BC establishments","Typography","Memory of the World Register","Obsolete writing systems","Phoenician language","Canaanite writing systems","Proto-Sinaitic script","Right-to-left writing systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Phoenician_alphabet","wgRelevantArticleId":69874,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{ "status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q26752","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Phoenician alphabet - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Phoenician_alphabet rootpage-Phoenician_alphabet skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phoenician+alphabet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phoenician+alphabet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phoenician+alphabet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phoenician+alphabet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spread and adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Notable inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_rediscovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_rediscovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern rediscovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_rediscovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Table of letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Letter names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derived alphabets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derived_alphabets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derived alphabets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derived_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Semitic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Semitic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early Semitic scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Semitic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritan_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritan_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samaritan alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritan_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aramaic-derived" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramaic-derived"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aramaic-derived</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramaic-derived-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Brahmic scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek-derived" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek-derived"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Greek-derived</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-derived-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleohispanic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleohispanic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Paleohispanic scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleohispanic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phoenician alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisiese_alfabet" title="Fenisiese alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fenisiese alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizisches_Alphabet" title="Phönizisches Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Phönizisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية فينيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية فينيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu_feniciu" title="Alfabetu feniciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu feniciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="ফিনিশীয় লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিশীয় লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Pinisia" title="Abjad Pinisia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abjad Pinisia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Финикия яҙыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Финикия яҙыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Фінікійскае пісьмо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінікійскае пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Финикийска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финикийска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenizisches_Alphabet" title="Phenizisches Alphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phenizisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Feničko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_fenikek" title="Lizherenneg fenikek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg fenikek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fenici" title="Alfabet fenici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet fenici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Финики çырăвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Финики çырăвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nick%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Fénické písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fénické písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikiske_alfabet" title="Fønikiske alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fønikiske alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nizische_Schrift" title="Phönizische Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phönizische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foiniikia_kiri" title="Foiniikia kiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foiniikia kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Φοινικικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φοινικικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fenicio" title="Alfabeto fenicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto fenicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenica_alfabeto" title="Fenica alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenica alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniziar_alfabeto" title="Feniziar alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feniziar alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="الفبای فنیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای فنیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien" title="Alphabet phénicien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet phénicien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisysk_alfabet" title="Fenisysk alfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenisysk alfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit_Feaneeckagh" title="Abbyrlhit Feaneeckagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit Feaneeckagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fenicio" title="Alfabeto fenicio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto fenicio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="페니키아 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니키아 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Փյունիկերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փյունիկերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ोनीशियाई वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोनीशियाई वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dko_pismo" title="Feničko pismo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feničko pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Fenisi%D0%B0" title="Abjad Fenisiа – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Fenisiа" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADskt_stafr%C3%B3f" title="Fönískt stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fönískt stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fenicio" title="Alfabeto fenicio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto fenicio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99" title="אלפבית פיניקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית פיניקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Fenisia" title="Aksara Fenisia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Fenisia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკიური დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინიკიური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Финикия жазуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Финикия жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeya_f%C3%AEn%C3%AEk%C3%AE" title="Alfabeya fînîkî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabeya fînîkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Финикия жазуусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Финикия жазуусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D3%B9%D1%88%D3%B9_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Сирӹшӹ финикий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сирӹшӹ финикий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium_Phoenicium" title="Abecedarium Phoenicium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium Phoenicium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%B7ie%C5%A1u_raksts" title="Feniķiešu raksts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feniķiešu raksts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Finikiečių raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finikiečių raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta_fenisia" title="Alfabeta fenisia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta fenisia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6n%C3%ADciai_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Föníciai ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Föníciai ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Феникиска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феникиска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_foinikiana" title="Abidy foinikiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy foinikiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ფინიკიური ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინიკიური ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Phoenicia" title="Abjad Phoenicia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenicisch_alfabet" title="Fenicisch alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fenicisch alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="फोनेसियाली वर्णमाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोनेसियाली वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="फेनेसियन लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फेनेसियन लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="フェニキア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェニキア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8B%DF%A3%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB_%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߝߋߣߛߌ߫ ߛߓߍߟߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߋߣߛߌ߫ ߛߓߍߟߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Финикийн йоза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Финикийн йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8nikisk_alfabet" title="Fønikisk alfabet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fønikisk alfabet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fenician" title="Alfabet fenician – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet fenician" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finikiy_yozuvi" title="Finikiy yozuvi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Finikiy yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਨੀਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="فونیقی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فونیقی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="فنيقي ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فنيقي ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_fenicki" title="Alfabet fenicki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet fenicki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_fen%C3%ADcio" title="Alfabeto fenício – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto fenício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_fenician" title="Alfabetul fenician – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul fenician" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Финикийское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финикийское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="فونیقی حروف تہجی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فونیقی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoenician alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenick%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Fenické písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fenické písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Danska_abeceda" title="Feničanska abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Feničanska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Феничанско писмо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феничанско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni%C4%8Dansko_pismo" title="Feničansko pismo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feničansko pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foinikialainen_kirjaimisto" title="Foinikialainen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Foinikialainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniciska_alfabetet" title="Feniciska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feniciska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabetong_Penisyo" title="Alpabetong Penisyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabetong Penisyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பினீசிய எழுத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பினீசிய எழுத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay_afiniqi" title="Agemmay afiniqi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay afiniqi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชุดตัวอักษรฟินิเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรฟินิเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Хати финиқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хати финиқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenike_alfabesi" title="Fenike alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fenike alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Фінікійське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінікійське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="فونیقی حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فونیقی حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i_Phoenicia" title="Bảng chữ cái Phoenicia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái Phoenicia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腓尼基字母" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenisyo_nga_abakadahan" title="Fenisyo nga abakadahan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fenisyo nga abakadahan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓尼基字母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓尼基字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabey_Feniki" title="Alfabey Feniki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabey Feniki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓尼基字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Phoenician_alphabet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Phoenician_alphabet" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Phoenician_alphabet" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&oldid=1259343552" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Phoenician_alphabet&id=1259343552&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhoenician_alphabet"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhoenician_alphabet"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Phoenician_alphabet&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26752" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system used c. 1050 to 150 BC</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Phoenician script<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phoenician_Alphabet.svg/220px-Phoenician_Alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phoenician_Alphabet.svg/330px-Phoenician_Alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Phoenician_Alphabet.svg/440px-Phoenician_Alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="323" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050–150 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Right-to-left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Phoenician script</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleohispanic script">Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_scripts" title="South Semitic scripts">South Semitic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Phnx</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(115)</span>, Phoenician</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Phoenician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf">U+10900–U+1091F</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters#Ancient_scripts" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></i></span> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></i></span> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></i></span> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a></i></span> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th c. BCE</span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(<span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a></span>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1601</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"><span class="anchor" id="tp-abchistory-phx"></span> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a></i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><span style="text-decoration-color:gray; text-decoration-line:line-through;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a></i></span> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 430</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 940</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Phoenician alphabet</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> (consonantal <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used across the Mediterranean civilization of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> for most of the 1st millennium BC. It was one of the first alphabets, and attested in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a> found across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="History of writing systems">history of writing systems</a>, the Phoenician script also marked the first to have a fixed <a href="/wiki/Writing_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing direction">writing direction</a>—while previous systems were multi-directional, Phoenician was written horizontally, from right to left.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross1980_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross1980-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It developed directly from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross1980_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross1980-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, which was derived in turn from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet was used to write <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a> spoken during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, sub-categorized by historians as <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moabite_language" title="Moabite language">Moabite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonite_language" title="Ammonite language">Ammonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edomite_language" title="Edomite language">Edomite</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic" title="Old Aramaic">Old Aramaic</a>. It was widely disseminated outside of the Canaanite sphere by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean, where it was adopted and adapted by other cultures. The Phoenician alphabet proper was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> until the 2nd century BC, where it was used to write the <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a>. Its direct descendant scripts include the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan</a> alphabets, several <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Alphabets of Asia Minor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a>. </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet proper uses 22 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> letters—as an abjad used to write a Semitic language, the vowel sounds were left implicit—though late varieties sometimes used <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a></i></span> to denote some <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. As its letters were originally incised using a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>, their forms are mostly angular and straight, though cursive forms increased in use over time, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Punic alphabet">Neo-Punic alphabet</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Roman_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman North Africa">Roman North Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/220px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/330px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/440px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>The Phoenician alphabet similar to that used on the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Canaanite script">Proto-Canaanite script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg/220px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg/330px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg/440px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_M%C3%A9dailles_ph%C3%A9niciennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Study of Phoenician medals, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Jean-Jacques Barthélemy">Jean-Jacques Barthélemy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg/220px-Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg/330px-Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg/440px-Oldest_Hebrew_Inscription_X_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of section of the <a href="/wiki/Zayit_Stone" title="Zayit Stone">Zayit Stone</a>, 10th century BC: (right-to-left) the letters waw, he, het, zayin, tet (𐤅𐤄𐤇𐤆𐤈)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known proto-alphabetic inscriptions are the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> sporadically attested in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>. The script was not widely used until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> in the 13th and 12th centuries BC. </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet is a direct continuation of the "Proto-Canaanite" script of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> period. The inscriptions found on the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_arrowheads" title="Phoenician arrowheads">Phoenician arrowheads</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al-Khader" title="Al-Khader">al-Khader</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100 BC</span> offered the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphist">epigraphists</a> the "missing link" between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross1980_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross1980-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ahiram_sarcophagus" title="Ahiram sarcophagus">Ahiram epitaph</a>, whose dating is controversial, engraved on the sarcophagus of king <a href="/wiki/Ahiram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiram">Ahiram</a> in Byblos, Lebanon, one of five known <a href="/wiki/Byblian_royal_inscriptions" title="Byblian royal inscriptions">Byblian royal inscriptions</a>, shows essentially the fully developed Phoenician script,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Phoenician_alphabet#Not_accessible_online._Might_cover_first_sentence_as_well,_"The_Phoenician_alphabet_is_a_direct_continuation..."." title="Talk:Phoenician alphabet">discuss</a></i>]</sup> although the name "Phoenician" is by convention given to inscriptions beginning in the mid-11th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_and_adaptations">Spread and adaptations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread and adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div> <p>Beginning in the 9th century BC, adaptations of the Phoenician alphabet thrived, including <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabets">Old Italic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Anatolian</a> scripts. The alphabet's attractive innovation was its phonetic nature, in which <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic script">one sound was represented by one symbol</a>, which meant only a few dozen symbols to learn. The other scripts of the time, <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, employed many complex <a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">characters</a> and required long professional training to achieve proficiency;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had restricted literacy to a small elite. </p><p>Another reason for its success was the maritime trading culture of Phoenician merchants, which spread the alphabet into parts of North Africa and Southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phoenician inscriptions have been found in archaeological sites at a number of former Phoenician cities and colonies around the Mediterranean, such as <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in North Africa. Later finds indicate earlier use in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alphabet had long-term effects on the social structures of the civilizations that came in contact with it. Its simplicity not only allowed its easy adaptation to multiple languages, but it also allowed the common people to learn how to write. This upset the long-standing status of literacy as an exclusive achievement of royal and religious elites, <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> who used their monopoly on information to control the common population.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance of Phoenician disintegrated many of these class divisions, although many Middle Eastern kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, would continue to use <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> for legal and liturgical matters well into the Common Era. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Phoenician prince <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> was accredited with the introduction of the Phoenician alphabet—<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phoinikeia grammata</i></span> 'Phoenician letters'—to the Greeks, who adapted it to form their <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. Herodotus claims that the Greeks did not know of the Phoenician alphabet before Cadmus. He estimates that Cadmus lived 1600 years before his time, while the historical adoption of the alphabet by the Greeks was barely 350 years before Herodotus.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Phoenician alphabet was known to the <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Jewish sages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple era</a>, who called it the "Old Hebrew" (<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a>) script.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_inscriptions">Notable inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg/220px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg/330px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg/440px-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_Alphabet_ph%C3%A9nicien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Phoenician alphabet, deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Jean-Jacques Barthélemy">Jean-Jacques Barthélemy</a> in 1758. No.1 is from the <a href="/wiki/Cippi_of_Melqart" title="Cippi of Melqart">Cippi of Melqart</a>, No.2 is from the coins, and No. 3 is from the <a href="/wiki/Pococke_Kition_inscriptions" title="Pococke Kition inscriptions">Pococke Kition inscriptions</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional date of 1050 BC for the emergence of the Phoenician script was chosen because there is a gap in the epigraphic record; there are not actually any Phoenician inscriptions securely dated to the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-JMH2004-23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMH2004-23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest inscriptions are dated to the 10th century. </p> <ul><li>KAI 1: <a href="/wiki/Ahiram_sarcophagus" title="Ahiram sarcophagus">Ahiram sarcophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span>.</li> <li>KAI 14: <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Eshmunazar_II" title="Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II">Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II</a>, 5th century BC</li> <li>KAI 15–16: <a href="/wiki/Bodashtart_inscriptions" title="Bodashtart inscriptions">Bodashtart inscriptions</a>, 4th century BC</li> <li>KAI 24: <a href="/wiki/Kilamuwa_Stela" title="Kilamuwa Stela">Kilamuwa Stela</a>, 9th century BC</li> <li>KAI 46: <a href="/wiki/Nora_Stone" title="Nora Stone">Nora Stone</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BC</span></li> <li>KAI 47: <a href="/wiki/Cippi_of_Melqart" title="Cippi of Melqart">Cippi of Melqart</a> inscription, 2nd century BC</li> <li>KAI 26: <a href="/wiki/Karatepe_bilingual" title="Karatepe bilingual">Karatepe bilingual</a>, 8th century BC</li> <li>KAI 277: <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a>, Phoenician-Etruscan bilingual, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87inek%C3%B6y_inscription" title="Çineköy inscription">Çineköy inscription</a>, Phoenician-Luwian bilingual, 8th century BC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_rediscovery">Modern rediscovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern rediscovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Phoenician alphabet was deciphered in 1758 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Jean-Jacques Barthélemy">Jean-Jacques Barthélemy</a>, but its relation to the Phoenicians remained unknown until the 19th century. It was at first believed that the script was a direct variation of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs#Decipherment" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">deciphered by Champollion</a> in the early 19th century. </p><p>However, scholars could not find any link between the two writing systems, nor to <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">hieratic</a> or cuneiform. The theories of independent creation ranged from the idea of a single individual conceiving it, to the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> people forming it from corrupt Egyptian.