CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Counterinsurgency - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bebc792b-7b2b-487f-b419-463a7543084e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Counterinsurgency","wgTitle":"Counterinsurgency","wgCurRevisionId":1259280428,"wgRevisionId":1259280428,"wgArticleId":1779806,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021", "Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles containing German-language text","Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020","All articles with style issues","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Counterinsurgency","Insurgency","Military doctrines","Warfare by type"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Counterinsurgency","wgRelevantArticleId":1779806,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Counter-insurgency","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Counterinsurgency","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q760037","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="861"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="574"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/640px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="459"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Counterinsurgency - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Counterinsurgency rootpage-Counterinsurgency skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Counterinsurgency" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Counterinsurgency" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Counterinsurgency" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Counterinsurgency" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterinsurgency_theorists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterinsurgency_theorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Counterinsurgency theorists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counterinsurgency_theorists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counterinsurgency theorists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counterinsurgency_theorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Santa_Cruz_de_Marcenado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santa_Cruz_de_Marcenado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Santa Cruz de Marcenado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santa_Cruz_de_Marcenado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B._H._Liddell_Hart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B._H._Liddell_Hart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>B. H. Liddell Hart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B._H._Liddell_Hart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Galula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Galula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>David Galula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Galula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Thompson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Thompson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Robert Thompson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Thompson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Kilcullen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Kilcullen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>David Kilcullen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Kilcullen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martin_van_Creveld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martin_van_Creveld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Martin van Creveld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martin_van_Creveld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorenzo_Zambernardi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorenzo_Zambernardi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lorenzo Zambernardi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorenzo_Zambernardi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akali_Omeni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akali_Omeni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Akali Omeni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akali_Omeni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information-centric_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information-centric_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Information-centric theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information-centric_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeffrey_Treistman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeffrey_Treistman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Jeffrey Treistman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeffrey_Treistman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Drain_the_sea"_tactic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Drain_the_sea"_tactic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Drain the sea" tactic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Drain_the_sea"_tactic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Assassination of leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_spot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Oil spot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordon_and_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordon_and_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cordon and search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordon_and_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Air operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Public diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Information operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specific doctrines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_doctrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific doctrines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Malaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dutch Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indochina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Indochina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Algeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Russia and Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Counterinsurgency</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مكافحة التمرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكافحة التمرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrainsurxencia" title="Contrainsurxencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Contrainsurxencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthchwyldroadaeth" title="Gwrthchwyldroadaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthchwyldroadaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstandsbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Aufstandsbekämpfung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstandsbekämpfung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrainsurgencia" title="Contrainsurgencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contrainsurgencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrainsurjentzia" title="Kontrainsurjentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kontrainsurjentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-insurrection" title="Contre-insurrection – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contre-insurrection" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%B6%84%EB%9E%80%EC%A0%84" title="대분란전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대분란전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penumpasan_pemberontakan" title="Penumpasan pemberontakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penumpasan pemberontakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controguerriglia" title="Controguerriglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controguerriglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%B1%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="対反乱作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対反乱作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppr%C3%B8rsbekjempelse" title="Opprørsbekjempelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opprørsbekjempelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktryna_przeciwpartyzancka" title="Doktryna przeciwpartyzancka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Doktryna przeciwpartyzancka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrainsurg%C3%AAncia" title="Contrainsurgência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contrainsurgência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Контрпартизанская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контрпартизанская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protigverilsko_bojevanje" title="Protigverilsko bojevanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protigverilsko bojevanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دژە سەرھەڵدان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دژە سەرھەڵدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F" title="การปราบปรามการก่อกบฏ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปราบปรามการก่อกบฏ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антипартизанська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антипартизанська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="反叛亂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反叛亂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q760037#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Counterinsurgency" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Counterinsurgency" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Counterinsurgency" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&oldid=1259280428" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Counterinsurgency&id=1259280428&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCounterinsurgency"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCounterinsurgency"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Counterinsurgency&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Counter-insurgency_warfare" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q760037" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Counter-insurgency&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military operation aimed at defeating insurgent forces</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/275px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/413px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/550px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Police question a civilian during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. Counterinsurgency involves action from both military and police authorities.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg/275px-6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg/413px-6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg/550px-6th_Marine_Rgt._on_patrol_in_Marja_2010-02-22_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">ANA soldiers</a> on patrol during counterinsurgency operations in <a href="/wiki/Marjah" title="Marjah">Marjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, February 2010</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Counterinsurgency</b> (<b>COIN</b>, or NATO spelling <b>counter-insurgency</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular forces</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be considered war by a state against a <a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">non-state adversary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a> and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>. However, modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> is often blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to <a href="/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds">win the hearts and minds</a> of populations supporting the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscriminate violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheldon_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheldon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; border-width: 4px; font-size: 100%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>The guerrilla must swim in the people as the fish swims in the sea. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">–Aphorism based on the writing of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a><sup id="cite_ref-mao_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Counterinsurgency is normally conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means, such as <a href="/wiki/Demoralization_(warfare)" title="Demoralization (warfare)">demoralization</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psy-ops" class="mw-redirect" title="Psy-ops">Psy-ops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a>. Counter-insurgency operations include many different facets: <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a>, and civic actions taken to defeat <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To understand counterinsurgency, one must understand <a href="/wiki/Insurgency#Political_rhetoric,_myths,_and_models" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. Counter-insurgency focuses on bridging these gaps. Insurgents take advantage of social issues known as gaps. When the gaps are wide, they create a sea of discontent, creating the environment in which the insurgent can operate.<sup id="cite_ref-Eizenstat-2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eizenstat-2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Insurgent Archipelago</i>, John Mackinlay puts forward the concept of an evolution of the insurgency from the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> paradigm of the golden age of insurgency to the global insurgency of the start of the 21st century. He defines this distinction as "Maoist" and "post-Maoist" insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counterinsurgency_theorists">Counterinsurgency theorists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Counterinsurgency theorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santa_Cruz_de_Marcenado">Santa Cruz de Marcenado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Santa Cruz de Marcenado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third Marques of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Marcenado" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz de Marcenado">Santa Cruz de Marcenado</a> (1684–1732) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counterinsurgency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his <i>Reflexiones Militares</i>, published between 1726 and 1730, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, and counter them, if they could not be warded off. Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances: "A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Consequently, he advocated clemency towards the population and good governance, to seek the people's "heart and love".<sup id="cite_ref-test_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="B._H._Liddell_Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: B. H. Liddell Hart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a> attributed the failure of counterinsurgencies to various causes. First, as pointed out in the Insurgency addendum to the second version of his book <i>Strategy: The Indirect Approach</i>, a popular insurgency has an inherent advantage over any occupying force. He showed as a prime example the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">French occupation of Spain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. Whenever Spanish forces managed to constitute themselves into a regular fighting force, the superior French forces beat them every time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, once dispersed and decentralized, the <a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">irregular nature</a> of the rebel campaigns proved a decisive counter to French superiority on the battlefield. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s army had no means of effectively combating the rebels, and in the end, their strength and morale were so sapped that when <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a> was finally able to challenge French forces in the field, the French had almost no choice but to abandon the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counterinsurgency efforts may be successful, especially when the insurgents are unpopular. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> in Peru, and the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been the sites of failed insurgencies. </p><p>Hart also points to the experiences of <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as another example of the power of the rebel/insurgent. Though the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> often had advantages in manpower of more than 100 to 1, the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>' ability to materialize out of the desert, strike, and disappear again often left the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a> reeling and paralyzed, creating an opportunity for regular <a href="/wiki/British_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="British forces">British forces</a> to sweep in and finish the Turkish forces off.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both the preceding cases, the insurgents and rebel fighters were working in conjunction with or in a manner complementary to regular forces. Such was also the case with the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">National Liberation Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The strategy in these cases is for the irregular combatant to weaken and destabilize the enemy to such a degree that victory is easy or assured for the regular forces. However, in many modern rebellions, one does not see rebel fighters working in conjunction with regular forces. Rather, they are home-grown <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a> or imported fighters who have no unified goals or objectives save to expel the occupier. </p><p>According to Liddell Hart, there are few effective counter-measures to this strategy. So long as the insurgency maintains popular support, it will retain all of its strategic advantages of mobility, invisibility, and legitimacy in its own eyes and the eyes of the people. So long as this is the situation, an insurgency essentially cannot be defeated by regular forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Galula">David Galula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: David Galula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Galula" title="David Galula">David Galula</a> gained his practical experience in counterinsurgency as a <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> officer in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. His theory of counterinsurgency is not primarily military, but a combination of military, political and social actions under the strong control of a single authority. </p><p>Galula proposes four "laws" for counterinsurgency:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The aim of the war is to gain the support of the population rather than control of territory.</li> <li>Most of the population will be neutral in the conflict; support of the masses can be obtained with the help of an active friendly minority.</li> <li>Support of the population may be lost. The population must be efficiently protected to allow it to cooperate without fear of retribution by the opposite party.</li> <li>Order enforcement should be done progressively by removing or driving away armed opponents, then gaining the support of the population, and eventually strengthening positions by building infrastructure and setting long-term relationships with the population. This must be done area by area, using a pacified territory as a basis of operation to conquer a neighboring area.