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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European colonization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European colonization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_colonization_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_colonization_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province_of_Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province_of_Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Province of Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Province_of_Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fall of Philadelphia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_federal_constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_federal_constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State and federal constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_federal_constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westward_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westward_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Westward expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Westward_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Westward expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Westward_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whiskey_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whiskey_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Whiskey Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whiskey_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Pennsylvania_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Pennsylvania_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Western Pennsylvania development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Pennsylvania_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1856_and_1860_presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1856_and_1860_presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>1856 and 1860 presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1856_and_1860_presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Post-Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Depression_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Great Depression and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_industry_declines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_industry_declines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Steel industry declines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_industry_declines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Urban centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Pre 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Since 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_and_labor_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_labor_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Economic and labor history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_labor_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/220px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/330px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/440px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption><i>The Birth of Pennsylvania</i>, a portrait of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> (standing with document in hand), who founded the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in 1681 as a refuge for <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> after receiving a royal deed to it from <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Pennsylvania</b> stems back thousands of years when the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> occupied the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. In 1681, Pennsylvania became an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> colony when <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> received a royal deed from <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a>. However, European activity in the region precedes that date (the area was first colonized by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> in 1643). The area was home to the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehannocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Susquehannocks">Susquehannocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie (tribe)">Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, Arandiqiouia, and other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> tribes. Most of these tribes were driven off or reduced to remnants as a result of diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> took control of the colony in 1667. In 1681, William Penn, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a>, established a colony based on <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>; it was settled by many Quakers along with its <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, its largest city, which was also the first planned city. In the mid-1700s, the colony attracted many <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a> immigrants. </p><p>While each of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Pennsylvania and especially Philadelphia were a center for the early planning and ultimately the formation of rebellion against <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British empire</a>, which was then the most powerful political and military empire in the world. </p><p>Philadelphia served as the nation's capital for much of the 18th century. During the 19th century, Pennsylvania grew its northwestern, northeastern, and southwestern borders, and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> emerged as of the nation's largest and most prominent cities for a period of time. The state played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Pennsylvania grew into a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> stronghold politically and a major manufacturing and transportation center. </p><p>During the 20th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the 1940s, Pennsylvania moved towards the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial industries</a> economically and became a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> politically. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_American_migration_and_settlement">Native American migration and settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Native American migration and settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_migration_and_settlement_2">Native American migration and settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Native American migration and settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_(larger).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg/220px-Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg/330px-Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg/440px-Gustavus_Hesselius-Lapowinsa_%28larger%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Lappawinsoe" title="Lappawinsoe">Lappawinsoe</a>, depicted in a 1735 painting by <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Hesselius" title="Gustavus Hesselius">Gustavus Hesselius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends to thousands of years before the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">Archaeologists</a> generally believe that the first <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settlement of the Americas</a> occurred at least 15,000 years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, though it is unclear when humans first entered present-day Pennsylvania. There is an open debate in the archaeological community regarding when the ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> expanded across the two continents to the tip of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, with the range of estimates being 30,000 and 10,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC_Paleoindian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC_Paleoindian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a> contains the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania, and perhaps all of North America,<sup id="cite_ref-Meadow_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meadow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it contains the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meadow_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meadow-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1000 C.E., in contrast to their nomadic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">ancestors</a>, the native population of Pennsylvania had developed agricultural techniques and a mixed food economy.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC_Late_Woodland_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC_Late_Woodland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources for Pennsylvania's prehistory come from a mix of oral history and archaeology, which pushes the known record back another 500 years or so. Before the Iroquois pushed out from the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> region, Pennsylvania appears to have been populated primarily by Algonquians<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Siouans. We know from archaeology that the Monongahela had a far more vast territory at the time<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Iroquois Book of Rites shows that there were Siouans along Lake Erie's southern shores as well. The Iroquois collectively called them the Alligewi (better written Adegowe<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or Mound Builders. It is said that this is where the term Allegheny comes from (Adegoweni). Two groups of migrating Iroquoians moved through the region—an Iroquois related group who spread west along the Great Lakes and a Tuscarora related group who followed the coast straight south. The Eries were the next to split off from the Iroquois and may have once held northwestern Pennsylvania. An offshoot of them crossed the Ohio and fought back the ancient Monongahela, but later merged with the Susquahannocks to form a single, expanded territory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Europeans later said that they used the terms White Minqua and Black Minqua to differentiate their ancestries from one another.) A whole other Iroquoian tribe, the Petun, are believed to be Huron related and entered the region after, wedging in between the Eries and Iroquois. </p><p>By the time that <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> began, several <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a> inhabited the region.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> spoke an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a>, and inhabited an area known as the <a href="/wiki/Lenapehoking" title="Lenapehoking">Lenapehoking</a>, which was mostly made up of the state of New Jersey, but incorporated a lot of surrounding area, including eastern Pennsylvania. Their territory ended somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna</a> rivers in the state. The <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> spoke an <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquoian language</a> and held a region spanning from New York to West Virginia, that went from the area surrounding the Susquehanna River all the way to the Allegheny and <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela Rivers</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European disease and constant warfare with several neighbors and groups of Europeans weakened these tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the Hurons and Iroquois blocked them from proceeding into Ohio during the Beaver Wars. As they lost numbers and land, they abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River and the Iroquois and Mohawk to the north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian <a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known mostly for their vast Tobacco plantations, although this is believed to be complete fabrication.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were fragmented into three groups during the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of Ohio, and the Tiontatecaga of the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha River</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. Their size was much larger than previously thought, evidenced by Kentatentonga being used on the Jean Louis Baptiste Franquelin map, a known name for Petun, showing them with Pennsylvania bounds and with 19 villages destroyed and the use of Tiontatecaga, mimicking the Petun autonym, Tionontati.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South of the Alleghany River was, allegedly, a nation known as the Calicua (probably Kah-dee-kwuh), or Cali.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may have been the same as the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Monongahela Culture">Monongahela Culture</a> and very little is known about them, except that they were probably a Siouan culture. Archaeological sites from this time in this region are scarce and the very few historical sources even mention them—most of these sources only coming from those who met Calicua traders further east on the Allegheny. </p><p>A tribe known as the Trokwae were said to have settled by the westernmost Susquehannocks along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Tockwogh" title="Tockwogh">Tockwogh</a>, a small Iroquoian tribe from the Delmarva Peninsula (In many surviving Iroquoian languages, 'r' is silent.). They, however, did not survive the Beaver Wars. During that time, the highly influential Mohawks seceded from the Iroquois Confederacy and the remaining four tribes—Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga and Oneida—began attacking into Ohio, destroying the Petun and other tribes, then the Erie. Later, after their war with the Susquehannocks ended in the 1670s, they pushed straight south from New York and began attacking other tribes of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the French pushed the Iroquois back to the Ohio-PA border, where they were finally convinced to sign a peace treaty in 1701. They sold off much of their remaining, extended lands to the English, but kept a large section along the Susquahanna River for themselves, they allowed refugees of other tribes to settle in towns, such as Shamokin, Lenape, Tutelo, Saponi, Piscataway, and Nanticoke.