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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Contemporary descriptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Contemporary depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Behaviour and ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Diet and feeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Reproduction and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dodos_transported_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dodos_transported_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dodos transported abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dodos_transported_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Extinction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Physical remains </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_remains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical remains subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th-century_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th-century_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 17th-century specimens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th-century_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subfossil_specimens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subfossil_specimens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Subfossil specimens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subfossil_specimens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_dodo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_dodo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 White dodo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_dodo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dodo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" > 107 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دودو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دودو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8C_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ডৌডৌ চৰাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডৌডৌ চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دودو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دودو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title="ডোডো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডোডো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Додо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Додо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="སྦྲོ་སྦྲོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦྲོ་སྦྲོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronte_mauricijsk%C3%BD" title="Dronte mauricijský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dronte mauricijský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronte" title="Dronte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dronte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ντόντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντόντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido" title="Dido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دودو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(oiseau)" title="Dodo (oiseau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dodo (oiseau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(f%C3%BBgel)" title="Dodo (fûgel) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dodo (fûgel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3d%C3%B3" title="Dódó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dódó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2-t%C3%B2_ti%C3%A2u" title="Tò-tò tiâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tò-tò tiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%8F%84" title="도도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Մավրիկյան դրոնտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մավրիկյան դրոնտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="डोडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डोडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronto" title="Dronto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dronto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAd%C3%BAfugl" title="Dúdúfugl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dúdúfugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="דודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhodho" title="Dhodho – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhodho" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B" title="ಡೋಡೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೋಡೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="დოდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დოდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дронт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дронт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(ndege)" title="Dodo (ndege) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dodo (ndege)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Маврикий дронт – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Маврикий дронт" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drontas" title="Drontas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drontas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%C3%B3" title="Dodó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dodó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Додо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Додо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4d%C3%B4" title="Dôdô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dôdô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B" title="ഡോഡോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡോഡോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="डोडो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डोडो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88_(%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6)" title="دودو (طائر منقرض) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دودو (طائر منقرض)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="دودو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دودو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Дронт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дронт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဒိုဒိုငှက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒိုဒိုငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="ドードー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドードー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronte" title="Dronte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dronte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronte" title="Dronte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dronte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" title="Raphus cucullatus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Raphus cucullatus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B" title="ଡୋଡୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡୋଡୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title="ਡੋਡੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੋਡੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88" title="ڈوڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈوڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2do" title="Dòdo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dòdo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dront_dodo" title="Dront dodo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dront dodo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%C3%B4" title="Dodô – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dodô" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83rea_Dodo" title="Pasărea Dodo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasărea Dodo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Маврикийский дронт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маврикийский дронт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱰᱳᱰᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱳᱰᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D" title="ඩොඩෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩොඩෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dront_nelietav%C3%BD" title="Dront nelietavý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dront nelietavý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabar_go%27" title="Dabar go' – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dabar go'" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86" title="دۆدۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دۆدۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Додо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Додо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritiuksendodo" title="Mauritiuksendodo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mauritiuksendodo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dront" title="Dront – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dront" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(ibon)" title="Dodo (ibon) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dodo (ibon)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="டோடோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டோடோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="โดโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%99_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86" title="ᏙᏙ ᏥᏍᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏙᏙ ᏥᏍᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dodo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Додо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Додо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Dodo <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"><a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Middle Holocene</a><a href="#cite_note-Rijsdijk2011-1">[1]</a> – <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a> AD<a href="#cite_note-IUCN2012-2">[2]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeleton and model of a dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg/240px-Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg/360px-Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg/480px-Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="1728" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Dodo skeleton cast (left) and model based on modern research (right), at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct</a> (1662)  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-IUCN2012-2">[2]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Raphus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raphinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphinae">Raphinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td>†<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson" title="Mathurin Jacques Brisson">Brisson</a>, 1760 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†R. cucullatus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">†Raphus cucullatus <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritius_island_location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauritius_island_location.svg/240px-Mauritius_island_location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauritius_island_location.svg/360px-Mauritius_island_location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mauritius_island_location.svg/480px-Mauritius_island_location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Location of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> (in blue) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Struthio cucullatus Linnaeus, 1758</li> <li>Didus ineptus Linnaeus, 1766</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless bird</a> that was <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, which is east of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. The dodo's closest relative was the also-extinct and flightless <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_solitaire" title="Rodrigues solitaire">Rodrigues solitaire</a>. The two formed the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">subtribe</a> <a href="/wiki/Raphina" title="Raphina">Raphina</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of extinct flightless birds that were a part of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">pigeons and doves</a>. The closest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> relative of the dodo is the <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon" title="Nicobar pigeon">Nicobar pigeon</a>. A white dodo was once thought to have existed on the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, but it is now believed that this assumption was merely confusion based on the also-extinct <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_ibis" title="Réunion ibis">Réunion ibis</a> and paintings of white dodos. <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">Subfossil</a> remains show the dodo measured about 62.6–75 centimetres (2.05–2.46 ft) in height and may have weighed 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb) in the wild. The dodo's appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings, paintings, and written accounts from the 17th century. Since these portraits vary considerably, and since only some of the illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens, the dodos' exact appearance in life remains unresolved, and little is known about its behaviour. It has been depicted with brownish-grey <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, yellow feet, a tuft of tail feathers, a grey, naked head, and a black, yellow, and green beak. It used <a href="/wiki/Gizzard_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizzard stone">gizzard stones</a> to help <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digest</a> its food, which is thought to have included fruits, and its main <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of Mauritius. One account states its <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutch</a> consisted of a single egg. It is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on Mauritius. Though the dodo has historically been portrayed as being fat and clumsy, it is now thought to have been well-adapted for its ecosystem. The first recorded mention of the dodo was by Dutch sailors in 1598. In the following years, the bird was hunted by sailors and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, while its habitat was being destroyed. The last widely accepted sighting of a dodo was in 1662. Its extinction was not immediately noticed, and some considered the bird to be a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>. In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century. Among these is a dried head, the only soft tissue of the dodo that remains today. Since then, a large amount of subfossil material has been collected on Mauritius, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Mare_aux_Songes" title="Mare aux Songes">Mare aux Songes</a> swamp. The extinction of the dodo less than a century after its discovery called attention to the previously unrecognised problem of human involvement in the disappearance of entire <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. The dodo achieved widespread recognition from its role in the story of <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>, and it has since become a fixture in popular culture, often as a symbol of extinction and <a href="/wiki/Obsolescence" title="Obsolescence">obsolescence</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Copenhagen_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copenhagen_dodo.jpg/238px-Copenhagen_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copenhagen_dodo.jpg/357px-Copenhagen_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copenhagen_dodo.jpg/476px-Copenhagen_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="2079" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skull and lower jaw of a dodo in a box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg/238px-Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg/357px-Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg/476px-Oxford_Dodo_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1058" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Skull in the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Museum_of_Copenhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological Museum of Copenhagen">Zoological Museum of Copenhagen</a> (above), and right half of the Oxford specimen's head (below); examination of these led to the dodo being classified as a <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a> in the 1840s</div></div></div></div> The dodo was variously declared a small <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rallidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rallidae">rail</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a>, by early scientists.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2009-3">[3]</a> In 1842, Danish zoologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Theodor_Reinhardt" title="Johannes Theodor Reinhardt">Johannes Theodor Reinhardt</a> proposed that dodos were ground <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">pigeons</a>, based on studies of a dodo skull he had discovered in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Denmark" title="Natural History Museum of Denmark">Natural History Museum of Denmark</a>. This view was met with ridicule, but was later supported by English naturalists <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Edwin_Strickland" title="Hugh Edwin Strickland">Hugh Edwin Strickland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_Melville" title="Alexander Gordon Melville">Alexander Gordon Melville</a> in their 1848 <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> The Dodo and Its Kindred, which attempted to separate <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> from reality.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissecting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">preserved</a> head and foot of the specimen at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Museum">Oxford University Museum</a> and comparing it with the few remains then available of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_solitaire" title="Rodrigues solitaire">Rodrigues solitaire</a> (Pezophaps solitaria), they concluded that the two were closely related. Strickland stated that although not identical, these birds shared many distinguishing features of the leg bones, otherwise known only in pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland4to112-6">[6]</a> Strickland and Melville established that the dodo was <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomically</a> similar to pigeons in many features. They pointed to the very short <a href="/wiki/Keratinous" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinous">keratinous</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>, with its long, slender, naked basal part. Other pigeons also have bare skin around their eyes, almost reaching their beak, as in dodos. The forehead was high in relation to the beak, and the <a href="/wiki/Beak#Nares" title="Beak">nostril</a> was located low on the middle of the beak and surrounded by skin, a combination of features shared only with pigeons. The legs of the dodo were generally more similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> pigeons than of other birds, both in their <a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Scales" title="Bird anatomy">scales</a> and in their skeletal features. Depictions of the large <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> hinted at a relationship with pigeons, in which this feature is more developed than in other birds. Pigeons generally have very small <a href="/wiki/Clutch_(eggs)" title="Clutch (eggs)">clutches</a>, and the dodo is said to have laid a single egg. Like pigeons, the dodo lacked the <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> of the nostrils, and it shared details in the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic bone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">hallux</a>. The dodo differed from other pigeons mainly in the small size of the wings and the large size of the beak in proportion to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland4to112-6">[6]</a> Throughout the 19th century, several species were classified as <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">congeneric</a> with the dodo, including the Rodrigues solitaire and the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_solitaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunion solitaire">Réunion solitaire</a>, as Didus solitarius and Raphus solitarius, respectively (Didus and Raphus being names for the dodo genus used by different authors of the time). An atypical 17th-century description of a dodo and bones found on Rodrigues, now known to have belonged to the Rodrigues solitaire, led <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Dee_Bartlett" title="Abraham Dee Bartlett">Abraham Dee Bartlett</a> to name a new species, Didus nazarenus, in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Based on solitaire remains, it is now a synonym of that species.