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</li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjacent_states_and_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjacent_states_and_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Adjacent states and province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjacent_states_and_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Place_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Place of origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Birth data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Age and poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania_Dutch_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Pennsylvania Dutch language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania_Dutch_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Banking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gambling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gambling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Gambling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gambling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Executive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legislative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 State law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Federal representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_and_coach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_coach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bus and coach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_coach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways_and_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways_and_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Highways and roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways_and_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Professional sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorsports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorsports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Motorsports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorsports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.3 College sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Nicknames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sister regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.1 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pennsylvania</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" > 192 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvani%C3%AB" title="Pennsilvanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pennsilvanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%89%AC%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ፔንስልቬኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔንስልቬኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennwudland" title="Pennwudland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pennwudland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بنسيلفانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvania" title="Pennsilvania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pennsilvania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܦܢܣܝܠܒܐܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܢܣܝܠܒܐܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_suyu" title="Pennsylvania suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pennsylvania suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya" title="Pensilvaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pensilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنسیلوانیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পেনসিলভেনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেনসিলভেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсильвания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пенсильвания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пенсільванія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенсільванія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пэнсыльванія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэнсыльванія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेंसिल्वेनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पेंसिल्वेनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсилвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенсилвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕེན་སུལ་ཝེ་ནའི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕེན་སུལ་ཝེ་ནའི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвани – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пенсильвани" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilv%C3%A0nia" title="Pennsilvània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pennsilvània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пенсильвани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nie" title="Pensylvánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pensylvánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پنسيلڤينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پنسيلڤينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilfaani" title="Pennsilfaani – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pennsilfaani" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee%CA%BCeld%C3%AD%C3%ADls%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Hahoodzo" title="Beeʼeldíílsání Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Beeʼeldíílsání Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πενσυλβάνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πενσυλβάνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanio" title="Pensilvanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pensilvanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنسیلوانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanie" title="Pennsylvanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya" title="Pensilvaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Pensilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EC%8B%A4%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="펜실베이니아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펜실베이니아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penekelewinia" title="Penekelewinia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Penekelewinia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փենսիլվանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փենսիլվանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्सिलवेनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेन्सिलवेनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%ADlv%C3%A9n%C3%ADy%E1%BA%A1" title="Pensílvéníyạ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Pensílvéníyạ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পেনসিলভানিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পেনসিলভানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пенсильвани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvan%C3%ADa" title="Pennsylvanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pennsylvanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פנסילבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנסילבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%9Bnsilvaanii" title="Pɛnsilvaanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɛnsilvaanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პენსილვანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენსილვანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсильвания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенсильвания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvani" title="Pennsylvani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennsylvani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8nsilvani" title="Pènsilvani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pènsilvani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%AElvanya" title="Pensîlvanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pensîlvanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсильвания – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенсильвания" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвани – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пенсильвани" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvania" title="Pennsilvania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pennsilvania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvania" title="Pennsilvania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pennsilvania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilv%C4%81nija" title="Pensilvānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pensilvānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanija" title="Pensilvanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pensilvanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvannia" title="Pennsylvannia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pennsylvannia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्सिलभेनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पेन्सिलभेनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пенсилванија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пенсилванија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="പെൻ‌സിൽ‌വാനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെൻ‌സിൽ‌വാനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penehiw%C4%93nia" title="Penehiwēnia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Penehiwēnia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेनसिल्व्हेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेनसिल्व्हेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პენსილვანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პენსილვანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بنسيلفانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنسیلوانیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پنسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯄꯦꯟꯟꯁꯤꯜꯚꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯦꯟꯟꯁꯤꯜꯚꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пэнсыльвания – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пэнсыльвания" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пеннсилвани – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пеннсилвани" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်ဆယ်ဗေးနီးယားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်ဆယ်ဗေးနီးယားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanie" title="Pennsylvanie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्सिलभेनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेन्सिलभेनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्सिल्भेनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पेन्सिल्भेनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="ペンシルベニア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンシルベニア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвани – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пенсильвани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilv%C3%A0nia" title="Pensilvània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pensilvània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пенсильваний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пенсильваний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilvaniya" title="Pennsilvaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pennsilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਪੈੱਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈੱਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्सिल्भेनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पेन्सिल्भेनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنسلوانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پېنسيلوانيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېنسيلوانيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%80" title="ផេនស៊ីលវ៉ានៀ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផេនស៊ីលវ៉ានៀ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanie" title="Pennsylvanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylwania" title="Pensylwania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pensylwania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilv%C3%A2nia" title="Pensilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pensilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya" title="Pensilvaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Pensilvaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_suyu" title="Pennsylvania suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pennsylvania suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсилвания – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пенсилвания" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсильвания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенсильвания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Пеннсүлваниа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пеннсүлваниа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilevania" title="Penisilevania – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Penisilevania" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पेन्‍सिल्‍वेनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पेन्‍सिल्‍वेनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanie" title="Pennsylvanie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanien" title="Pennsylvanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pennsylvanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvania" title="Pensilvania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پينسلوانيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پينسلوانيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nia" title="Pensylvánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pensylvánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanija" title="Pensilvanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pensilvanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pynsylwa%C5%84ijo" title="Pynsylwańijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pynsylwańijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پێنسیلڤانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێنسیلڤانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пенсилванија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пенсилванија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பென்சில்வேனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பென்சில்வேனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсилвания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пенсилвания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐเพนซิลเวเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเพนซิลเวเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пенсилвания – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пенсилвания" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanya" title="Pensilvanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pensilvanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пенсільванія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенсільванія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پنسلوانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nsilwaniye_Shitati" title="Pénsilwaniye Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Pénsilwaniye Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pens%C3%BClv%C3%A4n" title="Pensülvän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pensülvän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="賓夕法尼亞州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="賓夕法尼亞州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="宾夕法尼亚州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宾夕法尼亚州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פענסילוועניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פענסילוועניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="賓夕凡尼亞州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賓夕凡尼亞州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvan%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Pensilvanėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pensilvanėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="宾夕法尼亚州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宾夕法尼亚州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanij%C9%99" title="Pensilvanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pensilvanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pennsylvania (disambiguation)">Pennsylvania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Penn." redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Penn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Penn (disambiguation)">Penn</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pennsylvania</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Pennsilfaani (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pennsylvania"><img alt="Flag of Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/188px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pennsylvania" title="Flag of Pennsylvania">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Pennsylvania"><img alt="Official seal of Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/100px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/150px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/200px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="289" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Pennsylvania" title="Seal of Pennsylvania">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Keystone State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Virtue, Liberty and Independence</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_(song)" title="Pennsylvania (song)">Pennsylvania</a>" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle=""Pennsylvania"_-_Regional_anthem_of_Pennsylvania.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9c/%22Pennsylvania%22_-_Regional_anthem_of_Pennsylvania.ogg/%22Pennsylvania%22_-_Regional_anthem_of_Pennsylvania.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/%22Pennsylvania%22_-_Regional_anthem_of_Pennsylvania.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Pennsylvania%22_-_Regional_anthem_of_Pennsylvania.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Pennsylvania within the United States"><img alt="Location of Pennsylvania within the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg/300px-Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg/450px-Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg/600px-Pennsylvania_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Pennsylvania within the United States</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 12, 1787 (2nd)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Pennsylvania">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josh_Shapiro" title="Josh Shapiro">Josh Shapiro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Pennsylvania" title="Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Davis_(politician)" title="Austin Davis (politician)">Austin Davis</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">General Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate" title="Pennsylvania State Senate">State Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">John Fetterman</a> (D) <a href="/wiki/Dave_McCormick" title="Dave McCormick">Dave McCormick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 Republicans 7 Democrats (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">46,055 sq mi (119,283 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">44,816.61 sq mi (116,074 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,239 sq mi (3,208 km2)  2.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">33rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">170 mi (273 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">283 mi (455 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,100 ft (340 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Davis_(Pennsylvania)" title="Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)">Mount Davis</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,213 ft (979 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> border<a href="#cite_note-USGS-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0 ft (0 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 13,078,751<a href="#cite_note-PennsylvaniaQuickFacts-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">5th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">291.8/sq mi (112.7/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$73,800 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">21st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_US_states_and_territories" title="List of demonyms for US states and territories">Pennsylvanian</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_US_states_and_territories" title="List of demonyms for US states and territories">Pennamite</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_US_states_and_territories" title="List of demonyms for US states and territories">Pennsylvanier</a> (Pennsylvania Dutch)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> 90.15%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> 4.09%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>) 0.87%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> 0.47%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> 0.43%<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 04:00">UTC– 04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">PA</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-PA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pa., Penn., Penna.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">39°43′ to 42°16′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">74°41′ to 80°31′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pa.gov">pa.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Pennsylvania</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_symbols" title="List of Pennsylvania state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/375px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/500px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pennsylvania" title="Flag of Pennsylvania">Flag of Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/150px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/225px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/300px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="289" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Pennsylvania" title="Seal of Pennsylvania">Seal of Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_(dark_blue).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg/150px-Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg/225px-Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg/300px-Pennsylvanian_Keystone_Symbol_%28dark_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Keystone_symbol" title="Keystone symbol">Emblem of Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="445" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pennsylvania" title="Coat of arms of Pennsylvania">Coat of arms of Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_amphibians" title="List of U.S. state amphibians">Amphibian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hellbender" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hellbender">Eastern Hellbender</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dogs" title="List of U.S. state dogs">Dog breed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">Great Dane</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">Brook trout</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Firefly (Colloquially "Lightning Bug") (<a href="/wiki/Photuris_pensylvanica" title="Photuris pensylvanica">Photuris pensylvanica</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hemlock">Eastern hemlock</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">Trilobite</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">Soil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hazleton</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:PA-18.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PA-18.svg/85px-PA-18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PA-18.svg/128px-PA-18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PA-18.svg/170px-PA-18.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:1999_PA_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pennsylvania quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Pennsylvania quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1999_PA_Proof.png/85px-1999_PA_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1999_PA_Proof.png/129px-1999_PA_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1999_PA_Proof.png/171px-1999_PA_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="768" /></a><div>Released in 1999</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> to its southeast, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> to its south, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to its southwest, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> to its west, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> to its north, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to its east, and the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> to its northwest via <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. Pennsylvania's most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 through a royal <a href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</a> to <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Penn (Royal Navy officer)">the state's namesake</a>. Before that, between 1638 and 1655, a southeast portion of the state was part of <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> colony. Established as a haven for religious and political tolerance, the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">colonial-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> was known for its relatively peaceful relations with native tribes, <a href="/wiki/County_commission" title="County commission">innovative government system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious pluralism</a>. Pennsylvania played a vital and historic role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and the ultimately successful quest for independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, hosting the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as its commander in 1775, and unanimously adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-American_Creation-11">[8]</a> On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> In July 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, fought over three days in and around <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a>, was the bloodiest and most decisive battle of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, claiming over 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> fatalities and repelling <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s invasion of the North, and leading to the <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">Union's preservation</a>. U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> later visited the Gettysburg battlefield, where he delivered his 271-word <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, widely considered one the most historically famous and significant speeches in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, the state's manufacturing-based economy contributed to the development of much of the nation's early infrastructure, including key bridges, <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>, and military hardware that allowed the U.S. to prevail in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania's geography</a> is highly diverse. The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> run through the center of the state, the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Pocono</a> mountains span much of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a>, and close to <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover_by_state_and_territory_in_the_United_States" title="Forest cover by state and territory in the United States">60% of the state is forested</a>. Although it has no ocean shoreline, it has 140 miles (225 km) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the tidal Delaware River.<a href="#cite_note-Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov-13">[10]</a> Pennsylvania is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">fifth-most populous state in the United States</a>, with over 13 million residents as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, its highest decennial census count ever.