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the onset of the French-Indian War, the English Ambassador to the Iroquois, William Johnson, was able to repair relations between the Iroquois and Mohawk and the nation re-unified. In the 1750s, the refugee tribes were relocated to New York, where they were roughly reorganized along cultural lines into three new Tutelo, Delaware and Nanticoke tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walking_Purchase">Walking Purchase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Walking Purchase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Walking_Purchase" title="Walking Purchase">Walking Purchase</a></div> <p>In the 1680s, conflicts with the sons of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Walking_Purchase" title="Walking Purchase">Walking Purchase</a> and after the English conquered the colony of New Netherland, the majority of the Lenape were relocated to northeastern Ohio, immediately prior to that very region being conquered by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other tribes would pass through, such as the first <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, after they broke away from the Algonquian tribes based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">east coast</a>. They soon after merged with other tribes in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to form a massive confederacy that held much of the eastern Ohio River Valley until the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shawnee_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shawnee Wars (page does not exist)">Shawnee Wars</a> in 1811–1813.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Native Americans of Pennsylvania suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">massive loss in population caused by disease</a> following the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a> in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-DeanSnow_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeanSnow-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> of southwestern Pennsylvania suffered such large losses that it was nearly extinct by the time Europeans arrived in the region in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_Contact_Period_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA_Contact_Period-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_colonization_2">European colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg/220px-Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg/330px-Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg/440px-Nieuw_Nederland_and_Nya_Sverige.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (in magenta) and <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (in blue) in the 17th century; New Sweden was later absorbed by New Netherland and then the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Long-term European <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Americas" title="Exploration of the Americas">exploration of the Americas</a> commenced after the 1492 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, and the 1497 expedition of <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> is credited with discovering continental <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> for Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">European exploration of North America</a> continued in the 16th century, and the area now known as Pennsylvania was mapped by the French and labeled <i>L'arcadia</i>, or "wooded coast", during <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>'s voyage in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before large-scale European settlement, the Native American tribes in Pennsylvania engaged in trade with Europeans, and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a> was a major motivation for the European colonization of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_Contact_Period_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA_Contact_Period-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fur trade also sparked wars among Native American tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, which saw the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> rise in power. In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish colonization of the Americas">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a> all competed for southeastern Pennsylvania, while the <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a> expanded into parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">western Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>In 1638, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, then one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> in Europe, established the colony of New Sweden in the area of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic states</a>. The colony was established by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a>, the former governor of New Netherland, who established the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trading colony</a> over the objections of the Dutch. New Sweden extended into modern-day Pennsylvania, and was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Christina" title="Fort Christina">Fort Christina</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>). In 1643, New Sweden Governor <a href="/wiki/Johan_Bj%C3%B6rnsson_Printz" title="Johan Björnsson Printz">Johan Björnsson Printz</a> established Fort Nya Gothenburg, the first European settlement in Pennsylvania, on <a href="/wiki/Tinicum_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Tinicum Island</a>. Printz also built his own home, <a href="/wiki/The_Printzhof" title="The Printzhof">The Printzhof</a>, on the island. </p><p>In 1609, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, commissioned <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a> to explore North America. Shortly thereafter, the Dutch established the colony of New Netherland to profit from the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>. In 1655, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>, the Dutch under <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a> captured New Sweden. Although Sweden never again controlled land in the area, several Swedish and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish</a> colonists remained, and with their influence came America's first <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabins</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> had established the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> in 1607 and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Colony of Maryland</a> in 1632. England also claimed the Delaware River watershed based on the explorations of <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">John Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>. The English named the Delaware River for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr</a>, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> from 1610 until 1618. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1665–1667), the English took control of the Dutch (and former Swedish) holdings in North America. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the 1674 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster</a> permanently confirmed England's control of the region. </p><p>Following the voyages of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, the French established a permanent colony in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in the 17th century to exploit the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>. During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the French expanded New France across present day Eastern Canada into the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>, and colonized the areas around the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> as well. New France expanded into western Pennsylvania by the 18th century, as the French built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley. With the end of the Swedish and Dutch colonies, the French were the last rivals to the British for control of the region that would become Pennsylvania. France was often <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">allied</a> with Spain, the only other remaining European power with holdings in continental North America. Beginning in 1688 with <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>), France and England engaged in a <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">series of wars</a> for dominance over Northern America. The wars continued until the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in 1763, when France lost <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Province_of_Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Province of Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Penn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/220px-William_Penn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/330px-William_Penn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/440px-William_Penn.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> and the son of a <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Penn (Royal Navy officer)">prominent admiral of the same name</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/220px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/330px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/440px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a> possessions of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> (in pink), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> (in blue), and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a> (in orange) as of 1750. The French later lost their possessions in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to Britain following its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, fought from 1754 to 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 4, 1681, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> granted the Province of Pennsylvania to William Penn to settle a debt of £16,000<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the king owed to <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Penn (Royal Navy officer)">Penn's father</a>. Pennsylvania was one of the two major <a href="/wiki/Restoration_colony" title="Restoration colony">Restoration colonies</a>. Penn founded a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> that provided a place of religious freedom for <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>. Charles named the colony <i>Pennsylvania</i> ("Penn's woods" in Latin), after the elder Penn, which the younger Penn found embarrassing, as he feared people would think he had named the colony after himself. Penn <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_Landing_Site" title="William Penn Landing Site">landed</a> in North America in October 1682, and founded the colonial capital, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, that same year. </p><p>In addition to English Quakers, Pennsylvania attracted several other ethnic and religious groups, many of whom were fleeing persecution and the religious wars. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> Quakers settled a large tract of land north and west of Philadelphia, in what are now <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a> counties. This area became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Welsh_Tract" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a>", and many cities and towns were named for points in Wales. The colony's reputation of religious freedom and tolerance also attracted significant populations of <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish American">Scots-Irish</a>, Scots, and French settlers. Many of the settlers worshiped a brand of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> disfavored by the government of their homeland, including <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, who migrated to colonial-era Pennsylvania to exercise their religion freely. Other groups, including <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and Jews, migrated to Pennsylvania, while Pennsylvania also had a significant African-American population by 1730. Additionally, several Native American tribes lived in the area under their own jurisdiction. Settlers of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> colonies that had been taken over by the British continued to live in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHMC2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To give his new province access to the ocean, Penn had leased the proprietary rights of the King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>'s brother, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a>, to the "three lower counties" (now the state of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>) on the Delaware River. In Penn's <i><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Frame of Government of Pennsylvania">Frame of Government of 1682</a></i>, Penn established a combined assembly by providing for equal membership from each county and requiring legislation to have the assent of both the <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Lower Counties</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Upper Counties</a>. The meeting place for the assembly alternated between Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware" title="New Castle, Delaware">New Castle</a>. In 1704, after disagreements between the upper and lower counties, the lower counties began meeting in a separate assembly. Province of Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> continued to share the same royal governor until the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, when both Pennsylvania and Delaware became states.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penn died in 1718, and was succeeded as <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania">proprietor of the colony</a> by his sons. While Penn had won the respect of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> for his honest dealing, Penn's sons and agents were less sensitive to Native American concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_Contact_Period_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA_Contact_Period-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1737 <a href="/wiki/Walking_Purchase" title="Walking Purchase">Walking Purchase</a> expanded the colony, but caused a decline in relations with the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_Contact_Period_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA_Contact_Period-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania continued to expand and settle in the areas to the West until the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, which forbade all settlers from settling on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. Meanwhile, Philadelphia became an important port and trading center. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> was founded during this period, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> established various other organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a>. By the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Philadelphia was the largest city in British North America.