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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Napoleonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waterloo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterloo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Waterloo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterloo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clausewitz_and_Jomini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clausewitz_and_Jomini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Clausewitz and Jomini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clausewitz_and_Jomini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Interwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Post–Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Netwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military strategy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%AAre_strategie" title="Militêre strategie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Militêre strategie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إستراتيجية عسكرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستراتيجية عسكرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratexa_militar" title="Estratexa militar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estratexa militar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="সামরিক কৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামরিক কৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военна стратегия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Военна стратегия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategiezh_vilourel" title="Strategiezh vilourel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strategiezh vilourel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrat%C3%A8gia_militar" title="Estratègia militar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estratègia militar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A1_strategie" title="Vojenská strategie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojenská strategie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategaeth_filwrol" title="Strategaeth filwrol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Strategaeth filwrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategie_(Milit%C3%A4r)" title="Strategie (Militär) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strategie (Militär)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrategia_militar" title="Estrategia militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrategia militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milita_strategio" title="Milita strategio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milita strategio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrategia_militar" title="Estrategia militar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estrategia militar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="راهبرد نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهبرد نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strat%C3%A9gie_militaire" title="Stratégie militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stratégie militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estratexia_militar" title="Estratexia militar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estratexia militar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC_%EC%A0%84%EB%9E%B5" title="군사 전략 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사 전략" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ռազմական ստրատեգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռազմական ստրատեգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सैन्य रणनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैन्य रणनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_strategija" title="Vojna strategija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojna strategija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategi_perang" title="Strategi perang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Strategi perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategia_militare" title="Strategia militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strategia militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אסטרטגיה צבאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרטגיה צבאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Әскери стратегия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери стратегия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C3%A1szat" title="Hadászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Воена стратегија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воена стратегија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strate%C4%A1ija_militari" title="Strateġija militari – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Strateġija militari" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategi_ketenteraan" title="Strategi ketenteraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Strategi ketenteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Цэргийн тактик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэргийн тактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaire_strategie" title="Militaire strategie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Militaire strategie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%88%A6%E7%95%A5" title="軍事戦略 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍事戦略" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategisk_niv%C3%A5" title="Strategisk nivå – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strategisk nivå" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategisk_niv%C3%A5" title="Strategisk nivå – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strategisk nivå" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbiy_strategiya" title="Harbiy strategiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harbiy strategiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategia_wojskowa" title="Strategia wojskowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strategia wojskowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrat%C3%A9gia_militar" title="Estratégia militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estratégia militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81skeriy_strategiya" title="Áskeriy strategiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Áskeriy strategiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategie_militar%C4%83" title="Strategie militară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strategie militară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Военная стратегия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная стратегия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategjia_ushtarake" title="Strategjia ushtarake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Strategjia ushtarake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="යුධෝපක්‍රම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුධෝපක්‍රම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military strategy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojensk%C3%A1_strat%C3%A9gia" title="Vojenská