</li></ol> <p>Galula contends that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A victory [in a counterinsurgency] is not the destruction in a given area of the insurgent's forces and his political organization. ... A victory is that plus the permanent isolation of the insurgent from the population, isolation not enforced upon the population, but maintained by and with the population. ... In conventional warfare, strength is assessed according to military or other tangible criteria, such as the number of divisions, the position they hold, the industrial resources, etc. In revolutionary warfare, strength must be assessed by the extent of support from the population as measured in terms of political organization at the grassroots. The counterinsurgent reaches a position of strength when his power is embedded in a political organization issuing from, and firmly supported by, the population.<sup id="cite_ref-galula_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galula-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>With his four principles in mind, Galula goes on to describe a general military and political strategy to put them into operation in an area that is under full insurgent control: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a Selected Area<br /> </p><p>1. Concentrate enough armed forces to destroy or to expel the main body of armed insurgents.<br /> 2. Detach for the area sufficient troops to oppose an insurgent come back in strength, install these troops in the hamlets, villages, and towns where the population lives.<br /> 3. Establish contact with the population, control its movements in order to cut off its links with the guerrillas.<br /> 4. Destroy the local insurgent political organization.<br /> 5. Set up, by means of elections, new provisional local authorities.<br /> 6. Test those authorities by assigning them various concrete tasks. Replace the softs and the incompetents, give full support to the active leaders. Organize self-defense units.<br /> 7. Group and educate the leaders in a national political movement.<br /> </p><p> 8. Win over or suppress the last insurgent remnants.<sup id="cite_ref-galula_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galula-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Galula, some of these steps can be skipped in areas that are only partially under insurgent control, and most of them are unnecessary in areas already controlled by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-galula_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galula-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the essence of counterinsurgency warfare is summed up by Galula as "Build (or rebuild) a political machine from the population upward."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Thompson">Robert Thompson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Robert Thompson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Robert Grainger Ker Thompson</a> wrote <i>Defeating Communist Insurgency</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1966, wherein he argued that a successful counterinsurgency effort must be proactive in seizing the initiative from insurgents. Thompson outlines five basic principles for a successful counterinsurgency: </p> <ol><li>The government must have a clear political aim: to establish and maintain a free, independent and united country that is politically and economically stable and viable;</li> <li>The government must function in accordance with the law;</li> <li>The government must have an overall plan;</li> <li>The government must give priority to defeating political subversion, not the guerrilla fighters;</li> <li>In the guerrilla phase of an insurgency, a government must secure its base areas first.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton1998_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton1998-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Kilcullen">David Kilcullen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: David Kilcullen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilcullen3Pillars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/350px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/525px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kilcullen3Pillars.svg/700px-Kilcullen3Pillars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency</figcaption></figure> <p>In "The Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency", Dr. <a href="/wiki/David_Kilcullen" title="David Kilcullen">David Kilcullen</a>, the Chief Strategist of the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> in 2006, described a framework for interagency cooperation in counterinsurgency operations. His pillars – Security, Political and Economic – support the overarching goal of Control, but are based on Information: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is because perception is crucial in developing control and influence over population groups. Substantive security, political and economic measures are critical but to be effective they must rest upon, and integrate with a broader information strategy. Every action in counterinsurgency sends a message; the purpose of the information campaign is to consolidate and unify this message. ... Importantly, the information campaign has to be conducted at a global, regional and local level — because modern insurgents draw upon global networks of sympathy, support, funding and recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-kilcullen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilcullen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kilcullen considers the three pillars to be of equal importance because </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>unless they are developed in parallel, the campaign becomes unbalanced: too much economic assistance with inadequate security, for example, simply creates an array of soft targets for the insurgents. Similarly, too much security assistance without political consensus or governance simply creates more capable armed groups. In developing each pillar, we measure progress by gauging effectiveness (capability and capacity) and legitimacy (the degree to which the population accepts that government actions are in its interest).<sup id="cite_ref-kilcullen_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilcullen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The overall goal, according to this model, "is not to reduce violence to zero or to kill every insurgent, but rather to return the overall system to normality — noting that 'normality' in one society may look different from normality in another. In each case, we seek not only to establish control, but also to consolidate that control and then transfer it to permanent, effective, and legitimate institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-kilcullen_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kilcullen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martin_van_Creveld">Martin van Creveld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Martin van Creveld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Martin van Creveld</a>, noting that almost all attempts to deal with insurgency have ended in failure, advises: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first, and absolutely indispensable, thing to do is throw overboard 99 percent of the literature on counterinsurgency, counter guerrilla, counterterrorism, and the like. Since most of it was written by the losing side, it is of little value.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In examining why so many counterinsurgencies by powerful militaries fail against weaker enemies, Van Creveld identifies a key dynamic that he illustrates by the metaphor of killing a child. Regardless of whether the child started the fight or how well armed the child is, an adult in a fight with a child will feel that he is acting unjustly if he harms the child and foolish if the child harms him; he will, therefore, wonder if the fight is necessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Van Creveld argues that "by definition, a strong counterinsurgent who uses his strength to kill the members of a small, weak organization of insurgents – let alone the civilian population by which it is surrounded, and which may lend it support – will commit crimes in an unjust cause," while "a child who is in a serious fight with an adult is justified in using every and any means available – not because he or she is right, but because he or she has no choice".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every act of insurgency becomes, from the perspective of the counterinsurgent, a reason to end the conflict, while also being a reason for the insurgents to continue until victory. <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a>, second in command to <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, wrote in his <i>Primer for Revolt</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The guiding principle of the strategy for our whole resistance must be to prolong the war. To protract the war is the key to victory. Why must the war be protracted? ... If we throw the whole of our forces into a few battles to try to decide the outcome, we shall certainly be defeated and the enemy will win. On the other hand, if while fighting we maintain our forces, expand them, train our army and people, learn military tactics … and at the same time wear down the enemy forces, we shall weary and discourage them in such a way that, strong as they are, they will become weak and will meet defeat instead of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Van Creveld thus identifies "time" as the key factor in counterinsurgency. In an attempt to find lessons from the few cases of successful counterinsurgency, of which he lists two clear cases: the British efforts during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and the 1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> government to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, he asserts that the "core of the difficulty is neither military nor political, but moral" and outlines two distinct methods.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first method relies on superb intelligence, provided by those who know the natural and artificial environment of the conflict as well as the insurgents. Once such superior intelligence is gained, the counterinsurgents must be trained to a point of high professionalism and discipline such that they will exercise discrimination and restraint. Through such discrimination and restraint, the counterinsurgents do not alienate members of the populace besides those already fighting them, while delaying the time when the counterinsurgents become disgusted by their own actions and demoralized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>General Patrick Walters, the British commander of troops in Northern Ireland, explicitly stated that his objective was not to kill as many terrorists as possible but to ensure that as few people on both sides were killed. In the vast majority of counterinsurgencies, the "forces of order" kill far more people than they lose. In contrast and using very rough figures, the struggle in Northern Ireland had cost the United Kingdom three thousand fatal casualties. Of the three thousand, about seventeen hundred were civilians...of the remaining, a thousand were British soldiers. No more than three hundred were terrorists, a ratio of three to one.<sup id="cite_ref-van_Creveld,_235_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Creveld,_235-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the prerequisites for the first method – excellent intelligence, superbly trained and disciplined soldiers and police, and an iron will to avoid being provoked into lashing out – are lacking, van Creveld posits that counterinsurgents who still want to win must use the second method exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre" title="1982 Hama massacre">Hama massacre</a>. In 1982, the regime of Syrian president <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> was on the point of being overwhelmed by the countrywide insurgency of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. Al-Assad sent a <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian Army</a> division under his brother <a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a> to the city of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, known to be the center of the resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following a counterattack by the Brotherhood, Rifaat used his heavy artillery to demolish the city, killing between 10-25,000 people, including many women and children. Asked by reporters what had happened, Hafez al-Assad exaggerated the damage and deaths, promoted the commanders who carried out the attacks, and razed Hama's well-known great mosque, replacing it with a parking lot. With the Muslim Brotherhood scattered, the population was so cowed that it would be years before opposition groups dared to disobey the regime again and, van Creveld argues, the massacre most likely saved the regime and prevented a bloody <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Van Creveld condenses al-Assad's strategy into five rules while noting that they could easily have been written by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-van_Creveld,_235_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Creveld,_235-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>There are situations in which cruelty is necessary, and refusing to apply necessary cruelty is a betrayal of the people who put you into power. When pressed to cruelty, never threaten your opponent but disguise your intention and feign weakness until you strike.</li> <li>Once you decide to strike, it is better to kill too many than not enough. If another strike is needed, it reduces the impact of the first strike. Repeated strikes will also endanger the morale of the counterinsurgent troops; soldiers forced to commit repeated atrocities will likely begin to resort to alcohol or drugs to force themselves to carry out orders and will inevitably lose their military edge, eventually turning into a danger to their commanders.</li> <li>Act as soon as possible. More lives will be saved by decisive action early, than by prolonging the insurgency. The longer you wait, the more inured the population will be to bloodshed, and the more barbaric your action will have to be to make an impression.</li> <li>Strike openly. Do not apologize, make excuses about "<a href="/wiki/Collateral_damage" title="Collateral damage">collateral damage</a>", express regret, or promise investigations. Afterwards, make sure that as many people as possible know of your strike; the media is useful for this purpose, but be careful not to let them interview survivors and arouse sympathy.</li> <li>Do not command the strike yourself, in case it doesn't work for some reason and you need to disown your commander and try another strategy. If it does work, present your commander to the world, explain what you have done and make certain that everyone understands that you are ready to strike again.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorenzo_Zambernardi">Lorenzo Zambernardi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lorenzo Zambernardi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma", Dr. Lorenzo Zambernardi, an Italian academic now working in the United States, clarifies the tradeoffs involved in counterinsurgency operations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that counterinsurgency involves three main goals, but in real practice, a counterinsurgent needs to choose two goals out of three. Relying on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic theory</a>, this is what Zambernardi labels the "impossible trilemma" of counterinsurgency. Specifically, the impossible trilemma suggests that it is impossible to simultaneously achieve: 1) force protection, 2) distinction between enemy combatants and non-combatants, and 3) the physical elimination of insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Zambernardi, in pursuing any two of these three goals, a state must forgo some portion of the third objective. In particular, a state can protect its armed forces while destroying insurgents, but only by indiscriminately killing civilians as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> did in the Balkans, Libya, and Eastern Europe. It can choose to protect civilians along with its own armed forces instead, avoiding so-called collateral damage, but only by abandoning the objective of destroying the insurgents. Finally, a state can discriminate between combatants and non-combatants while killing insurgents, but only by increasing the risks for its own troops, because often insurgents will hide behind civilians, or appear to be civilians. So a country must choose two out of three goals and develop a strategy that can successfully accomplish them while sacrificing the third objective. </p><p>Zambernardi's theory posits that to protect populations, which is necessary to defeat insurgencies and to physically destroy an insurgency, the counterinsurgent's military forces must be sacrificed, risking the loss of domestic political support.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akali_Omeni">Akali Omeni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Akali Omeni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another writer who explores a trio of features relevant to understanding counterinsurgency is Akali Omeni. Within the contemporary context, COIN warfare by African militaries tends to be at the margins of the theoretical debate – even though Africa today is faced with a number of deadly insurgencies. In <i>Counter-insurgency in Nigeria</i>, Omeni, a Nigerian academic, discusses the interactions between certain features away from the battlefield, which account for battlefield performance against insurgent warfare. Specifically, Omeni argues that the trio of historical experience, organisational culture (OC) and doctrine, help explain the institution of COIN within militaries and their tendency to reject the innovation and adaptation often necessary to defeat insurgency. These three features, furthermore, influence and can undermine the operational tactics and concepts adopted against insurgents. The COIN challenge, therefore, is not just operational; it also is cultural and institutional before ever it reflects on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Omeni, institutional isomorphism is a sociological phenomenon that constrains the habits of a military (in this case, the Nigerian military) to the long-established, yet increasingly ineffective, ideology of the offensive in irregular warfare. As Omeni writes, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whereas the Nigerian military's performance against militias in the Niger Delta already suggested the military had a poor grasp of the threat of insurgent warfare; it was further along the line, as the military struggled against Boko Haram's threat, that the extent of this weakness was exposed. At best, the utility of force, for the Nigerian military, had become but a temporary solution against the threat of insurgent warfare. At worst, the existing model has been perpetuated at such high cost, that urgent revisionist thinking around the idea of counterinsurgency within the military institution may now be required. Additionally, the military's decisive civil war victory, the pivot in Nigeria's strategic culture towards a regional role, and the institutional delegitimization brought about by decades of coups and political meddling, meant that much time went by without substantive revisionism to the military's thinking around its internal function. Change moreover, where it occurred, was institutionally isomorphic and not as far removed from the military's own origins as the intervening decades may have suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Further, the infantry-centric nature of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Nigerian Army</a>'s battalions, traceable back to the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> back in the 1960s, is reflected in the kinetic nature of the Army's contemporary COIN approach.