<sup id="cite_ref-TAR_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAR-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western portions of Pennsylvania were among disputed territory between the colonial British and French during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American component of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>). The French had established numerous fortified sites in Pennsylvania, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Le_Boeuf" title="Fort Le Boeuf">Fort Le Boeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Presque_Isle" title="Fort Presque Isle">Fort Presque Isle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Machault" title="Fort Machault">Fort Machault</a>, and the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a>, located near the present site of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. Many Indian tribes were <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance" title="Franco-Indian alliance">allied with the French</a> because of their long trading history and opposition to the expansion of the British colonies. The conflict began near the present site of <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown, Pennsylvania</a> when a company of Virginia militia under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> ambushed a French force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Battle of Jumonville Glen</a> in 1754. Washington retreated to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Necessity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Necessity">Fort Necessity</a> and surrendered to a larger French force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a>. In 1755, the British sent <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">Braddock Expedition</a> to capture Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in failure after the British lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock, Pennsylvania</a>. In 1758, the British sent the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a> to capture Fort Duquesne. The French won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne" title="Battle of Fort Duquesne">Battle of Fort Duquesne</a>, but after the battle the outnumbered French force demolished Fort Duquesne and retreated from the area. Fighting in North America had mostly come to an end by 1760, but the war continued until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763. <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Britain's victory in the war</a> helped secure Pennsylvania's frontier, as the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> came under formal British control. Although <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> was no more, the French would deal their British rivals a major blow in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">aiding</a> the rebel cause. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Pennsylvania settlers experienced raids from Indian allies of the French. The settlers' pleas for military relief were stymied by a power struggle in Philadelphia between Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_Morris" title="Robert Hunter Morris">Robert Morris</a> and the Pennsylvania Assembly. Morris wanted to send military forces to the frontier, but the Assembly, whose leadership included <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, refused to grant the funds unless Morris agreed to the taxation of the proprietary lands, the vast tracts still owned by the Penn family and others. The dispute was finally settled, and military relief sent, when the owners of the proprietary lands sent 5,000 pounds to the colonial government, on condition that it was considered a free gift and not a down payment on taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Indians attempted to drive the British out of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio country">Ohio country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a>. The war, which began in 1763, saw heavy fighting in western Pennsylvania. The native forces were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run" title="Battle of Bushy Run">Battle of Bushy Run</a>. The war lasted until 1766, when the British made peace. During the war, the king issued the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation Act</a>. The act barred Americans from any settling west of the Appalachians, and reserved that <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">territory for the Native Americans</a>. Fighting between Native Americans and Americans in present-day Pennsylvania continued in <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. Native American tribes ceased to pose a military threat to European settlers in Pennsylvania after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-DDP_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDP-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle-class colony with limited deference to the small upper-class. A writer in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Journal" title="The Pennsylvania Journal">Pennsylvania Journal</a></i> in 1756 summed it up: </p> <dl><dd>The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort, and at present pretty much upon a Level. They are chiefly industrious Farmers, Artificers or Men in Trade; they enjoy and are fond of Freedom, and the <i>meanest among them</i> thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania in the American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/220px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/330px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg/440px-Map_of_territorial_growth_1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A 1763 map of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>, a settlement prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> that sparked resentment among Americans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6396" data-file-height="7801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a> and Pennsylvania delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in 1775 and unanimously adopted and issued the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on July 4, 1776</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania's residents generally supported the protests common to all <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> were passed, and Pennsylvania sent delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> in 1765 Philadelphia hosted the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">second</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. </p><p>Gathered in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress founded the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as its commander, and, on July 4, 1776, unanimously adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, which both formalized and escalated the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p><p>Pennsylvania was the site of several battles and military activities during the Revolutionary War, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, the rebel army of George Washington spent the winter of 1777–78 at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge,_Pennsylvania" title="Valley Forge, Pennsylvania">Valley Forge, Pennsylvania</a>. In 1781, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> were written and adopted in <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>, and Philadelphia continued to serve as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States#United_States_of_America" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital of the fledgling nation</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a>. Notable Pennsylvanians who <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">supported</a> the Revolution include <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Van_Leer" title="Samuel Van Leer">Samuel Van Leer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a>. However, Pennsylvania was also home to numerous <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(loyalist)" title="William Allen (loyalist)">William Allen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Doan_Outlaws" title="Doan Outlaws">Doan Outlaws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After elections in May 1776 returned old guard Assemblymen to office, the Second Continental Congress encouraged Pennsylvania to call delegates together to discuss a new form of governance. Delegates met in June in Philadelphia, where the signing of the Declaration of Independence soon overtook assemblymen's efforts to control the delegates and the outcome of their discussions. On July 8, 1776, attendees elected delegates to write a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">state constitution</a>. A committee was formed with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> as chair and <a href="/wiki/George_Bryan" title="George Bryan">George Bryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cannon_(mathematician)" title="James Cannon (mathematician)">James Cannon</a> as prominent members. The new constitution on September 28, 1776, called for new elections.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elections in 1776 turned the old assemblymen out of power. But the new constitution lacked a governor or upper legislative house to provide checks against popular movements. It also required test oaths, which kept the opposition from taking office. The constitution called for a unicameral legislature or Assembly. Executive authority rested in a <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Council_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania">Supreme Executive Council</a></i> whose members were to be appointed by the assembly. During elections in 1776, radicals gained control of the Assembly. By early 1777, they had selected an executive council, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wharton_Jr." title="Thomas Wharton Jr.">Thomas Wharton Jr.</a> was named as the president of the council. This constitution was never formally adopted, so government functioned on an ad hoc basis until the new constitution was written fourteen years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Philadelphia">Fall of Philadelphia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fall of Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>'s defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chadds_Ford_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadds Ford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Chadds Ford Township</a> on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> was left defenseless and American patriots began preparing for what they saw as an imminent <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> attack on the city. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Council_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council</a> ordered that 11 bells, including the State House Bell, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, and bells from Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)">St. Peter's Church</a>, be taken down and moved out of Philadelphia to prevent the British from melting the bells down to cast into munitions. The bells were transported north to present-day <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a> by two farmers and wagon masters, John Snyder and Henry Bartholomew, and hidden under floorboards in the basement of <a href="/wiki/High_German_Evangelical_Reformed_Church" title="High German Evangelical Reformed Church">Zion Reformed Church</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Center_City_Allentown" title="Center City Allentown">Center City Allentown</a>, just prior to Philadelphia's September 1777 fall to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_federal_constitutions">State and federal constitutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State and federal constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a></div> <p>In 1780, Pennsylvania passed a <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Gradual_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery">law</a> that provided for the gradual <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>, making Pennsylvania the first state to pass an act to abolish slavery, although <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont</a> (not yet a state) had also previously abolished slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children born after that date to slave mothers were considered legally free, but they were bound in <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servitude</a> to the master of their mother until the age of 28. The last slave was recorded in the state in 1847. </p><p>Six years after the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, delegates from across the country met again at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a> to establish a new constitution. Pennsylvania ratified the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> on December 12, 1787, the second state to do so after <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution took effect after eleven states ratified the document in 1788, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was inaugurated as the first President of the United States on March 4, 1789. </p><p>After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> again served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States#United_States_of_America" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital of the nation</a> from 1790 to 1800 prior to the development of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as the nation's new capital. </p><p>Pennsylvania ratified a new state constitution in 1790, which replaced the state's executive council with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">governor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">bicameral legislature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westward_expansion">Westward expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Westward expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png/220px-Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png/330px-Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png/440px-Pennsylvania_land_purchases.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Land purchases from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penncolony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Penncolony.png/220px-Penncolony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Penncolony.png/330px-Penncolony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Penncolony.png/440px-Penncolony.