<a href="#cite_note-PennsylvaniaQuickFacts-4">[3]</a> The state is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">33rd-largest by area</a> and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">ninth-highest population density among all states</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical area</a> is the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a>, including and surrounding Philadelphia, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">state's largest</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">nation's sixth-most populous city</a>. The second-largest metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a>, is centered in and around <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, the state's second-largest city. The state's subsequent five most populous cities are <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census_Bureau_QuickFacts-14">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">History of Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_firsts" title="List of Pennsylvania firsts">List of Pennsylvania firsts</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">List of people from Pennsylvania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_settlement">Indigenous settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenous settlement">edit</a>]</div> Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends thousands of years before the foundation of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in 1681. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> believe the first <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">settlement of the Americas</a> occurred at least 15,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, though it is unclear when humans first inhabited present-day Pennsylvania. Between 10,000 and 16,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> crossed the two continents, arriving in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PHMC_Paleoindian2-15">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson Township</a> includes the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania and perhaps all of North America,<a href="#cite_note-Meadow2-16">[13]</a> including the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PHMC12-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meadow2-16">[13]</a> By 1000 AD, in contrast to their nomadic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">ancestors</a>, the native population of Pennsylvania had developed <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> techniques and a mixed food economy.<a href="#cite_note-PHMC_Late_Woodland2-18">[15]</a> By the time <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-PHMC12-17">[14]</a> The first, the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, spoke an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a> and inhabited the eastern region of the state, then known as <a href="/wiki/Lenapehoking" title="Lenapehoking">Lenapehoking</a>. It included most of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> regions in eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. The Lenape's territory ended somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> in central Pennsylvania. The second tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a>, spoke an <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquoian language</a> and were based in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state in the north to <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> in the southwest, including the Susquehanna, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a> rivers near present-day <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> European disease and constant warfare with several neighboring tribes and groups of Europeans weakened these two tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Hurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> blocked them from proceeding west into <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>. As they lost numbers and land, the Hurons abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River, and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes moved further north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian <a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> who were fragmented into three groups during the Beaver Wars: the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of Ohio, and the Tiontatecaga of the Kanawha River in southern West Virginia. South of the Allegheny River was a nation known as Calicua,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> which may have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Penn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/220px-William_Penn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/330px-William_Penn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/William_Penn.png/440px-William_Penn.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> and son of a <a href="/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Penn (Royal Navy officer)">prominent admiral</a>, founded the colonial <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a> in 1681.</figcaption></figure> In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">Dutch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">English</a> each claimed both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> as part of their colonial lands in America.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Zandt2-25">[22]</a> The Dutch were the first to take possession.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Zandt2-25">[22]</a> By June 3, 1631, the Dutch began settling the <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a> by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Zwaanendael_Colony" title="Zwaanendael Colony">Zwaanendael Colony</a> on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Lewes,_Delaware" title="Lewes, Delaware">Lewes, Delaware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> In 1638, Sweden established the <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden Colony</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Christina" title="Fort Christina">Fort Christina</a> on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region, including parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but settled few colonists there.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> On March 12, 1664, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a> gave <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a> a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant and other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Berkeley,_1st_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton">John Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a> for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The conquest was completed in October 1664, when the British captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Casimir" title="Fort Casimir">Fort Casimir</a> in what today is <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware" title="New Castle, Delaware">New Castle, Delaware</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a> between England, France, and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> although there were temporary reversions. On September 12, 1672, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the Dutch reconquered <a href="/wiki/New_York_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Colony">New York Colony</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, establishing three County Courts, which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster</a> ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, and the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> leader William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation)<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> owed to William's father. The transaction represents one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-quapoly2-42">[39]</a> Penn proposed that the land be called New Wales, but there were objections to that name, so he recommended Sylvania (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> silva: "forest, woods"). The King named it Pennsylvania (literally "Penn's Woods") in honor of Admiral Penn. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Penn established a government with two innovations, the <a href="/wiki/County_commission" title="County commission">county commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, which were subsequently replicated in many of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quapoly2-42">[39]</a> What had been Upland on the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware border was renamed <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a> when Pennsylvania instituted its colonial governments on March 4, 1681.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Penn signed a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Tamanend" title="Tamanend">Tamanend</a>, leader of the Lenape, which began a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon" title="Treaty of Shackamaxon">Treaty of Shackamaxon</a> of William Penn was never violated.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania in the American Revolution</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG/220px-Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG/330px-Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG/440px-Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shelter_House" title="Shelter House">Shelter House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emmaus,_Pennsylvania" title="Emmaus, Pennsylvania">Emmaus</a>, constructed in 1734 by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania German</a> settlers, is the oldest continuously occupied building structure in the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> and one of the oldest in Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Independence_Hall.jpg/220px-Independence_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Independence_Hall.jpg/330px-Independence_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Independence_Hall.jpg/440px-Independence_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a> were adopted in 1776 and 1787–88, respectively</figcaption></figure> Between 1730 and when the Pennsylvania Colony was shut down by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency Act</a> in 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Scrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Scrip">Colonial Scrip</a>. The Colony issued bills of credit, which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, they were interest-free, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the government used discretion and did not issue excessive amounts that inflated the currency. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, was never to be disputed. The currency also met with "cautious approval" by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In 1740, Franklin also founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. The university, one of nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a>, was the first college established in Pennsylvania and one of the first in the nation. Today, it is an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university, which is routinely ranked among the world's best universities.<a href="#cite_note-oldestcolleges2-52">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a> and named after John Dickinson, was the first college founded after <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> and the unification of the states.<a href="#cite_note-oldestcolleges2-52">[49]</a> Established in 1773, it was ratified on September 9, 1783, five days after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(frontiersman)" title="James Smith (frontiersman)">James Smith</a> wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania. This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state."<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The ensuing hostilities became known as <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> of 1765, delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a>. The Congress was the first meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, which convened at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a> assembly; nine of the 13 colonies sent delegates.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Dickinson then wrote <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies</a>, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768. When the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, which began in May 1775, authored and signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in Philadelphia,<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> but when Philadelphia fell to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, the Continental Congress moved west, where it met at the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>. In York, the Second Continental Congress adopted the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, largely authored by Pennsylvania delegate John Dickinson, that formed 13 independent States<a href="#cite_note-57">[d]</a> into a new union. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new nation.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> The Constitution was drafted and signed at the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State House">Pennsylvania State House</a> in Philadelphia, now known as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>, the same building where the Declaration of Independence was previously adopted and signed in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> five days after <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> became the first. At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies. Because a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in the discussion about it. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> minister and the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a>, acted as chairman of Pennsylvania's ratifying convention.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> For half a century, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> met at various places in the Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.<a href="#cite_note-legiscap2-62">[58]</a> However, events such as the <a href="/wiki/Paxton_Boys" title="Paxton Boys">Paxton Boys</a> massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware of the need for a central capital. In 1799, the General Assembly moved to the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> Courthouse.