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was eventually discovered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet was inspired by the model of hieroglyphs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_letters">Table of letters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Table of letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chart shows the graphical evolution of Phoenician letter forms into other alphabets. The sound values also changed significantly, both at the initial creation of new alphabets and from gradual pronunciation changes which did not immediately lead to spelling changes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenician letter forms shown are idealized: actual Phoenician writing is less uniform, with significant variations by era and region. </p><p>When alphabetic writing began, with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">early Greek alphabet</a>, the letter forms were similar but not identical to Phoenician, and vowels were added to the consonant-only Phoenician letters. There were also distinct <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">variants</a> of the writing system in different parts of Greece, primarily in how those Phoenician characters that did not have an exact match to Greek sounds were used. The <a href="/wiki/Ionic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic alphabet">Ionic variant</a> evolved into the standard Greek alphabet, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumae_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae alphabet">Cumae variant</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Italic alphabets</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Runic alphabet</a> is derived from Italic, the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a> from medieval Greek. The Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic scripts are derived from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a> (the latter as a medieval cursive variant of <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> is from <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>. </p> <div style="width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-bottom:1em;"> <table class="wikitable" id="letters_chart" style="margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Origin </th> <th colspan="2">Letter </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th colspan="16">Corresponding letter in </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian<br />hieroglyphs</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-<br />Sinaitic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Canaanite">Proto-<br />Canaanite</a> </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Text </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyco-<br />Berber</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Parthian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South<br />Arabian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓃾</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteA01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteA01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteA01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="81" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="aleph"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/20px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/30px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/40px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤀</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾālep</a> </td> <td>ox, head of cattle </td> <td>ʾ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866777279">.mw-parser-output .script-samaritan{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan","Hebrew Samaritan","Everson Mono",EversonMono,Unifont,Quivira,sans-serif;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀ</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385528">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡀</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009732421">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܐ</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227524238">.mw-parser-output .script-Prti{font-family:Noto Sans Inscriptional Parthian,Segoe UI Historic,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭀</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺍ, ء</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩱</span> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226571163">.mw-parser-output .Ethiopic{font-family:"Noto Sans Ethiopic","Ebrima","Abyssinica SIL"}</style><span class="Ethiopic">አ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">Α</a>α </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a>а </td> <td>𑀅 /a/ </td> <td>अ /a/ </td> <td>அ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_E_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_E_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_E_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_E_(final_form-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_E_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/A_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="A (Mongolic)">a</a> / <a href="/wiki/E_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="E (Mongolic)">e</a> / <a href="/wiki/O_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="O (Mongolic)">o</a> / <a href="/wiki/U_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="U (Mongolic)">u</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oe_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Oe (Mongolic)">ö</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ue_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ue (Mongolic)">ü</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓉐</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteB011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/18px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/27px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Proto-canaaniteB011.svg/36px-Proto-canaaniteB011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="71" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Beth"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bet"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/20px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/30px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/40px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤁</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C4%93t" class="mw-redirect" title="Bēt">bēt</a> </td> <td>house </td> <td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td>b </td> <td><b>ⵙ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠁ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡁</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܒ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭁</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺏ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩨</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">በ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Β">Β</a>β </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a>б, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a>в </td> <td>𑀩 /b/ </td> <td>ब /b/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Wa_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Wa_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Wa_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Wa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/E_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="E (Mongolic)">ē</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Wa (Mongolic)">w</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓌙</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticG-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteG01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/9px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Proto-canaaniteG01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteG01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Gimel"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/20px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/30px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/40px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤂</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C4%ABml" class="mw-redirect" title="Gīml">gīml</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a> (or camel)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td>g </td> <td><b>ⵤ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠂ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡂</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܓ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭂</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺝ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩴</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ገ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ">Γ</a>γ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a>г, <a href="/wiki/%D2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ґ">Ґ</a>ґ </td> <td>𑀕 /g/ </td> <td>ग /g/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(isolated_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">q</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ga_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ga (Mongolic)">γ</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓉿</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticD-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proto-semiticD-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticD-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticD-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteD01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Proto-canaaniteD01.svg/29px-Proto-canaaniteD01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="112" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Daleth"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dalet"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daleth"><img alt="Daleth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/20px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/30px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/40px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤃</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81let" class="mw-redirect" title="Dālet">dālet</a> </td> <td>door (or fish)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td>d </td> <td><b>ⵎ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠃ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡃</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܕ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭃</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">د, ذ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩵</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ደ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">Δ</a>δ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a>д </td> <td>𑀥 /dʰ/ </td> <td>ध /dʰ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓀠</span></span></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/10px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/15px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg/19px-Proto-CanaaniteH01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="He"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/20px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/30px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/40px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤄</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">he</a> </td> <td>window (or jubilation)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> </td> <td>h </td> <td>Ⲷ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡄</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܗ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭄</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ه</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩠</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ሀ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a>ε </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a>е, <a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a>ё, <a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">Є</a>є, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a>э </td> <td>𑀳 /ɦ/ </td> <td>ह /ɦ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓏲</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticW-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteW01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/17px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Proto-canaaniteW01.svg/22px-Proto-canaaniteW01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Waw"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/20px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/30px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/40px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤅</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">wāw</a> </td> <td>hook </td> <td>w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> </td> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠅ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡅</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܘ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭅</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻭ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩥</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ወ</span> </td> <td>(<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϝ">Ϝ</a>ϝ</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">Υ</a>υ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a>, <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a>, <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѵ">Ѵ</a>ѵ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a>у, <a href="/wiki/%D0%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ў">Ў</a>ў </td> <td>𑀯 /v/ </td> <td>व /v/ </td> <td>வ /v/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_U_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_U_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_U_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_U_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>o / u / ö / ü / w</span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓏭</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg/9px-Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg/14px-Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg/18px-Proto-canaaniteZ01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="55" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Zayin"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤆</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a> </td> <td>weapon (or manacle)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>z <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png/20px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png/31px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png/40px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_z2.