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>A map of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> and competing land claims against it from other states</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War. The <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a> established the borders between Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, except for what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Northern_Panhandle_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Panhandle of West Virginia">West Virginia's northern panhandle</a>. Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Westsylvania" title="Westsylvania">Westsylvania</a> in the area that now contains <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania retained control of the region. The first <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix">Treaty of Fort Stanwix</a> and the Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Fort_McIntosh_(Pennsylvania)" title="Fort McIntosh (Pennsylvania)">Fort McIntosh</a><sup id="cite_ref-DDP_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDP-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saw Native Americans relinquish claims on present-day <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Pennsylvania">southwestern Pennsylvania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> granted the United States independence, and also saw Great Britain give up its land claims in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>, although most of these lands ultimately became new states under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance_of_1787" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Ordinance of 1787">Northwest Ordinance of 1787</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix_(1784)" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)">second Treaty of Fort Stanwix</a>, Pennsylvania gained control of northwestern Pennsylvania from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois League">Iroquois League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Pennsylvania_border" title="New York–Pennsylvania border">New York–Pennsylvania border</a> was established in 1787. Pennsylvania purchased the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Triangle" title="Erie Triangle">Erie Triangle</a> from the federal government in 1792. In 1799, the <a href="/wiki/Pennamite%E2%80%93Yankee_War" title="Pennamite–Yankee War">Pennamite–Yankee War</a> came to an end, as Pennsylvania kept control of the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a> despite the presence of settlers from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> granted land to <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> soldiers for military service, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> passed a general land act on April 3, 1792. It authorized the sale and distribution of the large remaining tracts of land east and west of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> in hopes of sparking development of the vast territory. The process was an uneven affair, prompting much speculation but little settlement. Most veteran soldiers sold their shares sight unseen under market value, and many investors were ultimately ruined. The East Allegheny district consisted of lands in <a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean County, Pennsylvania">McKean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a> counties, at the time worthless tracts. West Allegheny district was made up of lands in <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Crawford County, Pennsylvania">Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Venango County, Pennsylvania">Venango</a> counties, relatively good investments at the time. </p><p>Three major land companies participated in the land speculation that followed. <a href="/wiki/Holland_Land_Company" title="Holland Land Company">Holland Land Company</a> and its agent, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Cazenove" title="Theophilus Cazenove">Theophilus Cazenove</a> acquired 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of East Allegheny district land and 500,000 acres (2,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of West Allegheny land from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Supreme Court">Pennsylvania Supreme Court</a> justice <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>. The Pennsylvania Population Company and its president, Pennsylvania State Comptroller General John Nicholson, controlled 500,000 acres (2,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land, mostly in Erie County and the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_River_(Pennsylvania)" title="Beaver River (Pennsylvania)">Beaver Valley</a>. The North American Land Company and its patron, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, held some Pennsylvania lands but was vested mostly in upstate New York, former Iroquois territory.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whiskey_Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Whiskey Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>, was one of the first major challenges to the new federal government under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. From 1791 to 1794, farmers rebelled against an excise tax on distilled spirits, and prevented federal officials from collecting the tax. In 1794, President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> led a 15,000-soldier militia force into Western Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion, and most rebels returned home before the huge militia force arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-wood1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Decatur,_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg/220px-Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg/330px-Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg/440px-Stephen_Decatur%2C_by_John_Wesley_Jarvis_-_KN-2779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>, a 19th-century <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">naval</a> commander who served in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and other engagements</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg/220px-Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg/330px-Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg/440px-Tioga_Locomotive_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>The locomotive <i>Tioga</i> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1848; Pennsylvania was an important railroad center throughout the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pennsylvania, one of the largest states in the country, always had the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">second most electoral votes</a> from 1796 to 1960. From 1789 to 1880, the state only <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Pennsylvania" title="Political party strength in Pennsylvania">voted</a> for two losing presidential candidates: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (in <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (in the unusual <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republicans">Democratic-Republicans</a> dominated the state for most of the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> experienced little success in the state after the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 election</a>. Pennsylvania generally supported <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> (1828–54), although the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Pennsylvania" title="Political party strength in Pennsylvania">won several elections</a> in the 1840s and 1850s. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a> was perhaps Pennsylvania's most successful third party, as it <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Pennsylvania" title="Political party strength in Pennsylvania">elected</a> Pennsylvania's only third-party <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election,_1835" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 1835">governor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ritner" title="Joseph Ritner">Joseph Ritner</a>) and several congressmen in the 1830s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <p>Several Pennsylvanians fought in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">Jacob Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">John Barry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a>. Decatur, who served in both <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, was one of America's first post-<a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolution</a> war heroes. <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a> earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" after building a fleet at <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a> and defeating the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>. Pennsylvanians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Conner_(naval_officer)" title="David Conner (naval officer)">David Conner</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and Pennsylvania raised two regiments for the war. Pennsylvania Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot_(politician)" title="David Wilmot (politician)">David Wilmot</a> earned national prominence for the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, which would have banned slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia continued to be one of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population_by_decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the United States by population by decade">most populous cities in the country</a>, and it was the second-largest city after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> for most of the 19th century. In 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Consolidation,_1854" title="Act of Consolidation, 1854">Act of Consolidation</a> consolidated the city and county of Philadelphia. The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia">Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> were founded during this period. Philadelphia served as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a> and its successors, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, all three of which served as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">central bank of the United States</a>. Philadelphia was also home to the first stock exchange, museum, insurance company, and medical school in the new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-TAR_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAR-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Pennsylvania_development">Western Pennsylvania development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western Pennsylvania development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856_music_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1856_music_hall.jpg/220px-1856_music_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/1856_music_hall.jpg/330px-1856_music_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1856_music_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut illustration of the crowd at the first <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856</a> at <a href="/wiki/Musical_Fund_Hall" title="Musical Fund Hall">Musical Fund Hall</a> at 808 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/220px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/330px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gettysburg_Campaign.png/440px-Gettysburg_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, was a major turning point in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the war's bloodiest battle with an estimated 46,000 to 51,000 casualties</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/220px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/330px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/440px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7542" data-file-height="6151" /></a><figcaption>One of only two confirmed photos of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (sitting in center, facing camera, without his traditional top hat) at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a> a few hours prior to giving the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">Gettysburg National Cemetery</a> on November 19, 1863. The address, which was only 271 words in length, ranks among the most famed speeches in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Settlers continued to cross the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>. Pennsylvanians built many new roads, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> cut through <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Pennsylvania">Southwestern Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allegheny_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allegheny-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania also saw the construction of thousands of miles of rail, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> became one of the largest railroads in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Allegheny_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allegheny-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> grew into an important town West of the Alleghenies, although the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Pittsburgh" title="Great Fire of Pittsburgh">Great Fire of Pittsburgh</a> devastated the town in the 1840s. In 1834, Pennsylvania completed construction on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Line_of_Public_Works" title="Main Line of Public Works">Main Line of Public Works</a>, a railroad and canal system that stretched across southern Pennsylvania, connecting Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. In 1812, <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> was named the capital of the state, providing a more central location than Philadelphia. </p><p>Pennsylvania had established itself as the largest food producer in the country by the 1720s, and Pennsylvania agriculture experienced a "golden age" from 1790 to 1840. In 1820, agriculture provided 90 percent of the employment in Pennsylvania. Farm equipment manufacturers sprang up across the state as inventors across the world pioneered new equipment and techniques, and Pennsylvanians such as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Watts" title="Frederick Watts">Frederick Watts</a> were a part of this scientific approach to farming. Pennsylvania farmers lost some of their political power as other industries emerged in the state, but even in the 2000s agriculture remains one of Pennsylvania's major industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Farming_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farming-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wolf" title="George Wolf">George Wolf</a> signed the Free Schools Act, which created a system of state-regulated school districts. The state created the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Education" title="Pennsylvania Department of Education">Department of Education</a> to oversee these schools. In 1857, the Normal School Act laid the foundation for the creation of normal schools to train teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-ExpSchools_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExpSchools-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Pennsylvania politicians gained national renown. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> of Pennsylvania served as the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> from 1801 to 1814. Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> from Pennsylvania, took office in 1857 and served until 1861. </p><p>Prior to and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Pennsylvania was a divided state. Although Pennsylvania had outlawed slavery, there were still Pennsylvanians who believed that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> should not interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">institution of slavery</a>. One such individual was Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, the last pre-Civil War president. Buchanan's party had generally won <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_elections" title="List of Pennsylvania gubernatorial elections">gubernatorial elections</a> in Pennsylvania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1856_and_1860_presidential_elections">1856 and 1860 presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1856 and 1860 presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>The nascent Republican Party's <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">first convention</a> took place at <a href="/wiki/Musical_Fund_Hall" title="Musical Fund Hall">Musical Fund Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> won the state's presidential vote and the governor's office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">secession of the South</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a>, the Civil War began with Pennsylvania as a key member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. Despite the Republican victory in the 1860 election, Democrats remained powerful in the state, and several <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">copperheads</a> called for peace during the war. The Democrats retook control of the state legislature in the 1862 election, but incumbent Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Curtin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Curtin">Andrew Curtin</a> retained control of the governorship in <a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">1863</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 election</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> narrowly defeated Pennsylvania native <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> for the state's electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-DPCW_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DPCW-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania was the target of several raids by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a> made cavalry raids in 1862 and 1863; <a href="/wiki/John_Imboden" class="mw-redirect" title="John Imboden">John Imboden</a> raided in 1863 and <a href="/wiki/John_McCausland" title="John McCausland">John McCausland</a> in 1864, when his troopers burned the city of <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a>. However, easily the most famous and important military engagement in Pennsylvania was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, which is considered by many historians to be the <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">major turning point</a> of the Civil War. The battle, called "the <a href="/wiki/High-water_mark_of_the_Confederacy" title="High-water mark of the Confederacy">high water mark of the Confederacy</a>", was a major union victory in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the war</a>, and the Confederacy was generally on the defensive following the battle. Dead from this battle rest at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">Gettysburg National Cemetery</a>, established at the site of Abraham Lincoln's <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a></i>. A number of smaller engagements were also fought in the state during the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>, including the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanover" title="Battle of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carlisle" title="Battle of Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Hunterstown</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfield" title="Battle of Fairfield">Fairfield</a>. </p><p>Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">William D. Kelley</a> emerged as leading members of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicans</a>, a group of Republicans that advocated winning the war, abolishing slavery, and protecting the civil rights of African-Americans during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>. Pennsylvania generals who served in the war include <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hartranft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hartranft">John Hartranft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Curtin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Curtin">Andrew Curtin</a> strongly supported the war and <a href="/wiki/War_Governors%27_Conference" title="War Governors' Conference">urged his fellow governors</a> to do the same, while former Pennsylvania Senator <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> before his removal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Civil_War">Post-Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg/220px-Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg/330px-Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg/440px-Smn_Cameron-SecofWar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="6160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maytown,_Pennsylvania" title="Maytown, Pennsylvania">Maytown</a> was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> and head of Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, whose party machine controlled Pennsylvania into the 20th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg/220px-Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg/330px-Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg/440px-Frederick_Winslow_Taylor_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, a late 19th and early 20th century pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the Republican Party exercised strong control over politics in the state, as Republicans <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Pennsylvania" title="Political party strength in Pennsylvania">won almost every election</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> (1854–1894) and the Party System (1896–1930). Pennsylvania remained one of the most populous states in the Union, and the state's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">large number of electoral votes</a> helped Republicans dominate presidential elections from 1860 to 1928. Only once during that period did Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">vote for a presidential candidate</a> that was not a Republican; the lone exception was former Republican President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>. The Republican Party was nearly as dominant in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_elections" title="List of Pennsylvania gubernatorial elections">gubernatorial elections</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Pattison" title="Robert E. Pattison">Robert E. Pattison</a> was the lone non-Republican to win election as governor between 1860 and 1930. In the 1870s, Pennsylvanians embraced the constitutional reform movement that was sweeping across several states, and Pennsylvania passed a new constitution in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state created the office of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Pennsylvania" title="Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania">lieutenant governor</a> and made the offices of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Auditor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Auditor">state auditor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Treasurer">state treasurer</a> into elective offices.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">Governor of Pennsylvania</a> was extended to four years, but the governor was prohibited from serving two consecutive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Republican party</a> was led by a series of powerful officials, including founder <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Donald Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1938E_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1938E-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quay in particular was one of the dominant political figures of his era, as he served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> and helped place <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> on the 1900 Republican ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-Reichley_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichley-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Penrose's death in the 1920s, no one boss dominated the state party, but Pennsylvania Republicans continued to be significantly more powerful than the Democrats until the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-1938E_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1938E-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the party bosses dominated politics, the Republicans also had a reform movement that challenged their power.<sup id="cite_ref-BMP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Pennsylvanians supported the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive movement</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Tener" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tener">John Tener</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Progressive_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Progressive-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several new state agencies were established during this time, including the Department of Welfare and the Department of Labor and Industry.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvanians twice rejected an amendment to the state constitution that would have granted <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women the right to vote</a>, but the state was one of the first to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>, which granted women the right to vote nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era after the Civil War, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a>. Other industry titans, including <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>, operated in the state. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a> was born in western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> for years thereafter. As the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_oil_rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvanian oil rush">Pennsylvanian oil rush</a> developed, the oil boom towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Titusville,_Pennsylvania" title="Titusville, Pennsylvania">Titusville</a>, rose and fell. Coal mining was also a major industry in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Hershey" title="Milton S. Hershey">Milton S. Hershey</a> began construction on a chocolate factory in <a href="/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania" title="Hershey, Pennsylvania">Hershey, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a> would become the largest chocolate manufacturer in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Company">Heinz Company</a> was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Demarest_Lloyd" title="Henry Demarest Lloyd">Henry Demarest Lloyd</a> put it, oil baron <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".<sup id="cite_ref-NCBB_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMP_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of industry eventually provided middle-class incomes to working-class households, after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions led to a rise of <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">union busting</a>, with several private police forces springing up.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBB_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBB-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania experienced the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Strike of 1902">Coal Strike of 1902</a>. Eventually, the eight-hour day was adopted, and the "coal and iron police" were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-LSO_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSO-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners went on strike during the <a href="/wiki/UMW_General_coal_strike_(1922)" title="UMW General coal strike (1922)">UMW General coal strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, the United States was the destination of millions of immigrants. Previous immigration had mostly come from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western</a> and northern Europe, but during this period Pennsylvania experienced heavy immigration from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern</a> and eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many new immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and Jewish, they changed the demographics of major cities and industrial areas. Pennsylvania and New York received many of the new immigrants, who entered through New York and Philadelphia and worked in the developing industries. Many of these poor immigrants took jobs in factories, <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mills</a>, and coal mines throughout the state, where they were not restricted because of their lack of English. The availability of jobs and public education systems helped integrate the millions of immigrants and their families, who also retained ethnic cultures. Pennsylvania also experienced the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, in which millions of African Americans migrated from the southern United States to other locations in the United States. By 1940, African Americans made up almost five percent of the state's population.