<a href="#cite_note-legiscap2-62">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_States" title="Industrial Revolution in the United States">Industrial Revolution in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/220px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/330px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/440px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9656" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, fought July 1–3, 1863 in <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg</a>, was the Civil War's <a href="/wiki/List_of_costliest_American_Civil_War_land_battles" title="List of costliest American Civil War land battles">deadliest battle</a> but also is widely considered the <a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">war's turning point</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union's</a> ultimate victory. The battle is depicted in this 1887 <a href="/wiki/Thure_de_Thulstrup" title="Thure de Thulstrup">Thure de Thulstrup</a> painting, Battle of Gettysburg.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/220px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/330px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg/440px-Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7542" data-file-height="6151" /></a><figcaption>On November 19, 1863, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Abraham Lincoln</a> (center, facing camera) arrived in <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">Gettysburg</a> and delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, considered one of the best-known speeches in American history.<a href="#cite_note-Conant_2015_ix2-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holsinger_1999_1022-64">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> met in the old <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin County</a> Court House until December 1821<a href="#cite_note-legiscap2-62">[58]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal</a>-style Hills Capitol, named for Lancaster architect <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hills" title="Stephen Hills">Stephen Hills</a>, was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> by the son and namesake of <a href="/wiki/John_Harris,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Harris, Sr.">John Harris, Sr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> native who founded a trading post and ferry on the east shore of the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> in 1705.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-legiscap2-62">[58]</a> The General Assembly met at a nearby <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Church</a> until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ives_Cobb" title="Henry Ives Cobb">Henry Ives Cobb</a> was asked to design and build a replacement building. However, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project. When they dubbed the roughly finished, somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete, the General Assembly refused to occupy the building. In 1901, political and popular indignation prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Miller_Huston" title="Joseph Miller Huston">Joseph Miller Huston</a> of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol" title="Pennsylvania State Capitol">Pennsylvania State Capitol</a> that incorporated Cobb's building into a magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-legiscap2-62">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin County</a> native, served as the 15th U.S. president and was the first president to be born in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-jimbo2-66">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, the major turning point of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, took place near <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a> in July 1863.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> An estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> forces, including 8,600 African American <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">military volunteers</a>. The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>-aligned <a href="/wiki/Cameron_machine" title="Cameron machine">Cameron machine</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">U.S. Senator Simon Cameron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-chapter12-68">[64]</a> later the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Abraham Lincoln</a>. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son <a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Donald Cameron</a>, whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to the more shrewd <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a> and finally to <a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Boies Penrose</a>. The post-Civil War era, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>. Other titans of industry, including <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>, also operated in Pennsylvania. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a>, which supplied the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> for years thereafter. As the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush" title="Pennsylvania oil rush">Pennsylvania oil rush</a> developed, Pennsylvania's oil boom towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Titusville,_Pennsylvania" title="Titusville, Pennsylvania">Titusville</a>, rose and later fell. Coal mining, primarily in the state's <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a> in the northeast region of the state, also was a major industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1903, <a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Hershey" title="Milton S. Hershey">Milton S. Hershey</a> began construction on a chocolate factory in <a href="/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania" title="Hershey, Pennsylvania">Hershey, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a> grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinz Company">Heinz Company</a> was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Demarest_Lloyd" title="Henry Demarest Lloyd">Henry Demarest Lloyd</a> put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".<a href="#cite_note-NCBB2-69">[65]</a> Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led to a rise of <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">union busting</a> with several private police forces springing up.<a href="#cite_note-NCBB2-69">[65]</a> Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania was the location of two hugely prominent strikes, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Strike of 1902">Coal Strike of 1902</a>. The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the coal and iron police were banned.<a href="#cite_note-LSO2-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_Steel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethlehem_Steel.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_Steel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethlehem_Steel.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_Steel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethlehem_Steel.jpg/440px-Bethlehem_Steel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a> was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 19th and 20th century. In 1982, however, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003.</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy centered on steel production, <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> production, and other forms of industrial <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the military. On May 31, 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Agreement" title="Pittsburgh Agreement">Pittsburgh Agreement</a> was signed in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> to declare the formation of the independent state of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with future Czechoslovak president <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>. In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners joined the <a href="/wiki/UMW_General_coal_strike_(1922)" title="UMW General coal strike (1922)">UMW General coal strike</a>, which lasted 163 days and shut down most coal mines within the state.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">President Calvin Coolidge</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a> under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> of 1911.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The forest is located in the northwest part of the state in <a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Forest County, Pennsylvania">Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/McKean,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean, Pennsylvania">McKean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a> Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Pennsylvania manufactured 6.6 percent of total U.S. military armaments produced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, ranking sixth among the 48 states.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard" title="Philadelphia Naval Shipyard">Philadelphia Naval Shipyard</a> served as an important naval base, and Pennsylvania produced important military leaders, including <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Hap Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob Devers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a>. During the war, over a million Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> was the most significant <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">nuclear accident</a> in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The state was hard-hit by the decline and restructuring of the steel industry and other heavy industries during the late 20th century. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in the state's largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_the_United_States_by_decade" title="List of most populous cities in the United States by decade">top ten most populous cities in the United States</a> by 1950, and Philadelphia dropped to the fifth and currently the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">sixth-largest city</a> after decades of being among the top three. After 1990, as information-based industries became more important in the economy, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system. Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local taxes.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> New ethnic groups, especially <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics and Latinos</a>, began entering the state to fill low-skill jobs in agriculture and service industries. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> immigrants brought the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, high birth rates, and cuisine when they were hired as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities, they made up half or more of the population.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Stateside Puerto Ricans</a> built a large community in the state's third-largest city, <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, where they comprise over 40% of the city's population as of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> In the 20th century, as Pennsylvania's historical national and even global leadership in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> largely ceased and its <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a> and other heavy manufacturing sectors slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these industries. Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare. Similarly, Philadelphia has a concentration of university expertise. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's growing industries of the postindustrial era. As in the rest of the nation, most residential population growth has occurred in suburban rather than central city areas, although both major cities have had significant revitalization in their downtown areas.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Philadelphia anchors the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">seventh-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> in the country and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, and Pittsburgh is the center of the nation's 27th-largest metropolitan areas. As of 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> in eastern Pennsylvania is the nation's 69th-largest metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-Kraus2-82">[78]</a> Pennsylvania also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">six additional metropolitan areas</a> that rank among the nation's 200-most populous metropolitan areas. Philadelphia forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>. Pittsburgh is part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> and is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight93Crash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flight93Crash.jpg/220px-Flight93Crash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flight93Crash.jpg/330px-Flight93Crash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flight93Crash.jpg/440px-Flight93Crash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a> crash site of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">Flight 93</a>, one of four planes hijacked in the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>; the site is now a <a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">national memorial</a>. Flight 93 passengers wrestled with <a href="/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks" title="Hijackers in the September 11 attacks">al-Qaeda terrorist hijackers</a> for control of the plane, preventing it from being flown into the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sources_and_detailed_information2-83">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States</a>, the small town of <a href="/wiki/Shanksville,_Pennsylvania" title="Shanksville, Pennsylvania">Shanksville, Pennsylvania</a>, received worldwide attention after <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> crashed into a field in <a href="/wiki/Stonycreek_Township,_Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Stonycreek Township</a>, located 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of the town. All 40 civilians and 4 <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> hijackers on board were killed. The hijackers had intended to crash the plane into either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sources_and_detailed_information2-83">[79]</a> After learning from family members via air phone of the earlier attacks on the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, however, Flight 93's passengers revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target and the heroism of the passengers has been commemorated.