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has failed to defeat Boko Haram in the way many expected. Certainly, therefore, the popular argument today, which holds that the Nigerian Army has struggled in COIN due to capabilities shortcomings, holds some merit. However, a full-spectrum analysis of the Nigeria case suggests that this popular dominant narrative scarcely scratches the surface of the true COIN challenge. This population-centered challenge, moreover, is one that militaries across the world continue to contend with. And in attempting to solve the COIN puzzle, state forces over the decades have tried a range of tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information-centric_theory">Information-centric theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Information-centric theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the early 2000s, micro-level data has transformed the analysis of effective counterinsurgency (COIN) operations. Leading this work is the "information-centric" group of theorists and researchers, led by the work of the Empirical Studies of Conflict (ESOC) group at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Conflict and Peace, Research and Development (CPRD) group at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berman, Shapiro, and Felter have outlined the modern information-centric model.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this framework, the critical determinant of counterinsurgent success is information about insurgents provided to counterinsurgents, such as insurgent locations, plans, and targets. Information can be acquired from civilian sources (human intelligence, <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">HUMINT</a>), or through signals intelligence (<a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jeffrey_Treistman">Jeffrey Treistman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jeffrey Treistman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Jeffrey Treistman previously served with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a> as the Policy Advisor to the Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Salam_al-Zaubai" title="Salam al-Zaubai">Salam al-Zaubai</a>. In his book, <i>When Bad States Win: Rethinking Counterinsurgency Strategy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he found little evidence to support the ‘hearts and minds’ approach to counterinsurgency. “There is little robust generalizable evidence that population-centric approaches are effective,” he argued.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to other COIN theorists, Treistman examined how the gross violation of international law and human rights affected war outcomes. He developed a theory of barbarism as a counterinsurgency strategy — the indiscriminate use of violence against civilians to defeat insurgents. He proposed that under certain conditions, genocide, rape, torture, repression, and other human rights violations could succeed in suppressing a rebellion. Treistman theorized that moderate levels of violence against civilians would not be effective in dissuading insurgents. But if counterinsurgents increased their lethality, cruelty, and violence against civilians it would successfully deter insurgents. “The overwhelming and brutal application of force against civilians,” he argued, “will squash domestic opposition.”<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treistman thus proposed a convex function to model the relationship between barbarism and counterinsurgency outcomes. Moderate levels of repression are insufficient and counterproductive, but as a counterinsurgent increases the degree of lethality and repression it is more likely to defeat insurgents. “Widespread indiscriminate violence and political repression increase the odds of a government victory. As a result, bad states may sometimes defeat insurgencies.”<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Drain_the_sea"_tactic"><span id=".22Drain_the_sea.22_tactic"></span>"Drain the sea" tactic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Drain the sea" tactic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/220px-German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/330px-German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/440px-German_soldiers_relax_after_destroying_a_village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers relax after destroying a village in Epirus, Greece (1942 or 1943).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>With regard to tactics, the terms "drain the sea" or "drain the water" involves the forced <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">relocation</a> or elimination of the civilian population ("water") to expose the rebels or insurgents ("fish"). In other words, relocation deprives the aforementioned of the support, cover, and resources of the local population. This is typically targeted in that it specifically targets the demographic that supports the insurgency in a limited area where insurgency is taking place, but is indiscriminate from an individual perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Plakoudas2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plakoudas2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of use of this technique in counterinsurgency include <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020942_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020942-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Boer War">Second Anglo-Boer War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Downes2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Plakoudas2016_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plakoudas2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)" title="General Order No. 11 (1863)">General Order No. 11 (1863)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-civilwarstlouis.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwarstlouis.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fair2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fair2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Draining the sea" can also be accomplished through <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> by killing the population blamed for the insurgency. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Nazi Germany's counterinsurgency (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bandit fighting</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) became intertwined with the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pieper2014_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieper2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indiscriminate violence also has a deterrent effect. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Luttwak" title="Edward Luttwak">Edward Luttwak</a> stated, "A massacre once in a while remained an effective warning for decades."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020944_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020944-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A downside of such methods of counterinsurgency is their severity may provoke increased resistance from the targeted population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pieper2014_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieper2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary times, concerns about <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> can rule out counterinsurgency campaigns using indiscriminate violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_leaders">Assassination of leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Assassination of leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation strike">decapitation strike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted killing</a></div> <p>Assassination of leaders can be a successful counterinsurgency tactic.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020940_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020940-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spot">Oil spot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oil spot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gvnhamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gvnhamlet.jpg/267px-Gvnhamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Gvnhamlet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Strategic_hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic hamlet">strategic hamlet</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> c.1964</figcaption></figure> <p>The oil spot approach is the concentration of counterinsurgent forces into an expanding, secured zone. The origins of the expression is to be found in its initial use by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a>, the main theoretician of French colonial warfare and counterinsurgency strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-porch_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil spot approach was later one of the justifications given in the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordon_and_search">Cordon and search</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cordon and search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cordon_and_search" title="Cordon and search">Cordon and search</a> is a military tactic, one of the basic counterinsurgency operations<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which an area is cordoned off and premises are searched for weapons or insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other related operations are "Cordon and knock"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Cordon and kick". "Cordon and search" is part of a new doctrine called <a href="/wiki/Stability_and_Support_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Stability and Support Operations">Stability and Support Operations</a> or SASO. It is a technique used where there is no hard intelligence of weapons in the house and therefore is less intense than a normal house search. It is used in urban neighborhoods. The purpose of the mission is to search a house with as little inconvenience to the resident family as possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_operations">Air operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Air operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_aircraft" title="Counter-insurgency aircraft">Counter-insurgency aircraft</a></div> <p>Air power can play an important role in counterinsurgency, capable of carrying out a wide range of operations:<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Transportation in support of combatants and civilians alike, including <a href="/wiki/Casualty_evacuation" title="Casualty evacuation">casualty evacuations</a>;</li> <li>Intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological operation">Psychological operations</a>, through leaflet drops, loudspeakers, and radio broadcasts;</li> <li>Air-to-ground attack against 'soft' targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Sagraves_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sagraves-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_(wide_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg/300px-Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg/450px-Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg/600px-Special_Forces_Medic_in_Afghanistan_%28wide_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/7th_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)" title="7th Special Forces Group (United States)">7th SFG</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">medic</a> gives a young boy a coloring book during a meeting with village religious leaders to gain their support and obtain information, Afghanistan 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_diplomacy">Public diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>' <i>Counterinsurgency <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manuals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Field Manuals">Field Manual</a></i>, one of the many tactics described to help win in counterinsurgency warfare involves the use of <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a> through military means.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counterinsurgency is effective when it is integrated "into a comprehensive strategy employing all instruments of national power," including public diplomacy. The goal of COIN operations is to render the insurgents as ineffective and non-influential, by having strong and secure relations with the population of the host nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An understanding of the host nation and the environment that the COIN operations will take place in is essential. Public diplomacy in COIN warfare is only effective when there is a clear understanding of the culture and population at hand. One of the largest factors needed for defeating an insurgency involves understanding the populace, how they interact with the insurgents, how they interact with <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organizations">non-government organizations</a> in the area, and how they view the counterinsurgency operations themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a> is a common public diplomacy aspect that is emphasized in COIN warfare. Insurgents win their war by attacking internal will and the international opposition. To combat these tactics, the counterinsurgency operations need to treat their prisoners and detainees humanely and according to American values and principles. By doing this, COIN operations show the host nation's population that they can be trusted and that they are concerned about the well-being of the population to be successful in warfare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg/287px-U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg/431px-U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg/574px-U.S._Marine_Hearts_and_Minds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moshtarak" title="Operation Moshtarak">Operation Moshtarak</a>; A <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine">U.S. Marine</a> hands out candy to children while conducting counterinsurgency operations in <a href="/wiki/Marjah" title="Marjah">Marjah</a>, Afghanistan 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>A population that expects the incumbent government to deliver public goods, services, and security frequently supports the counterinsurgency, and a major event that increases popular expectations of future public goods and service delivery can trigger a shift in public attitudes away from the insurgency and toward the counterinsurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Political, social, and economic programs are usually more valuable than conventional military operations in addressing the root causes of the conflict and undermining the insurgency."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These programs are essential in order to gain the support of the population. These programs are designed to make the local population feel secure, safe, and more aligned with the counterinsurgency efforts; this enables the citizens of the host nation to trust the goals and purposes of the counterinsurgency efforts, as opposed to the insurgents'. A counterinsurgency is a battle of ideas and the implementation and integration of these programs is important for success. Social, political and economic programs should be coordinated and administered by the host nation's leaders, as well. Successful COIN warfare allows the population to see that the counterinsurgency efforts are including the host nation in their re-building programs. The war is fought among the people and for the people between the insurgents and the counterinsurgents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A counterinsurgency is won by utilizing strategic communications and <a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">information operations</a> successfully. A counterinsurgency is a competition of ideas, ideologies, and socio-political movements. In order to combat insurgent ideologies one must understand the values and characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or religion. Additionally, counterinsurgency efforts need to understand the culture of which the insurgency resides, in order to strategically launch information and communication operations against the insurgent ideology or religion. Counterinsurgency information operatives need to also identify key audiences, communicators, and public leaders to know whom to influence and reach out to with their information.<sup id="cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krawchuk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_operations">Information operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Information operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public diplomacy in information operations can only be achieved by a complete understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> it is operating in. Counterinsurgency operations must be able to perceive the world from the locals' perspective. To develop a comprehensive cultural picture counterinsurgency efforts should invest in employing "media consultants, finance and business experts, psychologists, organizational network analysts, and scholars from a wide range of disciplines."<sup id="cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krawchuk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most importantly, counterinsurgency efforts need to be able to understand why the local population is drawn into the insurgent <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, like what aspects are appealing and how insurgents use the information to draw their followers into the ideology. Counterinsurgency communication efforts need a baseline understanding of values, attitudes, and perceptions of the people in the area of operations to conduct successful public diplomacy to defeat the enemy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Developing information and communication strategies involve providing a legitimate alternate ideology, improving security and economic opportunity, and strengthening family ties outside of the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>. In order to conduct public diplomacy through these means, counterinsurgency communication needs to match its deeds with its words. Information provided through public diplomacy during a counterinsurgency cannot lie, the information and communication to the people always have to be truthful and trustworthy in order to be effective at countering the insurgents. Public diplomacy in counterinsurgency to influence the public thoughts and ideas is a long time engagement and should not be done through negative campaigning about the enemy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conducting public diplomacy through relaying information and communicating with the public in a counterinsurgency is most successful when a conversation can happen between the counterinsurgency team and the local population of the area of operation. Building rapport with the public involves "listening, paying attention, and being responsive and proactive" which is sufficient for the local population to understand and trust the counterinsurgency efforts and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krawchuk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship is stringent upon the counterinsurgents keeping their promises, providing security to the locals, and communicating their message directly and quickly in times of need.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Understanding and influencing the cognitive dimension of the local population is essential to winning counterinsurgency warfare. The people's perception of legitimacy about the host nation and the foreign country's counterinsurgency efforts is where success is determined. "The free flow of information present in all theaters via television, telephone, and Internet, can present conflicting messages and quickly defeat the intended effects."