stratégia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojenská stratégia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voja%C5%A1ka_strategija" title="Vojaška strategija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vojaška strategija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%98%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ستراتیژیی سەربازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستراتیژیی سەربازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_strategija" title="Vojna strategija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vojna strategija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategija" title="Strategija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strategija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodank%C3%A4ynnin_strategia" title="Sodankäynnin strategia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sodankäynnin strategia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="போரியல் உத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போரியல் உத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asker%C3%AE_strateji" title="Askerî strateji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askerî strateji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Військова стратегія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військова стратегія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Chiến lược quân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến lược quân sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">Pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-quarters_battle" title="Close-quarters battle">CQC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_warfare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unrestricted warfare (page does not exist)">Unrestricted warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Books</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Military strategy</b> is a set of ideas implemented by <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">military organizations</a> to pursue desired <a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">strategic goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i>, the term strategy, when first used during the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was seen in its narrow sense as the "art of the <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the art of arrangement" of troops.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deals with the planning and conduct of campaigns. </p><p>The father of Western modern <a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">strategic studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a> (1780–1831), defined military strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>'s definition put less emphasis on battles, defining strategy as "the art of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, both gave the preeminence to political aims over military goals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> (544–496 BC) is often considered as the father of Eastern military strategy and greatly influenced Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese historical and modern war tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Matti_Nojonen_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matti_Nojonen_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> by Sun Tzu grew in popularity and saw practical use in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western society</a> as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in Asia, Europe, and America including culture, politics,<sup id="cite_ref-wp_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UPI_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and business,<sup id="cite_ref-Business_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Business-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as modern warfare. The Eastern military strategy differs from the Western by focusing more on <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> and deception.<sup id="cite_ref-Matti_Nojonen_2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matti_Nojonen_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> has been an important strategic and political compendium in Indian and Asian history as well.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fundamentals">Fundamentals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fundamentals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Strategy" title="Category:Strategy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategy_Concept.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strategy topics"><img alt="Strategy topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/80px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/120px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strategy_Concept.svg/160px-Strategy_Concept.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Analysis methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military strategy</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_planning" title="Strategic planning">Strategic planning</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Strategic_thinking" title="Strategic thinking">Strategic thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Porter" title="Michael Porter">Michael Porter</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Rita_Gunther_McGrath" title="Rita Gunther McGrath">Rita Gunther McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Henderson" title="Bruce Henderson">Bruce Henderson</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hamel" title="Gary Hamel">Gary Hamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_A._Yano" title="Candace A. Yano">Candace A. Yano</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/C._K._Prahalad" title="C. K. Prahalad">C. K. Prahalad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Collins" title="James C. Collins">Jim Collins</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Julian Corbett</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.C._Wylie" title="J.C. Wylie">J.C. Wylie</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Slywotzky" title="Adrian Slywotzky">Adrian Slywotzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Oster" title="Sharon Oster">Sharon Oster</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Chris_Zook" title="Chris Zook">Chris Zook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mintzberg" title="Henry Mintzberg">Henry Mintzberg</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Competitive_advantage" title="Competitive advantage">Competitive advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">Value chain</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Performance_effects" title="Performance effects">Performance effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_competency" title="Core competency">Core competency</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_generic_strategies" title="Porter's generic strategies">Generic strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">Mission