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Crude drawings of the <a href="/wiki/Red_rail" title="Red rail">red rail</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> were also misinterpreted as dodo species; Didus broeckii and Didus herberti.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> For many years the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire were placed in a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of their own, the Raphidae (formerly Dididae), because their exact relationships with other pigeons were unresolved. Each was also placed in its own <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> family (Raphidae and Pezophapidae, respectively), as it was thought that they had <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">evolved their similarities independently</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osteological" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteological">Osteological</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> has since led to the dissolution of the family Raphidae, and the dodo and solitaire are now placed in the columbid subfamily Raphinae and tribe Raphini, along with their closest relatives. In 2024, the new subtribe <a href="/wiki/Raphina" title="Raphina">Raphina</a> was created to include only the dodo and the solitaire.<a href="#cite_note-Raphina2024-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janoo2005-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NICOBAR_PIGEON_(8551073077).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg/220px-NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg/330px-NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg/440px-NICOBAR_PIGEON_%288551073077%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4994" data-file-height="3127" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon" title="Nicobar pigeon">Nicobar pigeon</a> is the closest living relative of the dodo</figcaption></figure> In 2002, American geneticist <a href="/wiki/Beth_Shapiro" title="Beth Shapiro">Beth Shapiro</a> and colleagues analysed the DNA of the dodo for the first time. Comparison of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a> and 12S <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">rRNA</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">sequences</a> isolated from a <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsal</a> of the Oxford specimen and a <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> of a Rodrigues solitaire confirmed their close relationship and their placement within the Columbidae. The genetic evidence was interpreted as showing the Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_pigeon" title="Nicobar pigeon">Nicobar pigeon</a> (Caloenas nicobarica) to be their closest living relative, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Crowned_pigeon" title="Crowned pigeon">crowned pigeons</a> (Goura) of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, and the superficially dodo-like <a href="/wiki/Tooth-billed_pigeon" title="Tooth-billed pigeon">tooth-billed pigeon</a> (Didunculus strigirostris) from <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> (its scientific name refers to its dodo-like beak). This <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> consists of generally ground-dwelling island endemic pigeons. The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> shows the dodo's closest relationships within the Columbidae, based on Shapiro and colleagues, 2002:<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Didunculus_strigirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Didunculus strigirostris">Didunculus strigirostris</a> (tooth-billed pigeon) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Goura_victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Goura victoria">Goura victoria</a> (Victoria crowned pigeon) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Caloenas_nicobarica" class="mw-redirect" title="Caloenas nicobarica">Caloenas nicobarica</a> (Nicobar pigeon) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pezophaps_solitaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezophaps solitaria">Pezophaps solitaria</a> (Rodrigues solitaire) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Raphus cucullatus (dodo) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg/220px-Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg/330px-Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg/440px-Oxford_Dodo_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>1848 <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> of the Oxford specimen's foot, which has been used to sample <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> for <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic analyses">genetic analyses</a></figcaption></figure> A similar cladogram was published in 2007, inverting the placement of Goura and Didunculus and including the <a href="/wiki/Pheasant_pigeon" title="Pheasant pigeon">pheasant pigeon</a> (Otidiphaps nobilis) and the <a href="/wiki/Thick-billed_ground_pigeon" title="Thick-billed ground pigeon">thick-billed ground pigeon</a> (Trugon terrestris) at the base of the clade.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The DNA used in these studies was obtained from the Oxford specimen, and since this material is degraded, and no usable DNA has been extracted from subfossil remains, these findings still need to be independently verified.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2012-16">[16]</a> Based on behavioural and morphological evidence, Jolyon C. Parish proposed that the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire should be placed in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Gourinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourinae">Gourinae</a> along with the Goura pigeons and others, in agreement with the genetic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013134–141-17">[17]</a> In 2014, DNA of the only known specimen of the recently extinct <a href="/wiki/Spotted_green_pigeon" title="Spotted green pigeon">spotted green pigeon</a> (Caloenas maculata) was analysed, and it was found to be a close relative of the Nicobar pigeon, and thus also the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.<a href="#cite_note-Spotted_green_pigeon-18">[18]</a> The 2002 study indicated that the ancestors of the dodo and the solitaire diverged around the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> boundary, about 23.03 million years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a> (Mauritius, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a>), are of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> origin and are less than 10 million years old. Therefore, the ancestors of both birds probably remained capable of flight for a considerable time after the separation of their <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Nicobar and spotted green pigeon were placed at the base of a lineage leading to the Raphinae, which indicates the <a href="/wiki/Flightless" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightless">flightless</a> raphines had ancestors that were able to fly, were semi-terrestrial, and inhabited islands. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the ancestors of those birds reached the Mascarene islands by <a href="/wiki/Island_hopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Island hopping">island hopping</a> from South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Spotted_green_pigeon-18">[18]</a> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> competing for resources on these islands allowed the solitaire and the dodo to attain <a href="/wiki/Island_gigantism" title="Island gigantism">very large sizes</a> and flightlessness.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200137–39-21">[21]</a> Despite its divergent skull morphology and adaptations for larger size, many features of its skeleton remained similar to those of smaller, flying pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> Another large, flightless pigeon, the <a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu_giant_pigeon" title="Viti Levu giant pigeon">Viti Levu giant pigeon</a> (Natunaornis gigoura), was described in 2001 from <a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> material from <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. It was only slightly smaller than the dodo and the solitaire, and it too is thought to have been related to the crowned pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dodo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dodo">dodo</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing Dutch sailors working on Mauritius, as well as several local animals, including a dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Mauritius_roadstead_-_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>1601 engraving showing Dutch activities on the shore of Mauritius and the first published depiction of a dodo on the left (2, called "Walchvoghel")</figcaption></figure> One of the original names for the dodo was the Dutch "Walghvoghel", first used in the journal of Dutch <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> Wybrand van Warwijck, who visited Mauritius during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia in 1598.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> Walghe means "tasteless", "insipid", or "sickly", and voghel means "bird". The name was translated by Jakob Friedlib into German as Walchstök or Walchvögel. The original Dutch report titled Waarachtige Beschryving was lost, but the English translation survived:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish20133–5-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013134–141-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On their left hand was a little island which they named Heemskirk Island, and the bay it selve they called Warwick Bay... Here they taried 12. daies to refresh themselues, finding in this place great quantity of foules twice as bigge as swans, which they call Walghstocks or Wallowbirdes being very good meat. But finding an abundance of pigeons & popinnayes [parrots], they disdained any more to eat those great foules calling them Wallowbirds, that is to say lothsome or fulsome birdes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200251-27">[27]</a></blockquote> Another account from that voyage, perhaps the first to mention the dodo, states that the Portuguese referred to them as penguins. The meaning may not have been derived from <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a> (the Portuguese referred to those birds as "fotilicaios" at the time), but from <a href="/wiki/Pinioning" title="Pinioning">pinion</a>, a reference to the small wings.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> The crew of the Dutch ship Gelderland referred to the bird as "Dronte" (meaning "swollen") in 1602, a name that is still used in some languages.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2001pp194-28">[28]</a> This crew also called them "griff-eendt" and "kermisgans", in reference to <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a> fattened for the <a href="/wiki/Kermesse_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermesse festival">Kermesse festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which was held the day after they anchored on Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200822–23-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crude sketch of three terrestrial birds, captioned with the words "a Cacato, a Hen, a Dodo"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg/220px-Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg/330px-Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg/440px-Lophopsittacus.mauritianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Labelled sketch from 1634 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Herbert">Sir Thomas Herbert</a>, showing a <a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_parrot" title="Broad-billed parrot">broad-billed parrot</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Red_rail" title="Red rail">red rail</a>, and a dodo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word dodo is unclear. Some ascribe it to the Dutch word dodoor for "sluggard", but it is more probably related to Dodaars, which means either "fat-arse" or "knot-arse", referring to the knot of feathers on the hind end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200217–18-30">[30]</a> The first record of the word Dodaars is in Captain Willem Van West-Zanen's journal in 1602.<a href="#cite_note-Staub1996-31">[31]</a> The English writer <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Herbert">Sir Thomas Herbert</a> was the first to use the word dodo in print in his 1634 <a href="/wiki/Travel_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel journal">travelogue</a> claiming it was referred to as such by the Portuguese, who had visited Mauritius in 1507.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200822–23-29">[29]</a> Another Englishman, Emmanuel Altham, had used the word in a 1628 letter in which he also claimed its origin was Portuguese. The name "dodar" was introduced into English at the same time as dodo, but was only used until the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume2008276-32">[32]</a> As far as is known, the Portuguese never mentioned the bird. Nevertheless, some sources still state that the word dodo derives from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word doudo (currently doido), meaning "fool" or "crazy". It has also been suggested that dodo was an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> approximation of the bird's call, a two-note pigeon-like sound resembling "doo-doo".<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2002p43-33">[33]</a> The Latin name cucullatus ("hooded") was first used in 1635 by the Spanish Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Juan_Eusebio_Nieremberg" title="Juan Eusebio Nieremberg">Juan Eusebio Nieremberg</a> as <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnus (genus)">Cygnus</a> cucullatus, in reference to <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a>'s 1605 depiction of a dodo.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland4to112-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his 18th-century classic work <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>, the Swedish naturalist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> used cucullatus as the specific name, but combined it with the genus name Struthio (ostrich).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Jacques_Brisson" title="Mathurin Jacques Brisson">Mathurin Jacques Brisson</a> coined the genus name Raphus (referring to the <a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">bustards</a>) in 1760, resulting in the current name Raphus cucullatus.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1766, Linnaeus coined the new binomial Didus ineptus (meaning "inept dodo"). This has become a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of the earlier name because of <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatural_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclatural priority">nomenclatural priority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002147–149-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_size_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram comparing the size of a dodo compared to a human. The dodo reaches about to the height of the human knee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dodo_size_comparison.svg/220px-Dodo_size_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dodo_size_comparison.svg/330px-Dodo_size_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dodo_size_comparison.svg/440px-Dodo_size_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="122" data-file-height="119" /></a><figcaption>Size compared to a human</figcaption></figure> As no complete dodo specimens exist, its external appearance, such as plumage and colouration, is hard to determine.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> Illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction (1598–1662) are the primary evidence for its external appearance.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to most representations, the dodo had greyish or brownish <a href="/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a>, with lighter <a href="/wiki/Primary_feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary feathers">primary feathers</a> and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end. The head was grey and naked, the beak green, black and yellow, and the legs were stout and yellowish, with black claws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200245-40">[40]</a> A study of the few remaining feathers on the Oxford specimen head showed that they were <a href="/wiki/Pennaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennaceous">pennaceous</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Plumaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumaceous">plumaceous</a> (downy) and most similar to those of other pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Subfossil remains and remnants of the birds that were brought to Europe in the 17th century show that dodos were very large birds, measuring about 62.6–75 cm (24.6–29.5 in) in height.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013265–282-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> The bird was <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>; males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks. Weight estimates have varied from study to study. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_C._Livezey" title="Bradley C. Livezey">Bradley C. Livezey</a> proposed that males would have weighed 21 kg (46 lb) and females 17 kg (37 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1993-44">[44]</a> Also in 1993, Andrew C. Kitchener attributed a high contemporary weight estimate and the roundness of dodos depicted in Europe to these birds having been overfed in captivity; weights in the wild were estimated to have been in the range of 10.6–17.5 kg (23–39 lb), and fattened birds could have weighed 21.7–27.8 kg (48–61 lb).<a href="#cite_note-KitchenerAugust1993-45">[45]</a> A 2011 estimate by Angst and colleagues gave an average weight as low as 10.2 kg (22 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Angst2011-46">[46]</a> This has also been questioned, and there is still controversy over weight estimates.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A 2016 study estimated the weight at 10.6 to 14.3 kg (23 to 32 lb), based on <a href="/wiki/CT_scans" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scans">CT scans</a> of composite skeletons.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It has also been suggested that the weight depended on the season, and that individuals were fat during cool seasons, but less so during hot.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithographs of the dodo skull at the Oxford Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg/220px-Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg/330px-Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg/440px-Oxford_Dodo_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>1848 lithographs of the Oxford dodo's skull in multiple views</figcaption></figure> The skull of the dodo differed much from those of other pigeons, especially in being more robust, the bill having a hooked tip, and in having a short cranium compared to the jaws. The upper bill was nearly twice as long as the cranium, which was short compared to those of its closest pigeon relatives. The openings of the bony nostrils were elongated along the length of the beak, and they contained no bony septum. The cranium (excluding the beak) was wider than it was long, and the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> formed a dome-shape, with the highest point above the hind part of the eye sockets. The skull sloped downwards at the back. The eye sockets occupied much of the hind part of the skull. The <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic rings">sclerotic rings</a> inside the eye were formed by eleven ossicles (small bones), similar to the amount in other pigeons. The mandible was slightly curved, and each half had a single <a href="/wiki/Fenestra_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenestra (anatomy)">fenestra</a> (opening), as in other pigeons.