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coordination between the counterinsurgency operations, the host nation, and the local media in the information presented to the public is essential to showing and influencing how the local population perceives the counterinsurgency efforts and the host nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a>, the media, and rumors influence how the people view counterinsurgency, the government hosting their efforts, and the host nation <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>. The use of public diplomacy to strategically relay the correct messages and information to the public is essential to success in a counterinsurgency operation. For example, close relationships with media members in the area is essential to ensure that the locals understand the counterinsurgency objectives and feel secure with the host nation government and the counterinsurgency efforts. If the local media is not in sync with the counterinsurgency operatives then they could spread incomplete or false information about the counterinsurgency campaign to the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"Given Al Qaeda's global reach, the United States must develop a more integrated strategic communication strategy for counter-insurgency with its allies to diminish violent rhetoric, improve its image abroad, and detect, deter, and defeat this social movement at its many levels."<sup id="cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krawchuk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information operations and communicative abilities are one of the largest and most influential aspects of public diplomacy within a counterinsurgency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Public diplomacy is especially important as modern insurgents are more easily able to gain support through a variety of sources, both local and transnational, thanks to advances in increased communication and globalization. Consequently, modern counter-insurgency requires attention to be focused on an insurgency's ecosystem from the national to the local level, in order to deprive the insurgency of support and prevent future insurgent groups from forming.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_doctrines">Specific doctrines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specific doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Vietnam War, counterinsurgency initially formed part of the earlier war as Diem had implemented the poorly-conceived <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a>, a similar model to the Malayan Emergency that had the opposite effect by leading to increased recruitment to the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly economic and rural development formed a key strategy as part of Rural Affairs development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the earlier war was marked by considerable emphasis on counterinsurgency programs, the <a href="/wiki/US_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="US Armed Forces">US Armed Forces</a> initially relied on very little, if any, theoretical doctrine of counterinsurgency during the <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%9369#Military_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–69">Ground-Intervention phase</a>. Conventional warfare using massive firepower and the failure to implement adequate counterinsurgency had extremely negative effects, which was the strategy that the NVA adeptly used to countering by the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_strategy,_organization_and_structure#The_Protracted_War_conflict_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure">protracted political and military warfare model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the replacement of General <a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a>, newer concepts were tried including a revival of earlier COIN strategies including <a href="/wiki/Civil_Operations_and_Revolutionary_Development_Support" title="Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support">Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support</a>. The US and its allies later implemented the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a>, which targeted the Viet Cong political infrastructure through capture, defection or assassination of Viet Cong members. The program was very successful at suppressing Viet Cong political and revolutionary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaya">Malaya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Malaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British forces used the relocation method with considerable success during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a>, implemented fully in 1950, relocated <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayans</a> into protected "<a href="/wiki/New_village" title="New village">New Villages</a>", designated by British forces. By the end of 1951, some 400,000 ethnic Chinese had moved into the fortifications. Of that population, the British forces formed a "Home Guard", an armed resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party" title="Malayan Communist Party">Malayan Communist Party</a>, an implementation that was later mirrored by the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet_Program" title="Strategic Hamlet Program">Strategic Hamlet Program</a>, which used by US forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagl_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagl-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite British claims of a victory in the Malayan Emergency, the military historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Martin van Creveld</a> noted that the results of the counterinsurgency, the withdrawal of British forces and the establishment of an independent state, are identical to those of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, which are not considered victories.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Empire">Dutch Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dutch Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dutch formulated a new strategy of counterinsurgency warfare during the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh War</a> by deploying light-armed <a href="/wiki/Korps_Marechaussee_te_voet" title="Korps Marechaussee te voet">Marechaussee</a> units and using <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> tactics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1898 <a href="/wiki/Van_Heutsz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Heutsz">Van Heutsz</a> was proclaimed governor of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, who later became Dutch Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Hendrikus_Colijn" title="Hendrikus Colijn">Hendrikus Colijn</a>, they finally conquered most of Aceh. They followed <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Snouck_Hurgronje" title="Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje">Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje</a>'s suggestions of finding cooperative <i>uleebalang</i> or secular chiefs to support them in the countryside and to isolate the resistance from its rural support base.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_campaign_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947">South Sulawesi Campaign</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">Raymond Westerling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Korps_Speciale_Troepen" title="Korps Speciale Troepen">KST</a>, Special Forces of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> used the <b>Westerling Method</b>. Westerling ordered the registration of all <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> arriving in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> because of the large numbers of Javanese participating in the Sulawesi resistance. He also used scouts to infiltrate local villages and to identify members of the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on their information and that of the Dutch military intelligence service, the DST surrounded one of more suspected villages during night and drove the population to a central location. At daybreak, the operation began, often led by Westerling. Men would be separated from women and children. From the information gathered, Westerling exposed certain people as terrorists and murderers, who were shot without any further investigation. Afterwards, Westerling forced local communities to refrain from supporting guerillas by swearing on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, and it established local self-defence units with some members recruited from former guerrillas deemed as "redeemable".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Westerling directed eleven operations throughout the campaign. He succeeded in eliminating the insurgency and undermining local support for the Republicans. His actions restored Dutch rule in <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">southern Sulawesi</a>. However, the Netherlands East Indies government and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Dutch Army</a> command soon realised that Westerling's notoriety led to growing public criticism. In April 1947, the Dutch government instituted an official inquiry of his controversial methods. Westerling was put on the sidelines and was relieved of his duties in November 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>France had major counterinsurgency wars in its <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. McClintock cited the basic points of French doctrine as:<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Quadrillage (an administrative grid of population and territory)</li> <li>Ratissage (cordoning and "raking")</li> <li>Regroupement (relocating and closely controlling a suspect population)</li> <li>'Tache d'huile' – The 'oil spot' strategy</li> <li>Recruitment of local leaders and forces</li> <li>Paramilitary organization and militias</li></ul> <p>Much of the thinking was informed by the work of earlier leading French theoreticians of colonial warfare and counterinsurgency, Marshals Bugeaud, Gallieni and Lyautey.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WMcClintock cites the 1894 Algerian governor, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Cambon" title="Jules Cambon">Jules Cambon</a>, as saying, "By destroying the administration and local government we were also suppressing our means of action.... The result is that we are today confronted by a sort of human dust on which we have no influence and in which movements take place which are unknown to us". Cambon's philosophy, however, did not seem to survive into the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>(1954–1962).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dautranh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dautranh.jpg/400px-Dautranh.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Dautranh.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The sophisticated NLF/PAVN insurgent structure was embedded in the population and difficult to root out and combat. French and US Special Forces (Green Berets) saw some success in organizing tribal peoples to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indochina">Indochina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indochina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-war doctrine, as in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>, took a more drastic view of "<i>Guerre Révolutionnaire</i>", which presented an ideological and global war with a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>. Countermeasures, in principle, needed to be both political and military: "No measure was too drastic to meet the new threat of revolution". French forces taking control from the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> did not seem to negotiate seriously with nationalist elements in what was to become <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reaped the consequences of overconfidence at <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fall-2002_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fall-2002-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It occurred to various commanders that soldiers who were trained to operate as guerrillas would have a strong sense of how to fight guerrillas. Before the partition of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, French <i><a href="/wiki/Groupement_de_Commandos_Mixtes_A%C3%A9roport%C3%A9s" title="Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés">Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés</a></i> (GCMA), led by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Roger Trinquier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Trinquier_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinquier-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took on this role, drawing on French experience with the Jedburgh teams.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GCMA, operating in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> under <a href="/wiki/French_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="French intelligence">French intelligence</a>, was complemented by Commandos Nord Viêt-Nam in the North. In those missions, the SOF teams lived and fought with the locals. One Laotian, who became an officer, was <a href="/wiki/Vang_Pao" title="Vang Pao">Vang Pao</a>, who was to become a general in Hmong and Laotian operations in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> while the US forces increased their role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria">Algeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></div> <p>The French counterinsurgency in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">colonial Algeria</a> was a savage one. The 1957 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Algiers (1957)">Battle of Algiers</a> resulted in 24,000 detentions, with most tortured and an estimated 3,000 killed. It may have broken the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, but it also killed off French legitimacy as far as "<a href="/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds">hearts and minds</a>" went.<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomes2004_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomes2004-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Counterinsurgency requires an extremely capable intelligence infrastructure that is endowed with human sources and deep cultural knowledge. That contributes to the difficulty of foreign, as opposed to indigenous, powers in counterinsurgency operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of France's most influential theorists was <a href="/wiki/Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Roger Trinquier</a>. The <i>Modern Warfare</i> counterinsurgency strategy, described by Trinquier, who had led <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> guerrillas in Indochina, was a strong influence on French efforts in Algeria<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Trinquier suggested three principles: </p> <ol><li>separate the guerrilla from the population that supports it;</li> <li>occupy the zones from which the guerrillas previously operated, make the area dangerous for the insurgents and turn the people against the guerrilla movement; and</li> <li>co-ordinate actions over a wide area and for a long enough time that the guerrilla is denied access to the population centres that could support him<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>Trinquier's view was that <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> had to be extremely focused and limited, but many French officers considered its use to be corrosive to their own side. There were strong protests among French leaders: the Army's most decorated officer, General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_P%C3%A2ris_de_Bollardi%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Pâris de Bollardière">Jacques Pâris de Bollardière</a>, confronted General <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Massu" title="Jacques Massu">Jacques Massu</a>, the commander of French forces in the Battle of Algiers, over orders institutionalizing torture, as "an unleashing of deplorable instincts which no longer knew any limits". He issued an open letter condemning the danger to the army of the loss of its moral values "under the fallacious pretext of immediate expediency" and was imprisoned for sixty days.<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock-2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As some of the French Army protested, others increased the intensity of their approach, which led to an attempted <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> against the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a> itself. Massu and General <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Raoul Salan</a> led a 1958 coup in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> to demand a new republic under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. When de Gaulle's policies toward Algeria, such as a 1961 referendum on Algerian self-determination, did not meet the expectations of the colonial officers, Salan formed the underground <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> (OAS), a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> terrorist group, whose actions included a 1962 assassination attempt against de Gaulle himself<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>France has had taken <a href="/wiki/Insurgency#Barnett_and_connecting_to_the_core" title="Insurgency">Barnett's Leviathan role</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, the latter on two occasions, most significantly in 2002–2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivory2003_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivory2003-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation with France and Ivory Coast is not a classic FID situation, as <a href="/wiki/Ivorian-French_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivorian-French War">France attacked Ivorian forces</a> that had provoked <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeepers">UN peacekeepers</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another noteworthy instance of counterinsurgency in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a> experience against the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a>. Military operations against <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> occur predominantly in the far northeast areas of Nigeria. The operations have been ongoing since June 2011 and have greatly expanded within the <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Lake Chad Basin</a> sub-region of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many insurgencies in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> since its <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> in 1947. The <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir insurgency</a>, which started by 1989, was brought under control by the Indian government and violence has been reduced. A branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Rifles" title="Rashtriya Rifles">Rashtriya Rifles</a> (RR), was created for the sole purpose of destroying the insurgency in Kashmir, and it has played a major role in doing so. The RR was well supported by <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a> (CRPF), <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a> (BSF), <a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a> (ITBP) and state government police.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Counter_Insurgency_and_Jungle_Warfare_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School">Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School</a> (CIJWS) is located in the northeastern town of <a href="/wiki/Vairengte" title="Vairengte">Vairengte</a> in the Indian <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>. Personnel from countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> have attended this school.