statement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#DDFFDD;;color: var(--color-base)">Frameworks and tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SWOT_analysis" title="SWOT analysis">SWOT</a> • <a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter's five forces analysis">Five forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_scorecard" title="Balanced scorecard">Balanced scorecard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ansoff_matrix" title="Ansoff matrix">Ansoff matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGSM" title="OGSM">OGSM</a> • <a href="/wiki/Managerial_grid_model" title="Managerial grid model">Managerial grid model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST analysis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Growth%E2%80%93share_matrix" title="Growth–share matrix">Growth–share matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmenting-targeting-positioning" title="Segmenting-targeting-positioning">STP</a> • <a href="/wiki/MECE_principle" title="MECE principle">MECE principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Model_Canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Model Canvas">Business Model Canvas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kraljic_matrix" title="Kraljic matrix">Kraljic matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Grid_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Grid Model">Strategic Grid Model</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strategy_map" title="Strategy map">Strategy map</a> • <a href="/wiki/VRIO" title="VRIO">VRIO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategy" title="Template:Strategy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategy" title="Template talk:Strategy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Military strategy is the planning and execution of the contest between groups of armed adversaries. It is a subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, and a principal tool to secure <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interests</a>. Its perspective is larger than <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a>, which involve the disposition and maneuver of units on a particular sea or battlefield,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but less broad than <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a> (or "national strategy"), which is the overarching strategy of the largest of organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>, or international <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">alliance</a> and involves using diplomatic, informational, military and economic resources. Military strategy involves using military resources such as people, equipment, and information against the opponent's resources to gain supremacy or reduce the opponent's will to fight, developed through the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s definition of strategy is "presenting the manner in which military power should be developed and applied to achieve national objectives or those of a group of nations."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Viscount Alanbrooke">Viscount Alanbrooke</a>, Chief of the Imperial General Staff and co-chairman of the Anglo-US Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee for most of the Second World War, described the art of military strategy as: "to derive from the [policy] aim a series of military objectives to be achieved: to assess these objectives as to the military requirements they create, and the preconditions which the achievement of each is likely to necessitate: to measure available and potential resources against the requirements and to chart from this process a coherent pattern of priorities and a rational course of action."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Field-Marshal Montgomery</a> summed it up thus "Strategy is the art of distributing and applying military means, such as armed forces and supplies, to fulfill the ends of policy. Tactics means the dispositions for, and control of, military forces and techniques in actual fighting. Put more shortly: strategy is the art of the conduct of war, tactics the art of fighting."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military strategy in the 19th century was still viewed as one of a <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> of "arts" or "sciences" that govern the conduct of warfare; the others being <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, the execution of plans and maneuvering of forces in battle, and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, the maintenance of an army. The view had prevailed since the Roman times, and the borderline between strategy and tactics at this time was blurred, and sometimes categorization of a decision is a matter of almost personal opinion. <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> thought it simply involved <a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">concentration of troops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As French statesman <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> said, "War is too important a business to be left to soldiers." This gave rise to the concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which encompasses the management of the resources of an entire nation in the conduct of warfare. On this issue Clausewitz stated that a successful military strategy may be a means to an end, but it is not an end in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg/300px-Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg/450px-Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg/600px-Cimbrians_and_Teutons_invasions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>Military stratagem in the Maneuver against the Romans by <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> and Teutons circa 100 B.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many military strategists have attempted to encapsulate a successful strategy in a set of principles. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> defined 13 principles in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> while Napoleon listed 115 maxims. <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> General <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a> had only one: to "[get] there first with the most men".