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A comparison between the morphologies of the dodo and its closest relative, the Rodrigues solitaire, notable differences include the smaller skull and longer neck of the Rodrigues solitaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg/250px-Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg/330px-Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg/500px-Raphus_and_Pezophaps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of the dodo (left) and its closest relative, the <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_solitaire" title="Rodrigues solitaire">Rodrigues solitaire</a>, not to scale</figcaption></figure> The dodo had about nineteen presynsacral vertebrae (those of the neck and <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, including three fused into a <a href="/wiki/Notarium" title="Notarium">notarium</a>), sixteen <a href="/wiki/Synsacral" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsacral">synsacral</a> vertebrae (those of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar region">lumbar region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a>), six free tail (caudal) vertebrae, and a <a href="/wiki/Pygostyle" title="Pygostyle">pygostyle</a>. The neck had well-developed areas for muscle and ligament attachment, probably to support the heavy skull and beak. On each side, it had six ribs, four of which articulated with the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a> through sternal ribs. The sternum was large, but small in relation to the body compared to those of much smaller pigeons that are able to fly. The sternum was highly <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">pneumatic</a>, broad, and relatively thick in cross-section. The bones of the <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_girdle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral girdle">pectoral girdle</a>, shoulder blades, and wing bones were reduced in size compared to those of flighted pigeon, and were more gracile compared to those of the Rodrigues solitaire, but none of the individual skeletal components had disappeared. The <a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpus" title="Carpometacarpus">carpometacarpus</a> of the dodo was more robust than that of the solitaire, however. The pelvis was wider than that of the solitaire and other relatives, yet was comparable to the proportions in some smaller, flighted pigeons. Most of the leg bones were more robust than those of extant pigeons and the solitaire, but the length proportions were little different.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> Many of the skeletal features that distinguish the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire, its closest relative, from other pigeons have been attributed to their flightlessness. The pelvic elements were thicker than those of flighted pigeons to support the higher weight, and the <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">pectoral</a> region and the small wings were <a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">paedomorphic</a>, meaning that they were underdeveloped and retained juvenile features. The skull, trunk and <a href="/wiki/Pelvic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic">pelvic</a> limbs were <a href="/wiki/Peramorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Peramorphic">peramorphic</a>, meaning that they changed considerably with age. The dodo shared several other traits with the Rodrigues solitaire, such as features of the skull, pelvis, and sternum, as well as their large size. It differed in other aspects, such as being more robust and shorter than the solitaire, having a larger skull and beak, a rounded <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a>, and smaller <a href="/wiki/Orbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbits">orbits</a>. The dodo's neck and legs were proportionally shorter, and it did not possess an equivalent to the knob present on the solitaire's wrists.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1993-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:259px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DodoMansur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a dodo among native Indian birds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DodoMansur.jpg/162px-DodoMansur.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DodoMansur.jpg/243px-DodoMansur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/DodoMansur.jpg/324px-DodoMansur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1553" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:259px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Saftleven_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a dodo head from the chest up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Saftleven_dodo.jpg/172px-Saftleven_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Saftleven_dodo.jpg/258px-Saftleven_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Saftleven_dodo.jpg/344px-Saftleven_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1924" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dodo among birds in a Mughal Indian menagerie (left), by <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a>, c. 1625; perhaps the most accurate depiction of a live dodo, and dodo head (right) by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Saftleven" title="Cornelis Saftleven">Cornelis Saftleven</a> from 1638, probably the last original depiction of the species</div></div></div></div> Most contemporary descriptions of the dodo are found in <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_logs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship's logs">ship's logs</a> and journals of the Dutch East India Company vessels that docked in Mauritius when the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> ruled the island. These records were used as guides for future voyages.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2012-16">[16]</a> Few contemporary accounts are reliable, as many seem to be based on earlier accounts, and none were written by scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> One of the earliest accounts, from van Warwijck's 1598 journal, describes the bird as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Blue parrots are very numerous there, as well as other birds; among which are a kind, conspicuous for their size, larger than our swans, with huge heads only half covered with skin as if clothed with a hood. These birds lack wings, in the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude. The tail consists of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured. These we used to call 'Walghvogel', for the reason that the longer and oftener they were cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became. Nevertheless their belly and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></blockquote> One of the most detailed descriptions is by Herbert in A Relation of Some Yeares Travaille into Afrique and the Greater Asia from 1634: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">First here only and in Dygarrois [Rodrigues] is generated the Dodo, which for shape and rareness may antagonize the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a> of Arabia: her body is round and fat, few weigh less than fifty pound. It is reputed more for wonder than for food, greasie stomackes may seeke after them, but to the delicate they are offensive and of no nourishment. Her visage darts forth melancholy, as sensible of Nature's injurie in framing so great a body to be guided with complementall wings, so small and impotent, that they serve only to prove her bird. The halfe of her head is naked seeming couered with a fine vaile, her bill is crooked downwards, in midst is the thrill [nostril], from which part to the end tis a light green, mixed with pale yellow tincture; her eyes are small and like to Diamonds, round and rowling; her clothing downy feathers, her train three small plumes, short and inproportionable, her legs suiting her body, her pounces sharpe, her appetite strong and greedy. Stones and iron are digested, which description will better be conceived in her representation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200262-51">[51]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_depictions">Contemporary depictions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_(VOC_Gelderland,_1602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several pages of a journal containing sketches of live and dead dodos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg/290px-Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg/435px-Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg/580px-Dodo_%28VOC_Gelderland%2C_1602%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7971" data-file-height="3720" /></a><figcaption>Compilation of the Gelderland ship's journal sketches from 1601 of live and recently killed dodos, attributed to Joris Laerle</figcaption></figure> The travel journal of the Dutch ship Gelderland (1601–1603), rediscovered in the 1860s, contains the only known sketches of living or recently killed specimens drawn on Mauritius. They have been attributed to the professional artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, who also drew other now-extinct Mauritian birds, and to a second, less refined artist.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2003-52">[52]</a> Apart from these sketches, it is unknown how many of the twenty or so 17th-century illustrations of the dodos were drawn from life or from stuffed specimens, which affects their reliability.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> Since dodos are otherwise only known from limited physical remains and descriptions, contemporary artworks are important to reconstruct their appearance in life. While there has been an effort since the mid-19th century to list all historical illustrations of dodos, previously unknown depictions continue to be discovered occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-GermanPaintings-53">[53]</a> The traditional image of the dodo is of a very fat and clumsy bird, but this view may be exaggerated. The general opinion of scientists today is that many old European depictions were based on overfed captive birds or crudely stuffed specimens.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> It has also been suggested that the images might show dodos with puffed feathers, as part of display behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Angst2011-46">[46]</a> The Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Roelant_Savery" title="Roelant Savery">Roelant Savery</a> was the most prolific and influential illustrator of the dodo, having made at least twelve depictions, often showing it in the lower corners. A famous painting of his from 1626, now called Edwards's Dodo as it was once owned by the ornithologist <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">George Edwards</a>, has since become the standard image of a dodo. It is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, London. The image shows a particularly fat bird and is the source for many other dodo illustrations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-early_depiction-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a dodo, with a red parrot on its left side, and a blue one at its right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/220px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/330px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg/440px-Edwards%27_Dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/wiki/George_Edwards_(naturalist)" title="George Edwards (naturalist)">Edwards</a>'s Dodo, painted by <a href="/wiki/Roelant_Savery" title="Roelant Savery">Roelant Savery</a> in 1626</figcaption></figure> An Indian <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal painting</a> rediscovered in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, in 1955 shows a dodo along with native Indian birds.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It depicts a slimmer, brownish bird, and its discoverer Aleksander Iwanow and British palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hume" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Hume">Julian Hume</a> regarded it as one of the most accurate depictions of the living dodo; the surrounding birds are clearly identifiable and depicted with appropriate colouring.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> It is believed to be from the 17th century and has been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal painter">Mughal painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a>. The bird depicted probably lived in the <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menagerie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, where the English traveller <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mundy" title="Peter Mundy">Peter Mundy</a> also claimed to have seen two dodos sometime between 1628 and 1633.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> In 2014, another Indian illustration of a dodo was reported, but it was found to be derivative of an 1836 German illustration.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> All post-1638 depictions appear to be based on earlier images, around the time reports mentioning dodos became rarer. Differences in the depictions led ornithologists such as <a href="/wiki/Anthonie_Cornelis_Oudemans" title="Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans">Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masauji_Hachisuka" title="Masauji Hachisuka">Masauji Hachisuka</a> to speculate about sexual dimorphism, <a href="/wiki/Ontogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogenic">ontogenic</a> traits, seasonal variation, and even the existence of different species, but these theories are not accepted today. Because details such as markings of the beak, the form of the tail feathers, and colouration vary from account to account, it is impossible to determine the exact morphology of these features, whether they signal age or sex, or if they even reflect reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200276–77-61">[61]</a> Hume argued that the nostrils of the living dodo would have been slits, as seen in the Gelderland, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Saftleven" title="Cornelis Saftleven">Cornelis Saftleven</a>, Savery's <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocker Art Gallery">Crocker Art Gallery</a>, and Mansur images. According to this claim, the gaping nostrils often seen in paintings indicate that <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a> specimens were used as models.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> Most depictions show that the wings were held in an extended position, unlike flighted pigeons, but similar to <a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a> such as the ostrich and <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg/170px-Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg/255px-Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg/340px-Dodo_by_Julian_P._Hume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Life_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Life restoration">life restoration</a> of a slim dodo, by <a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Hume" title="Julian P. Hume">Julian P. Hume</a></figcaption></figure> Little is known of the behaviour of the dodo, as most contemporary descriptions are very brief. Based on weight estimates, it has been suggested the male could reach the age of 21, and the female 17.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1993-44">[44]</a> Studies of the <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilever</a> strength of its leg bones indicate that it could run quite fast.<a href="#cite_note-KitchenerAugust1993-45">[45]</a> The legs were robust and strong to support the bulk of the bird, and also made it agile and manoeuvrable in the dense, pre-human landscape. Though the wings were small, well-developed muscle scars on the bones show that they were not completely <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a>, and may have been used for <a href="/wiki/Display_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Display behaviour">display behaviour</a> and balance; extant pigeons also use their wings for such purposes.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> Unlike the Rodrigues solitaire, there is no evidence that the dodo used its wings in intraspecific combat. Though some dodo bones have been found with healed fractures, it had weak pectoral muscles and more reduced wings in comparison. The dodo may instead have used its large, hooked beak in territorial disputes. Since Mauritius receives more rainfall and has less seasonal variation than Rodrigues, which would have affected the availability of resources on the island, the dodo would have less reason to evolve aggressive territorial behaviour. The Rodrigues solitaire was therefore probably the more aggressive of the two.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2016, the first 3D <a href="/wiki/Endocast" title="Endocast">endocast</a> was made from the brain of the dodo; the <a href="/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">brain-to-body-size ratio</a> was similar to that of modern pigeons, indicating that dodos were probably equal in intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Endocast-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old map showing a Mauritian bay, with a D indicating where dodos were found" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg/220px-Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg/330px-Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg/440px-Gelderland1601-1603_Mauritius_de_Nassauw_1601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>1601 map of a bay on Mauritius; the small D on the far right side marks where dodos were found</figcaption></figure> The preferred habitat of the dodo is unknown, but old descriptions suggest that it inhabited the woods on the drier coastal areas of south and west Mauritius. This view is supported by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Mare_aux_Songes" title="Mare aux Songes">Mare aux Songes</a> swamp, where most dodo remains have been excavated, is close to the sea in south-eastern Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200223-64">[64]</a> Such a limited distribution across the island could well have contributed to its extinction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200241-65">[65]</a> A 1601 map from the Gelderland journal shows a small island off the coast of Mauritius where dodos were caught. Julian Hume has suggested this island was <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%AEle_aux_Benitiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'île aux Benitiers (page does not exist)">l'île aux Bénitiers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamarin_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamarin Bay">Tamarin Bay</a>, on the west coast of Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200254-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hume2003-52">[52]</a> Subfossil bones have also been found inside caves in highland areas, indicating that it once occurred on mountains. Work at the Mare aux Songes swamp has shown that its habitat was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Tambalacoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambalacoque">tambalacoque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a> trees and endemic palms.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> The near-coastal placement and wetness of the Mare aux Songes led to a high diversity of plant species, whereas the surrounding areas were drier.<a href="#cite_note-Rijsdijk2016-67">[67]</a> Many endemic species of Mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans, so the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct. Before humans arrived, Mauritius was entirely covered in forests, but very little remains of them today, because of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The surviving endemic <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> is still seriously threatened.