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Since 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Tekko_(convention)" title="Tekko (convention)">Tekko</a> <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> convention has been held annually in Pittsburgh.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_%E2%80%93_Or_L%27Simcha_Congregation" title="Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation">Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">conservative Jewish</a> synagogue, experienced the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a>, which resulted in 11 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> On July 13, 2024, near <a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">an assassination attempt</a> on the 45th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> occurred. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Geography of Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">List of counties in Pennsylvania</a></div> Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west.<a href="#cite_note-pageo-87">[83]</a> Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statabs-88">[84]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by area">33rd-largest state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)<a href="#cite_note-Cr.nps.gov-90">[86]</a> of coastline along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and 57 miles (92 km)<a href="#cite_note-Coastalmanagement.noaa.gov-13">[10]</a> of shoreline along the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware Estuary</a>. Of the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The boundaries of the state are the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a> (39°43' N) to the south, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-Mile_Circle" title="Twelve-Mile Circle">Twelve-Mile Circle</a> on the Pennsylvania-<a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> border, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> to the east, 80°31' W to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42° N</a> to the north, except for a short segment on the western end where a <a href="/wiki/Erie_Triangle" title="Erie Triangle">triangle</a> extends north to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. The state has five geographical regions: <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coastal_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Coastal Plain">Atlantic Coastal Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erie_Plain" title="Erie Plain">Erie Plain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pennsylvania" title="Climate of Pennsylvania">Climate of Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Pennsylvania.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Pennsylvania based on 1991–2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Endless_Mountains_Landscape_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>Autumn in <a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Branch Township, Pennsylvania">North Branch Township</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyoming County, Pennsylvania">Wyoming County</a> in October 2011</figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania's diverse topography produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cool to cold winters and very warm, humid summers. Straddling two major zones, much of the state has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> Dfa or Dfb). The southern portion of the state has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> climate. The largest city, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Köppen Cfa). Summers are generally hot and humid. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, can receive over 100 inches (250 cm) of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into autumn. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011; violent tornadoes, however, are rarer than they are in states further west.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;">Monthly Average High and Low Temperatures For Various Pennsylvania Cities (in °F) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:30px;">City </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Jan. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Feb. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Mar. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Apr. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">May </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Jun. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Jul. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Aug. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Sep. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Oct. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Nov. </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;">Dec. </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">36/20 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">40/22 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">49/29 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">61/39 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">72/48 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">80/58 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">84/63 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">82/61 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">75/53 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">64/41 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">52/33 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">40/24 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">34/21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">36/21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">44/27 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">56/38 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">67/48 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">76/58 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">80/63 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">79/62 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">72/56 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">61/45 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">50/37 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">38/27 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">37/23 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">41/25 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">50/33 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">62/42 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">72/52 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">81/62 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">85/66 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">83/64 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">76/56 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">64/45 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">53/35 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">41/27 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">40/26 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">44/28 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">53/34 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">64/44 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">74/54 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">83/64 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">87/69 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">85/68 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">78/60 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">67/48 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">56/39 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">45/30 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">36/21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">39/23 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">49/30 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">62/40 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">71/49 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">79/58 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">83/63 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">81/62 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">74/54 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">63/43 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">51/35 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">39/25 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;"><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">33/19 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">37/21 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">46/28 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">59/38 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">70/48 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">78/56 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">82/61 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">80/60 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">72/52 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">61/41 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">49/33 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#000;">38/24 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;background:#E8EAFA;">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Municipalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">List of municipalities in Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">List of counties in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">List of cities in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania">List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of townships in Pennsylvania">List of townships in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_seats_in_Pennsylvania_(by_population)" title="List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population)">List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of census-designated places in Pennsylvania">List of census-designated places in Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of populated places in Pennsylvania">List of populated places in Pennsylvania</a></div> Cities in Pennsylvania include <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> in the southwest, and the tri-cities of <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a> in the central east, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">northeast</a> includes the former <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite coal</a> mining cities of <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittston, Pennsylvania">Pittston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke,_Pennsylvania" title="Nanticoke, Pennsylvania">Nanticoke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a> is located in the northwest. <a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a> is located in the central region. <a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a> is in the north-central region with <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a>, and the state capital <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> in the east-central region of the state. <a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a> are in the state's west-central region. The state's three-most populated cities, in order of size, are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Allentown. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest municipalities in Pennsylvania <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census_Bureau_QuickFacts-14">[11]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Pennsylvania">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Pennsylvania">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:CCP2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia"><img alt="Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCP2016.jpg/120px-CCP2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCP2016.jpg/180px-CCP2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/CCP2016.jpg/240px-CCP2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Point_from_Mount_Washington,_2015-10-26,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pittsburgh"><img alt="Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg/120px-Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg/180px-Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg/240px-Point_from_Mount_Washington%2C_2015-10-26%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,603,797</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,039 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allentown"><img alt="Allentown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/120px-2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/180px-2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg/240px-2018_-_Center_Square_-_Looking_Northeast_-_12_Oct_-_Allentown_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1334" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a> <a href="/wiki/File:ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reading"><img alt="Reading" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg/120px-ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg/180px-ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg/240px-ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5889" data-file-height="3926" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">302,971</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Millcreek Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Lehigh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,845</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paxton_Township,_Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Paxton Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Lower Paxton Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,501 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">95,112</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Haverford Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,831</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,099 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,681</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Lackawanna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,328</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,328 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,781</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Blair County, Pennsylvania">Blair</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,963 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,633</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,466 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem Township</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,707</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,059 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjacent_states_and_province">Adjacent states and province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adjacent states and province">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (Province of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) (Northwest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (North and Northeast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (East and Southeast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> (Extreme Southeast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> (South)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> (Southwest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> (West)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">List of people from Pennsylvania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>434,373</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>602,365</td><td></td><td>38.