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s experience in counterinsurgency resulted from the "pacification" campaigns conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese African and Asian colonies</a> in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and the early 1970s, Portugal conducted large-scale counterinsurgency operations in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a> against independentist guerrillas supported by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, as well by some <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western countries</a>. Although the campaigns are collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>", there were in fact three different ones: the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Independence_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan Independence War">Angolan Independence War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a>. The situation was unique in that small armed forces, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">those of Portugal</a>, conducted three counterinsurgency wars at the same time in three different <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of operations">theatres of operations</a> separated by thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kilometres" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometres">kilometres</a>. For those operations, Portugal developed its own counterinsurgency doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_Soviet_Union">Russia and Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia and Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most familiar Russian counterinsurgency is the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">War in Afghanistan</a> from 1979 to 1989. However, throughout the history of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the Russians fought many counterinsurgencies as new <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Central Asian territory were occupied</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in those conflicts that the Russians developed the following counterinsurgency tactics:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Deploy a significant number of troops</li> <li>Isolate the area from outside assistance</li> <li>Establish tight control of major cities and towns</li> <li>Build lines of forts to restrict insurgent movement</li> <li>Destroy the springs of resistance through destruction of settlements, livestock, crops etc.</li></ol> <p>Those tactics, generally speaking, were carried over into Soviet use following the 1917 revolution for the most part except for the integration of political-military command.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tactical blueprint saw use following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World Wars</a> in Dagestan, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Lithuania and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That doctrine was ultimately shown to be inadequate in the Soviet War in Afghanistan, mostly because of insufficient troop commitment, and in the Wars in Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">Foreign internal defense</a></div><p> The United States has conducted counterinsurgency campaigns during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, the Vietnam War, the post-2001 <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in increased interest in counterinsurgency within the American military, which was exemplified by the 2006 publication of a new joint Army <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Manuals" title="United States Army Field Manuals">Field Manual</a> 3-24/Marine Corps Warfighting Publication No. 3-33.5, <i>Counterinsurgency</i>, which replaced the documents separately published by the Army and Marine Corps 20–25 years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Views of the doctrine contained in the manual have been mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 version of FM 3-24/MCWP 3–33.5 acquired a new title, <i>Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies</i>, it consists of three main parts, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Part one provides strategic and operational context, part two provides the doctrine for understanding insurgencies, and part three provides doctrine for defeating an insurgency. In short, FM 3-24/MCWP 3–33.5 is organized to provide the context of a problem, the problem, and possible solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_B._Caldwell_IV" title="William B. Caldwell IV">William B. Caldwell IV</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of armed conflict">law of armed conflict</a> requires that, to use force, "<a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a>" must distinguish individuals presenting a threat from innocent <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>. This basic principle is accepted by all disciplined militaries. In the counterinsurgency, disciplined application of force is even more critical because our enemies camouflage themselves in the civilian population. Our success in Iraq depends on our ability to treat the civilian population with humanity and dignity, even as we remain ready to immediately defend ourselves or Iraqi civilians when a threat is detected.<sup id="cite_ref-Caldwell_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the recent conflicts the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> (Air Assault) has been increasingly involved conducting <a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">special operations</a> especially the training and development of other states' military and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stripes.com_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stripes.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known in the special operations community as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defense" title="Foreign internal defense">foreign internal defense</a>. It was announced 14 January 2016 that 1,800 soldiers from the 101st's Headquarters and its 2nd Brigade Combat Team will deploy soon on regular rotations to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> to train and advise <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Army">Iraqi Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Kurdish Peshmerga</a> forces who are expected in the coming months to move toward <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>'s de facto headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 101st Airborne Division will serve an integral role in preparing Iraqi ground troops to expel the Islamic State group from Mosul, Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> told the division's soldiers during a January 2016 visit to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Campbell" title="Fort Campbell">Fort Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stripes.com_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stripes.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense Secretary Ash Carter told the 101st Airborne Division that "The Iraqi and Peshmerga forces you will train, advise and assist have proven their determination, their resiliency, and increasingly, their capability, but they need you to continue building on that success, preparing them for the fight today and the long hard fight for their future. They need your skill. They need your experience."<sup id="cite_ref-stripes.com_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stripes.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign internal defense policymaking has subsequently aided in Iraqi successes in <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">reclaiming Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%9315)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–15)">Baiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–16)">Ramadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallujah_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–17)">Mosul</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Recent evaluations of U.S. counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan have yielded mixed results. A comprehensive study by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Afghanistan_Reconstruction" title="Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction">Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction</a> concluded that "the U.S. government greatly overestimated its ability" to use COIN and stabilization tactics for long-term success.<sup id="cite_ref-SIGAR_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGAR-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report found that "successes in stabilizing Afghan districts rarely lasted longer than the physical presence of coalition troops and civilians." These findings are corroborated by scholarly studies of U.S. counterinsurgency activities in Afghanistan, which determined that backlashes by insurgents and the local population were common.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty_ratio" title="Civilian casualty ratio">Civilian casualty ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency#Eizenstat_and_closing_gaps" title="Insurgency">Eizenstat and closing gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_internal_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign internal defence">Foreign internal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth generation warfare">Fourth generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladio">Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone (international relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_contraventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights contraventions">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced people">Internally displaced people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular Warfare">Irregular Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency#Kilcullen's_pillars" title="Insurgency">Kilcullen's Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_line_of_operation" title="Logical line of operation">Logical line of operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">Low intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-IED_efforts" title="Counter-IED efforts">Counter-IED efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COIN_(board_game)" title="COIN (board game)">COIN (board game)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Specific:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_operations_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan operations in World War II">Anti-partisan operations in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_and_hold" title="Clear and hold">Clear and hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Insurgency_Force" title="Counter Insurgency Force">Counter Insurgency Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_operations_during_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Counter-insurgency operations during the Second Chechen War">Counter-insurgency operations during the Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Hamlet">Strategic Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireforce" title="Fireforce">Fireforce</a></li></ul> <p><b>U.S. specific:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">SEAL Team Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Force" title="Delta Force">Delta Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Special_Tactics_Squadron" title="24th Special Tactics Squadron">24th Special Tactics Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li></ul> <p><b>Police adaptations:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C3_policing" title="C3 policing">C3 policing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NATO Standardization Agency (NSA), <i>AAP-6 (2006) - NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</i>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul B. Rich, Isabelle Duyvesteyn (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFLFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT122"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2012 isbn 9781136477652 p.68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204174459/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/counter-insurgency">'counterinsurgency'</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheldon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheldon_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sheldon, Rose Mary (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764713">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 931–955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764713">10.1080/09592318.2020.1764713</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=931-955&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2020.1764713&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Rose+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09592318.2020.1764713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2010" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Daniel H. (2010). "Care and Counterinsurgency". <i>Journal of Military Ethics</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 139–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15027570.2010.491331">10.1080/15027570.2010.491331</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903%2F15979">1903/15979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145276606">145276606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+Ethics&rft.atitle=Care+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-159&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1903%2F15979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145276606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15027570.2010.491331&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanShapiroFelter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Eli; Shapiro, Jacob N.; Felter, Joseph H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w14606">"Can Hearts and Minds Be Bought? The Economics of Counterinsurgency in Iraq"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>119</b> (4): 766–819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F661983">10.1086/661983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4838763">4838763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Can+Hearts+and+Minds+Be+Bought%3F+The+Economics+of+Counterinsurgency+in+Iraq&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=766-819&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F661983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4838763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Jacob+N.&rft.au=Felter%2C+Joseph+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw14606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390902928172">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Hearts and Minds'? British Counter-Insurgency from Malaya to Iraq"</a>. <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 353–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402390902928172">10.1080/01402390902928172</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Hearts+and+Minds%27%3F+British+Counter-Insurgency+from+Malaya+to+Iraq&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-381&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402390902928172&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01402390902928172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrallHightower2021" class="citation journal cs1">Worrall, James; Hightower, Victoria Penziner (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2021.1916154">"Methods in the madness? Exploring the logics of torture in Syrian counterinsurgency practices"</a>. <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 418–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2021.1916154">10.1080/13530194.2021.1916154</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Methods+in+the+madness%3F+Exploring+the+logics+of+torture+in+Syrian+counterinsurgency+practices&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-432&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2021.1916154&rft.aulast=Worrall&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Hightower%2C+Victoria+Penziner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13530194.2021.1916154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Downes, Alexander B. (2007). "Draining the Sea by Filling the Graves: Investigating the Effectiveness of Indiscriminate Violence as a Counterinsurgency Strategy". <i>Civil Wars</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 420–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698240701699631">10.1080/13698240701699631</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144793055">144793055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Wars&rft.atitle=Draining+the+Sea+by+Filling+the+Graves%3A+Investigating+the+Effectiveness+of+Indiscriminate+Violence+as+a+Counterinsurgency+Strategy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=420-444&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698240701699631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144793055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mao-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mao_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1937/guerrilla-warfare/ch06.htm"><i>On Guerrilla Warfare</i></a> (1937), Chapter 6 – "The Political Problems of Guerrilla Warfare": "Many people think it impossible for guerrillas to exist for long in the enemy's rear. Such a belief reveals lack of comprehension of the relationship that should exist between the people and the troops. The former may be likened to water the latter to the fish who inhabit it. How may it be said that these two cannot exist together? It is only undisciplined troops who make the people their enemies and who, like the fish out of its native element cannot live."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcullen2010" class="citation book cs1">Kilcullen, David (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8amtX_z1WkC&q=counterinsurgency"><i>Counterinsurgency</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974625-5"><bdi>978-0-19-974625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974625-5&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8amtX_z1WkC%26q%3Dcounterinsurgency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eizenstat-2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eizenstat-2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEizenstat,_Stuart_E.John_Edward_PorterJeremy_M._Weinstein2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Eizenstat, Stuart E.</a>; John Edward Porter; Jeremy M. Weinstein (January–February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/doc/commentary/15_Eizenstat.pdf">"Rebuilding Weak States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20034213">10.2307/20034213</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20034213">20034213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Rebuilding+Weak+States&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2005-01%2F2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20034213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20034213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Eizenstat%2C+Stuart+E.&rft.au=John+Edward+Porter&rft.au=Jeremy+M.+Weinstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fdoc%2Fcommentary%2F15_Eizenstat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mackinlay, <i>The Insurgent Archipelago,</i> (London: Hurst, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excerpts from Santa Cruz's writings, translated into English, in Beatrice Heuser: <i>The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz</i> (Santa Monica, CA: Greenwood/Praeger, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99826-4">978-0-275-99826-4</a>, pp. 124–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Basil-Henry-Liddell-Hart">"Sir Basil Liddell Hart | British military historian"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+Basil+Liddell+Hart+%26%23124%3B+British+military+historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBasil-Henry-Liddell-Hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategybydesign.org/liddell-hart-an-author-who-s">"Liddell Hart – an Author who Shaped History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liddell+Hart+%E2%80%93+an+Author+who+Shaped+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strategybydesign.org%2Fliddell-hart-an-author-who-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Joes2008" class="citation book cs1">James Joes, Anthony (2008). <i>Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Modern+Warfare&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=James+Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2008" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, Richard (2008). <i>Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Modern+Warfare&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1985" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Brian Holden (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24416035">"T.e. Lawrence and Liddell Hart"</a>. <i>History</i>. <b>70</b> (229): 218–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1985.tb01435.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb01435.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24416035">24416035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=T.e.+Lawrence+and+Liddell+Hart&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=229&rft.pages=218-231&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1985.tb01435.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24416035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Brian+Holden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24416035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taskandpurpose.com/thelongmarch/liddell-hart-strategy-indirect-approach/">"In Defense of Liddell Hart's 'Strategy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Liddell+Hart%27s+%27Strategy%27&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaskandpurpose.com%2Fthelongmarch%2Fliddell-hart-strategy-indirect-approach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeder,_Brett" class="citation web cs1">Reeder, Brett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crinfo.org/booksummary/10672/">"Book Summary of Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice by David Galula"</a>. Crinfo.org (The Conflict Resolution Information Source)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Summary+of+Counterinsurgency+Warfare%3A+Theory+and+Practice+by+David+Galula&rft.pub=Crinfo.org+%28The+Conflict+Resolution+Information+Source%29&rft.au=Reeder%2C+Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crinfo.org%2Fbooksummary%2F10672%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galula-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galula_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galula_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-galula_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galula, David <i>Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice</i> Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International, 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99303-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99303-5">0-275-99303-5</a> p.54-56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galula p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Robert (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defeatingcommuni00thom"><i>Defeating Communist insurgency: the lessons of Malaya and Vietnam</i></a></span>. New York: F.A. Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Communist+insurgency%3A+the+lessons+of+Malaya+and+Vietnam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=F.A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefeatingcommuni00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton1998-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton1998_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1998" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Donald W. (1998). <i>The art of insurgency: American military policy and the failure of strategy in Southeast Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95734-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95734-6"><bdi>978-0-275-95734-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+insurgency%3A+American+military+policy+and+the+failure+of+strategy+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95734-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinditslongcloth1943.com/sir-robert-thompson.html">"Sir Robert Thompson"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinditslongcloth1943.com%2Fsir-robert-thompson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kilcullen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kilcullen_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kilcullen_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kilcullen_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcullen2006" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kilcullen" title="David Kilcullen">Kilcullen, David</a> (28 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414001722/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/uscoin/3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf"><i>Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Government Counterinsurgency Conference, Washington D.C. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/uscoin/3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Three+Pillars+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Fuscoin%2F3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gsof.org/david-kilcullen-bio/">"David Kilcullen Bio"</a>. 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Kilcullen+Bio&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgsof.org%2Fdavid-kilcullen-bio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, pp. 229–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Creveld,_235-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Creveld,_235_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Creveld,_235_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, pp. 241–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zambernardi, Lorenzo, "Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma", <i>The Washington Quarterly</i>, 33:3, July 2010, pp. 21–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambernardi2010" class="citation web cs1">Zambernardi, Lorenzo (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/twq10julyzambernardi.pdf">"Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Washington Quarterly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency%27s+Impossible+Trilemma&rft.pub=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Zambernardi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fs3fs-public%2Flegacy_files%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2Ftwq10julyzambernardi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aircraftowner.ning.com/photo/albums/lorenzo-zambernardi-counter-insurgency-manual">"Lorenzo zambernardi counter insurgency manual"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lorenzo+zambernardi+counter+insurgency+manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faircraftowner.ning.com%2Fphoto%2Falbums%2Florenzo-zambernardi-counter-insurgency-manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmeni2018" class="citation book cs1">Omeni, Akali (2018). <i>Counter-insurgency in Nigeria: The Military and Operations Against Boko Haram, 2011–2017</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138098886" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138098886"><bdi>978-1138098886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter-insurgency+in+Nigeria%3A+The+Military+and+Operations+Against+Boko+Haram%2C+2011%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1138098886&rft.aulast=Omeni&rft.aufirst=Akali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omeni, Akali (2017) <i>Counter-insurgency in Nigeria: The Military and Operations Against Boko Haram, 2011–17</i>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omeni, Akali (2018) <i>Insurgency and War in Nigeria: Regional Fracture and the Fight Against Boko Haram</i> (forthcoming) I.B. Tauris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omeni, Akali (2017) <i>Counter-insurgency in Nigeria: The Military and Operations against Boko Haram, 2011–17</i>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esoc.princeton.edu/">"Empirical Studies of Conflict"</a>. <i>esoc.princeton.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esoc.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=Empirical+Studies+of+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesoc.princeton.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isr.umich.edu/cps/events/cprd/">"Center for Political Studies – Conflict & Peace, Research & Development (CPRD)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Political+Studies+%E2%80%93+Conflict+%26+Peace%2C+Research+%26+Development+%28CPRD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isr.umich.edu%2Fcps%2Fevents%2Fcprd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanShapiroFelter2018" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Eli; Shapiro, Jacob; Felter, Joseph (2018). <i>Small Wars, Big Data</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400890118" title="Special:BookSources/9781400890118"><bdi>9781400890118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars%2C+Big+Data&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781400890118&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Felter%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreistman2022" class="citation book cs1">Treistman, Jeffrey (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mqup.ca/when-bad-states-win-products-9780228011132.php?page_id=46&"><i>When Bad States Win: Rethinking Counterinsurgency Strategy</i></a>. McGill-Queen’s University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780228011132" title="Special:BookSources/9780228011132"><bdi>9780228011132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Bad+States+Win%3A+Rethinking+Counterinsurgency+Strategy&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%E2%80%99s+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780228011132&rft.aulast=Treistman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mqup.ca%2Fwhen-bad-states-win-products-9780228011132.php%3Fpage_id%3D46%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treistman p.xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treistman p.55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treistman p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plakoudas2016-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plakoudas2016_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plakoudas2016_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlakoudas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Plakoudas, Spyridon (2016). "Population transfers in counter-insurgency: a recipe for success?". <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 681–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1189542">10.1080/09592318.2016.1189542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148252540">148252540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Population+transfers+in+counter-insurgency%3A+a+recipe+for+success%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=681-701&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148252540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1189542&rft.aulast=Plakoudas&rft.aufirst=Spyridon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020942-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020942_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2020">Sheldon 2020</a>, p. 942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes2007-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Downes2007_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2007" class="citation journal cs1">Downes, Alexander B. (2007). "Draining the Sea by Filling the Graves: Investigating the Effectiveness of Indiscriminate Violence as a Counterinsurgency Strategy". <i>Civil Wars</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 420–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698240701699631">10.1080/13698240701699631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-8249">1369-8249</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144793055">144793055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Wars&rft.atitle=Draining+the+Sea+by+Filling+the+Graves%3A+Investigating+the+Effectiveness+of+Indiscriminate+Violence+as+a+Counterinsurgency+Strategy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=420-444&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144793055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1369-8249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698240701699631&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Alexander+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwarstlouis.com-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civilwarstlouis.com_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/castelorder11.htm">Albert Castel, Order No. 11 (1863)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408051515/http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/castelorder11.htm">Archived</a> 8 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Civil War History St. Louis website, Retrieved on 11 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fair2018-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fair2018_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFair2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fair, C. Christine (2018). "Rohingya: Victims of a Great Game East". <i>The Washington Quarterly</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 63–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0163660X.2018.1519356">10.1080/0163660X.2018.1519356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-660X">0163-660X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158775505">158775505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rohingya%3A+Victims+of+a+Great+Game+East&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=63-85&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158775505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0163-660X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0163660X.2018.1519356&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=C.+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreitensLeeYazici2019–20" class="citation journal cs1">Greitens, Sheena Chestnut; Lee, Myunghee; and Yazici, Emir (Winter 2019–20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00368">"Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China's Changing Strategy in Xinjiang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Security_(journal)" title="International Security (journal)">International Security</a></i>. <b>44</b> (3): 9–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00368">10.1162/isec_a_00368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Counterterrorism+and+Preventive+Repression%3A+China%27s+Changing+Strategy+in+Xinjiang&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=9-47&rft.date=2019%2F2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00368&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft.aulast=Greitens&rft.aufirst=Sheena+Chestnut&rft.au=Lee%2C+Myunghee&rft.au=Yazici%2C+Emir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fisec_a_00368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieper2014-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pieper2014_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pieper2014_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieper2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pieper, Henning (2014). "The German Approach to Counterinsurgency in the Second World War". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 631–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2014.942227">10.1080/07075332.2014.942227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154477483">154477483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+German+Approach+to+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=631-642&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154477483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2014.942227&rft.aulast=Pieper&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020944-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020944_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2020">Sheldon 2020</a>, p. 944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020945_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2020">Sheldon 2020</a>, p. 945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2012-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2012_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2012" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, Patrick B. (2012). "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns". <i>International Security</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 47–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FISEC_a_00076">10.1162/ISEC_a_00076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53519659">53519659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Does+Decapitation+Work%3F+Assessing+the+Effectiveness+of+Leadership+Targeting+in+Counterinsurgency+Campaigns&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=47-79&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53519659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0162-2889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FISEC_a_00076&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Patrick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheldon2020940-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheldon2020940_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheldon2020">Sheldon 2020</a>, p. 940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyautey, Hubert. <i>Du rôle colonial de l'armée</i> (Paris: Armand Colin, 1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-porch-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-porch_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porch, Douglas. "Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French colonial warfare", in Paret, Peter; Craig, Gordon Alexande; Gilbert, Felix (eds). <i>Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 376–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226105742/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/pent1.htm">"Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 3, Chapter 1, "US Programs in South Vietnam, Nov. 1963-Apr. 1965,: section 1"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon3/pent1.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentagon+Papers%2C+Gravel+Edition%2C+Volume+3%2C+Chapter+1%2C+%22US+Programs+in+South+Vietnam%2C+Nov.+1963-Apr.+1965%2C%3A+section+1&rft.pub=Mtholyoke.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon3%2Fpent1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/general/articles/counterinsurgency.aspx">"Basic Counter-Insurgency"</a>. Military History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Counter-Insurgency&rft.pub=Military+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistoryonline.com%2Fgeneral%2Farticles%2Fcounterinsurgency.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1995/call-95-2_peace-ops-vignettes_vign7.htm">"Vignette 7: Search (Cordon and Search)"</a>. Globalsecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vignette+7%3A+Search+%28Cordon+and+Search%29&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Flibrary%2Freport%2F1995%2Fcall-95-2_peace-ops-vignettes_vign7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/tactics-101-026-cordon-and-search-operations.htm">"Tactics 101: 026. Cordon and Search Operations"</a>. Armchair General<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tactics+101%3A+026.