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The dodo lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail, the <a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_parrot" title="Broad-billed parrot">broad-billed parrot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_grey_parakeet" title="Mascarene grey parakeet">Mascarene grey parakeet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_blue_pigeon" title="Mauritius blue pigeon">Mauritius blue pigeon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_scops_owl" title="Mauritius scops owl">Mauritius scops owl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_coot" title="Mascarene coot">Mascarene coot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_shelduck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian shelduck">Mauritian shelduck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian duck">Mauritian duck</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mauritius_night_heron" title="Mauritius night heron">Mauritius night heron</a>. Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the <a href="/wiki/Saddle-backed_Mauritius_giant_tortoise" title="Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise">saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Domed_Mauritius_giant_tortoise" title="Domed Mauritius giant tortoise">domed Mauritius giant tortoise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_giant_skink" title="Mauritian giant skink">Mauritian giant skink</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Round_Island_burrowing_boa" title="Round Island burrowing boa">Round Island burrowing boa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Small_Mauritian_flying_fox" title="Small Mauritian flying fox">small Mauritian flying fox</a> and the snail <a href="/wiki/Tropidophora_carinata" title="Tropidophora carinata">Tropidophora carinata</a> lived on Mauritius and Réunion, but vanished from both islands. Some plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Casearia_tinifolia" title="Casearia tinifolia">Casearia tinifolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palm_orchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm orchid">palm orchid</a>, have also become extinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200849–52-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27,_Chalk,_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of three dodos, two in the foreground, one in the distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg/220px-Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg/330px-Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg/440px-Roelandt_Savery_-_%27Dodo_Birds%27%2C_Chalk%2C_black_and_amber_on_cream_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Savery sketch of three dodos from c. 1626, <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocker Art Gallery">Crocker Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> A 1631 Dutch letter (long thought lost, but rediscovered in 2017) is the only account of the dodo's diet, and also mentions that it used its beak for defence. The document uses <a href="/wiki/Word-play" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-play">word-play</a> to refer to the animals described, with dodos presumably being an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> for wealthy mayors:<a href="#cite_note-Winters2017-71">[71]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The mayors are superb and proud. They presented themselves with an unyielding, stern face and wide open mouth, very jaunty and audacious of gait. They did not want to budge before us; their war weapon was the mouth, with which they could bite fiercely. Their food was raw fruit; they were not dressed very well, but were rich and fat, therefore we brought many of them on board, to the contentment of us all.<a href="#cite_note-Winters2017-71">[71]</a></blockquote> In addition to fallen fruits, the dodo probably subsisted on nuts, seeds, bulbs, and roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200242-72">[72]</a> It has also been suggested that the dodo might have eaten <a href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, like their relatives the crowned pigeons. Its feeding habits must have been versatile, since captive specimens were probably given a wide range of food on the long sea journeys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200837–38-73">[73]</a> Oudemans suggested that as Mauritius has marked dry and wet seasons, the dodo probably fattened itself on ripe fruits at the end of the wet season to survive the dry season, when food was scarce; contemporary reports describe the bird's "greedy" appetite. The Mauritian ornithologist <a href="/wiki/France_Staub" title="France Staub">France Staub</a> suggested in 1996 that they mainly fed on <a href="/wiki/Palm_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm (plant)">palm</a> fruits, and he attempted to correlate the fat-cycle of the dodo with the fruiting regime of the palms.<a href="#cite_note-Staub1996-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clusius_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a dodo next to a large gizzard stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Clusius_dodo.jpg/220px-Clusius_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Clusius_dodo.jpg/330px-Clusius_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Clusius_dodo.jpg/440px-Clusius_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Dodo and its <a href="/wiki/Gizzard_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizzard stone">gizzard stone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a> from 1605, copied from an illustration in the journal of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob van Neck">Jacob van Neck</a></figcaption></figure> Skeletal elements of the upper jaw appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Rhynchokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhynchokinetic">rhynchokinetic</a> (movable in relation to each other), which must have affected its feeding behaviour. In extant birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Frugivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivorous">frugivorous</a> (fruit-eating) pigeons, kinetic <a href="/wiki/Premaxillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Premaxillae">premaxillae</a> help with consuming large food items. The beak also appears to have been able to withstand high force loads, which indicates a diet of hard food.<a href="#cite_note-ClaessensMeijer2016-22">[22]</a> Examination of the brain endocast found that though the brain was similar to that of other pigeons in most respects, the dodo had a comparatively large <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>. This gave the dodo a good sense of smell, which may have aided in locating fruit and small prey.<a href="#cite_note-Endocast-63">[63]</a> Several contemporary sources state that the dodo used <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">Gastroliths</a> (gizzard stones) to aid digestion. The English writer Sir <a href="/wiki/Hamon_L%27Estrange" title="Hamon L'Estrange">Hamon L'Estrange</a> witnessed a live bird in London and described it as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">About 1638, as I walked London streets, I saw the picture of a strange looking fowle hung out upon a clothe and myselfe with one or two more in company went in to see it. It was kept in a chamber, and was a great fowle somewhat bigger than the largest Turkey cock, and so legged and footed, but stouter and thicker and of more erect shape, coloured before like the breast of a young cock fesan, and on the back of a dunn or dearc colour. The keeper called it a Dodo, and in the ende of a chymney in the chamber there lay a heape of large pebble stones, whereof hee gave it many in our sight, some as big as nutmegs, and the keeper told us that she eats them (conducing to digestion), and though I remember not how far the keeper was questioned therein, yet I am confident that afterwards she cast them all again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200269-74">[74]</a></blockquote> It is not known how the young were fed, but related pigeons provide <a href="/wiki/Crop_milk" title="Crop milk">crop milk</a>. Contemporary depictions show a large crop, which was probably used to add space for food storage and to produce crop milk. It has been suggested that the maximum size attained by the dodo and the solitaire was limited by the amount of crop milk they could produce for their young during early growth.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_grandiflorum" title="Sideroxylon grandiflorum">tambalacoque</a>, also known as the dodo tree, was thought to be dying out on Mauritius, to which it is <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a>. There were supposedly only 13 specimens left, all estimated to be about 300 years old. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Temple" title="Stanley Temple">Stanley Temple</a> hypothesised that it depended on the dodo for its propagation, and that its seeds would germinate only after passing through the bird's digestive tract. He claimed that the tambalacoque was now nearly <a href="/wiki/Coextinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextinct">coextinct</a> because of the disappearance of the dodo.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Temple overlooked reports from the 1940s that found that tambalacoque seeds germinated, albeit very rarely, without being <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abraded</a> during digestion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Others have contested his hypothesis and suggested that the decline of the tree was exaggerated or seeds were also distributed by other extinct animals such as <a href="/wiki/Cylindraspis" title="Cylindraspis">Cylindraspis</a> <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit bat">fruit bats</a>, or the broad-billed parrot.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> According to Wendy Strahm and Anthony Cheke, two experts in the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> of the Mascarene Islands, the tree, while rare, has germinated since the demise of the dodo and numbers several hundred, not 13 as claimed by Temple, hence, discrediting Temple's view as to the dodo and the tree's sole survival relationship.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Brazilian ornithologist Carlos Yamashita suggested in 1997 that the broad-billed parrot may have depended on dodos and Cylindraspis tortoises to eat palm fruits and excrete their seeds, which became food for the parrots. <a href="/wiki/Anodorhynchus" title="Anodorhynchus">Anodorhynchus</a> macaws depended on now-extinct <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> in the same way, but now rely on domesticated cattle for this service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200838-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_egg_replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Replica dodo egg and nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dodo_egg_replica.jpg/220px-Dodo_egg_replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dodo_egg_replica.jpg/330px-Dodo_egg_replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dodo_egg_replica.jpg/440px-Dodo_egg_replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Replica of an alleged dodo egg in a reconstructed nest, <a href="/wiki/East_London_Museum" title="East London Museum">East London Museum</a></figcaption></figure> As it was flightless and terrestrial and there were no <a href="/wiki/Mammalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian">mammalian</a> predators or other kinds of natural enemy on Mauritius, the dodo probably nested on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200243–44-81">[81]</a> The account by François Cauche from 1651 is the only description of the egg and the <a href="/wiki/Bird_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird call">call</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">I have seen in Mauritius birds bigger than a Swan, without feathers on the body, which is covered with a black down; the hinder part is round, the rump adorned with curled feathers as many in number as the bird is years old. In place of wings they have feathers like these last, black and curved, without webs. They have no tongues, the beak is large, curving a little downwards; their legs are long, scaly, with only three toes on each foot. It has a cry like a <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">gosling</a>, and is by no means so savoury to eat as the Flamingos and Ducks of which we have just spoken. They only lay one egg which is white, the size of a halfpenny roll, by the side of which they place a white stone the size of a hen's egg. They lay on grass which they collect, and make their nests in the forests; if one kills the young one, a grey stone is found in the gizzard. We call them Oiseaux de Nazaret. The fat is excellent to give ease to the muscles and nerves.<a href="#cite_note-Strickland4to112-6">[6]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg/157px-Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg/236px-Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg/314px-Dodo_bone_thin_sections_showing_ontogenetic_growth_series.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="745" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thin sections of hindlimb bones showing stages of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth series">growth series</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_life_history.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dodo_life_history.jpg/177px-Dodo_life_history.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dodo_life_history.jpg/266px-Dodo_life_history.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dodo_life_history.jpg/354px-Dodo_life_history.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="670" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Diagram showing life history events of a dodo based on <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and accounts</div></div></div></div></div> Cauche's account is problematic, since it also mentions that the bird he was describing had three toes and no tongue, unlike dodos. This led some to believe that Cauche was describing a new species of dodo ("Didus nazarenus"). The description was most probably mingled with that of a <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary</a>, and Cauche's writings have other inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200827-82">[82]</a> A mention of a "young ostrich" taken on board a ship in 1617 is the only other reference to a possible juvenile dodo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume2008162-83">[83]</a> An egg claimed to be that of a dodo is stored in the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Museum" title="East London Museum">East London Museum</a> in South Africa. It was donated by the South African museum official <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Courtenay-Latimer" title="Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer">Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer</a>, whose great aunt had received it from a captain who claimed to have found it in a swamp on Mauritius. In 2010, the curator of the museum proposed using genetic studies to determine its authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It may instead be an aberrant <a href="/wiki/Ostrich_egg" title="Ostrich egg">ostrich egg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2002p43-33">[33]</a> Because of the possible single-egg clutch and the bird's large size, it has been proposed that the dodo was <a href="/wiki/K-selected" class="mw-redirect" title="K-selected">K-selected</a>, meaning that it produced few <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> offspring, which required parental care until they matured. Some evidence, including the large size and the fact that tropical and frugivorous birds have slower growth rates, indicates that the bird may have had a protracted development period.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1993-44">[44]</a> The fact that no juvenile dodos have been found in the Mare aux Songes swamp may indicate that they produced little offspring, that they matured rapidly, that the breeding grounds were far away from the swamp, or that the risk of miring was seasonal.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer2012p177-85">[85]</a> A 2017 study examined the <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thin-sectioned" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-sectioned">thin-sectioned</a> dodo bones, modern Mauritian birds, local ecology, and contemporary accounts, to recover information about the life history of the dodo. The study suggested that dodos bred around August, after having potentially fattened themselves, corresponding with the fat and thin cycles of many vertebrates of Mauritius. The chicks grew rapidly, reaching robust, almost adult, sizes, and sexual maturity before Austral summer or the cyclone season. Adult dodos which had just bred <a href="/wiki/Moulted" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulted">moulted</a> after Austral summer, around March. The feathers of the wings and tail were replaced first, and the moulting would have completed at the end of July, in time for the next breeding season. Different stages of moulting may also account for inconsistencies in contemporary descriptions of dodo plumage.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing scenes of Dutch killing animals on Mauritius, including dodos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg/220px-Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg/330px-Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg/440px-Jacht_op_dodo%27s_door_Willem_van_West-Zanen_uit_1602.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption>1648 engraving showing the killing of dodos (centre left, erroneously depicted as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a>-like) and other animals now extinct from Mauritius</figcaption></figure> Mauritius had previously been visited by <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and Portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513, but was settled by neither. No records of dodos by these are known, although the Portuguese name for Mauritius, "Cerne (swan) Island", may have been a reference to dodos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200217-87">[87]</a> The Dutch Empire acquired Mauritius in 1598, renaming it after <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a>, and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> henceforward.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by Dutch travellers during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Dutch_Expedition_to_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia">Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob van Neck">Jacob van Neck</a> in 1598. They appear in reports published in 1601, which also contain the first published illustration of the bird.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Since the first sailors to visit Mauritius had been at sea for a long time, their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary. The 1602 journal by Willem Van West-Zanen of the ship Bruin-Vis mentions that 24–25 dodos were hunted for food, which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime, their remains being preserved by <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200256-90">[90]</a> An illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal, showing the killing of dodos, a <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a>, and possibly Mascarene grey parakeets, was captioned with a Dutch poem,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> here in Hugh Strickland's 1848 translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl, They tap the palms, and round-rumped dodos they destroy, The parrot's life they spare that he may peep and howl, And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStricklandMelville184815-92">[92]</a> </div></blockquote> Some early travellers found dodo meat unsavoury, and preferred to eat parrots and pigeons; others described it as tough, but good. Some hunted dodos only for their gizzards, as this was considered the most delicious part of the bird. Dodos were easy to catch, but hunters had to be careful not to be bitten by their powerful beaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200877–78-93">[93]</a> The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate, 230 years before <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Of these 2 sorts off fowl afforementionede, For oughtt wee yett know, Not any to bee Found out of this Iland, which lyeth aboutt 100 leagues From St. Lawrence. A question may bee demaunded how they should bee here and Not elcewhere, beeing soe Farer From other land and can Neither fly or swymme; whither by Mixture off kindes producing straunge and Monstrous formes, or the Nature of the Climate, ayer and earth in alltring the First shapes in long tyme, or how.