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even prior to the Civil War in the mid-19th century, Pennsylvania had emerged as a center of scientific discovery, and the state, led by its two major urban centers, continued to be a major place of innovation. The state continued to innovate, as Pennsylvanians invented the first iron and steel <a href="/wiki/T-rail" class="mw-redirect" title="T-rail">t-rails</a>, iron bridges, <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">air brakes</a>, switching signals, and drawn metal wires. Pennsylvanians also contributed to advances in aluminum production, radio, television, airplanes, and farm machinery. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> emerged as an important center of industry and technological innovation, and <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> became one of the preeminent inventors of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-PAScience_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAScience-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia became one of the leading medical science centers in the nation, although it no longer rivaled New York City as a financial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> pioneered the field of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>, becoming America's first "efficiency engineer".<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, Chicago had passed Philadelphia as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_the_United_States_by_decade#1890" title="List of most populous cities in the United States by decade">second most populous city in the United States</a>, while Pittsburgh rose to the eighth spot after annexing <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a>. </p><p>Education continued to be a major issue in the state, and the state constitution of 1874 guaranteed an annual appropriation for education.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School attendance became compulsory in 1895, and by 1903, school districts were required to either have their own high schools or pay for their residents to attend another high school.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Pennsylvania's largest public schools were founded in the mid-to-late 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> was founded in 1855, and in 1863 the school became Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant university</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Acts" title="Morrill Land-Grant Acts">Morrill Land-Grant Acts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> in Philadelphia was founded in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Conwell" title="Russell Conwell">Russell Conwell</a>, originally as a night school for working-class citizens. </p><p>Other colleges and universities, including <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis University (Pennsylvania)">Saint Francis University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a>, were founded in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Western University of Pennsylvania had been operating since 1787; in 1908, it changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a> was founded in 1879 as the flagship <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding school</a>. Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, and many Pennsylvanians fought in the successful campaign against the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a>. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the army. Pennsylvanians <a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Tasker H. Bliss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">Peyton C. March</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Sims" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Sims">William S. Sims</a> all held important commands during the war. Following the war, the state suffered the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression_and_World_War_II">Great Depression and World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Great Depression and World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like much of the rest of the country, Democrats were much more successful in Pennsylvania during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a> than they were in the previous two party systems. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> finally broke the lock on Republican power in the state, as Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> won Pennsylvania's electoral votes <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">in all three of his re-election campaigns</a>. Roosevelt was the first Democrat to win the state's electoral votes since <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> in 1856. In 1934, Pennsylvania elected <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Joseph F. Guffey</a> to the Senate and <a href="/wiki/George_Howard_Earle_III" title="George Howard Earle III">George Earle III</a> as governor; both individuals were the first Democrats elected to either office in the 20th century. Earle, with the help of a Democratic legislature, passed the "Little New Deal" in Pennsylvania, which included several reforms based on the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and relaxed Pennsylvania's strict <a href="/wiki/Blue_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue laws">Blue laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Explore_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Explore-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Republicans regained power in the state in the 1938 elections, and Democrats would not win another gubernatorial election until <a href="/wiki/George_M._Leader" title="George M. Leader">George M. Leader</a>'s successful candidacy in <a href="/wiki/1954_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">1954</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1938E_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1938E-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earle signed the Pennsylvania State Authority Act in 1936, which would purchase land from the state and add improvements to that land using state loans and grants. The state expected to receive federal grants and loans to fund the project under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Supreme Court">Pennsylvania Supreme Court</a>, in <i>Kelly v Earle</i>, found the Act violated the state constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prevented the state from receiving federal funds for <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> projects and making it difficult to lower the extremely high unemployment rate. Pennsylvania, with its large industrial labor force, suffered heavily during the Great Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania manufactured 6.6 percent of total United States military armaments produced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, ranking sixth among the 48 states.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Yard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Naval Yard">Philadelphia Naval Yard</a> served as an important naval base, and Pennsylvania produced important military leaders such as <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Hap Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob Devers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a>. </p><p>During World War II, over one million Pennsylvanians served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>, and more <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC4_44-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg/220px-UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg/330px-UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg/440px-UAL_Flight_93_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> and first lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> honor victims of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">Flight 93</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a> on September 11, 2002, the first anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican lock on Pennsylvania was broken in the era after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and Pennsylvania became a somewhat less powerful state in terms of electoral votes and number of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> seats. Pennsylvania adopted its fifth and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution" title="Pennsylvania Constitution">current constitution</a> in 1968; the new constitution established a <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pennsylvania" title="Judiciary of Pennsylvania">unified judicial system</a> and allows governors and the other statewide elected officials to serve two consecutive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-PHMC5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMC5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1954 and 2012, each party consistently won two straight <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_elections" title="List of Pennsylvania gubernatorial elections">gubernatorial elections</a> before ceding control to the other party. In <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">presidential elections</a>, the Republican Party won Pennsylvania in seven of the eleven elections between 1948 and 1988, but Democrats have won the state in every presidential election from 1992 to 2012. When Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> won Pennsylvania's electoral votes in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1968">1968</a>, he became the first non-Republican since 1824 to win Pennsylvania's votes without winning the presidential election. After having the <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_votes_by_US_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electoral votes by US state">second most electoral votes</a> since the 18th century, Pennsylvania was eclipsed in electoral votes by California in 1964. <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and Florida also now have more electoral votes, while New York also has more electoral votes and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> has the same number of electoral votes (and a slightly larger <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">population</a>). </p><p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Pennsylvania is generally considered to be an important <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> in both presidential and congressional elections, and Pennsylvania has a <a href="/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index" title="Cook Partisan Voting Index">Cook PVI</a> of D+1. Since the 1990s, Republicans have <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Pennsylvania" title="Political party strength in Pennsylvania">usually controlled both houses of the legislature</a>, while candidates from both parties have been elected to the statewide offices of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Pennsylvania" title="Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania">lieutenant governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Attorney_General" title="Pennsylvania Attorney General">attorney general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Treasurer">treasurer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Auditor_General" title="Pennsylvania Auditor General">auditor general</a>. Democrats generally win the cities and Republicans win the rural areas, with the suburbs voting for both parties and often acting as the key swing areas.<sup id="cite_ref-MCohen_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCohen-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel_industry_declines">Steel industry declines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Steel industry declines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state experience significant economic decline with the demise of the state's steel industry and other heavy industries, which began in the late 20th century and intensified in the 1980s. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. With the end of mining and the downturn of manufacturing, the state has turned to service industries. Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare. Philadelphia has a concentration of university expertise. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's growing industries of the postindustrial era. Like much of the rest of the nation, most residential population growth has occurred in suburban rather than urban areas, although both of the state's major cities have had significant revitalization of their downtown areas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1990, as information-based industries became more important in the economy, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system. Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New ethnic groups, especially Hispanics, began entering the state to fill low skill jobs in agriculture and service industries. For example, in Chester County, Mexican migrants brought their Spanish language and cuisine when they were hired as agricultural laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Puerto Ricans built a large community in the state's third-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, becoming forty percent of the city's population by 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_Flight_93" class="mw-redirect" title="United Flight 93">United Flight 93</a></div> <p>On September 11, 2001, during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks on the United States</a>, the small town of <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a> received worldwide attention after <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> crashed into a field in <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a>, 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of the town, killing all 40 civilians and four al-Qaeda hijackers on board. The hijackers had intended to fly the plane to Washington, D.C. and crash it into either the Capitol or the White House. </p><p>After learning from family members via airphone of the earlier attacks on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, the passengers on board revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target and the heroism of the passengers has been commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_centers">Urban centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Urban centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philadelphia is the nation's sixth-largest city after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>. Philadelphia anchors the nation's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">sixth-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. known as the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a>. Pittsburgh is the center of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a>, the nation's 22nd-largest metropolitan area. In eastern Pennsylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> has grown to the nation's 68th-largest metropolitan area as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pennsylvania