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>810,091</td><td></td><td>34.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>1,049,458</td><td></td><td>29.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>1,348,233</td><td></td><td>28.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>1,724,033</td><td></td><td>27.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>2,311,786</td><td></td><td>34.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>2,906,215</td><td></td><td>25.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>3,521,951</td><td></td><td>21.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>4,282,891</td><td></td><td>21.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>5,258,113</td><td></td><td>22.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>6,302,115</td><td></td><td>19.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>7,665,111</td><td></td><td>21.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>8,720,017</td><td></td><td>13.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>9,631,350</td><td></td><td>10.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>9,900,180</td><td></td><td>2.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>10,498,012</td><td></td><td>6.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>11,319,366</td><td></td><td>7.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>11,793,909</td><td></td><td>4.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>11,863,895</td><td></td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>11,881,643</td><td></td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>12,281,054</td><td></td><td>3.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>12,702,379</td><td></td><td>3.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>13,002,700</td><td></td><td>2.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2024 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">13,078,751</td><td><a href="#cite_note-PennsylvaniaQuickFacts-4">[3]</a></td><td>0.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">Source: 1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pennsylvania_population_map.png/260px-Pennsylvania_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pennsylvania_population_map.png/390px-Pennsylvania_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pennsylvania_population_map.png/520px-Pennsylvania_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Pennsylvania population density map</figcaption></figure> As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a>, Pennsylvania had a population of 13,011,844, up from 12,702,379 in 2010. Pennsylvania is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">fifth-most populated state</a> in the U.S. after <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> In 2019, net <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigration</a> from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to Pennsylvania was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. 7.2% of the population was foreign-born as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Duncannon,_Pennsylvania" title="Duncannon, Pennsylvania">Duncannon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Perry County, Pennsylvania">Perry County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 12,691 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_of_origin">Place of origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Place of origin">edit</a>]</div> Among Pennsylvania residents, as of 2020, nearly three out of four, 74.5%, are native to the state and were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different U.S. state, 1.5% were born in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%) with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%). The state's largest ancestry groups, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census, were <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> 28.5%, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> 18.2%, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> 12.8%, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> 9.6%, <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> 8.5%, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> 7.2%, and <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> 4.2%.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-106">[102]</a> As of 2018, the top countries of origin for Pennsylvania's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png/260px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png/390px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png/520px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Pennsylvania.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins of Pennsylvanians</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of Pennsylvania's population is made up of whites, blacks and Hispanics, with the latter two being minorities and having significant populations. Non-Hispanic Whites make up the majority of Pennsylvania; they are mostly descended from German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Italian, and English immigrants. Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are recognized nationally for their <a href="/wiki/Amish#Population_and_distribution" title="Amish">Amish communities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a>, has the highest percentage of white residents of any metropolitan area with a population of 500,000 or above in the U.S.; in Wyoming Valley, 96.2% of the population claim to be white with no Hispanic background. The state's Hispanic or Latino American population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, marking one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic or Latino population is due to migration to the state mainly from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, a U.S. territory, and to a lesser extent immigration from countries such as the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> nations and a wave of Hispanic and Latinos leaving <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> for safer and more affordable living.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The majority of Hispanic or Latino Americans in Pennsylvania are of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican American">Puerto Rican</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Most of the remaining Hispanic or Latino population is made up of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominicans</a>, and the majority of Hispanics and Latinos are concentrated in Philadelphia, the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a>, and South Central Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-annest-110">[106]</a> The Hispanic or Latino population is greatest in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>, and around Philadelphia. As of 2010, the vast majority of Hispanics and Latino Americans in Pennsylvania, about 85%, live within a 150-mile (240 km) radius of Philadelphia, and about 20% live in the city itself. The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, mostly Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigrants, and many Asians moving to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> from New York City. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation. The African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population among the state's peers of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Pennsylvania has a high in-migration of black and Hispanic people from other nearby states with the eastern and south-central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases.<a href="#cite_note-pasdc.hbg.psu.edu-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Among the state's black population, the vast majority in the state are African American. There are also a growing number of black residents of <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian American">West Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">recent African</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hispanic">Hispanic or Latino</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Most Blacks live in the Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, or South Central Pennsylvania.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Additionally, in 2020, 31,052 identified as being Native American alone, and 158,112 did in combination with one or more other races.<a href="#cite_note-visualCensus-115">[111]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Racial and ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-visualCensus-115">[111]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">73.4% </td> <td align="left">73.4<div style="width:146.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">76.6% </td> <td align="left">76.6<div style="width:153.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">10.5% </td> <td align="left">10.5<div style="width:21px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">11.8% </td> <td align="left">11.8<div style="width:23.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[e]</a> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">8.1% </td> <td align="left">8.1<div style="width:16.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">3.9% </td> <td align="left">3.9<div style="width:7.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">4.5% </td> <td align="left">4.5<div style="width:9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="left">1.1<div style="width:2.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.02% </td> <td align="left">0.02<div style="width:0.04px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td> <td align="left">0.4<div style="width:0.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">1.3% </td> <td align="left">1.3<div style="width:2.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Historical racial and ethnic composition to 2020 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial and ethnic composition</th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a></th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-120">[115]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>88.5%</td> <td>85.4%</td> <td>81.9%</td> <td>75.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>9.2%</td> <td>10.0%</td> <td>10.9%</td> <td>10.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islanders</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Other race</a></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birth data">edit</a>]</div> Note: data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin have not been collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left;"> <caption class="nowrap">Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> </th> <th>2014<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> </th> <th>2015<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> </th> <th>2017<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> </th> <th>2018<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> </th> <th>2019<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> </th> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> </th> <th>2022<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> </td> <td>109,007 (77.3%) </td> <td>110,809 (77.9%) </td> <td>109,595 (77.7%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>98,751 (70.0%) </td> <td>99,306 (69.8%) </td> <td>97,845 (69.4%) </td> <td>94,520 (67.8%) </td> <td>92,297 (67.0%) </td> <td>90,862 (67.0%) </td> <td>88,710 (66.1%) </td> <td>85,956 (65.8%) </td> <td>88,168 (66.5%) </td> <td>85,031 (65.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>24,770 (17.6%) </td> <td>24,024 (16.9%) </td> <td>24,100 (17.1%) </td> <td>18,338 (13.1%) </td> <td>18,400 (13.4%) </td> <td>17,779 (13.1%) </td> <td>17,585 (13.1%) </td> <td>17,118 (13.1%) </td> <td>16,748 (12.6%) </td> <td>16,616 (12.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>6,721 (4.7%) </td> <td>7,067 (5.0%) </td> <td>6,961 (4.9%) </td> <td>6,466 (4.6%) </td> <td>6,401 (4.6%) </td> <td>6,207 (4.6%) </td> <td>6,214 (4.6%) </td> <td>6,074 (4.6%) </td> <td>5,980 (4.5%) </td> <td>6,212 (4.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>423 (0.3%) </td> <td>368 (0.3%) </td> <td>390 (0.3%) </td> <td>86 (0.1%) </td> <td>135 (0.1%) </td> <td>128 (0.1%) </td> <td>119 (0.1%) </td> <td>83 (>0.1%) </td> <td>88 (>0.1%) </td> <td>202 (0.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> (of any race) </td> <td>14,163 (10.1%) </td> <td>14,496 (10.2%) </td> <td>14,950 (10.6%) </td> <td>15,348 (11.0%) </td> <td>15,840 (11.5%) </td> <td>15,826 (11.7%) </td> <td>16,718 (12.5%) </td> <td>16,741 (12.8%) </td> <td>17,163 (12.9%) </td> <td>18,118 (13.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Pennsylvania </td> <td>140,921 (100%) </td> <td>142,268 (100%) </td> <td>141,047 (100%) </td> <td>139,409 (100%) </td> <td>137,745 (100%) </td> <td>135,673 (100%) </td> <td>134,230 (100%) </td> <td>130,693 (100%) </td> <td>132,622 (100%) </td> <td>130,252 (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_poverty">Age and poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Age and poverty">edit</a>]</div> As of the 2010 census, Pennsylvania had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in the nation at 15.4%, compared to a national average of 13.0%.