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2001pp194-28">[28]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dodos_transported_abroad">Dodos transported abroad</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a slender, brownish dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg/184px-Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg/276px-Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg/368px-Hoefnagel_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2744" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Painting of a possibly stuffed specimen in the collection of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rudolph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Rudolph II">Emperor Rudolph II</a> in Prague, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Hoefnagel" title="Jacob Hoefnagel">Jacob Hoefnagel</a>, early 1600s</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:217px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg/150px-Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg/225px-Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg/300px-Van_den_Venne_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1396" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_de_Venne" title="Adriaen van de Venne">Adriaen van de Venne</a>'s 1626 depiction of a dodo he claimed to have seen</div></div></div></div></div> The dodo was found interesting enough that living specimens were sent to Europe and the East. The number of transported dodos that reached their destinations alive is uncertain, and it is unknown how they relate to contemporary depictions and the few non-fossil remains in European museums. Based on a combination of contemporary accounts, paintings, and specimens, Julian Hume has inferred that at least eleven transported dodos reached their destinations alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200881–83-94">[94]</a> Hamon L'Estrange's description of a dodo that he saw in London in 1638 is the only account that specifically mentions a live specimen in Europe. In 1626 <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_van_de_Venne" title="Adriaen van de Venne">Adriaen van de Venne</a> drew a dodo that he claimed to have seen in Amsterdam, but he did not mention if it was alive, and his depiction is reminiscent of Savery's Edwards's Dodo. Two live specimens were seen by Peter Mundy in Surat, India, between 1628 and 1634, one of which may have been the individual painted by Mansur around 1625.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> In 1628, Emmanuel Altham visited Mauritius and sent a letter to his brother in England: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Right wo and lovinge brother, we were ordered by ye said councell to go to an island called Mauritius, lying in 20d. of south latt., where we arrived ye 28th of May; this island having many goates, hogs and cowes upon it, and very strange fowles, called by ye portingalls Dodo, which for the rareness of the same, the like being not in ye world but here, I have sent you one by Mr. Perce, who did arrive with the ship William at this island ye 10th of June. [In the margin of the letter] Of Mr. Perce you shall receive a jarr of ginger for my sister, some beades for my cousins your daughters, and a bird called a Dodo, if it live.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:493px;max-width:493px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roelant_Savery_-_Landscape_with_Birds_-_WGA20885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a forest filled with birds, including a dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roelant_Savery_-_Landscape_with_Birds_-_WGA20885.jpg/250px-Roelant_Savery_-_Landscape_with_Birds_-_WGA20885.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roelant_Savery_-_Landscape_with_Birds_-_WGA20885.jpg/330px-Roelant_Savery_-_Landscape_with_Birds_-_WGA20885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="978" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Preening_Dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a dodo preening its foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Preening_Dodo.jpg/173px-Preening_Dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Preening_Dodo.jpg/260px-Preening_Dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Preening_Dodo.jpg/346px-Preening_Dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="761" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Savery-Reims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Savery-Reims.jpg/158px-Savery-Reims.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Savery-Reims.jpg/237px-Savery-Reims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Savery-Reims.jpg/316px-Savery-Reims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="665" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg/191px-Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg/287px-Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg/382px-Orpheus_Charming_the_Animals_with_His_Music_by_Roelant_Savery_Mauritshuis_157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1382" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg/153px-Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg/230px-Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg/306px-Roelant_Savery_-_The_Paradise_-_WGA20896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="705" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg/137px-The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg/206px-The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg/274px-The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_with_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1283" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Savery paintings featuring dodos in various corners (one with a lobster's body, lower right), painted in Europe approximately between 1625 and 1629</div></div></div></div> Whether the dodo survived the journey is unknown, and the letter was destroyed by fire in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200260-96">[96]</a> The earliest known picture of a dodo specimen in Europe is from a c. 1610 collection of paintings depicting animals in the royal menagerie of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Rudolph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Rudolph II">Emperor Rudolph II</a> in Prague. This collection includes paintings of other Mauritian animals as well, including a red rail. The dodo, which may be a juvenile, seems to have been dried or embalmed, and had probably lived in the emperor's zoo for a while together with the other animals. That whole stuffed dodos were present in Europe indicates they had been brought alive and died there; it is unlikely that taxidermists were on board the visiting ships, and spirits were not yet used to preserve biological specimens. Most <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> specimens were preserved as dried heads and feet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200881–83-94">[94]</a> One dodo was reportedly sent as far as <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Japan, in 1647, but it was long unknown whether it arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200838-80">[80]</a> Contemporary documents first published in 2014 proved the story, and showed that it had arrived alive. It was meant as a gift, and, despite its rarity, was considered of equal value to a white deer and a <a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">bezoar</a> stone. It is the last recorded live dodo in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-Winters2014-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinction">Extinction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodos_being_hunted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white illustration of men pursuing dodos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dodos_being_hunted.jpg/275px-Dodos_being_hunted.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dodos_being_hunted.jpg/413px-Dodos_being_hunted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dodos_being_hunted.jpg/550px-Dodos_being_hunted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="1461" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneers_in_South_Africa_(1914)_(14576727409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour illustration of men pursuing dodos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg/109px-Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg/164px-Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg/218px-Pioneers_in_South_Africa_%281914%29_%2814576727409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2470" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Illustrations of sailors hunting dodos, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a>, 1893 (left), and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Paget_(illustrator)" title="Walter Paget (illustrator)">Walter Paget</a>, 1914 (right). Hunting by humans is not believed to have been the main cause of the bird's <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> anymore.</div></div></div></div> Like many animals that evolved in isolation from significant predators, the dodo was entirely <a href="/wiki/Island_tameness" title="Island tameness">fearless</a> of humans. This fearlessness and its inability to fly made the dodo easy prey, but predation by humans was not the main cause of extinction, contrary to popular belief.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Although some scattered reports describe mass killings of dodos for ships' provisions, archaeological investigations have found scant evidence of human predation. Bones of at least two dodos were found in caves at Baie du Cap that sheltered <a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">fugitive slaves</a> and convicts in the 17th century, which would not have been easily accessible to dodos because of the high, broken terrain.<a href="#cite_note-Janoo2005-12">[12]</a> The human population on Mauritius (an area of 1,860 km2 or 720 sq mi) never exceeded 50 people in the 17th century, but they introduced other animals, including dogs, pigs, cats, rats, and <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaques</a>, which plundered dodo nests and competed for the limited food resources.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> At the same time, humans destroyed the forest <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> of the dodos.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The impact of the introduced animals on the dodo population, especially the pigs and macaques, is today considered more severe than that of hunting.<a href="#cite_note-Fryer2002-101">[101]</a> Rats were perhaps not much of a threat to the nests, since dodos would have been used to dealing with local <a href="/wiki/Land_crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Land crabs">land crabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200879-102">[102]</a> It has been suggested that the dodo may already have been rare or localised before the arrival of humans on Mauritius, since it would have been unlikely to become extinct so rapidly if it had occupied all the remote areas of the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200241-65">[65]</a> A 2005 expedition found subfossil remains of dodos and other animals killed by a <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flood</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Mass_mortalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass mortalities">mass mortalities</a> would have further jeopardised a species already in danger of becoming extinct.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Yet the fact that the dodo survived hundreds of years of volcanic activity and climatic changes shows the bird was resilient within its ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-Rijsdijk2016-67">[67]</a> Some controversy surrounds the date of its extinction. The last widely accepted record of a dodo sighting is the 1662 report by shipwrecked mariner Volkert Evertsz of the Dutch ship <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_(ship)" title="Arnhem (ship)">Arnhem</a>, who described birds caught on a small islet off Mauritius, now suggested to be <a href="/wiki/Islets_of_Mauritius#Île_D'Ambre" title="Islets of Mauritius">Amber Island</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">These animals on our coming up to them stared at us and remained quiet where they stand, not knowing whether they had wings to fly away or legs to run off, and suffering us to approach them as close as we pleased. Amongst these birds were those which in India they call Dod-aersen (being a kind of very big goose); these birds are unable to fly, and instead of wings, they merely have a few small pins, yet they can run very swiftly. We drove them together into one place in such a manner that we could catch them with our hands, and when we held one of them by its leg, and that upon this it made a great noise, the others all on a sudden came running as fast as they could to its assistance, and by which they were caught and made prisoners also.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></blockquote> The dodos on this islet may not necessarily have been the last members of the species.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The last claimed sighting of a dodo was reported in the hunting records of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Johannes_Lamotius" title="Isaac Johannes Lamotius">Isaac Johannes Lamotius</a> in 1688. A 2003 <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">statistical analysis</a> of these records by the biologists David L. Roberts and Andrew R. Solow gave a new estimated extinction date of 1693, with a 95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> of 1688–1715. These authors also pointed out that because the last sighting before 1662 was in 1638, the dodo was probably already quite rare by the 1660s, and thus a disputed report from 1674 by an escaped slave could not be dismissed out of hand.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a dodo, a one horned sheep and a red rail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG/193px-Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG" decoding="async" width="193" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG/290px-Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG/386px-Aphanapteryx_bonasia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1110" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:118px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG/141px-AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG/212px-AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG/282px-AphanapteryxBonasia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1517" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_den_Broecke" title="Pieter van den Broecke">Pieter van den Broecke</a>'s 1617 drawing of a dodo, a one-horned sheep, and a red rail; after the dodo became extinct, visitors may have confused it with the red rail (1907 restoration of that bird at right by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Frohawk" title="Frederick William Frohawk">Frederick William Frohawk</a>)</div></div></div></div> The British ornithologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Newton" title="Alfred Newton">Alfred Newton</a> suggested in 1868 that the name of the dodo was transferred to the red rail after the former had gone extinct.<a href="#cite_note-NewtonA.-107">[107]</a> Cheke also pointed out that some descriptions after 1662 use the names "Dodo" and "Dodaers" when referring to the red rail, indicating that they had been transferred to it.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> He therefore pointed to the 1662 description as the last credible observation. A 1668 account by English traveller John Marshall, who used the names "Dodo" and "Red Hen" interchangeably for the red rail, mentioned that the meat was "hard", which echoes the description of the meat in the 1681 account.<a href="#cite_note-Cheke2006-109">[109]</a> Even the 1662 account has been questioned by the writer <a href="/wiki/Errol_Fuller" title="Errol Fuller">Errol Fuller</a>, as the reaction to distress cries matches what was described for the red rail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200270–73-110">[110]</a> Until this explanation was proposed, a description of "dodos" from 1681 was thought to be the last account, and that date still has proponents.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Cheke stated in 2014 that then recently accessible Dutch manuscripts indicate that no dodos were seen by settlers in 1664–1674.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2020, Cheke and the British researcher Jolyon C. Parish suggested that all mentions of dodos after the mid-17th century instead referred to red rails, and that the dodo had disappeared due to predation by <a href="/wiki/Feral_pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral pigs">feral pigs</a> during a hiatus in settlement of Mauritius (1658–1664). The dodo's extinction therefore was not realised at the time, since new settlers had not seen real dodos, but as they expected to see flightless birds, they referred to the red rail by that name instead. Since red rails probably had larger clutches than dodos and their eggs could be incubated faster, and their nests were perhaps concealed, they probably bred more efficiently, and were less vulnerable to pigs.<a href="#cite_note-Saga-113">[113]</a> It is unlikely the issue will ever be resolved, unless late reports mentioning the name alongside a physical description are rediscovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200879-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> accepts Cheke's rationale for choosing the 1662 date, taking all subsequent reports to refer to red rails. In any case, the dodo was probably extinct by 1700, about a century after its discovery in 1598.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN2012-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheke2006-109">[109]</a> The Dutch left Mauritius in 1710, but by then the dodo and most of the large terrestrial vertebrates there had become extinct.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century, its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century. This was partly because, for religious reasons, extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>, and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed. It seemed altogether too strange a creature, and many believed it a myth. The bird was first used as an example of human-induced extinction in Penny Magazine in 1833, and has since been referred to as an "icon" of extinction.<a href="#cite_note-Turvey2008-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-nomenclature-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_remains">Physical remains</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th-century_specimens">17th-century specimens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White casts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg/128px-Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg/192px-Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg/256px-Dodo_casts_c1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="1881" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dodo_head.jpg/206px-Dodo_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dodo_head.jpg/309px-Dodo_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dodo_head.jpg/412px-Dodo_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="331" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Cast of the Oxford head before dissection and the lost London foot at <a href="/wiki/Booth_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth Museum">Booth Museum</a>, and illustration of same head</div></div></div></div> The only extant remains of dodo specimens taken to Europe in the 17th century are a dried head and foot in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a>, a foot once housed in the British Museum but now lost, a skull in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen_Zoological_Museum" title="University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum">University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum</a>, and an upper jaw in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Prague">National Museum, Prague</a>. The last two were rediscovered and identified as dodo remains in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002116–129-117">[117]</a> Several stuffed dodos were also mentioned in old museum inventories, but none are known to have survived.