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concepts given as essential in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Manuals" title="United States Army Field Manuals">United States Army Field Manual</a> of Military Operations (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Field_Manuals#FM_3-0" title="List of United States Army Field Manuals">FM 3–0</a>) are:<sup id="cite_ref-2008fm30hqda_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008fm30hqda-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Objective type (direct every military operation towards a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objective)</li> <li>Offensive type (seize, retain, and exploit the initiative)</li> <li>Mass Type (<a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">concentrate combat power</a> at the decisive place and time)</li> <li>Economy of force type (allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts)</li> <li>Maneuver type (place the enemy in a disadvantageous position through the flexible application of combat power)</li> <li>Unity of command type (for every objective, ensure <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_effort" title="Unity of effort">unity of effort</a> under one responsible commander)</li> <li>Security type (never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage)</li> <li>Surprise type (strike the enemy at a time, at a place, or in a manner for which they are unprepared)</li> <li>Simplicity type (prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and clear, concise orders to ensure thorough understanding)</li></ul> <p>According to Greene and Armstrong, some planners assert adhering to the fundamental principles guarantees victory, while others claim war is unpredictable and the strategist must be flexible. Others argue predictability could be increased if the protagonists were to view the situation from the other sides in a conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principles of military strategy emerged at least as far back as 500 BC in the works of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>. The campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> and, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> demonstrate strategic planning and movement. </p><p>Early strategies included the strategy of annihilation, exhaustion, <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> action, <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> campaign, <a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">deception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feint" title="Feint">feint</a>. Ingenuity and adeptness were limited only by imagination, accord, and technology. Strategists continually exploited ever-advancing technology. The word "strategy" itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> "στρατηγία" (<i>strategia</i>), "office of general, command, generalship",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn from "στρατηγός" (<i>strategos</i>), "leader or commander of an army, general",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of "στρατός" (<i>stratos</i>), "army, host" + "ἀγός" (<i>agos</i>), "leader, chief",<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn from "ἄγω" (<i>ago</i>), "to lead".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through maneuver and continuous assault, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> armies were stressed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> until they collapsed, and were then annihilated in pursuit and encirclement.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_era">Early Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1520 <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>'s <i>Dell'arte della guerra</i> (Art of War) dealt with the relationship between civil and military matters and the formation of grand strategy. In the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618-1648), <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> demonstrated advanced operational strategy that led to his victories on the soil of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. It was not until the 18th century that military strategy was subjected to serious study in Europe. The word was first used in German as "<i>Strategie</i>" in a translation of Leo VI's <a href="/wiki/Tactica_of_Emperor_Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise"><i>Tactica</i></a> in 1777 by Johann von Bourscheid. From then onwards, the use of the word spread throughout the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Heuser_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heuser-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic">Napoleonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Napoleonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterloo">Waterloo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waterloo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/280px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/420px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/560px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Waterloo campaign</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/275px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/413px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg/550px-Wellington_at_Waterloo_Hillingford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>19th century musketeers from Wellington at Waterloo by Robert Alexander Hillingford, 18 June 1815</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clausewitz_and_Jomini">Clausewitz and Jomini</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clausewitz and Jomini"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clausewitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clausewitz.jpg/200px-Clausewitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clausewitz.jpg/300px-Clausewitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clausewitz.jpg/400px-Clausewitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz"> Clausewitz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_War" title="On War">On War</a></i> has become a famous reference<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for strategy, dealing with political, as well as military, <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his most famous assertion being: </p> <dl><dd>"War is not merely a political act, but also a real political instrument, a continuation of policy by other means."</dd></dl> <p>Clausewitz saw war first and foremost as a political act, and thus maintained that the purpose of all strategy was to achieve the political goal that the state was seeking to accomplish. As such, Clausewitz famously argued that war was the "continuation of politics by other means".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clausewitz and Jomini are widely read by US military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar">Interwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technological change had an enormous effect on strategy, but little effect on <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> and later radio, along with improved <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a>, enabled the rapid movement of large numbers of men. One of Germany's key enablers in mobile warfare was the use of radios, where these were put into every tank. However, the number of men that one officer could effectively control had, if anything, declined. The increases in the size of the armies led to an increase in the number of officers. Although the officer ranks in the US Army did swell, in the German army the ratio of officers to total men remained steady.