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠆ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡆</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܙ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭆</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺯ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩸</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ζ">Ζ</a>ζ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a>з </td> <td>𑀚 /ɟ/ </td> <td>ज /dʒ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li>—</li><li>—</li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(final_form-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Sa (Mongolic)">s</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓉗</span></span></span> / <span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓈈</span></span></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/8px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/12px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg/16px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B8%A401.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="107" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Heth"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heth"><img alt="Heth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/20px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/30px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/40px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤇</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥēt</a> </td> <td>courtyard/<wbr />wall<sup id="cite_ref-he-het_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-he-het-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (?) </td> <td>ḥ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠇ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡇</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܚ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭇</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ح, خ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩢</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ሐ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Η">Η</a>η </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a>и, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a>й </td> <td>𑀖 /gʰ/ </td> <td>घ /gʰ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(isolated_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Qa_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Qa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>q / γ</span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓄤</span></span></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/20px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/30px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg/40px-Proto-semitic%E1%B9%AC-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticTet-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/15px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/23px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Proto-semiticTet-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticTet-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="26" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Teth"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Teth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/20px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/30px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/40px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤈</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AC%C4%93t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭēt">ṭēt</a> </td> <td>wheel<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ṭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="T'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png/19px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png/29px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png/39px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_t_prime.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠈ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡈</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܛ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭈</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ط, ظ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩷</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ጠ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a>θ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѳ">Ѳ</a>ѳ </td> <td>𑀣 /tʰ/ </td> <td>थ /tʰ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓂝</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-semiticI-01"><img alt="Proto-semiticI-01" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/10px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg/13px-Proto-canaaniteJ01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="42" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Yodh"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yodh"><img alt="Yodh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/20px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/30px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/40px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤉</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yod</a> </td> <td>arm, hand </td> <td>y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td>j </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Y" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png/19px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png/29px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png/39px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_y_variant2.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠉ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡉</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܝ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭉</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ي</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩺</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">የ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ι</a>ι </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ι">Ιi</a>, <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">І</a>і, <a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">Ї</a>ї, <a href="/wiki/%D0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ј">Ј</a>ј </td> <td>𑀬 /j/ </td> <td>य /j/ </td> <td>ய /y/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ja_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_I_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_I_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_I_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>i / <a href="/wiki/Ja_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ja (Mongolic)">ǰ</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ya_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ya (Mongolic)">y</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓂧</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticK-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteK01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Proto-canaaniteK01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteK01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="63" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Kaph"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/20px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/30px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/40px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤊</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81p" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāp">kāp</a> </td> <td>palm of a hand </td> <td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td> <td>k </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="K" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png/19px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png/29px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png/39px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_k1.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠊ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡊</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כך</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܟ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭊</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻙ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩫</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ከ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ">Κ</a>κ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a>к </td> <td>𑀓 /k/ </td> <td>क /k/ </td> <td>க </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ga_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ga_(medial_form-4).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28medial_form-4%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3mg_g_final.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/3mg_g_final.png/24px-3mg_g_final.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/3mg_g_final.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="27" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">k</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ga_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ga (Mongolic)">g</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓌅</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteL01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/18px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Proto-canaaniteL01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteL01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="65" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Lamedh"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamedh"><img alt="Lamedh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/20px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/30px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/40px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤋</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lāmed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">goad</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td>l </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LibycoBerberDougga.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="L" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/LibycoBerberDougga.png/31px-LibycoBerberDougga.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/LibycoBerberDougga.png/47px-LibycoBerberDougga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/LibycoBerberDougga.png/62px-LibycoBerberDougga.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠋ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡋</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܠ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭋</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻝ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩡</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ለ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Λ">Λ</a>λ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a>л </td> <td>𑀮 /l/ </td> <td>ल /l/ </td> <td>ல </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Da_(initial_form-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28initial_form-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Da_(medial_form-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li>—</li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ta_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ta (Mongolic)">t</a> / <a href="/wiki/Da_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Da (Mongolic)">d</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓈖</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteM01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/6px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/9px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Proto-canaaniteM01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteM01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Mem"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/20px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/30px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/40px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤌</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">mēm</a> </td> <td>water </td> <td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td>m </td> <td><b>ⵡ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡌</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מם</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܡ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭌</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻡ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩣</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">መ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ">Μ</a>μ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a>м </td> <td>𑀫 /m/ </td> <td>म /m/ </td> <td>ம </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ma_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ma_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ma_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ma_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ma_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ma (Mongolic)">m</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓆓</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteN01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/11px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/17px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-canaaniteN01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteN01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="47" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Nun"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/20px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/30px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/40px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤍</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nūn</a> </td> <td>serpent (or fish)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td>n </td> <td><b>ⵏ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠍ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡍</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נן</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܢ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭍</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻥ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩬</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ነ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a>ν </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a>н </td> <td>𑀦 /n/ </td> <td>न /n/ </td> <td><span class="nowrap">ன /ṉ/</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Na_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Na_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Na_(medial_form-2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Na_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Na_(medial_form-3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Na_%28medial_form-3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Na_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Na (Mongolic)">n</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%93%8A%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="𓊽">𓊽</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-semiticX-01"><img alt="Proto-semiticX-01" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticX-02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-semiticX-02"><img alt="Proto-semiticX-02" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Proto-semiticX-02.png/12px-Proto-semiticX-02.