also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">six other metropolitan areas</a> that rank among the nation's 200-largest metropolitan areas. Philadelphia is the second-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and a core population center in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>. Pittsburgh, the state's second-largest city, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Megalopolis">Great Lakes Megalopolis</a> and is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>. Both Allentown and Pittsburgh are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>, a region of the United States negatively impacted by <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> in the late 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Pennsylvania">Historical outline of Pennsylvania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="History of Erie, Pennsylvania">History of Erie, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="History of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">History of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mid-Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Mid-Atlantic States">History of the Mid-Atlantic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northeastern_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northeastern United States">History of the Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">History of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">History of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">History of slavery in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Townships_of_Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Townships of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">History of the Townships of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="History of West Chester, Pennsylvania">History of West Chester, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="History of Williamsport, Pennsylvania">History of Williamsport, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish history in Pennsylvania">Jewish history in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_Pennsylvania_women" title="List of historical Pennsylvania women">List of historical Pennsylvania women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pennsylvania_in_the_18th-century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in Pennsylvania in the 18th-century">List of newspapers in Pennsylvania in the 18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_suffragists" title="List of Pennsylvania suffragists">List of Pennsylvania suffragists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Historical_and_Museum_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission">Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Woman%27s_Convention_at_West_Chester_in_1852" title="Pennsylvania Woman's Convention at West Chester in 1852">Pennsylvania Woman's Convention at West Chester in 1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philadelphia" title="Timeline of Philadelphia">Timeline of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pittsburgh" title="Timeline of Pittsburgh">Timeline of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Pennsylvania" title="Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania">Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>   <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PHMC_Paleoindian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHMC_Paleoindian_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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(2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood"><i>Empire of Liberty</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh00wood/page/134">134–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty&rft.pages=134-139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503914-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHMC3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHMC3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/1776-1861__independence_to_the_civil_war/478728">"From Independence to the Civil War: 1776–1861"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+Industrial+Ascendancy%3A+1861%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Historical+and+Museum+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal.state.pa.us%2Fportal%2Fserver.pt%2Fcommunity%2Foverview_of_pennsylvania_history%2F4281%2F1861-1945__era_of_industrial_ascendancy%2F478730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1938E-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1938E_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1938E_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1938E_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1978" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Alfred L. 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WITF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+PA+History.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+One%3A+1.+Pennsylvania%27s+Bosses+and+Political+Machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorepahistory.com%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D1-9-20%26chapter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Progressive-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Progressive_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=4">"Chapter Four: From the Progressive Era to the Great Depression"</a>. <i>Explore PAHistory.com</i>. 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[volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896-current, August 05, 1922, Image 1"</a> – via chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+labor+world.+%5Bvolume%5D+%28Duluth%2C+Minn.%29+1896-current%2C+August+05%2C+1922%2C+Image+1&rft.date=1922-08-05&rft.aulast=Humanities&rft.aufirst=National+Endowment+for+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn78000395%2F1922-08-05%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimand" class="citation news cs1">Zimand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/v11n05-may-1922-LA/page/n5/mode/2up">"Labor Age"</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>7, <span class="nowrap">15–</span>17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scherer">Scherer, Frederic M.</a> <i>The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis</i> (1962) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHMC5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHMC5_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/1945-2011__maturity/478731">"Maturity: 1945–2011"</a>. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maturity%3A+1945%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Historical+and+Museum+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal.state.pa.us%2Fportal%2Fserver.pt%2Fcommunity%2Foverview_of_pennsylvania_history%2F4281%2F1945-2011__maturity%2F478731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCohen-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCohen_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2012" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Micah (October 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/29/in-pennsylvania-the-democratic-lean-is-slight-but-durable/">"In Pennsylvania, the Democratic Lean Is Slight, but Durable"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Pennsylvania%2C+the+Democratic+Lean+Is+Slight%2C+but+Durable&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F29%2Fin-pennsylvania-the-democratic-lean-is-slight-but-durable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashok K. Dutt, and Baleshwar Thakur, <i>City, Society, and Planning</i> (Concept Publishing Company, 2007) pp. 55–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William F. Stine, "Does State Aid Stimulate Public Library Expenditures? Evidence from Pennsylvania's Enhancement Aid Program" <i>Library Quarterly</i> (2006) 76#1 107–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor M. Garcia, "The Mushroom Industry And The Emergence Of Mexican Enclaves In Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1960–1990" <i>Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies (JOLLAS)</i> (2005) 1#4 pp 67–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert Marzan, "Still Looking for that Elsewhere: Puerto Rican Poverty and Migration in the Northeast." <i>Centro Journal</i> (2009) 21#1 pp 100–117 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/377/37721248005.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Riley, <i>Angel patriots: The crash of United Flight 93 and the myth of America</i> (NYU Press, 2015) pp 1–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraus-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraus_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus" class="citation news cs1">Kraus, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcall.com/2012/07/14/no-end-in-sight-to-valleys-population-growth/">"No end in sight to Valley's population growth"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+end+in+sight+to+Valley%27s+population+growth&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcall.com%2F2012%2F07%2F14%2Fno-end-in-sight-to-valleys-population-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1940" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcTGoFtgwW0C&pg=PA615">"Chronology"</a>, <i>Pennsylvania: a Guide to the Keystone State</i>, <a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603540377" title="Special:BookSources/9781603540377"><bdi>9781603540377</bdi></a> – via Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania%3A+a+Guide+to+the+Keystone+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American+Guide+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9781603540377&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcTGoFtgwW0C%26pg%3DPA615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Miller, Randall M. and William A. Pencak, eds. <i>Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth</i> (2002) detailed scholarly history</li> <li>Beers, Paul B. <i>Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday</i> (1980)*</li> <li>Klein, Philip S and <a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Ari Hoogenboom</a>. <i>A History of Pennsylvania</i> (1973).</li> <li>Weigley, Russell. <i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i> (1982)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre_1900">Pre 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pre 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander, John K. <i>Render them Submissive: Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760–1800</i> (1980)</li> <li>Baldwin, Leland D. <i>Pittsburgh: the Story of a City, 1750–1865</i> (1937).</li> <li>Barr, Daniel P. <i>A Colony Sprung from Hell: Pittsburgh and the Struggle for Authority on the Western Pennsylvania Frontier, 1744–1794</i> (Kent State University Press, 2014); 334 pp.</li> <li>Buck, Solon J., Clarence McWilliams and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck. <i>The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania</i> (1939), social history</li> <li>Dunaway, Wayland F. <i>The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania</i> (1944)</li> <li>Gallman, J. Matthew. <i>Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia during the Civil War</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2000).</li> <li>Higgins, James E. <i>The Health of the Commonwealth: A Brief History of Medicine, Public Health, and Disease in Pennsylvania</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnet.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56535">online review</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Houpt, David W. <i>To Organize the Sovereign People: Political Mobilization in Revolutionary Pennsylvania</i> (U of Virginia Press, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59620">online book review</a></li> <li>Higginbotham, Sanford W. <i>The Keystone in the Democratic Arch: Pennsylvania Politics, 1800–1816</i> (1952)</li> <li>Illick, Joseph E. <i>Colonial Pennsylvania: A History</i> (1976)</li> <li>Ireland, Owen S. <i>Religion, Ethnicity, and Politics: Ratifying the Constitution in Pennsylvania</i> (1995)</li> <li>Kehl, James A. <i>Boss Rule in the Gilded Age: Matt Quay of Pennsylvania</i></li> <li>Klees, Fredric. <i>The Pennsylvania Dutch</i> (1950)</li> <li>Klein, Philip Shriver. <i>Pennsylvania Politics, 1817–1832: A Game without Rules</i> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Johnstown_Flood_(book)" title="The Johnstown Flood (book)">The Johnstown Flood</a></i> (1968)</li> <li>Mueller, Henry R. <i>The Whig Party in Pennsylvania</i> (1922)</li> <li>Nash, Gary B. <i>Forging freedom: The formation of Philadelphia's black community, 1720–1840</i> (Harvard University Press, 1988).</li> <li>Shade, William G. "'Corrupt and Contented': Where Have All the Politicians Gone? A Survey of Recent Books on Pennsylvania Political History, 1787–1877." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (2008): 433–451. in JSTOR; historiography</li> <li>Smith, Billy Gordon. <i>The "Lower Sort": Philadelphia's Laboring People, 1750–1800</i> (Cornell University Press, 1994).</li> <li>Snyder, Charles McCool. <i>The Jacksonian Heritage: Pennsylvania Politics, 1833–1848</i> (1958)</li> <li>Tinkcom, Harry Marlin. <i>The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801: A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response</i> (1950)</li> <li>Warner, Sam Bass. <i>The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth</i> (1968)</li> <li>Wood, Ralph. et al. <i>The Pennsylvania Germans</i> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulf,_Karin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulf, Karin">Wulf, Karin</a>. <i>Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia</i>. Cornell University Press, 2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1900">Since 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Since 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bodnar, John; <i>Immigration and Industrialization: Ethnicity in an American Mill Town, 1870–1940</i>, (1977), on Steelton</li> <li>Heineman; Kenneth J. <i>A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh</i>, (1999)</li> <li>Higgins, James E. <i>The Health of the Commonwealth: A Brief History of Medicine, Public Health, and Disease in Pennsylvania</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnet.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56535">online review</a></li> <li>Keller, Richard C., "Pennsylvania's Little New Deal", in John Braeman et al. eds. <i>The New Deal: Volume Two – the State and Local Levels</i> (1975) pp. 45–76</li> <li>Lamis, Renée M. <i>The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics since 1960: Two-Party Competition in a Battleground State</i> (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009) 398 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03419-5">978-0-271-03419-5</a></li> <li>Lubove, Roy. Twentieth-century Pittsburgh: The post-steel era. Vol. 2. University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1995.