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interwar Germany had as its main strategic goals the reestablishment of Germany as a European great power<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the complete annulment of the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles treaty">Versailles treaty</a> of 1919. After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the Nazi party <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">took power in 1933</a>, Germany's political goals also included the accumulation of <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i> ("Living space") for the Germanic "race" and the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> as a political rival to <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">Nazism</a>. The destruction of European Jewry, while not strictly a strategic objective, was a political goal of the Nazi regime linked to the vision of a German-dominated Europe, and especially to the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> for a depopulated east<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Germany could colonize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet strategy in the Cold War was dominated by the desire to prevent, at all costs, the recurrence of an invasion of Russian soil. The Soviet Union nominally adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/No_first_use" title="No first use">no first use</a>, which in fact was a posture of launch on warning.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than that, the USSR adapted to some degree to the prevailing changes in the NATO strategic policies that are divided by periods as:<br /><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Strategy of massive retaliation (1950s) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">стратегия массированного возмездия</span>)</li> <li>Strategy of flexible reaction (1960s) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">стратегия гибкого реагирования</span>)</li> <li>Strategies of realistic threat and containment (1970s) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">стратегия реалистического устрашения или сдерживания</span>)</li> <li>Strategy of direct confrontation (1980s) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">стратегия прямого противоборства</span>) one of the elements of which became the new highly effective high-precision targeting weapons.</li> <li>Strategic Defense Initiative (also known as "Star Wars") during its 1980s development (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">стратегическая оборонная инициатива – СОИ</span>) which became a core part of the strategic doctrine based on Defense containment.</li></ul> <p>All-out nuclear World War III between NATO and the Warsaw Pact did not take place. The United States recently (April 2010) acknowledged a new approach to its nuclear policy which describes the weapons' purpose as "primarily" or "fundamentally" to deter or respond to a nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Cold_War"></span>Post–Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric warfare</a></div> <p>Strategy in the post Cold War is shaped by the global geopolitical situation: a number of potent powers in a <a href="/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations#Multipolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity in international relations">multipolar</a> array which has arguably come to be dominated by the hyperpower status of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parties to conflict which see themselves as vastly or temporarily inferior may adopt a strategy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunkering_down_(strategy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunkering down (strategy) (page does not exist)">"hunkering down"</a> – witness <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Iraq</a> in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Yugoslavia</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major militaries of today are usually built to fight the "last war" (previous war) and hence have huge armored and conventionally configured infantry formations backed up by air forces and navies designed to support or prepare for these forces.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netwar">Netwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main point in asymmetric warfare is the nature of paramilitary organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> which are involved in guerrilla military actions but which are not traditional organizations with a central authority defining their military and political strategies. Organizations such as Al-Qaeda may exist as a sparse network of groups lacking central coordination, making them more difficult to confront following standard strategic approaches. This new field of strategic thinking is tackled by what is now defined as <a href="/wiki/Netwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Netwar">netwar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational mobility">Operational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">List of military writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_strategy_books" title="Category:Military strategy books">List of military strategy books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Examples of military strategies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Shock and awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_war" title="Progressive war">Progressive war</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Strategic_Art_Program" title="Basic Strategic Art Program">Basic Strategic Art Program</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battleplan" title="Battleplan">Battleplan</a></i> (documentary TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Strategic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Strategist" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Strategist">U.S. Army Strategist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_termination" title="War termination">War termination</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gartner (1999), p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter (2005), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matloff (1996), p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilden (1987), p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_Clausewitz" class="citation web cs1">von Clausewitz, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK3ch01.html">"On War. Book 3, Chapter 1"</a>. <i>www.clausewitz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clausewitz.com&rft.atitle=On+War.