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Apart from these remains, a dried foot which belonged to Dutch professor <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Pauw" title="Pieter Pauw">Pieter Pauw</a> was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a> in 1605. Its provenance is unknown, and it is now lost, but it may have been collected during the Van Neck voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> Purported stuffed dodos seen in museums around the world today have in fact been made from feathers of other birds; many by British taxidermist <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Ward" title="Rowland Ward">Rowland Ward</a>'s company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002116–129-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_dodo_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/London_dodo_foot.jpg/87px-London_dodo_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/London_dodo_foot.jpg/131px-London_dodo_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/London_dodo_foot.jpg/174px-London_dodo_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="3755" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Dodo_leg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithograph of a dried foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/London_Dodo_leg.jpg/247px-London_Dodo_leg.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/London_Dodo_leg.jpg/371px-London_Dodo_leg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/London_Dodo_leg.jpg/494px-London_Dodo_leg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1549" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Coloured engraving of the now lost London foot from 1793 (left), and 1848 lithograph of same in multiple views</div></div></div></div> The only known soft tissue remains, the Oxford head (specimen OUM 11605) and foot, belonged to the last known stuffed dodo, which was first mentioned as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tradescant_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradescant collection">Tradescant collection</a> in 1656 and was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> in 1659.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> It has been suggested that this might be the remains of the bird that Hamon L'Estrange saw in London, the bird sent by Emanuel Altham, or a donation by Thomas Herbert. Since the remains do not show signs of having been mounted, the specimen might instead have been preserved as a <a href="/wiki/Study_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Study skin">study skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dodo_1-119">[119]</a> In 2018, it was reported that scans of the Oxford dodo's head showed that its skin and bone contained <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">lead shot</a>, which was used to hunt birds in the 17th century. This indicates that the Oxford dodo was shot either before being transported to Britain, or some time after arriving. The circumstances of its killing are unknown, and the pellets are to be examined to identify where the lead was mined from.<a href="#cite_note-Shot-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Many sources state that the Ashmolean Museum burned the stuffed dodo around 1755 because of severe decay, saving only the head and leg. Statute 8 of the museum states "That as any particular grows old and perishing the keeper may remove it into one of the closets or other repository; and some other to be substituted."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The deliberate destruction of the specimen is now believed to be a myth; it was removed from exhibition to preserve what remained of it. This remaining soft tissue has since degraded further; the head was dissected by Strickland and Melville, separating the skin from the skull in two-halves. The foot is in a skeletal state, with only scraps of skin and <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>. Very few feathers remain on the head. It is probably a female, as the foot is 11% smaller and more gracile than the London foot, yet appears to be fully grown.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The specimen was exhibited at the Oxford museum from at least the 1860s and until 1998, where-after it was mainly kept in storage to prevent damage.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dodo_2-124">[124]</a> Casts of the head can today be found in many museums worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dodo_1-119">[119]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragmentary leg and skull bones of a dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg/241px-Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg/362px-Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Dodo_upper_beak_in_Prague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="226" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_dodo_beak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Prague_dodo_beak.jpg/93px-Prague_dodo_beak.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Prague_dodo_beak.jpg/140px-Prague_dodo_beak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Prague_dodo_beak.jpg/186px-Prague_dodo_beak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1917" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Upper jaw of a dodo in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Prague">National Museum of Prague</a> (left) and 1855 lithograph of the specimen</div></div></div></div> The dried London foot, first mentioned in 1665, and transferred to the British Museum in the 18th century, was displayed next to Savery's Edwards's Dodo painting until the 1840s, and it too was dissected by Strickland and Melville. It was not posed in a standing posture, which suggests that it was severed from a fresh specimen, not a mounted one. By 1896 it was mentioned as being without its <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integuments</a>, and only the bones are believed to remain today, though its present whereabouts are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> The Copenhagen skull (specimen ZMUC 90-806) is known to have been part of the collection of Bernardus Paludanus in <a href="/wiki/Enkhuizen" title="Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a> until 1651, when it was moved to the museum in <a href="/wiki/Gottorf_Castle" title="Gottorf Castle">Gottorf Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002123-125">[125]</a> After the castle was occupied by Danish forces in 1702, the museum collection was assimilated into the Royal Danish collection. The skull was rediscovered by J. T. Reinhardt in 1840. Based on its history, it may be the oldest known surviving remains of a dodo brought to Europe in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> It is 13 mm (0.51 in) shorter than the Oxford skull, and may have belonged to a female.<a href="#cite_note-Livezey1993-44">[44]</a> It was <a href="/wiki/Mummified" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummified">mummified</a>, but the skin has perished.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> The front part of a skull (specimen NMP P6V-004389) in the National Museum of Prague was found in 1850 among the remains of the Böhmisches Museum. Other elements supposedly belonging to this specimen have been listed in the literature, but it appears only the partial skull was ever present (a partial right limb in the museum appears to be from a Rodrigues solitaire).<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013184–188-127">[127]</a> It may be what remains of one of the stuffed dodos known to have been at the menagerie of Emperor Rudolph II, possibly the specimen painted by Hoefnagel or Savery there.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2004-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subfossil_specimens">Subfossil specimens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg/179px-Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg/269px-Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg/358px-Owen_dodo_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8697" data-file-height="7639" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brown, mounted dodo skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg/155px-Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg/233px-Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg/310px-Dodo-Skeleton_Natural_History_Museum_London_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="2163" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>'s 1866 reconstruction of the dodo's skeleton (left), based on bones found in the <a href="/wiki/Mare_aux_Songes" title="Mare aux Songes">Mare aux Songes</a> (it is too squat, following Savery's Edwards's Dodo painting), and his more upright mount at <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></div></div></div></div> Until 1860, the only known dodo remains were the four incomplete 17th-century specimens. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Burnard_Ayres" title="Philip Burnard Ayres">Philip Burnard Ayres</a> found the first subfossil bones in 1860, which were sent to Richard Owen at the British Museum, who did not publish the findings. In 1863, Owen requested the Mauritian <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ryan_(bishop)" title="Vincent Ryan (bishop)">Vincent Ryan</a> to spread word that he should be informed if any dodo bones were found.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2009-3">[3]</a> In 1865, George Clark, the government <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9bourg" title="Mahébourg">Mahébourg</a>, finally found an abundance of subfossil dodo bones in the swamp of Mare aux Songes in Southern Mauritius, after a 30-year search inspired by Strickland and Melville's monograph.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a> In 1866, Clark explained his procedure to <a href="/wiki/The_Ibis" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ibis">The Ibis</a>, an ornithology journal: he had sent his <a href="/wiki/Coolies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolies">coolies</a> to wade through the centre of the swamp, feeling for bones with their feet. At first they found few bones, until they cut away herbage that covered the deepest part of the swamp, where they found many fossils.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Higginson" title="Harry Higginson">Harry Pasley Higginson</a>, a railway engineer from <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, reports discovering the Mare aux Songes bones at the same time as Clark and there is some dispute over who found them first. Higginson sent boxes of these bones to <a href="/wiki/World_Museum" title="World Museum">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Museums_%26_Galleries" title="Leeds Museums & Galleries">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Museums_Trust" title="York Museums Trust">York</a> museums.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The swamp yielded the remains of over 300 dodos, but very few skull and wing bones, possibly because the upper bodies were washed away or scavenged while the lower body was trapped. The situation is similar to many finds of <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> remains in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> marshes.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Most dodo remains from the Mare aux Songes have a medium to dark brown colouration.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer2012p177-85">[85]</a> Clark's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird. Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the <a href="/wiki/Post-cranial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-cranial">post-cranial</a> anatomy of the dodo, and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton, which led to rivalry between the two. Owen described the bones in Memoir on the Dodo in October 1866, but erroneously based his reconstruction on the Edwards's Dodo painting by Savery, making it too squat and obese. In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance, making it more upright. Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead. The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2009-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Memoir-133">[133]</a> In 1889, Théodor Sauzier was commissioned to explore the "historical souvenirs" of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes. He was successful, and also found remains of other extinct species.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg/125px-Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg/188px-Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg/250px-Raphus_cucullatus_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1394" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skeleton assembled from subfossils found in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg/250px-Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg/330px-Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg/500px-Ma_-_Raphus_cucullatus_-_GMZ_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Subfossil bones rediscovered in the <a href="/wiki/Grant_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Museum">Grant Museum</a> in 2011</div></div></div></div></div> In 2005, after a hundred years of neglect, a part of the Mare aux Songes swamp was excavated by an international team of researchers (International Dodo Research Project). To prevent <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, the British had covered the swamp with <a href="/wiki/Stone_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone foundation">hard core</a> during their rule over Mauritius, which had to be removed. Many remains were found, including bones of at least 17 dodos in various stages of maturity (though no juveniles), and several bones obviously from the skeleton of one individual bird, which have been preserved in their natural position.<a href="#cite_note-Rijsdijk2011-1">[1]</a> These findings were made public in December 2005 in the <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>. 63% of the fossils found in the swamp belonged to turtles of the extinct genus Cylindraspis, and 7.1% belonged to dodos, which had been deposited within several centuries, 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Subsequent excavations suggested that dodos and other animals became mired in the Mare aux Songes while trying to reach water during a long period of severe drought about 4,200 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Rijsdijk2011-1">[1]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> thrived in the conditions created by the excrements of animals gathered around the swamp, which died of intoxication, dehydration, trampling, and miring.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Though many small skeletal elements were found during the recent excavations of the swamp, few were found during the 19th century, probably owing to the employment of less refined methods when collecting.<a href="#cite_note-Meijer2012p177-85">[85]</a> Louis Étienne Thirioux, an amateur naturalist at Port Louis, also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations. They included the first articulated specimen, which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes, and the only remains of a juvenile specimen, a now lost <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hume2006-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hume2017-43">[43]</a> The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near <a href="/wiki/Le_Pouce" title="Le Pouce">Le Pouce</a> mountain, and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo. Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins (now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Thrioux's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton (composed of at least two skeletons, with a mainly reconstructed skull) to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durban_Museum_of_Natural_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durban Museum of Natural Science (page does not exist)">Durban Museum of Natural Science</a> in South Africa in 1918. Together, these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains, including bone elements previously unrecorded (such as knee-caps and wing bones). Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux's specimens, they were not scientifically studied, and were largely forgotten until 2011, when sought out by a group of researchers. The mounted skeletons were <a href="/wiki/Laser_scanned" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser scanned">laser scanned</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/3-D_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D computer graphics">3-D</a> models were reconstructed, which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the <a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">osteology</a> of the dodo.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 2006, explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius. This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen ever found, and the only one in recent times.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Worldwide, 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material, almost all found in the Mare aux Songes. The Natural History Museum, <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Museum_of_Zoology" title="Cambridge University Museum of Zoology">Cambridge University Museum of Zoology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senckenberg_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Senckenberg Museum">Senckenberg Museum</a>, and others have almost complete skeletons, assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002123–129-142">[142]</a> In 2011, a wooden box containing dodo bones from the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> was rediscovered at the <a href="/wiki/Grant_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Museum">Grant Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> during preparations for a move. They had been stored with crocodile bones until then.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_dodo">White dodo</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of various animals and people in a forest, including a whitish dodo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png/188px-Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png/282px-Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png/376px-Landscape_with_Orpheus_and_the_animals.png 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="949" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Savery's Landscape with <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and the animals showing a whitish dodo in the lower right, 1611 or later</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_dodo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/White_dodo.jpg/196px-White_dodo.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/White_dodo.jpg/294px-White_dodo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/White_dodo.jpg/392px-White_dodo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Holsteyn_II" title="Pieter Holsteyn II">Pieter Holsteyn II</a>'s mid-17th-century paintings of a white dodo, possibly based on Savery's image</div></div></div></div></div> The supposed "white dodo" (or "solitaire") of Réunion is now considered an erroneous conjecture based on contemporary reports of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_ibis" title="Réunion ibis">Réunion ibis</a> and 17th-century paintings of white, dodo-like birds by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Withoos" title="Pieter Withoos">Pieter Withoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Holsteyn_II" title="Pieter Holsteyn II">Pieter Holsteyn</a> that surfaced in the 19th century. The confusion began when <a href="/wiki/Willem_Ysbrandtsz._Bontekoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Ysbrandtsz. Bontekoe">Willem Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe</a>, who visited Réunion around 1619, mentioned fat, flightless birds that he referred to as "Dod-eersen" in his journal, though without mentioning their colouration. When the journal was published in 1646, it was accompanied by an engraving of a dodo from Savery's "Crocker Art Gallery sketch".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200830-144">[144]</a> A white, stocky, and flightless bird was first mentioned as part of the Réunion fauna by Chief Officer J. Tatton in 1625. Sporadic mentions were subsequently made by <a href="/wiki/Sieur_Dubois" title="Sieur Dubois">Sieur Dubois</a> and other contemporary writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothschild1907172–173-145">[145]</a> Baron <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_S%C3%A9lys_Longchamps" title="Edmond de Sélys Longchamps">Edmond de Sélys Longchamps</a> coined the name Raphus solitarius for these birds in 1848, as he believed the accounts referred to a species of dodo. When 17th-century paintings of white dodos were discovered by 19th-century naturalists, it was assumed they depicted these birds. Oudemans suggested that the discrepancy between the paintings and the old descriptions was that the paintings showed females, and that the species was therefore sexually dimorphic.