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-131">[126]</a> According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017 compared to 13.4% for the U.S. as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/220px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/330px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/440px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> family riding in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Amish_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish buggy">Amish buggy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a>. As of 2024, Pennsylvania has an Amish population of 92,660, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population" title="List of U.S. states by Amish population">largest</a> of any state in the nation.</figcaption></figure> As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age five and older spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a> while 4.1% (486,058) spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 0.9% (103,502) spoke <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, and 0.5% (56,052) spoke <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> other than English.<a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-133">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania_Dutch_language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania Dutch language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> is a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> dialect family and is closest to <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a>. Pennsylvania Dutch is still very vigorous as a first language among <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a>, principally in the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks County</a> areas; it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the <a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">plain communities</a>, though a few words have passed into English usage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Teal"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.742398974869px 77.051324277579px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 47.056428121225px 100px 0; border-right-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious self-identification in Pennsylvania (April 2023 <a href="/wiki/Franklin_%26_Marshall_College" title="Franklin & Marshall College">Franklin & Marshall College</a> poll)<a href="#cite_note-religion-134">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Unaffiliated</a> (32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestantism</a> (29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholicism</a> (24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (14%)</div> </div> </div></div> Of the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> had the most religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, writing of <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God."<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">diversity</a>, which continues to the present. Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379; of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (ARDA) at <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, the largest religious bodies in Pennsylvania by adherents were the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> with 3,503,028 adherents, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with 591,734 members, and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> with 501,974 members. Since 2014, among the state's religious population, 73% were <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Religion_and_Politics-137">[132]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> estimated 68% of the population identified with Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> As of 2014, 47% of all Pennsylvanians identified as <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> far and away the most prominent religious affiliation among Pennsylvanians. Among all self-identified Christians in the state, however, 24% identified as <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, the most of any Christian religious affiliation. In April 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Franklin_%26_Marshall_College" title="Franklin & Marshall College">Franklin & Marshall College</a> poll found that a plurality of Pennsylvania residents were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">unaffiliated</a>, with the rest predominately being <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religion-134">[129]</a> Pennsylvania, especially the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a> area, has one of the largest communities of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> in the nation, the third-highest by percentage of population and the largest outright in membership as <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christians.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">American Presbyterian Church</a>, with about 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations, is the largest Presbyterian denomination, and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a> is also significant, with 112 congregations and approximately 23,000 adherents; the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(United_States)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)">EPC</a> has around 50 congregations, including the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Covenant_Order_of_Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians">ECO</a>, according to 2010 estimates. The fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denomination, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, has 180,000 members and 627 congregations in the state. The <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>, also referred to as the Northern Baptist Convention is based in <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a>. Pennsylvania was the center state of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church">German Reformed</a> denomination from the 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-140">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a> is one of the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> in the U.S. Pennsylvania also has a very large <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> population, second only to <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> among U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> As of 2000, there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and an additional 146,416 <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a> and 91,200 <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a>. The total <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabapist</a> population including <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a> was 232,631, about two percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> While Pennsylvania owes its existence to <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and much of the historic character of Pennsylvania is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_counties_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income">List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png/220px-Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png/330px-Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png/440px-Pennsylvania_vs_US_unemployment_1976-2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Pennsylvania's unemployment rate between 1976 and 2021</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The U.S. unemployment rate during these years</div></figcaption></figure> As of 2024, Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">gross state product</a> (GSP) is $1.017 trillion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP" title="List of U.S. states and territories by GDP">sixth-largest</a> among all U.S. states, behind <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDPByState-144">[139]</a> If Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">were an independent country</a>, its economy, as of 2023, would rank as the 20th-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> On a per capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2021 per capita income of $68,957 ranks 21st among the 50 states.<a href="#cite_note-stategdp-146">[141]</a> As of 2016, there were 5,354,964 people in employment in Pennsylvania with 301,484 total employer establishments. As of January 2024, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> The state has five manufacturing centers: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a> in the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton-Wilkes-Barre</a> in the northeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> Pennsylvania is home to 23 of the nation's 500 largest companies that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a>, including two that rank in the top 100, <a href="/wiki/Cencora" title="Cencora">Cencora</a> (formerly AmeriSource Bergen) in <a href="/wiki/Conshohocken,_Pennsylvania" title="Conshohocken, Pennsylvania">Conshohocken</a>, which is the nation's 11th-largest company, and <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> in Philadelphia, which is the 29th-largest.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> Philadelphia is home to six of the Fortune 500 companies,<a href="#cite_note-F500-150">[145]</a> with more located in suburbs like <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a>; it is a leader in the financial<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> and insurance industries. Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz" title="Heinz">Heinz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GE_Transportation" title="GE Transportation">GE Transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-F500-150">[145]</a> Hershey is home to <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a>, one of the world's largest chocolate manufacturers. In eastern Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley has become an epicenter for the growth of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> industry, including <a href="/wiki/Warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehousing">warehousing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal transport</a> of goods.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Like many U.S. states, <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> is the largest private employer in Pennsylvania. The state's second-largest employer is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> private <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> Pennsylvania is home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/The_York_Water_Company" title="The York Water Company">The York Water Company</a>. As of 2018, Pennsylvania ranks first in the nation in a few economic sectors and niches, including barrels of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> produced annually (3.9 million), <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">farmers' markets</a> (over 6,000), <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> companies (2,300), hardwood <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> production (a billion board feet annually), <a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">mushroom farms</a> (68), <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chip</a> manufacturing (24 facilities manufacturing one-fourth of the nation's total), and <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a> manufacturing (80 percent of the nation's total).<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Agriculture in Pennsylvania</a></div> Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall among all states in agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-ag-155">[150]</a> Its leading agricultural products are <a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">mushrooms</a>, apples, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">layer chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursery_(horticulture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery (horticulture)">nursery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">sod</a>, milk, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> for <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, grapes (including <a href="/wiki/Grape_juice" title="Grape juice">juice grapes</a>), and horses production. Pennsylvania ranks eighth in the nation in <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Agriculture" title="Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture">Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture</a> worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> industry and over $1.7 billion in food product <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> as of 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Banking">edit</a>]</div> The first nationally chartered bank in the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a>, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is now part of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>. Pennsylvania is home to the first nationally-chartered bank under the 1863 <a href="/wiki/National_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Banking Act">National Banking Act</a>. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC</a> and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is currently the state's largest and the nation's sixth-largest bank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_in_film_and_television" title="Harrisburg in film and television">Harrisburg in film and television</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_shot_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of films and television shows shot in Pennsylvania">List of films and television shows shot in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_the_Lehigh_Valley" title="List of films shot in the Lehigh Valley">List of films shot in the Lehigh Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Pittsburgh" title="List of films shot in Pittsburgh">List of films shot in Pittsburgh</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Film_Production_Tax_Credit" title="Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit">Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit</a> began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.