+Cordon+and+Search+Operations&rft.pub=Armchair+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armchairgeneral.com%2Ftactics-101-026-cordon-and-search-operations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3090639.stm">Chronology: How the Mosul raid unfolded</a>. Retrieved 28.07.2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Aug2005/20050806_2361.html">Used in "Operation Quick Strike" in Iraq on August 6, 2005</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195244/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Aug2005/20050806_2361.html">Archived</a> December 30, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagraves-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sagraves_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagraves,_Robert_D2005" class="citation report cs1">Sagraves, Robert D (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414001721/https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2005/acsc/3569%20-%20Sagraves.pdf">The Indirect Approach: the role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Air Command and Staff College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.maxwell.af.mil/papers/ay2005/acsc/3569%20-%20Sagraves.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Indirect+Approach%3A+the+role+of+Aviation+Foreign+Internal+Defense+in+Combating+Terrorism+in+Weak+and+Failing+States&rft.pub=Air+Command+and+Staff+College&rft.date=2005-04&rft.au=Sagraves%2C+Robert+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.maxwell.af.mil%2Fpapers%2Fay2005%2Facsc%2F3569%2520-%2520Sagraves.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetraeusAmos2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">Petraeus, David H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_F._Amos" title="James F. Amos">Amos, James F.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf"><i>FM 3-24/MCWP 3–33.5 Counterinsurgency</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. li–liv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+3-24%2FMCWP+3%E2%80%9333.5+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=li-liv&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Petraeus&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Amos%2C+James+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm3-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikulaschekPantTesfaye2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mikulaschek, Christoph; Pant, Saurabh; Tesfaye, Beza (3 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12527">"Winning Hearts and Minds in Civil Wars: Governance, Leadership Change, and Support for Violent Groups in Iraq"</a>. <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 773–790. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12527">10.1111/ajps.12527</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Winning+Hearts+and+Minds+in+Civil+Wars%3A+Governance%2C+Leadership+Change%2C+and+Support+for+Violent+Groups+in+Iraq&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=773-790&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12527&rft.aulast=Mikulaschek&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Pant%2C+Saurabh&rft.au=Tesfaye%2C+Beza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fajps.12527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetraeus2006" class="citation book cs1">Petraeus, General David H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf"><i>Counterinsurgency Field Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 2–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+Field+Manual&rft.pages=2-1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Petraeus&rft.aufirst=General+David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Firp%2Fdoddir%2Farmy%2Ffm3-24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krawchuk-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krawchuk_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawchuk2006" class="citation journal cs1">Krawchuk, Fred T. (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007000952/http://www.pfpconsortium.org/file/2489/view">"Strategic Communication: An Integral Component of Counterinsurgency Operations"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal</i>. 5. <b>3</b>: 35–50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfpconsortium.org/file/2489/view">the original</a> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal&rft.atitle=Strategic+Communication%3A+An+Integral+Component+of+Counterinsurgency+Operations&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=35-50&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Krawchuk&rft.aufirst=Fred+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pfpconsortium.org%2Ffile%2F2489%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Publication_3–242009" class="citation book cs1">Joint Publication 3–24 (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221100351/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_24.pdf"><i>Counterinsurgency Operations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_24.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterinsurgency+Operations&rft.date=2009-10&rft.au=Joint+Publication+3%E2%80%9324&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdoctrine%2Fnew_pubs%2Fjp3_24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilcullen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kilcullen, David (30 November 2006). "Counter-insurgency Redux". <i>Survival: Global Politics and Strategy</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 113–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00396330601062790">10.1080/00396330601062790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153360947">153360947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival%3A+Global+Politics+and+Strategy&rft.atitle=Counter-insurgency+Redux&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=113-130&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00396330601062790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153360947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kilcullen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerman2010" class="citation cs2">Immerman, Richard H. (31 December 2010), Anderson, David L. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/ande13480-004/html">"2. "Dealing with a Government of Madmen": Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Ngo Dinh Diem"</a>, <i>The Columbia History of the Vietnam War</i>, Columbia University Press, pp. 120–142, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fande13480-004">10.7312/ande13480-004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4"><bdi>978-0-231-13480-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+History+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.atitle=2.+%22Dealing+with+a+Government+of+Madmen%22%3A+Eisenhower%2C+Kennedy%2C+and+Ngo+Dinh+Diem&rft.pages=120-142&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fande13480-004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13480-4&rft.aulast=Immerman&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7312%2Fande13480-004%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/counterinsurgency-vietnam-lessons-today">"Counterinsurgency in Vietnam: Lessons for Today – The Foreign Service Journal – April 2015"</a>. <i>www.afsa.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.afsa.org&rft.atitle=Counterinsurgency+in+Vietnam%3A+Lessons+for+Today+%E2%80%93+The+Foreign+Service+Journal+%E2%80%93+April+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsa.org%2Fcounterinsurgency-vietnam-lessons-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBurns2017" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4KyDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Vietnam War: An Intimate History</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 341–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3310-0"><bdi>978-1-5247-3310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+An+Intimate+History&rft.pages=341-343&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-3310-0&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+C.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4KyDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagl-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagl_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagl2002" class="citation book cs1">Nagl, John (2002). <i>Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam</i>. Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97695-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97695-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+to+Eat+Soup+with+a+Knife%3A+Counterinsurgency+Lessons+from+Malaya+and+Vietnam&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97695-8&rft.aulast=Nagl&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Thompson, Robert</a> (1966). <i>Defeating Communist Insurgency: Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam</i>. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1133-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1133-5"><bdi>978-0-7011-1133-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Communist+Insurgency%3A+Lessons+from+Malaya+and+Vietnam&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-1133-5&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Creveld, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520210713/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/19/westerling039s-war.html">"Westerling's War | The Jakarta Post"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/19/westerling039s-war.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westerling%27s+War+%7C+The+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F05%2F19%2Fwesterling039s-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock-2005-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock-2005_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock,_Michael2005" class="citation web cs1">McClintock, Michael (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/programareas/conferences/presentations/McClintock,%20Michael.ppt">"Great Power Counterinsurgency"</a>. Human Rights First.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=Human+Rights+First&rft.date=2005-11&rft.au=McClintock%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksg.harvard.edu%2Fcchrp%2Fprogramareas%2Fconferences%2Fpresentations%2FMcClintock%2C%2520Michael.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pike, Douglas. <i>PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam</i>. (Presidio: 1996) pp. 37–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatti,_Archimedes_L.A.1980" class="citation book cs1">Patti, Archimedes L.A. (1980). <i>Why Vietnam? Prelude to America's Albatross</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04156-1"><bdi>978-0-520-04156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Vietnam%3F+Prelude+to+America%27s+Albatross&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04156-1&rft.au=Patti%2C+Archimedes+L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fall-2002-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fall-2002_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFall,_Bernard_B2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Fall">Fall, Bernard B</a> (2002). <i>Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81157-9"><bdi>978-0-306-81157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+in+a+Very+Small+Place%3A+The+Siege+of+Dien+Bien+Phu&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81157-9&rft.au=Fall%2C+Bernard+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinquier-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trinquier_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinquier1961" class="citation book cs1">Trinquier, Roger (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112132017/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp"><i>Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99267-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99267-5"><bdi>978-0-275-99267-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/trinquier/trinquier.asp">the original</a> on 12 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Warfare%3A+A+French+View+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99267-5&rft.aulast=Trinquier&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cgsc.army.mil%2Fcarl%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Ftrinquier%2Ftrinquier.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorte,_Rémy" class="citation web cs1">Porte, Rémy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125183545/http://www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr/publications/doctrine/doctrine09/us/lessons_learned/art01.pdf">"Intelligence in Indochina: Discretion and Professionalism were rewarded when put into Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr/publications/doctrine/doctrine09/us/lessons_learned/art01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intelligence+in+Indochina%3A+Discretion+and+Professionalism+were+rewarded+when+put+into+Practice.&rft.au=Porte%2C+R%C3%A9my&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr%2Fpublications%2Fdoctrine%2Fdoctrine09%2Fus%2Flessons_learned%2Fart01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomes2004-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tomes2004_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tomes, Robert R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/PARAMETERS/04spring/tomes.pdf">"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parameters</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parameters&rft.atitle=Relearning+Counterinsurgency+Warfare&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tomes&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlisle.army.mil%2FUSAWC%2FPARAMETERS%2F04spring%2Ftomes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett,_Thomas_P.M.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P.M._Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas P.M. Barnett">Barnett, Thomas P.M.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pentagonsnewmap00thom"><i>The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Berkley Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-20239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-20239-5"><bdi>978-0-425-20239-5</bdi></a>. Barnett-2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon%27s+New+Map%3A+The+Pentagon%27s+New+Map%3A+War+and+Peace+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Berkley+Trade&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-425-20239-5&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Thomas+P.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpentagonsnewmap00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivory2003-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivory2003_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporal_Z.B." class="citation web cs1">Corporal Z.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110510015255/http://www.kepi.cncplusplus.com/Ivory_Coast/Ivory_Coast.htm">"Ivory Coast – Heart of Darkness"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepi.cncplusplus.com/Ivory_Coast/Ivory_Coast.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivory+Coast+%E2%80%93+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.au=Corporal+Z.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kepi.cncplusplus.com%2FIvory_Coast%2FIvory_Coast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omeni, Akali. 2017. Counter-insurgency in Nigeria: The Military and Operations against Boko Haram, 2011–17. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/607801.cms">"Army's jungle school a global hit"</a>. <i>Dawn Online</i>. 10 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+Online&rft.atitle=Army%27s+jungle+school+a+global+hit&rft.date=2004-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F607801.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cann, Jonh P., <i>Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961–1974</i>, Hailer Publishing, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2004" class="citation book cs1">James, Joes, Anthony (2004). <i>Resisting rebellion : the history and politics of counterinsurgency</i>. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813171999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813171999"><bdi>978-0813171999</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69255762">69255762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+rebellion+%3A+the+history+and+politics+of+counterinsurgency&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Ky.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69255762&rft.isbn=978-0813171999&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Joes%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.1984" class="citation book cs1">G., Butson, Thomas (1984). <i>The tsar's lieutenant : the Soviet marshal</i>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030706837" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030706837"><bdi>978-0030706837</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10533399">10533399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tsar%27s+lieutenant+%3A+the+Soviet+marshal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10533399&rft.isbn=978-0030706837&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Butson%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyspec.com/ARMY/FM-Field-Manual/FM_3-24_15DEC2006_13424/">"FM 3-24/MCWP 3–33.5 Counterinsurgency. (Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.)"</a>. Everyspec.com. 15 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FM+3-24%2FMCWP+3%E2%80%9333.5+Counterinsurgency.+%28Approved+for+public+release%3B+distribution+is+unlimited.%29&rft.pub=Everyspec.com&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyspec.com%2FARMY%2FFM-Field-Manual%2FFM_3-24_15DEC2006_13424%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge,_Nathan2009" class="citation news cs1">Hodge, Nathan (14 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/01/a-counterinsurg/">"New Administration's Counterinsurgency Guide?"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=New+Administration%27s+Counterinsurgency+Guide%3F&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fdangerroom%2F2009%2F01%2Fa-counterinsurg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton,_Stephen_L.2013" class="citation news cs1">Melton, Stephen L. (9 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/aligning-fm-3-24-counterinsurgency-with-reality">"Aligning FM 3–24 Counterinsurgency with Reality"</a>. <i>Small Wars Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=Aligning+FM+3%E2%80%9324+Counterinsurgency+with+Reality&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.au=Melton%2C+Stephen+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallwarsjournal.com%2Fjrnl%2Fart%2Faligning-fm-3-24-counterinsurgency-with-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul,_ChristopherClarke,_Colin_P." class="citation web cs1">Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306021428/http://www.ndu.edu/press/evidentiary-validation-of-FM-3-24.html">"Evidentiary Validation of FM 3–24: Counterinsurgency Worldwide, 1978–2008"</a>. <i>NDU Press</i>. National Defense University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndu.edu/press/evidentiary-validation-of-FM-3-24.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDU+Press&rft.atitle=Evidentiary+Validation+of+FM+3%E2%80%9324%3A+Counterinsurgency+Worldwide%2C+1978%E2%80%932008&rft.au=Paul%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Colin+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndu.edu%2Fpress%2Fevidentiary-validation-of-FM-3-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf"><i>FM 3-24/MCWP 3–33.5 Insurgencies and Countering Insurgencies</i></a>, Headquarters, Department of the Army, 14 May 2014. (Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Caldwell_IV" title="William B. Caldwell IV">Caldwell, William B.