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Proto-semiticX-02.png/17px-Proto-semiticX-02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Proto-semiticX-02.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="34" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/15px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/23px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Proto-semiticX-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticX-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Samekh"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samekh"><img alt="Samekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/20px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/30px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/40px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤎</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">śāmek</a> </td> <td>fish </td> <td>ś <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td>s </td> <td><b>ⴵ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠎ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡎</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܣ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭎</span>‎ </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩯</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ξ">Ξ</a>ξ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѯ">Ѯ</a>ѯ </td> <td>𑀱 /ʂ/ </td> <td>ष /ʂ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>s / <a href="/wiki/Sha_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Sha (Mongolic)">š</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓁹</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticO-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proto-semiticO-01"><img alt="Proto-semiticO-01" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="𐤏"><img alt="𐤏" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/15px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/23px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Ayin"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤏</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFayin" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿayin">ʿayin</a> </td> <td>eye </td> <td>ʿ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠏ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡏</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܥ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭏</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ع, غ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩲</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ዐ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Ο">Ο</a>ο, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω">Ω</a>ω </td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a>о, <a href="/wiki/%D1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѡ">Ѡ</a>ѡ </td> <td>𑀏 /e/ </td> <td>ए /e/ </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓂋</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteP01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/12px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/19px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Proto-canaaniteP01.svg/25px-Proto-canaaniteP01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Pe"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe"><img alt="Pe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/20px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/30px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/40px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤐</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pē</a> </td> <td>mouth (or corner)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td>p </td> <td><b>ⴴ</b> / <b>ⴳ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠐ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡐</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פף</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܦ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭐</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ف</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩰</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ፈ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a>π </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a>п </td> <td>𑀧 /p/ </td> <td>प /p/ </td> <td>ப </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ba_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ba_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ba_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ba_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ba_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ba (Mongolic)">b</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓇑</span></span></span>?<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/16px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/24px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg/32px-Serabit-El-Khadim-%E1%B9%A2356.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/11px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/17px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png/22px-Proto-canaanite%E1%B9%A201.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Sadek"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tsade"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sade.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sadek"><img alt="Sadek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/20px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/30px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_sade.svg/40px-Phoenician_sade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤑</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2%C4%81d%C4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣādē">ṣādē</a> </td> <td>papyrus plant/<wbr />fish hook? </td> <td>ṣ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="S4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png/19px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png/29px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png/39px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_s_prime.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠑ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡑</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צץ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܨ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭑</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ص, ض</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩮</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ጸ</span> </td> <td>(<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϻ">Ϻ</a>ϻ</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>𑀘 /c/ </td> <td>च /tʃ/ </td> <td>ச /c/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Cha_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Cha_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Cha_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ja_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ja_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li>—</li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Cha_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Cha (Mongolic)">č</a> / ǰ</span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓃻</span></span></span>? </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/8px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/12px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteQ01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Qoph"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/20px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/30px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/40px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤒</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qōp</a> </td> <td>needle eye </td> <td>q <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> </td> <td>q </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Q" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png/19px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png/29px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png/39px-Libyco-Berber_Dougga_gh.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠒ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡒</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܩ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭒</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﻕ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩤</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ቀ</span> </td> <td>(<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a>ϙ</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a>φ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҁ">Ҁ</a>ҁ, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a>ф </td> <td>𑀔 /kʰ/ </td> <td>ख /kʰ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓁶</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteR01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/13px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/20px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Proto-canaaniteR01.svg/26px-Proto-canaaniteR01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="82" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Res"></span><span class="anchor" id="Resh"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Res"><img alt="Res" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/20px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/30px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/40px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤓</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">rēs, reš</a> </td> <td>head </td> <td>r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td>r </td> <td><b>ⵔ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠓ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡓</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܪ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭓</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ﺭ</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩧</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ረ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ">Ρ</a>ρ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a>р </td> <td>𑀭 /r/ </td> <td>र /r/ </td> <td>ர </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_La_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_La_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_La_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_La_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/La_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="La (Mongolic)">l</a></span></span></i>),<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ra_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ra_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ra_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ra_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ra_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ra (Mongolic)">r</a></span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓌓</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/11px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/16px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg/21px-Proto-canaanite%C5%A001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Sin"></span><span class="anchor" id="Shin"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sin"><img alt="Sin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤔</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">šīn</a> </td> <td>tooth (or sun)<sup id="cite_ref-TN1904_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>š <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td>š </td> <td>ⵉ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠔ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡔</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܫ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭔</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">س, ش</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩦</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ሠ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Σ">Σ</a>σς </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a>с, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a>ш, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a>щ </td> <td>𑀰 /ɕ/ </td> <td>श /ɕ/ </td> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Sa_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Sa_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>s / š</span></span></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓏴</span></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-canaaniteT01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/15px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/23px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Proto-canaaniteT01.svg/30px-Proto-canaaniteT01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="Taw"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/20px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/30px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/40px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;"><span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤕</span>‎</span></span></span></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāw">tāw</a> </td> <td>mark </td> <td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td>t </td> <td><b>ⵝ</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠕ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385528"><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡕</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009732421"><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܬ</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227524238"><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭕</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ت, ث</span>‎ </td> <td><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩩</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226571163"><span class="Ethiopic">ተ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a>τ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a>т </td> <td>𑀢 /t/ </td> <td>त /t/ </td> <td>த </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Ta_(initial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Ta_%28initial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Da_(medial_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28medial_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_letter_Da_(final_form).