</li> <li>McGeary, M. Nelson. <i>Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician</i> (1960) Republican governor 1923–1927 and 1931–1935</li> <li>Sandoval, Edgar. <i>The New Face of Small-town America: Snapshots of Latino Life in Allentown, Pennsylvania</i> (Penn State Press, 2010).</li> <li>Warner, Sam Bass. <i>The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of its Growth</i> (1968)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_labor_history">Economic and labor history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic and labor history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aurand, Harold W. <i>Coalcracker Culture: Work and Values in Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1835–1935</i> 2003</li> <li>Blatz, Perry. <i>Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925</i>. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994.</li> <li>Binder, Frederick Moore. <i>Coal Age Empire: Pennsylvania Coal and Its Utilization to 1860</i>. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1974.</li> <li>Chandler, Alfred. "Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the 'Industrial Revolution' in the United States", <i>Business History Review</i> 46 (1972): 141–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113503">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurella2013" class="citation book cs1">Churella, Albert J. (2013). <i>The Pennsylvania Railroad: Volume I, Building an Empire, 1846–1917</i>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4348-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-4348-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759594295">759594295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pennsylvania+Railroad%3A+Volume+I%2C+Building+an+Empire%2C+1846%E2%80%931917&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759594295&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4348-2&rft.aulast=Churella&rft.aufirst=Albert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Davies" title="Edward J. Davies">Davies, Edward J.</a>, II. <i>The Anthracite Aristocracy: Leadership and Social Change in the Hard Coal Regions of Northeastern Pennsylvania, 1800–1930</i> (1985).</li> <li>DiCiccio, Carmen. <i>Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania</i>. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1996</li> <li>Dublin, Thomas, and Walter Licht, <i>The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century</i> Cornell University Press, (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8473-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8473-1">0-8014-8473-1</a>.</li> <li>Lauver, Fred J. "A Walk Through the Rise and Fall of Anthracite Might", <i>Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine</i> 27#1 (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514010117/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/miningmuseum/page1.asp?secid=31">online edition</a></li> <li>Lewis, Ronald L. <i>Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields</i> (U. of North Carolina Press, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/118513620/welsh-americans-a-history-of-assimilation-in-the">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102173559/https://www.questia.com/read/118513620/welsh-americans-a-history-of-assimilation-in-the">Archived</a> January 2, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Powell, H. Benjamin. <i>Philadelphia's First Fuel Crisis. Jacob Cist and the Developing Market for Pennsylvania Anthracite</i>. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978</li> <li>Sullivan, William A. <i>The Industrial Worker in Pennsylvania, 1800–1840</i> Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1955 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=12364207">online edition</a></li> <li>United States Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, 1902–1903, <i>Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May–October 1902 By United States Anthracite Coal Strike</i> (1903) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3t0JAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA7">online edition</a></li> <li>Wallace, Anthony F.C. <i>St. Clair. A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town's Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry</i>. (1981)</li> <li>Warren, Kenneth. <i>Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America</i> (1996)</li> <li>Warren, Kenneth. <i>Big Steel: The First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901–2001</i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson,_Harold_F." class="mw-redirect" title="Williamson, Harold F.">Williamson, Harold F.</a> and Arnold R. Daum. <i>The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899</i> (1959)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bauman, John F. "An urban look at Pennsylvania history" <i>Pennsylvania History</i> (2008) 75#3 pp 390–395. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/download/59563/59287">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplescontest.psu.edu/">The Peoples Contest: A Civil War era digital archiving project</a>, access to primary sources from Pennsylvania, especially newspapers and other resources</li> <li><i>Report of the United states coal commission...</i>. (5 vol in 3; 1925) Official US government investigation of the 1922 anthracite strike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924013933860;view=1up;seq=7">online vol 1–2</a></li> <li>Carocci, Vincent P. <i>A Capitol Journey: Reflections on the Press, Politics, and the Making Of Public Policy In Pennsylvania</i>. (2005) memoir by senior aide to Gov Casey in 1990s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231130116/http://www.vincecarocci.com/excerpts.htm">excerpts online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Negro:_A_Social_Study" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study">The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study</a></i> (1899)</li></ul> <ul><li>Martin, Asa Earl, and Hiram Herr Shenk, eds. <i> Pennsylvania history told by contemporaries</i> (Macmillan, 1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yqd4AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22History+of+Pennsylvania%22&pg=PA1">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Myers, Albert Cook, ed., <i>Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707</i>, (1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924074466552/page/n9/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Pinsker, Matthew. "The Pennsylvania Prince: Political Wisdom From Benjamin Franklin to Arlen Specter" <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History & Biography</i> (2008) 132#4 pp 417–432; examines autobiographies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/59103/58828">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Pennsylvania-related_articles" title="Index of Pennsylvania-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania" title="Outline of Pennsylvania">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Government of Pennsylvania">Government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pennsylvania" title="Law of Pennsylvania">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">Notable Pennsylvanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_symbols" title="List of Pennsylvania state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Pennsylvania">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pennsylvania" title="Abortion in Pennsylvania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pennsylvania" title="Climate change in Pennsylvania">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Pennsylvania">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pennsylvania" title="Crime in Pennsylvania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Demographics" title="Pennsylvania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Economy" title="Pennsylvania">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pennsylvania">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pennsylvania" title="Politics of Pennsylvania">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pennsylvania" title="Sports in Pennsylvania">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_metropolitan_areas" title="Pennsylvania metropolitan areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg–Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">Harrisburg–York–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuBois,_Pennsylvania" title="DuBois, Pennsylvania">DuBois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania">Largest<br />municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Cranberry Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby,_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Falls Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampden Township, Pennsylvania">Hampden Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Haverford Township, Pennsylvania">Haverford Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Macungie Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Makefield Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Makefield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paxton_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Paxton Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Paxton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Manheim Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Middletown Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Millcreek Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Northampton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Huntingdon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania">North Huntingdon Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Radnor Township, Pennsylvania">Radnor Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Township, Pennsylvania">Ridley Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Ross Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Shaler Township, Pennsylvania">Shaler Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Spring Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania">Spring Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Township, Pennsylvania">Warminster Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="York Township, Pennsylvania">York Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Pennsylvania" title="Regions of Pennsylvania">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Eagle_Valley" title="Bald Eagle Valley">Bald Eagle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Dutch Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_Mountains" title="Endless Mountains">Endless Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Great Valley (Pennsylvania)">Great Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Highlands" title="Laurel Highlands">Laurel Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley" title="Lebanon Valley">Lebanon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_(geographic)" title="Mahoning Valley (geographic)">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nittany_Valley" title="Nittany Valley">Nittany Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tier_(Pennsylvania)" title="Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)">Northern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Pennsylvania" title="North Central Pennsylvania">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Penn_Valley" title="North Penn Valley">North Penn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Ohio Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Region">Oil Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oley_Valley" title="Oley Valley">Oley Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Highlands_Region" title="Pennsylvania Highlands Region">Pennsylvania Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Wilds" title="Pennsylvania Wilds">Pennsylvania Wilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penns_Valley" title="Penns Valley">Penns Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Pocono Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Valley" title="Susquehanna Valley">Susquehanna Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Adams County, Pennsylvania">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Armstrong County, Pennsylvania">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford County, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Blair County, Pennsylvania">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford County, Pennsylvania">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambria County, Pennsylvania">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbon County, Pennsylvania">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Centre County, Pennsylvania">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion County, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield County, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clinton County, Pennsylvania">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Crawford County, Pennsylvania">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cumberland County, Pennsylvania">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Forest County, Pennsylvania">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fulton County, Pennsylvania">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Juniata County, Pennsylvania">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lawrence County, Pennsylvania">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon County, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean County, Pennsylvania">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer County, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflin County, Pennsylvania">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montour County, Pennsylvania">Montour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northumberland County, Pennsylvania">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Perry County, Pennsylvania">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pike County, Pennsylvania">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Schuylkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Snyder County, Pennsylvania">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tioga County, Pennsylvania">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Union County, Pennsylvania">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Venango County, Pennsylvania">Venango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne County, Pennsylvania">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyoming County, Pennsylvania">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity173" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of 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