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Some authors also believed the birds described were of a species similar to the Rodrigues solitaire, as it was referred to by the same name, or even that there were white species of both dodo and solitaire on the island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200830–31-147">[147]</a> The Pieter Withoos painting, which was discovered first, appears to be based on an earlier painting by Pieter Holsteyn, three versions of which are known to have existed. According to Hume, Cheke, and Valledor de Lozoya, it appears that all depictions of white dodos were based on Roelant Savery's painting Landscape with Orpheus and the animals, or on copies of it. The painting has generally been dated to 1611, though a post-1614, or even post-1626, date has also been proposed. The painting shows a whitish specimen and was apparently based on a stuffed specimen then in Prague; a walghvogel described as having a "dirty off-white colouring" was mentioned in an inventory of specimens in the Prague collection of the <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II</a>, to whom Savery was contracted at the time (1607–1611). Savery's several later images all show greyish birds, possibly because he had by then seen another specimen. Cheke and Hume believe the painted specimen was white, owing to <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2004-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-early_depiction-56">[56]</a> Valledor de Lozoya has instead suggested that the light plumage was a juvenile trait, a result of bleaching of old taxidermy specimens, or simply artistic license.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In 1987, scientists described fossils of a recently extinct species of <a href="/wiki/Ibis" title="Ibis">ibis</a> from Réunion with a relatively short beak, Borbonibis latipes, before a connection to the solitaire reports had been made.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Cheke suggested to one of the authors, Francois Moutou, that the fossils may have been of the Réunion solitaire, and this suggestion was published in 1995. The ibis was reassigned to the genus <a href="/wiki/Threskiornis" title="Threskiornis">Threskiornis</a>, now combined with the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific epithet</a> solitarius from the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> R. solitarius.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Birds of this genus are also white and black with slender beaks, fitting the old descriptions of the Réunion solitaire. No fossil remains of dodo-like birds have ever been found on the island.<a href="#cite_note-HumeCheke2004-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a little girl talking to a dodo with a cane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png/187px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png/281px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png/374px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_09.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="906" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg/147px-Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg/221px-Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg/294px-Alice_in_Wonderland_by_Arthur_Rackham_-_03_-_But_who_has_won%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2144" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Alice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodo_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Dodo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> (left, 1865) and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> (1907)</div></div></div></div> The dodo's significance as one of the best-known extinct animals and its singular appearance led to its use in literature and popular culture as a symbol of an outdated concept or object, as in the expression "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_as_a_dodo" class="extiw" title="wikt:dead as a dodo">dead as a dodo</a>," which has come to mean unquestionably dead or obsolete. Similarly, the phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_the_way_of_the_dodo" class="extiw" title="wikt:go the way of the dodo">to go the way of the dodo</a>" means to become extinct or obsolete, to fall out of common usage or practice, or to become a thing of the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200213-151">[151]</a> "Dodo" is also a slang term for a stupid, dull-witted person, as it was said to be stupid and easily caught.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeadAsADodo-154">[154]</a> The dodo appears frequently in works of popular fiction, and even before its extinction, it was featured in European literature, as a symbol for exotic lands, and of gluttony, due to its apparent fatness.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 1865, the same year that George Clark started to publish reports about excavated dodo fossils, the newly vindicated bird was <a href="/wiki/Dodo_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">featured as a character</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a>. It is thought that he included the dodo because he identified with it and had adopted the name as a nickname for himself because of his stammer, which made him accidentally introduce himself as "Do-do-dodgson", his legal surname.<a href="#cite_note-Turvey2008-114">[114]</a> Carroll and the girl who served as inspiration for Alice, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a>, had enjoyed visiting the Oxford museum to see the dodo remains there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002134–138-156">[156]</a> The book's popularity made the dodo a well-known icon of extinction.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Popular depictions of the dodo often became more exaggerated and cartoonish following its Alice in Wonderland fame, which was in line with the inaccurate belief that it was clumsy, tragic, and destined for extinction.<a href="#cite_note-ChangingFace-158">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg/186px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg/279px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg/372px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="331" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius" title="Coat of arms of Mauritius">Coat of arms of Mauritius</a>, featuring a dodo as <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporter</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II(rev)-4042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg/148px-Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg/222px-Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg/296px-Mauritius_10_Rupees_1971_Elizabeth_II%28rev%29-4042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2910" data-file-height="2910" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dodo on a 1971 Mauritius 10 <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Rupee</a></div></div></div></div></div> The dodo is used as a <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a> for many kinds of products, especially in Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002140–153-159">[159]</a> It appears as a <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius" title="Coat of arms of Mauritius">coat of arms of Mauritius</a>, on Mauritius coins, is used as a <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermark</a> on all <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Mauritian rupee</a> banknotes, and features as the background of the Mauritian immigration form.<a href="#cite_note-Fryer2002-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> A smiling dodo is the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Brasseries_de_Bourbon" title="Brasseries de Bourbon">Brasseries de Bourbon</a>, a popular brewer on Réunion, whose emblem displays the white species once thought to have lived there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChekeHume200831-162">[162]</a> The dodo is used to promote the protection of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> by environmental organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust" title="Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust">Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrell Wildlife Park">Durrell Wildlife Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a> gives an annual 'Rubber Dodo Award', to "those who have done the most to destroy wild places, species and biological diversity".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Nephilinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephilinae">nephiline</a> spider <a href="/wiki/Nephilengys_dodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephilengys dodo">Nephilengys dodo</a>, which inhabits the same woods as the dodo once did, was named after the bird to raise awareness of the urgent need for protection of the Mauritius <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Two species of <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> from Mauritius have been named after the dodo: <a href="/wiki/Pseudolasius_dodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudolasius dodo">Pseudolasius dodo</a> in 1946 and <a href="/wiki/Pheidole_dodo" title="Pheidole dodo">Pheidole dodo</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> A species of <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopod</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> off Réunion was named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hansenium_dodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hansenium dodo (page does not exist)">Hansenium dodo</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The name dodo has been used by scientists naming genetic elements, honouring the dodo's flightless nature. A fruitfly gene within a region of a chromosome required for flying ability was named "dodo".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In addition, a defective <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable element</a> family from <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans" title="Phytophthora infestans">Phytophthora infestans</a> was named DodoPi as it contained mutations that eliminated the element's ability to jump to new locations in a chromosome.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of a grey dodo, captioned with the word "Dronte"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg/136px-Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg/204px-Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg/272px-Dronte_17th_Century_color_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1803" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM_Dodos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stuffed whitish dodos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NHM_Dodos.jpg/250px-NHM_Dodos.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NHM_Dodos.jpg/330px-NHM_Dodos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NHM_Dodos.jpg/500px-NHM_Dodos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="727" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Previously unpublished 17th-century illustration of a dodo sold in 2009 (left) and 19th century <a href="/wiki/Rogue_taxidermy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue taxidermy">rogue taxidermy</a> dodos by <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Ward" title="Rowland Ward">Rowland Ward</a> in NHM (right)</div></div></div></div> In 2009, a previously unpublished 17th-century Dutch illustration of a dodo went for sale at <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a> and was expected to sell for £6,000.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> It is unknown whether the illustration was based on a specimen or on a previous image, and the artist is unidentified. It sold for £44,450.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-GermanPaintings-53">[53]</a> Parrish suggested it depicts a stuffed specimen, as the legs look dried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013104–105-173">[173]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> included the following poem about the dodo in his <a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Child%27s_Book_of_Beasts" title="The Bad Child's Book of Beasts">Bad Child's Book of Beasts</a> from 1896: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> The Dodo used to walk around, And take the sun and air. The sun yet warms his native ground – The Dodo is not there! </div><div class="poem"> The voice which used to squawk and squeak Is now for ever dumb – Yet may you see his bones and beak All in the Mu-se-um.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2002134–138-156">[156]</a> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of African animals extinct in the Holocene">List of African animals extinct in the Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_bird_species_since_1500" title="List of extinct bird species since 1500">List of extinct bird species since 1500</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rijsdijk2011-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rijsdijk2011_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rijsdijk2011_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rijsdijk2011_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRijsdijk_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rijsdijk, K. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021020210432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1847431.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2002. Retrieved 7 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DNA+yields+dodo+family+secrets&rft.date=2002-02-28&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F1847431.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPereira_et_al.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pereira, S. L.; Johnson, K. P.; Clayton, D. H.; Baker, A. J. 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London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714572-0"><bdi>978-0-00-714572-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dodo+%E2%80%93+From+Extinction+To+Icon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714572-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Errol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieremberg1635" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Eusebio_Nieremberg" title="Juan Eusebio Nieremberg">Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio</a> (1635). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41798212">Historia natvrae, maxime peregrinae, libris XVI Distincta</a>. Antverpiae: ex officina Plantiniana Balthasaris Moreti. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+natvrae%2C+maxime+peregrinae%2C+libris+XVI+Distincta&rft.place=Antverpiae&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=ex+officina+Plantiniana+Balthasaris+Moreti&rft.date=1635&rft.aulast=Nieremberg&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eusebio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F41798212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727062">Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a> (in Latin). 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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010444">Vol. 1, p. 46</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36294272">Vol. 5, p. 14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornithologie%2C+ou%2C+M%C3%A9thode+Contenant+la+Division+des+Oiseaux+en+Ordres%2C+Sections%2C+Genres%2C+Especes+%26+leurs+Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9s&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=Vol.+1%2C+p.+46%2C+Vol.+5%2C+p.+14&rft.pub=Jean-Baptiste+Bauche&rft.date=1760&rft.aulast=Brisson&rft.aufirst=Mathurin+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1766" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1766). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946463">Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a> (in Latin). 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USA: Bunker Hill Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59373-002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59373-002-4"><bdi>978-1-59373-002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dodo+%E2%80%93+Extinction+in+Paradise&rft.place=USA&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Bunker+Hill+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59373-002-4&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Errol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200245-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200245_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller2002">Fuller 2002</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromPrins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Brom, T. 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Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Dodo+remains+from+an+in+situ+context+from+Mare+aux+Songes%2C+Mauritius&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-012-0882-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A514542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22282037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NW.....99..177M&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+M.&rft.au=Gill%2C+A.&rft.au=de+Louw%2C+P.+G.+B.&rft.au=van+den+Hoek+Ostende%2C+L.+W.&rft.au=Hume%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Rijsdijk%2C+K.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F18486%2Fvz_meijer_naturwissenschaften_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> pp. 177–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngstChinsamySteelHume2017" class="citation journal cs1">Angst, D.; Chinsamy, A.; Steel, L.; Hume, J. 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Retrieved 8 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Uncovered%3A+350-year-old+picture+of+Dodo+before+it+was+extinct&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fart%2Fart-news%2F5596737%2FUncovered-350-year-old-picture-of-dodo-before-it-was-extinct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristie's2009" class="citation web cs1">Christie's (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5224172">"Dutch School, 17th Century; A dodo"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christies.com&rft.atitle=Dutch+School%2C+17th+Century%3B+A+dodo&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Christie%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2FLotFinder%2Flot_details.aspx%3FintObjectID%3D5224172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParish2013104–105-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParish2013104–105_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParish2013">Parish 2013</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelloc1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc, H.</a> (1896). The Bad Child's Book of Beasts. London: Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bad+Child%27s+Book+of+Beasts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Belloc&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"> pp. 27–30. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParish2013" class="citation book cs1">Parish, Jolyon C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bp8wK8zCg7wC">The Dodo and the Solitaire: A Natural History</a>. Bloomington (US): Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00099-6"><bdi>978-0-253-00099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dodo+and+the+Solitaire%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Bloomington+%28US%29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00099-6&rft.aulast=Parish&rft.aufirst=Jolyon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbp8wK8zCg7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADodo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raphus_cucullatus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raphus cucullatus">Raphus cucullatus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dodo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dodo">dodo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/go_the_way_of_the_dodo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:go the way of the dodo">go the way of the dodo</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6cu1YfWyTQ">Painting the Dodo</a>: Two-minute video about Julian Hume's modern interpretation of Roelant Savery's Dodo</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te_WHneeD3s">Dodo Bird Unboxing</a>: Seven-minute video showing the Oxford specimen being taken out of storage and discussed</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aves3d.org/species_instances/2--Raphus-cucullatus">Aves3D – Raphus cucullatus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923081704/http://www.aves3d.org/species_instances/2--Raphus-cucullatus">Archived</a> September 23, 2023, at the <a 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbimorphae_Genera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Columbimorphae Genera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genera_of_pigeons,_sandgrouse,_mesites_and_their_extinct_allies239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genera of <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesite" title="Mesite">mesites</a> and their extinct allies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Aves</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a></li> <li>Clade: <a href="/wiki/Columbimorphae" title="Columbimorphae">Columbimorphae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Pteroclimesites239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pteroclimesites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroclimesites">Pteroclimesites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesitornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithiformes">Mesitornithiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mesitornithidae19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesitornithidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithidae">Mesitornithidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesitornis" title="Mesitornis">Mesitornis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monias" class="mw-redirect" title="Monias">Monias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pterocliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterocliformes">Pterocliformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pteroclidae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pteroclidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroclidae">Pteroclidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoganga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoganga (page does not exist)">Archaeoganga</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerandia (page does not exist)">Gerandia</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptoganga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptoganga (page does not exist)">Leptoganga</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Linxiavis" title="Linxiavis">Linxiavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocles" title="Pterocles">Pterocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrrhaptes" title="Syrrhaptes">Syrrhaptes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monias benschi"><img alt="Monias benschi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/120px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/180px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg/240px-Monias_benschi_1912_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="375" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Columbiformes239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbiformes">Columbiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Columbidae99" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">Columbidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">incertae sedis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Arenicolumba" title="Arenicolumba">Arenicolumba</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Bountyphaps" title="Bountyphaps">Bountyphaps</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dysmoropelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysmoropelia">Dysmoropelia</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithophaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithophaps (page does not exist)">Lithophaps</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microena (page does not exist)">Microena</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Primophaps" title="Primophaps">Primophaps</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Rupephaps" title="Rupephaps">Rupephaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Columbinae" title="Columbinae">Columbinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenaidini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenaidini (page does not exist)">Zenaidini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrygon" title="Geotrygon">Geotrygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptotila" title="Leptotila">Leptotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptotrygon" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptotrygon">Leptotrygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starnoenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Starnoenas">Starnoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenaida_doves" title="Zenaida doves">Zenaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentrygon" title="Zentrygon">Zentrygon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Columbini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Columbini (page does not exist)">Columbini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columba_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columba (bird)">Columba</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ectopistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectopistes">Ectopistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macropygia" title="Macropygia">Macropygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesoenas" title="Nesoenas">Nesoenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagioenas" title="Patagioenas">Patagioenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinwardtoena" title="Reinwardtoena">Reinwardtoena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilopelia" title="Spilopelia">Spilopelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptopelia" title="Streptopelia">Streptopelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turacoena" title="Turacoena">Turacoena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claravinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claravinae (page does not exist)">Claravinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_ground_dove" title="Blue ground dove">Claravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbina_(bird)" title="Columbina (bird)">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metriopelia" title="Metriopelia">Metriopelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraclaravis" title="Paraclaravis">Paraclaravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Uropelia">Uropelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raphinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphinae">Raphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phabini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phabini (page does not exist)">Phabini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallicolumba" title="Gallicolumba">Gallicolumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopelia" title="Geopelia">Geopelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophaps" title="Geophaps">Geophaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henicophaps" title="Henicophaps">Henicophaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucosarcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucosarcia">Leucosarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocyphaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocyphaps">Ocyphaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampusana" title="Pampusana">Pampusana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophassa" title="Petrophassa">Petrophassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaps" title="Phaps">Phaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raphini" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphini">Raphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloenas" title="Caloenas">Caloenas</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deliaphaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deliaphaps (page does not exist)">Deliaphaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didunculus" title="Didunculus">Didunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goura_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goura (genus)">Goura</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Microgoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgoura">Microgoura</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Natunaornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Natunaornis">Natunaornis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otidiphaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Otidiphaps">Otidiphaps</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pezophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pezophaps">Pezophaps</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trugon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trugon">Trugon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turturini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turturini (page does not exist)">Turturini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alectroenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alectroenas">Alectroenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcophaps" title="Chalcophaps">Chalcophaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oena" class="mw-redirect" title="Oena">Oena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phapitreron" class="mw-redirect" title="Phapitreron">Phapitreron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtur" title="Turtur">Turtur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treronini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treronini (page does not exist)">Treronini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treron" class="mw-redirect" title="Treron">Treron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ptilinopini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ptilinopini (page does not exist)">Ptilinopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptophaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophaps">Cryptophaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepanoptila" class="mw-redirect" title="Drepanoptila">Drepanoptila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducula">Ducula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_pigeon" title="Mountain pigeon">Gymnophaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiphaga" title="Hemiphaga">Hemiphaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopholaimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopholaimus">Lopholaimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptilinopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptilinopus">Ptilinopus</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tongoenas" title="Tongoenas">Tongoenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphus cucullatus"><img alt="Raphus cucullatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg/120px-Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg/180px-Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg/240px-Didus_cucullatus_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="504" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Raphus cucullatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43502" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43502">Q43502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Raphus_cucullatus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Raphus cucullatus">Raphus cucullatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Raphus_cucullatus/">Raphus_cucullatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/raphus-cucullatus/">raphus-cucullatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=DEF9592737DC3B5E">DEF9592737DC3B5E</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id21894">21894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22690059">22690059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=857418">857418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/dodo1">dodo1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4RKVF">4RKVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/dodo1">dodo1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1049951">1049951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2496198">2496198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/2713">2713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11192433">11192433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=555609">555609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22690059">22690059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=187135">187135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=455687">455687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=92329">92329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Raphus-cucullatus">Raphus-cucullatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43502#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4150705-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038757">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557939705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodo&oldid=1280152957">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodo&oldid=1280152957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_extinct_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List extinct species">IUCN Red List extinct species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dodo" title="Category:Dodo">Dodo</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:Raphinae">Raphinae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_made_extinct_by_human_activities" title="Category:Species made extinct by human activities">Species made extinct by human activities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_Mauritius" title="Category:Dutch Mauritius">Dutch Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_that_are_or_were_threatened_by_use_as_food" title="Category:Species that are or were threatened by use as food">Species that are or were threatened by use as food</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_that_are_or_were_threatened_by_habitat_loss" title="Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss">Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Species_that_are_or_were_threatened_by_invasive_species" title="Category:Species that are or were threatened by invasive species">Species that are or were threatened by invasive species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endemic_birds_of_Mauritius" title="Category:Endemic birds of Mauritius">Endemic birds of Mauritius</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCheke_in_Diamond1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie\u0026#039;s2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaessensHume2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaessensMeijerHume2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaessensMeijerHumeRijsdijk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCocks2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_BoerVelezRijsdijkDe_Louw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDissanayake2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonisthorpe1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerFisher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFryer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespieClague2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldBourdonNorell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoslingde_KruifNorderde_Boer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory-Kumar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakluyt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerhey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeupinkvan_GrouwLambert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginson1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeCheke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeChekeMcOran-Campbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeDattaMartill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeMartillDewdney2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumeSteel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUCN_Red_List2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwanow1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamieson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanoo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiří2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchener_August_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchener_June_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuntnerAgnarsson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyneAdams2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnaeus1766\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivezey1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouchartMourer-Chauviré2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLydekker1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaleszkaHanesHackettDe_Couet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNab1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijerGillde_Louwvan_den_Hoek_Ostende2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddletonHume2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne-Edwards1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMourer-ChauviréBourRibes_June_1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMourer-ChauviréMoutou1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewtonGadow1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieremberg1635\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak-KempHume2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOvenell1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwenBroderip1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmatier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParishCheke2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinhardt1842–1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichonWinters2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRijsdijk_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRijsdijk_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRijsdijk_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsSolow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothschild1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaperGoupille2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro_et_al.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaub1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStresemann1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStricklandMelville1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeixeira2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurveyCheke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintersHume2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintersHumeLeenstra2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitmerCheke1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungHumeDayDouglas2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFde_Lozoya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_GeerClaessensRijsdijkLyras2021\"] = 1,\n [\"White_dodo\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 89,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clade\"] = 7,\n [\"Columbimorphae Genera\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"Extinct\"] = 2,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 16,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 7,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 11,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 51,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.5"],["?","240","14.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","160","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.6"],["type","40","2.4"],["[others]","460","27.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b574f7ddb-xrkr7","timestamp":"20250313090959","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dodo","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dodo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43502","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43502","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-10T18:29:51Z","dateModified":"2025-03-12T21:12:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/50\/Oxford_Dodo_display.jpg","headline":"species of bird (extinct)"}</script> </body> </html>