</a> (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20070208-084406-5379r.htm">"Not at all vague"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Not+at+all+vague&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washtimes.com%2Fop-ed%2F20070208-084406-5379r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2017" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Matthew (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/daily-news/2015/11/06/army-deploys-101st-airborne-soldiers-oversee-iraqi-army-training.html">"Army to Deploy 101st Airborne Soldiers to Oversee Iraqi Army Training"</a>. <i>military.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=military.com&rft.atitle=Army+to+Deploy+101st+Airborne+Soldiers+to+Oversee+Iraqi+Army+Training&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fdaily-news%2F2015%2F11%2F06%2Farmy-deploys-101st-airborne-soldiers-oversee-iraqi-army-training.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stripes.com-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stripes.com_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stripes.com_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stripes.com_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stripes.com/carter-to-army-s-101st-you-will-prepare-iraqis-to-retake-mosul-1.388603">"Carter to Army's 101st: You will prepare Iraqis to retake Mosul"</a>. <i>stripes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stripes.com&rft.atitle=Carter+to+Army%27s+101st%3A+You+will+prepare+Iraqis+to+retake+Mosul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fcarter-to-army-s-101st-you-will-prepare-iraqis-to-retake-mosul-1.388603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,800 soldiers from the 101st's Headquarters and its 2nd Brigade Combat Team will deploy soon on regular rotations to Baghdad and Irbil to train and advise Iraqi army and Kurdish peshmerga forces who are expected in the coming months to move toward Mosul, the Islamic State group's de facto headquarters in Iraq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGAR-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGAR_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-18-48-LL.pdf"><i>Stabilization: Lessons From The U.S. Experience in Afghanistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stabilization%3A+Lessons+From+The+U.S.+Experience+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Special+Inspector+General+for+Afghanistan+Reconstruction&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigar.mil%2Fpdf%2Flessonslearned%2FSIGAR-18-48-LL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_EgelCharles_P._RiesBen_Connable2016" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Egel; Charles P. Ries; Ben Connable; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1500/RR1508/RAND_RR1508.pdf"><i>Investing in the Fight: Assessing the Use of the Commander's Emergency Response Program in Afghanistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. RAND Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-9669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-9669-2"><bdi>978-0-8330-9669-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investing+in+the+Fight%3A+Assessing+the+Use+of+the+Commander%27s+Emergency+Response+Program+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-9669-2&rft.au=Daniel+Egel&rft.au=Charles+P.+Ries&rft.au=Ben+Connable&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_reports%2FRR1500%2FRR1508%2FRAND_RR1508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSexton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sexton, Renard (November 2016). "Aid as a Tool against Insurgency: Evidence from Contested and Controlled Territory in Afghanistan". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>110</b> (4): 731–749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055416000356">10.1017/S0003055416000356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152033379">152033379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Aid+as+a+Tool+against+Insurgency%3A+Evidence+from+Contested+and+Controlled+Territory+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=731-749&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152033379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055416000356&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Renard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEli2018" class="citation book cs1">Eli, Berman (13 May 2018). <i>Small wars, big data : the information revolution in modern conflict</i>. Felter, Joseph H.,, Shapiro, Jacob N.,, McIntyre, Vestal. Princeton, New Jersey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691177076" title="Special:BookSources/9780691177076"><bdi>9780691177076</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004927100">1004927100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+wars%2C+big+data+%3A+the+information+revolution+in+modern+conflict&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004927100&rft.isbn=9780691177076&rft.aulast=Eli&rft.aufirst=Berman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Counterinsurgency</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Counterinsurgency">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Counterinsurgency&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. <i>How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict</i>. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54869-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54869-1">0-521-54869-1</a>.</li> <li>Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy," <i>Cambridge Review of International Affairs</i>, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2002), pp. 549–563.</li> <li>Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. "How to Lose a War on Terror: A Comparative Analysis of a Counterinsurgency Success and Failure", in Jan Ångström and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Eds., <i>Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War</i>. (London: Frank Cass, 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyne,_Michael_L._and_Albert_J._Marckwardt2009" class="citation book cs1">Burgoyne, Michael L. and Albert J. Marckwardt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defenseofjisrald00burg"><i>The Defense of Jisr al-Doreaa With E. D. Swinton's "The Defence of Duffer's Drift"</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08093-2"><bdi>978-0-226-08093-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defense+of+Jisr+al-Doreaa+With+E.+D.+Swinton%27s+%22The+Defence+of+Duffer%27s+Drift%22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08093-2&rft.au=Burgoyne%2C+Michael+L.+and+Albert+J.+Marckwardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefenseofjisrald00burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Callwell" title="Charles Edward Callwell">Callwell, C. E.</a>, <i>Small Wars: Their Principles & Practice</i>. (Bison Books, 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6366-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6366-X">0-8032-6366-X</a>.</li> <li>Cassidy, Robert M. <i>Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War</i>. (Stanford University Press, 2008).</li> <li>Catignani, Sergio. <i>Israeli Counter-Insurgency and the two Intifadas: Dilemmas of a Conventional Army</i>. (Routledge, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43388-4">978-0-415-43388-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a>. <i>Bad Strategies: How Major Powers Fail in Counterinsurgency</i>. (Minneapolis, MN: Zenith, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-3080-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-3080-8">0-7603-3080-8</a>.</li> <li>Corum, James. <i>Fighting the War on Terror: A Counterinsurgency Strategy</i>. (Minneapolis, MN: Zenith, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2868-4">0-7603-2868-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Galula" title="David Galula">Galula, David</a>. <i>Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice</i>. (Wesport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1964), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99269-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99269-1">0-275-99269-1</a>.</li> <li>Derradji Abder-Rahmane. <i>The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign Strategy & Tactics</i>. (Edwin Mellen Press, 1997)</li> <li>Erickson, Edward J. (2019) <i>A Global History of Relocation in Counterinsurgency Warfare</i>. Bloomsbury Academic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350062580" title="Special:BookSources/9781350062580">9781350062580</a></li> <li>Jacobsen, Kurt. (2010) <i>Pacification and its Discontents.</i> Chicago: Prickly Paradigm/University of Chicago Press, 2010.</li> <li>Joes, James Anthony. <i>Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</i>. (University Press of Kentucky, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9170-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-9170-X">0-8131-9170-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997). <i>Vietnam: A history</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-84218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-84218-6"><bdi>978-0-670-84218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-84218-6&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACounterinsurgency" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kilcullen" title="David Kilcullen">Kilcullen, David</a>. <i>The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One</i>. (Hurst, 2009).</li> <li>Kilcullen, David. <i>Counterinsurgency</i>. (Hurst, 2010).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kitson" title="Frank Kitson">Kitson, Frank</a>, <i>Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency and Peacekeeping</i>. (1971)</li> <li>Mackinlay, John. <i>The Insurgent Archipelago</i>. (Hurst, 2009).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. <i>Aspects of China's Anti-Japanese Struggle</i> (1948).</li> <li>Melson, Charles D. "German Counter-Insurgency Revisited." <i>Journal of Slavic Military Studies</i> 24#1 (2011): 115–146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211124/http://jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/download/442/441">online</a></li> <li>Merom, Gil. <i>How Democracies Lose Small Wars: State, Society, and the Failures of France in Algeria, Israel in Lebanon, and the United States in Vietnam</i>. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00877-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00877-8">0-521-00877-8</a></li> <li>Petersen, Roger D. (2024). <i><a href="//doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197760741.001.0001" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/oso/9780197760741.001.0001">Death, Dominance, and State-Building: The United States in Iraq and the Future of American Intervention</a>.</i> Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Polack, Peter (2019) <i>Guerrilla Warfare: Kings of Revolution</i>. Haverstown, Pennsylvania: Casemate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612006758" title="Special:BookSources/9781612006758">9781612006758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grainger_Ker_Thompson" title="Robert Grainger Ker Thompson">Thompson, Robert</a> (1966) <i>Defeating Communist Insurgency: Experiences from Malaya and Vietnam.</i>. London: Chatto & Windus.</li> <li>Tomes, Robert (Spring 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608194416/http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/04spring/tomes.pdf">"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare"</a>, <i>Parameters</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Van Creveld, Martin</a> (2008) <i>The Changing Face of War: Combat from the Marne to Iraq</i>, New York: Ballantine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-902-0">978-0-89141-902-0</a></li> <li>Zambernardi, Lorenzo. "Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma", <i>The Washington Quarterly</i>, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2010), pp. 21–34.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Counter-insurgency_warfare" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Counter-insurgency warfare">Counter-insurgency warfare</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218012624/http://www.smallwarsjournal.com/ref/counterinsurgency.htm">Small Wars Journal: Insurgency/Counterinsurgency Research page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studies.agentura.ru/english/listing/terrorismprevention/">Terrorism prevention in Russia: one year after Beslan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/US_Counterinsurg_Soldier.html">"Inside Counterinsurgency"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stan_Goff" title="Stan Goff">Stan Goff</a>, ex – U.S. Special Forces</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statecraft.org/">"Instruments of Statecraft – U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990"</a> by Michael McClintock</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126102425/http://www.jpfo.org/stroop.htm">"The Warsaw Ghetto Is No More"</a> by SS Brigade Commander Jürgen Stroop</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106044249/http://www.jihadmonitor.org/category/military-forces-and-counterterrorism/">Military forces in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations</a> at JihadMonitor.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limited.html">"Bibliography: Theories of Limited War and Counterinsurgency"</a> by Edwin Moise (Vietnam-era)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/iraqbib.html#insurg">"Bibliography: Doctrine on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency"</a> Edwin Moise (contemporary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093915/http://www.militarybriefingbook.com/topic.cfm?topic=Counter-Insurgency%20Operations">"Military Briefing Book"</a> news regarding counter-insurgency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_0tPNRKAUU">Max Boot – Invisible Armies</a>, YouTube video, length 56:30, Published on Mar 25, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf">U.S. Army/Marine corps counter insurgency field manual</a>, pdf document</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033442">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Contre-guérilla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119814078">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Contre-guérilla"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119814078">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="potlačování povstání"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph709538&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567873905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640234">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&oldid=1259280428">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&oldid=1259280428</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Counterinsurgency" title="Category:Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insurgency" title="Category:Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_doctrines" title="Category:Military doctrines">Military doctrines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare_by_type" title="Category:Warfare by type">Warfare by type</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_February_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 09:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counterinsurgency&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-sf95d","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.463","walltime":"1.650","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16594,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":305891,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34188,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":336701,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1411.196 1 -total"," 30.88% 435.744 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.99% 239.696 37 Template:Fix"," 16.87% 238.117 35 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.41% 146.892 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.13% 114.662 26 Template:Cite_book"," 6.84% 96.508 1 Template:History_of_war"," 6.73% 94.996 38 Template:Delink"," 6.59% 92.971 1 Template:Lang"," 6.49% 91.585 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.873","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27608447,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarnett,_Thomas_P.M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanShapiroFelter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanShapiroFelter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgoyne,_Michael_L._and_Albert_J._Marckwardt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorporal_Z.B.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_EgelCharles_P._RiesBen_Connable2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEizenstat,_Stuart_E.John_Edward_PorterJeremy_M._Weinstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFair2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFall,_Bernard_B2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG.1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreitensLeeYazici\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge,_Nathan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Joes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Publication_3–242009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarnow1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKilcullen2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKilcullen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawchuk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClintock,_Michael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton,_Stephen_L.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikulaschekPantTesfaye2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagl2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmeni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatti,_Archimedes_L.A.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul,_ChristopherClarke,_Colin_P.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetraeus2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetraeusAmos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPieper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlakoudas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorte,_Rémy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeder,_Brett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagraves,_Robert_D2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSexton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheldon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubbs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1966\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTomes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreistman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrinquier1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardBurns2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorrallHightower2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWragg1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZambernardi2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"History of war\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 13,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-tz4lj","timestamp":"20241128020641","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Counterinsurgency","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counterinsurgency","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q760037","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q760037","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-22T13:21:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T09:01:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/34\/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg","headline":"Political and military actions by a state to defeat an insurgency or a resistance movement and to address its root causes. The measures vary from intentionally deadly military force to gaining sympathy of a population (\"Winning Hearts and Minds\")"}</script> </body> </html>