+Book+3%2C+Chapter+1&rft.aulast=von+Clausewitz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clausewitz.com%2Freadings%2FOnWar1873%2FBK3ch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> <i>Strategy</i> London:Faber, 1967 (2nd rev ed.) p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matti_Nojonen_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matti_Nojonen_2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matti_Nojonen_2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matti Nojonen, <i>Jymäyttämisen taito. Strategiaoppeja muinaisesta Kiinasta</i>. [Transl.: The Art of Deception. Strategy lessons from Ancient China.] Gaudeamus, Finland. Helsinki 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-495-089-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-495-089-3">978-952-495-089-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2013" class="citation cs2">Scott, Wilson (March 7, 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-meets-privately-with-jewish-leaders/2013/03/07/dd95b4ca-8733-11e2-999e-5f8e0410cb9d_story.html">"Obama meets privately with Jewish leaders"</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, Washington, DC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724060741/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-07/politics/37535039_1_nuclear-weapons-jewish-leaders-president-obama">archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+meets+privately+with+Jewish+leaders&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-meets-privately-with-jewish-leaders%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fdd95b4ca-8733-11e2-999e-5f8e0410cb9d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UPI_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/03/08/Obama-to-challenge-Israelis-on-peace/UPI-70151362729600/">"Obama to challenge Israelis on peace"</a>, <i>United Press International</i>, March 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Obama+to+challenge+Israelis+on+peace&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2013%2F03%2F08%2FObama-to-challenge-Israelis-on-peace%2FUPI-70151362729600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Business-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Business_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2006" class="citation cs2">Garner, Rochelle (October 16, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411082416/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aFA0SRsqGq04">"Oracle's Ellison Uses 'Art of War' in Software Battle With SAP"</a>, <i>Bloomberg</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aFA0SRsqGq04">the original</a> on April 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Oracle%27s+Ellison+Uses+%27Art+of+War%27+in+Software+Battle+With+SAP&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Rochelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaFA0SRsqGq04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbinski1958" class="citation journal cs1">Albinski, Henry S. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2109166">"The Place of the Emperor Asoka in Ancient Indian Political Thought"</a>. <i>Midwest Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2109166">10.2307/2109166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3397">0026-3397</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2109166">2109166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+the+Emperor+Asoka+in+Ancient+Indian+Political+Thought&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1958&rft.issn=0026-3397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2109166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2109166&rft.aulast=Albinski&rft.aufirst=Henry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2109166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadquarters,_Department_of_the_Army2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army#Headquarters,_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Headquarters, Department of the Army</a> (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202210635/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/FM3-0(FEB%202008).pdf"><i>FM 3–0, Operations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437901290" title="Special:BookSources/9781437901290"><bdi>9781437901290</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780900309">780900309</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/repository/materials/FM3-0(FEB%202008).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+3%E2%80%930%2C+Operations&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780900309&rft.isbn=9781437901290&rft.au=Headquarters%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Frepository%2Fmaterials%2FFM3-0%28FEB%25202008%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">School of Advanced Air and Space Studies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAP-6(V) NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>British Defence Doctrine</i>, Edition 3, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, <i>A History of Warfare</i>, Collins. London, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaliand (1994), p. 638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> <i>Strategy</i> London: Faber & Faber, 1967. 2nd rev. ed. p.322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2007" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Hew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5NLFM6NmdvIC&q=clausewitz+%22means+to+an+end%22&pg=PA22"><i>Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923202-4"><bdi>978-0-19-923202-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clausewitz+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923202-4&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Hew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5NLFM6NmdvIC%26q%3Dclausewitz%2B%2522means%2Bto%2Ban%2Bend%2522%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatton_Bruce1971" class="citation book cs1">Catton Bruce (1971). <i>The Civil War</i>. American Heritage Press, New York. Library of Congress Number: 77-119671.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Catton+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008fm30hqda-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2008fm30hqda_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadquarters,_Department_of_the_Army2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army#Headquarters,_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Headquarters, Department of the Army</a> (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202210635/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/Repository/Materials/FM3-0(FEB%202008).pdf"><i>FM 3–0, Operations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a>. pp. A–1 – A–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437901290" title="Special:BookSources/9781437901290"><bdi>9781437901290</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780900309">780900309</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/repository/materials/FM3-0(FEB%202008).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+3%E2%80%930%2C+Operations&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=A-1+-+A-3&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780900309&rft.isbn=9781437901290&rft.au=Headquarters%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Frepository%2Fmaterials%2FFM3-0%28FEB%25202008%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the advice is to think about how other protagonists will view the situation in order to predict their decisions"—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesten_C._Greene_and_J._Scott_Armstrong2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kesten C. Greene and J. Scott Armstrong (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417124956/http://kestencgreen.com/group_shoes-2009.pdf">"Role thinking: Standing in other people's shoes to forecast decisions in conflicts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Forecasting</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">69–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijforecast.2010.05.001">10.1016/j.ijforecast.2010.05.001</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kestencgreen.com/group_shoes-2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Forecasting&rft.atitle=Role+thinking%3A+Standing+in+other+people%27s+shoes+to+forecast+decisions+in+conflicts&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijforecast.2010.05.001&rft.au=Kesten+C.