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg/24px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg/36px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg/48px-Mongolian_letter_Da_%28final_form%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></li></ul></div>(<i><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>t / d</span></span></i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letter_names">Letter names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Letter names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phoenician used a system of <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a> to name letters: a word was chosen with each initial consonant sound, and became the name of the letter for that sound. These names were not arbitrary: each Phoenician letter was based on an Egyptian hieroglyph representing an Egyptian word; this word was translated into Phoenician (or a closely related Semitic language), then the initial sound of the translated word became the letter's Phoenician value.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the second letter of the Phoenician alphabet was based on the Egyptian hieroglyph for "house" (a sketch of a house); the Semitic word for 'house' was <i><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a></i>; hence the Phoenician letter was called <i>bet</i> and had the sound value <i>b</i>. </p><p>According to a 1904 theory by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a>, some of the letter names were changed in Phoenician from the Proto-Canaanite script.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2010)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Phoenician_alphabet#Dubious" title="Talk:Phoenician alphabet">discuss</a></i>]</sup> This includes: </p> <ul><li><i>gaml</i> 'throwing stick' to <i>gimel</i> 'camel'</li> <li><i>digg</i> 'fish' to <i>dalet</i> 'door'</li> <li><i>hll</i> 'jubilation' to <i>he</i> 'window'</li> <li><i>ziqq</i> 'manacle' to <i>zayin</i> 'weapon'</li> <li><i>naḥš</i> 'snake' to <i>nun</i> 'fish'</li> <li><i>piʾt</i> 'corner' to <i>pe</i> 'mouth'</li> <li><i>šimš</i> 'sun' to <i>šin</i> 'tooth'</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> (1963) went to great lengths to prove that there was actual battle equipment similar to some of the original letter forms named for weapons (samek, zayin).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the Greeks kept approximations of the Phoenician names, albeit they did not mean anything to them other than the letters themselves; on the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latins</a> (and presumably the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscans</a> from whom they borrowed a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Greek_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Greek alphabet">Western Greek alphabet</a>) and the Orthodox Slavs (at least when naming the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letters, which came to them from the Greek by way of the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a>) based their names purely on the letters' sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Phoenician numeral system consisted of separate symbols for 1, 10, 20, and 100. The sign for 1 was a simple vertical stroke (𐤖). Other numerals up to 9 were formed by adding the appropriate number of such strokes, arranged in groups of three. The symbol for 10 was a horizontal line or tack (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤗</span>‎). The sign for 20 (𐤘) could come in different glyph variants, one of them being a combination of two 10-tacks, approximately Z-shaped. Larger multiples of ten were formed by grouping the appropriate number of 20s and 10s. There existed several glyph variants for 100 (𐤙). The 100 symbol could be multiplied by a preceding numeral, e.g. the combination of 4 and 100 yielded 400.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system did not contain a numeral <a href="/wiki/Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero">zero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Value </th> <th>Phoenician </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>𐤖 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤗</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>𐤘 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>𐤙 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_alphabets">Derived alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derived alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg/220px-Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="550" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg/330px-Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg/440px-Ph%C3%B6nizisch-6Sprachen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Each letter of Phoenician gave way to a new form in its daughter scripts. Left to right: Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Phoenician was prolific. Many of the writing systems in use today can ultimately trace their descent to it, so ultimately to <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> scripts are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which evolved from Phoenician; the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>, also descended from Phoenician, evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> scripts. It has also been theorised that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural sphere">Indian cultural sphere</a> also descended from Aramaic, effectively uniting most of the world's writing systems under one family, although the theory is disputed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Semitic_scripts">Early Semitic scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Semitic scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a> is a regional variant of the Phoenician alphabet, so called when used to write early <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a> is a development of Paleo-Hebrew, emerging in the 6th century BC. The <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="South Arabian script">South Arabian script</a> may be derived from a stage of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> predating the mature development of the Phoenician alphabet proper. The <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a> developed from South Arabian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritan_alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Samaritan alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg/180px-Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg/270px-Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg/360px-Samaritan_Leviticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Samaritan version of <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Phoenician alphabet continued to be used by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> and developed into the Samaritan alphabet, that is an immediate continuation of the Phoenician script without intermediate non-Israelite evolutionary stages. The Samaritans have continued to use the script for writing both Hebrew and Aramaic texts until the present day. A comparison of the earliest Samaritan inscriptions and the medieval and modern Samaritan manuscripts clearly indicates that the Samaritan script is a static script which was used mainly as a <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">book hand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aramaic-derived">Aramaic-derived</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aramaic-derived"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a></div> <p>The Aramaic alphabet, used to write <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, is an early descendant of Phoenician. Aramaic, being the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Middle East, was widely adopted. It later split off into a number of related alphabets, including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a>, the latter of which, in its cursive form, became an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. The Hebrew alphabet emerges in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, from around 300 BC, out of the Aramaic alphabet used in the Persian empire. There was, however, a revival of the Phoenician mode of writing later in the Second Temple period, with some instances from the <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll</a> dated to the 2nd or 1st century BC. </p><p>By the 5th century BC, among Jews the Phoenician alphabet had been mostly replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a> as officially used in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persian empire</a> (which, like all alphabetical writing systems, was itself ultimately a descendant of the Proto-Canaanite script, though through intermediary non-Israelite stages of evolution). The "<a href="/wiki/Square_Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Square Aramaic script">Jewish square-script</a>" variant now known simply as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> evolved directly out of the Aramaic script by about the 3rd century BC (although some letter shapes did not become standard until the 1st century AD). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> script is an Aramaic-derived alphasyllabary used in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> in the 3rd century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a> is the derived form of Aramaic used in the early Christian period. The <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a> is derived from Syriac. It is in turn an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean alphabet">Manichaean alphabet</a> is a further derivation from Sogdian. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> is a medieval cursive variant of <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a>, itself an offshoot of Aramaic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmic_scripts">Brahmic scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brahmic scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script#Semitic_model_hypothesis" title="Brahmi script">Aramaic hypothesis</a></div> <p>It has been proposed, notably by Georg Bühler (1898), that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> of India (and by extension the derived <a href="/wiki/Indic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic alphabets">Indic alphabets</a>) was ultimately derived from the Aramaic script, which would make Phoenician the ancestor of virtually every alphabetic writing system in use today,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is certain that the Aramaic-derived <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> script was present in northern India by the 4th century BC, so that the Aramaic model of alphabetic writing would have been known in the region, but the link from Kharosthi to the slightly younger Brahmi is tenuous. Bühler's suggestion is still entertained in mainstream scholarship, but it has never been proven conclusively, and no definitive scholarly consensus exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek-derived">Greek-derived</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greek-derived"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">History of the Latin alphabet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> is derived from the Phoenician.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a different phonology, the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script to represent their own sounds, including the vowels absent in Phoenician. It was possibly more important in Greek to write out vowel sounds: Phoenician being a Semitic language, words were based on <a href="/wiki/Semitic_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic roots">consonantal roots</a> that permitted extensive removal of vowels without loss of meaning, a feature absent in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> Greek. However, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian cuneiform</a>, which wrote a related Semitic language, did indicate vowels, which suggests the Phoenicians simply accepted the model of the Egyptians, who never wrote vowels. In any case, the Greeks repurposed the Phoenician letters of consonant sounds not present in Greek; each such letter had its name shorn of its leading consonant, and the letter took the value of the now-leading vowel. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾāleph</a></i>, which designated a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> in Phoenician, was repurposed to represent the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>; <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)"><i>he</i></a> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth"><i>ḥet</i></a> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> (a long vowel), <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin"><i>ʿayin</i></a> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> (because the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeality</a> altered the following vowel), while the two semi-consonants <a href="/wiki/Wau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wau (letter)"><i>wau</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh"><i>yod</i></a> became the corresponding high vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. (Some dialects of Greek, which did possess <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, continued to use the Phoenician letters for those consonants as well.) </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alphabets_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabets of Asia Minor">Alphabets of Asia Minor</a> are generally assumed to be offshoots of archaic versions of the Greek alphabet. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> was derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic</a> (originally derived from a form of the Greek alphabet), used for <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> and other languages. The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabet</a> is disputed: the main theories are that it evolved either from the Latin alphabet itself, some early Old Italic alphabet via the Alpine scripts, or the Greek alphabet. Despite this debate, the Runic alphabet is clearly derived from one or more scripts that ultimately trace their roots back to the Phoenician alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-JG_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JG-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a> is mostly based on the mature Greek alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, with a few additional letters for sounds not in Greek at the time. Those additional letters are based on the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Demotic script">Demotic script</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> was derived from the late (medieval) Greek alphabet. Some Cyrillic letters (generally for sounds not in medieval Greek) are based on <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleohispanic_scripts">Paleohispanic scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paleohispanic scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic scripts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg/180px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg/270px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg/360px-Escrita_sudoeste_by_Henrique_Matos_004_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Southwest stele of Fonte Velha</figcaption></figure> <p>These were an indigenous set of genetically related <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semisyllabaries</a>, which suited the phonological characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> languages. They were deciphered in 1922 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez-Moreno_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez">Manuel Gómez-Moreno</a> but their content is almost impossible to understand because they are not related to any living languages. While Gómez-Moreno first pointed to a joined Phoenician-Greek origin, following authors consider that their genesis has no relation to Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most remote script of the group is the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Tartessian or Southwest script</a> which could be one or several different scripts. The main bulk of PH inscriptions use, by far, the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian script</a>, which serves to write Iberian in the levantine coast North of <a href="/wiki/Contestania" class="mw-redirect" title="Contestania">Contestania</a> and in the valle of the river <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> (Hiber). The Iberic language is also recorded using two other scripts: the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian script</a>, which is more similar to the Southwest script than to Northeastern Iberian; and a variant of the Ionic Greek Alphabet called the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a> registers the language of the Celtiberians with a script derived from Northeastern Iberian, an interesting feature is that it was used and developed in times of the Roman conquest, in opposition to the Latin alphabet. </p><p>Among the distinctive features of Paleohispanic scripts are: </p> <ul><li>Semi-syllabism. Half of the signs represent syllables made of <a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">occlusive</a> consonants (k g b d t) and the other half represent simple phonemes such as vowels (a e i o u) and <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a> consonants (l n r ŕ s ś).</li> <li>Duality. Appears on the earliest Iberian and Celtiberian inscriptions and refers to how the signs can serve a double use by being modified with an extra stroke that transforms, for example <i>ge</i> with a stroke <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NE_Iberian_ke1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NE_Iberian_ke1.svg/9px-NE_Iberian_ke1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NE_Iberian_ke1.svg/14px-NE_Iberian_ke1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/NE_Iberian_ke1.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_ke1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> becomes <i>ke</i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NE_Iberian_ke5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NE_Iberian_ke5.svg/9px-NE_Iberian_ke5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NE_Iberian_ke5.svg/14px-NE_Iberian_ke5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NE_Iberian_ke5.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_ke5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. In later stages the scripts were simplified and duality vanishes from inscriptions.</li> <li>Redundancy. A feature that appears only in the script of the Southwest, vowels are repeated after each syllabic sign.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_(Unicode_block)" title="Phoenician (Unicode block)">Phoenician (Unicode block)</a></div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_(Unicode_block)" title="Phoenician (Unicode block)">Phoenician</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10900_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U10900_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U10900_grey"><a href="#endnote_U10900_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1090x </td> <td title="U+10900: PHOENICIAN LETTER ALF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤀</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10901: PHOENICIAN LETTER BET"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤁</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10902: PHOENICIAN LETTER GAML"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤂</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10903: PHOENICIAN LETTER DELT"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤃</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10904: PHOENICIAN LETTER HE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤄</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10905: PHOENICIAN LETTER WAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤅</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10906: PHOENICIAN LETTER ZAI"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤆</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10907: PHOENICIAN LETTER HET"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤇</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10908: PHOENICIAN LETTER TET"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤈</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10909: PHOENICIAN LETTER YOD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤉</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090A: PHOENICIAN LETTER KAF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤊</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090B: PHOENICIAN LETTER LAMD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤋</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090C: PHOENICIAN LETTER MEM"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤌</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090D: PHOENICIAN LETTER NUN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤍</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090E: PHOENICIAN LETTER SEMK"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤎</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1090F: PHOENICIAN LETTER AIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤏</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1091x </td> <td title="U+10910: PHOENICIAN LETTER PE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤐</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10911: PHOENICIAN LETTER SADE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤑</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10912: PHOENICIAN LETTER QOF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤒</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10913: PHOENICIAN LETTER ROSH"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤓</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10914: PHOENICIAN LETTER SHIN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤔</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10915: PHOENICIAN LETTER TAU"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤕</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10916: PHOENICIAN NUMBER ONE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤖</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10917: PHOENICIAN NUMBER TEN"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤗</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10918: PHOENICIAN NUMBER TWENTY"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤘</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+10919: PHOENICIAN NUMBER ONE HUNDRED"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤙</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1091A: PHOENICIAN NUMBER TWO"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤚</span>‎ </td> <td title="U+1091B: PHOENICIAN NUMBER THREE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤛</span>‎ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1091F: PHOENICIAN WORD SEPARATOR"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857"><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤟</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10900_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U10900_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U10900_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U10900_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black on white image of the Phoenician letter Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/28px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/42px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/56px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Phoenicia" title="Portal:Phoenicia">Phoenicia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of 1050 BC is conventional. The oldest known inscriptions are from the 10th century BC; the predecessor scripts used in the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a> of the 13th to 12th centuries BC is classified as "Proto-Canaanite". Greek travelers shared their alphabet with the people living there who made a new mix of the Greek alphabet, which the Greeks adopted. Use of the Phoenician script declined during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> as its evolved forms replaced it; it became obsolete with the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Carthage">destruction of Carthage</a> in 149 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called the <b>Early Linear script</b> in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> contexts, not to be conflated with <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>, because it is an early development of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHimelfarb2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. (January–February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html">"First Alphabet Found in Egypt"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. Vol. 53, no. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=First+Alphabet+Found+in+Egypt&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-01%2F2000-02&rft.aulast=Himelfarb&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F0001%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fegypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Roger_Fischer" title="Steven Roger Fischer">Fischer, Steven R.</a> (2004). <i>A History of Writing</i>. London: Reaktion. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-861-89101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-861-89101-3"><bdi>978-1-861-89101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-861-89101-3&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1980-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross1980_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross1980_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross1980_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1980" class="citation journal cs1">Cross, Frank Moore (1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>238</b> (238 (Spring, 1980)). University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356511">10.2307/1356511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356511">1356511</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222445150">222445150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Newly+Found+Inscriptions+in+Old+Canaanite+and+Early+Phoenician+Scripts&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=238+%28Spring%2C+1980%29&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222445150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356511&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA23"><i>Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</i></a>. McFarland. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786-49033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786-49033-2"><bdi>978-0-786-49033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-786-49033-2&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, article by Charles R. Krahmalkov (ed. John Kaltner, Steven L. McKenzie, 2002). "This alphabet was not, as often mistakenly asserted, invented by the Phoenicians but, rather, was an adaptation of the early West Semitic alphabet to the needs of their own language".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross1991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1991" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Moore (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA81">"The Invention and Development of the Alphabet"</a>. In Senner, Wayne M. (ed.). <i>The Origins of Writing</i>. Bison. University of Nebraska Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-803-29167-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-803-29167-6"><bdi>978-0-803-29167-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Invention+and+Development+of+the+Alphabet&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Writing&rft.series=Bison&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-803-29167-6&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Frank+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc4xAlunCSEC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulmas (1989) p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markoe (2000) p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hock and Joseph (1996) p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels (1996) p. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/111499sci-alphabet-origin.html">"Discovery of Egyptian Inscriptions Indicates an Earlier Date for Origin of the Alphabet"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Egyptian+Inscriptions+Indicates+an+Earlier+Date+for+Origin+of+the+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Fscience%2F111499sci-alphabet-origin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer (2003) p. 68-69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>Histories</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D58%3Asection%3D1">Book V, 58</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus. <i>Histories</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=2:chapter=145&highlight=cadmus">Book II, 145</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: Oxford 1933, p. 784, s.v. <i><a href="/wiki/Yadayim" title="Yadayim">Yadayim</a></i> 4:5–6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n813/mode/1up">note 6</a>) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X">0-19-815402-X</a>); <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Zevahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zevahim">Zevahim</a></i> 62a; <i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></i> 22a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMH2004-23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JMH2004-23_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj0TCgAAQBAJ&q=In+the+beginning+:+a+short+history+of+the+Hebrew+language&pg=PA167"><i>In the beginning: a short history of the Hebrew language</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-814-73654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-814-73654-8"><bdi>978-0-814-73654-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>By 1000 B.C.E., however, we see Phoenician writings [..]