+Greene+and+J.+Scott+Armstrong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkestencgreen.com%2Fgroup_shoes-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dstrathgi%2Fa">στρατηγία</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dstrathgo%2Fs">στρατηγός</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29go%2Fs1">ἀγός</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Fgw">ἄγω</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May (2007), pp. 115ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heuser-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heuser_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heuser (2010), p. 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, R. Gerald (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26746704">"Clausewitz, War, and Strategy in the Twenty-first Century"</a>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344518804624">10.1177/0968344518804624</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2Fdfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f">2160/dfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26746704">26746704</a>. <q>[...] <i>Vom Kriege</i> remains the most important book on war ever written.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Clausewitz%2C+War%2C+and+Strategy+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2Fdfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26746704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344518804624&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=R.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26746704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2002" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, M. Evan (May 30, 2002). "Military Theorists". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTmI3RmgBwAC"><i>Military History's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Improbable Victories, Unlikely Heroes, and Other Martial Oddities</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597974608" title="Special:BookSources/9781597974608"><bdi>9781597974608</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2024</span>. <q>[...Clausewitz] wrote <i>On War</i> (1819), an attempt to synthesize strategy and the conduct of war within the state [...] it has become the standard reference for military theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Theorists&rft.btitle=Military+History%27s+Most+Wanted%3A+The+Top+10+Book+of+Improbable+Victories%2C+Unlikely+Heroes%2C+and+Other+Martial+Oddities&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002-05-30&rft.isbn=9781597974608&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=M.+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTmI3RmgBwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, R. Gerald (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26746704">"Clausewitz, War, and Strategy in the Twenty-first Century"</a>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344518804624">10.1177/0968344518804624</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2Fdfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f">2160/dfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26746704">26746704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Clausewitz%2C+War%2C+and+Strategy+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2Fdfc61137-9005-4346-9a91-353be2927e0f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26746704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344518804624&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=R.+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26746704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln.</i> - <i>Vom Kriege</i>, 1. Buch, 1. Kapitel, Unterkapitel 24 (Überschrift). The German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Politik</i></span> can express either "politics" or "policy" - see <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Politik">Wiktionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.carlisle.army.mil/">http://www.carlisle.army.mil/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214054203/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/">Archived</a> December 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Royal Military Academy Sandhurst</a>, U.K. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Martin Van Creveld's <i>Fighting Power</i> for more on this topic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOhmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Die Errichtung der Hegemonie auf dem europäischen Kontinent</i></a> [<i>Constructing hegemony on the European continent</i>]. Beiträge zur Militär- und Kriegsgeschichte: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (in German). Vol. 2. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783421019356" title="Special:BookSources/9783421019356"><bdi>9783421019356</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Errichtung+der+Hegemonie+auf+dem+europ%C3%A4ischen+Kontinent&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Milit%C3%A4r-+und+Kriegsgeschichte%3A+Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+der+Zweite+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9783421019356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOhmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ1HKmG9xZ8C"><i>Bloodlands — Europe between Hitler and Stalin</i></a>. London: Vintage Books. pp. preface page ix–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-955179-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-955179-9"><bdi>978-0-09-955179-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Hitler wanted not only to eradicate the Jews; he wanted also to destroy Poland and the Soviet Union as states, eliminate their ruling classes, and kill tens of millions of Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles). If the German war against the USSR had gone as planned, thirty million civilians would have been starved in the first winter, and tens of millions more expelled, killed, assimilated or enslaved thereafter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands+%E2%80%94+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=preface+page+ix-x&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-09-955179-9&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQ1HKmG9xZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatrice Heuser, "Warsaw Pact Military Doctrines in the 70s and 80s: Findings in the East German Archives", <i>Comparative Strategy</i> Vol. 12 No. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 1993), pp. 437–457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pupkov, et al. Weapons of anti-missile defense of Russia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200503/http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/NPR%20FACT%20SHEET%20April%202010.pdf">"2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/npr/docs/NPR%20FACT%20SHEET%20April%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Nuclear+Posture+Review+%28NPR%29+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Defense+Office+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fnpr%2Fdocs%2FNPR%2520FACT%2520SHEET%2520April%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term was coined by French politician Hubert Vérdine. See: <i>International Herald Tribune</i>, "To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'," February 5, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoges1996" class="citation book cs1">Loges, Marsha J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sYmAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Persian Gulf War: Military Doctrine and Strategy</i></a>. Executive research project. Washington, D.C.: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, National Defense University. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2020</span>. <q>U.S. officials described Saddam Hussein's military strategy in Desert Storm as 'hunkering down.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+War%3A+Military+Doctrine+and+Strategy&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Executive+research+project&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Industrial+College+of+the+Armed+Forces%2C+National+Defense+University&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Loges&rft.aufirst=Marsha+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sYmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaalderO'Hanlon2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_H._Daalder" title="Ivo H. Daalder">Daalder, Ivo H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._O%27Hanlon" title="Michael E. O'Hanlon">O'Hanlon, Michael E.</a> (2000). "Losing the War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeQLUvtZnMcC"><i>Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo</i></a>. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press (published 2004). p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815798422" title="Special:BookSources/9780815798422"><bdi>9780815798422</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2020</span>. <q>[... Milosevic] had a fairly promising strategy: hunker down, tolerate the bombing, and wait for Russian pressure or NATO internal dissension to weaken the alliance's resolve. [...] Had Milosevic not thoroughly 'cleansed' Kosovo [...] a hunker-down strategy might well have succeeded, as a number of NATO officials with whom we spoke acknowledged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Losing+the+War&rft.btitle=Winning+Ugly%3A+NATO%27s+War+to+Save+Kosovo&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=G+-+Reference%2C+Information+and+Interdisciplinary+Subjects+Series&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780815798422&rft.aulast=Daalder&rft.aufirst=Ivo+H.&rft.au=O%27Hanlon%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeQLUvtZnMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Utility of Force</i>, General Sir Rupert Smith, Allen Lane, London, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9836-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9836-9">0-7139-9836-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArquillaRonfeldt1996" class="citation book cs1">Arquilla, John; Ronfeldt, David F. (1996). <i>The advent of netwar</i>. Santa Monica, Calif: Rand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-2414-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-2414-5"><bdi>978-0-8330-2414-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+advent+of+netwar&rft.place=Santa+Monica%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Rand&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-2414-5&rft.aulast=Arquilla&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ronfeldt%2C+David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+strategy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brands, Hal, ed. <i>The New Makers of Modern Strategy: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age</i> (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-Makers-Modern-Strategy-Ancient/dp/0691204381/">excerpt</a>, 46 essays by experts on ideas of famous strategists; 1200 pp</li> <li>Carpenter, Stanley D. M., <i>Military Leadership in the British Civil Wars, 1642–1651: The Genius of This Age</i>, Routledge, 2005.</li> <li>Chaliand, Gérard, <i>The Art of War in World History: From Antiquity to the Nuclear Age</i>, University of California Press, 1994.</li> <li>Gartner, Scott Sigmund, <i>Strategic Assessment in War</i>, Yale University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Heuser, Beatrice, <i>The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19968-1">978-0-521-19968-1</a>.</li> <li>Matloff, Maurice, (ed.), <i>American Military History: 1775–1902, volume 1</i>, Combined Books, 1996.</li> <li>May, Timothy. <i>The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System.</i> Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844154760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844154760">978-1844154760</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Wilden, Anthony</a>, <i>Man and Woman, War and Peace: The Strategist's Companion</i>, Routledge, 1987.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_strategy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu">US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute</a> publishes several dozen papers and books yearly focusing on current and future military strategy and policy, national security, and global and regional strategic issues. Most publications are relevant to the International strategic community, both academically and militarily. All are freely available to the public in PDF format. The organization was founded by General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> after World War II.</li> <li>Black, Jeremy, <i>Introduction to Global Military History: 1775 to the Present Day</i>, Routledge Press, 2005.</li> <li>D'Aguilar, G.C., <i>Napoleon's Military Maxims</i>, free ebook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_8/Book8.html">Napoleon's Military Maxims</a>.</li> <li>Freedman, Lawrence. <i>Strategy: A History</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Strategy-A-History-Lawrence-Freedman/dp/0199325154/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Holt, Thaddeus, <i>The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War</i>, Simon and Schuster, June, 2004, hardcover, 1184 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5042-7">0-7432-5042-7</a>.</li> <li>Tomes, Robert R., <i>US Defense Strategy from Vietnam to Operation Iraqi Freedom: Military Innovation and the New American Way of War, 1973–2003</i>, Routledge Press, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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