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+beginning%3A+a+short+history+of+the+Hebrew+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-814-73654-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj0TCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2Bthe%2Bbeginning%2B%3A%2Ba%2Bshort%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BHebrew%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen (1969), p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen (1969), pp. 256–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrahmalkov2001" class="citation book cs1">Krahmalkov, Charles R. (2001). <i>A Phoenician Punic grammar</i>. Brill. pp. 20–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-004-11771-7" title="Special:BookSources/9-004-11771-7"><bdi>9-004-11771-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Phoenician+Punic+grammar&rft.pages=20-27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9-004-11771-7&rft.aulast=Krahmalkov&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven R. (2001). <i>A History of Writing</i>. London: Reaction Books. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Reaction+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN1904-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN1904_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> (1904)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-he-het-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-he-het_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The letters he and ḥēt continue three Proto-Sinaitic letters, <i>ḥasir</i> "courtyard", <i>hillul</i> "jubilation" and <i>ḫayt</i> "thread". The shape of <i>ḥēt</i> continues <i>ḥasir</i> "courtyard", but the name continues <i>ḫayt</i> "thread". The shape of <i>he</i> continues <i>hillul</i> "jubilation" but the name means "window".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> see: <a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Origins" title="He (letter)">He (letter)#Origins</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The glyph was taken to represent a wheel, but it possibly derives from the hieroglyph <i><a href="/wiki/Nefer" title="Nefer">nefer</a></i> hieroglyph 𓄤 and would originally have been called <i>tab</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טוב</span></span> 'good'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The root l-m-d mainly means "to teach", from an original meaning "to goad". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3925">H3925</a> in <i>Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible</i>, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the letter name <i>nūn</i> is a word for "fish", but the glyph is presumably from the depiction of a snake, which would point to an original name <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:נחש">נחש</a></span></span> "snake".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the letter name may be from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%93#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:צד">צד</a></span></span> "to hunt".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen (1969) p. 262-263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yigael Yadin, <i>The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands</i>. McGraw-Hill, 1963. The samek – a quick war ladder, later to become the '$' dollar sign drawing the three internal lines quickly. The Z-shaped zayin – an ancient boomerang used for hunting. The H-shaped ḥet – mammoth tusks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3284.pdf">"Phoenician numerals in Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenician+numerals+in+Unicode&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3284.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/num-sys.html#greek">"Number Systems"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.wichita.edu%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Fnum-sys.html%23greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Salomon, "Brahmi and Kharoshthi", in <i>The World's Writing Systems</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-594-77794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-594-77794-3"><bdi>978-1-594-77794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-594-77794-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet</i>, Gari Keith Ledyard. University of California, 1966, p. 367–368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter T. Daniels and William Bright, <i>The World's Writing Systems</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JG-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JG_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JG_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey2006" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, John William (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b76EBrop0sEC&q=greek+alphabet+is+derived+from+phoenician+alphabet&pg=PA86"><i>Ancient Technology</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32763-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Technology&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32763-6&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db76EBrop0sEC%26q%3Dgreek%2Balphabet%2Bis%2Bderived%2Bfrom%2Bphoenician%2Balphabet%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spurkland, Terje (2005): <i>Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions</i>, translated by Betsy van der Hoek, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hoz2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Javier_de_Hoz" title="Javier de Hoz">de Hoz, Javier</a> (31 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1627528"><i>Historia lingüística de la Península Ibérica en la antigüedad</i></a> (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Madrid: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a>. pp. 495–499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-400-09260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-400-09260-3"><bdi>978-8-400-09260-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+de+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica+en+la+antig%C3%BCedad&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=495-499&rft.pub=CSIC&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft.isbn=978-8-400-09260-3&rft.aulast=de+Hoz&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1627528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet" title="Jean-Pierre Thiollet">Jean-Pierre Thiollet</a>, <i>Je m'appelle Byblos</i>, H & D, Paris, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914266-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-914266-04-9">2-914266-04-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Eugenia_Aubet" title="María Eugenia Aubet">María Eugenia Aubet</a>, <i>The Phoenicians and the West</i> Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, London, 2001.</li> <li>Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. <i>The World's Writing Systems</i> Oxford. (1996).</li> <li>Jensen, Hans, <i>Sign, Symbol, and Script</i>, G.P. Putman's Sons, New York, 1969.</li> <li>Coulmas, Florian, <i>Writing Systems of the World</i>, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, 1989.</li> <li>Hock, Hans H. and Joseph, Brian D., <i>Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship</i>, Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1996.</li> <li>Fischer, Steven R., <i>A History of Writing</i>, Reaktion Books, 1999.</li> <li>Markoe, Glenn E., <i>Phoenicians</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22613-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22613-5">0-520-22613-5</a> (2000) (hardback)</li> <li>"Alphabet, Hebrew". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>. Keter Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8">965-07-0665-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2010" class="citation web cs1">Feldman, Rachel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/uoh-mah010710.php">"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150148/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/uoh-mah010710.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+ancient+Hebrew+biblical+inscription+deciphered&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2010-01%2Fuoh-mah010710.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shanks, Hershel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232512/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9">"Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 51–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=9">the original</a> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Oldest+Hebrew+Inscription+Discovered+in+Israelite+Fort+on+Philistine+Border&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-6&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-arch.org%2Fbar%2Farticle.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D36%26Issue%3D2%26ArticleID%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenician+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Phoenician alphabet</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phoenician_script" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Phoenician script">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" class="extiw" title="c:Phoenician alphabet">Media</a> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105090941/http://www.ancientscripts.com/phoenician.html">Ancient Scripts.com (Phoenician)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/phoenician.htm">Omniglot.com (Phoenician alphabet)</a></li> <li>official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10900.pdf">Unicode standards document</a> for Phoenician (PDF file)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://culmus.sourceforge.net/ancient/index.html">[1]</a> Free-Libre GPL2 Licensed Unicode Phoenician Font</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/freefont/">GNU FreeFont</a> Unicode font family with Phoenician range in its serif face.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.obib.de/Schriften/AlteSchriften/Griechen/altgriechisch/Kreta.html">[2]</a> Phönizisch TTF-Font.</li> <li>Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic on Coins, reading and transliterating Proto-Hebrew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511124600/http://judaea.chimehost.net/main/text.pdf">online edition</a>. (Judaea Coin Archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/paleo-hebrew-abjad/">Paleo-Hebrew Abjad font—also allows writing in Phoenician (the current version of the font is 1.1.0)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">q</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a></i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet#Semitic_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&oldid=1259343552">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&oldid=1259343552</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenician_alphabet" title="Category:Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_BC_establishments" title="Category:11th-century BC establishments">11th-century BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Typography" title="Category:Typography">Typography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Memory_of_the_World_Register" title="Category:Memory of the World Register">Memory of the World Register</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsolete_writing_systems" title="Category:Obsolete writing systems">Obsolete writing systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenician_language" title="Category:Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canaanite_writing_systems" title="Category:Canaanite writing systems">Canaanite writing systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Category:Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Right-to-left_writing_systems" title="Category:Right-to-left writing systems">Right-to-left writing systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2020">Articles with disputed statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Phoenician-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Phoenician-language text">Articles containing Phoenician-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_March_2010" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from March 2010">Articles with disputed statements from March 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Semitic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Semitic languages">Articles with text in Semitic languages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 17:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_alphabet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-vqxb6","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.640","walltime":"2.073","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38415,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":435933,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26383,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":237164,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1526.428 1 -total"," 15.70% 239.647 226 Template:Script"," 14.82% 226.153 51 Template:Lang"," 14.04% 214.284 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.36% 142.810 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"," 9.09% 138.724 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.37% 97.238 1 Template:List_of_writing_systems"," 6.04% 92.269 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.91% 90.187 1 Template:Alphabet"," 5.72% 87.377 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.668","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17667894,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2jb8c","timestamp":"20241128015628","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Phoenician alphabet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenician_alphabet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26752","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q26752","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-09T12:56:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T17:33:24Z","headline":"abjad found in Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions across the Mediterranean from the 11th\u20132nd centuries BCE"}</script> </body> </html>