<a href="#cite_note-bizjournal-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gambling">Gambling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gambling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling in Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of casinos in Pennsylvania">List of casinos in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiversCasino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RiversCasino.jpg/220px-RiversCasino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RiversCasino.jpg/330px-RiversCasino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RiversCasino.jpg/440px-RiversCasino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rivers_Casino_(Pittsburgh)" title="Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh)">Rivers Casino</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_(Pittsburgh)" title="Chateau (Pittsburgh)">Chateau</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of casinos in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania's 16 casinos</a></figcaption></figure> Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. As of 2010, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of casinos in Pennsylvania">16 casinos</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> Table games such as poker, roulette, blackjack, and craps were approved by the state legislature and signed into law in January 2010. Sports betting saw approval in 2018. Five years in, the state and local governments collected over $500 million in sportsbook tax revenue.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> Coal mining in Pennsylvania dates back to the mid-1700s. Since then, over 15 billion tons of coal were removed from the state. Production peaked in 1918. As mine output decreased, some 250,000 acres of mine land were abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> As of 2024, the state has the largest inventory of abandoned mines in the United States, creating environmental problems such as water pollution and ground subsidence which damages above-ground buildings. <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a> counties alone account for over 550 abandoned sites. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection is responsible for remediation of such problems.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Government of Pennsylvania">Government of Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth (U.S. state)</a></div> Pennsylvania has had five <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution" title="Pennsylvania Constitution">constitutions</a> during its statehood:<a href="#cite_note-jenkinslaw-164">[159]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1776-2/">1776</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1790-2/">1790</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1838-2/">1838</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1874-2/">1874</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/">1968</a>. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Frame of Government of Pennsylvania">Frame of Government</a>, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701.<a href="#cite_note-jenkinslaw-164">[159]</a> The capital of Pennsylvania is <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>. The legislature meets there in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol" title="Pennsylvania State Capitol">State Capitol</a>. In a 2020 study, Pennsylvania was ranked as the 19th hardest state for citizens to vote.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive">Executive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Executive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">List of governors of Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_agencies" title="List of Pennsylvania state agencies">List of Pennsylvania state agencies</a></div> The current Governor is <a href="/wiki/Josh_Shapiro" title="Josh Shapiro">Josh Shapiro</a>. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Pennsylvania" title="Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin_Davis_(politician)" title="Austin Davis (politician)">Austin Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Attorney_General" title="Pennsylvania Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dave_Sunday_(politician)" title="Dave Sunday (politician)">Dave Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Auditor_General" title="Pennsylvania Auditor General">Auditor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_DeFoor" title="Timothy DeFoor">Timothy DeFoor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Treasurer">Pennsylvania Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Garrity" title="Stacy Garrity">Stacy Garrity</a>. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for re-election every four years during the midterm elections. The elections for Attorney General, Auditor General, and Treasurer are held every four years coinciding with a Presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative">Legislative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legislative">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_(50035197647).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg/220px-Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg/330px-Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg/440px-Flying_the_Pride_Flag_over_the_Capitol_%2850035197647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Capitol" title="Pennsylvania State Capitol">Pennsylvania State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania has a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> that was established in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution" title="Pennsylvania Constitution">Pennsylvania Constitution</a>, which was ratified in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">General Assembly</a> includes 50 <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Senate">senators</a> and 203 <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">representatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ward" title="Kim Ward">Kim L. Ward</a> is currently <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore" title="President pro tempore">president pro tempore</a> of the State Senate, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pittman_(politician)" title="Joe Pittman (politician)">Joe Pittman</a> the <a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">majority leader</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jay_Costa" title="Jay Costa">Jay Costa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">minority leader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_McClinton" title="Joanna McClinton">Joanna McClinton</a> is <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives">speaker</a> of the House of Representatives, with <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bradford" title="Matthew Bradford">Matthew Bradford</a> as majority leader and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cutler" title="Bryan Cutler">Bryan Cutler</a> as minority leader.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> As of 2023, the Republicans hold the majority in the State Senate (28–22) and the Democrats in the State House (102–101). Pennsylvania is one of only two states that currently have divided party control of the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Judiciary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pennsylvania" title="Judiciary of Pennsylvania">Judiciary of Pennsylvania</a></div> Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County</a>, most have district justices and justices of the peace who preside over most preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Superior Court of Pennsylvania">Superior Court</a> hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania">Commonwealth Court</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>. The Superior Court also has original jurisdiction to review <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> governmental requests for <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">wiretap</a> surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a> is the state's final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected, and the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice" title="Chief justice">chief justice</a> of the state's Supreme Court is determined by seniority.<a href="#cite_note-courts-171">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pennsylvania" title="Local government in Pennsylvania">Local government in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif/220px-Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif/330px-Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif/440px-Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">Map of Pennsylvania's 67 counties</a></figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania is divided into 67 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-3-172">[167]</a> Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, <a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">boroughs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">townships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> The most populous county in Pennsylvania and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_in_the_United_States" title="List of the most populous counties in the United States">24th-most populous county</a> in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County</a>, which includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, with a 2020 population of 1,603,797; the state's least populous county is <a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a> with a population of 4,547.<a href="#cite_note-pasdc.hbg.psu.edu-112">[108]</a> There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified by population as either first-class, second-class, or third-class cities.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-3-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> Philadelphia, the state's largest city with a population exceeding 1.6 million, is Pennsylvania's only first-class city.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> (303,000) and <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a> (76,000) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> All of the state's remaining cities including <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, the state's third-largest city, and <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, its fourth-largest, to <a href="/wiki/Parker,_Pennsylvania" title="Parker, Pennsylvania">Parker</a>, the state's smallest city with a population of only 820, are designated as third-class cities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">mayor–council government</a>, whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> Pennsylvania boroughs are generally smaller in population than the state's cities, and most of the state's cities were incorporated as boroughs prior to being designated cities.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-3-172">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-5-173">[168]</a> The largest borough in Pennsylvania is <a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a> (40,501) and the smallest is <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Pennsylvania" title="Centralia, Pennsylvania">Centralia</a>. Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-6-176">[171]</a> Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km2) and a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> is passed supporting the change.<a href="#cite_note-PA_Manual_6-6-176">[171]</a> Pennsylvania's largest township is <a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township</a> (85,681), and the smallest is <a href="/wiki/East_Keating_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="East Keating Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania">East Keating Township</a>. There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania">Bloomsburg</a> was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/McCandless_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="McCandless Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">McCandless Township</a> adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The state has 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) for a total of 2,562 municipalities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> Pennsylvania had the 15th-highest state and local tax burden in the nation as of 2012, according to the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tax_Foundation-179">[174]</a> Residents paid a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $4,589 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out-of-state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 80</a>, which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">Sales taxes</a> provide 39% of Pennsylvania's state revenue; <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">personal income taxes</a> 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_tax#Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette tax">cigarettes</a> and alcoholic beverages 5%.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a> winnings (other than <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Lottery" title="Pennsylvania Lottery">Pennsylvania Lottery</a> winnings).<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Counties, municipalities, and <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a> levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">wage tax</a> on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of Pennsylvania's sixty-seven counties levy a <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">personal property tax</a> on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings. With the exception of the city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district).<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits Tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income except interest from checking and savings accounts are required to file and pay the School Income-tax (SIT).<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> The complexity of Pennsylvania's local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing of collections to private entities is akin to <a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">tax farming</a> and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing failure to file penalties even if they did not owe any tax. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, have been unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_law_enforcement">State law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: State law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pennsylvania" title="Crime in Pennsylvania">Crime in Pennsylvania</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Police" title="Pennsylvania State Police">Pennsylvania State Police</a> is the chief law enforcement agency in the Pennsylvania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pennsylvania" title="Politics of Pennsylvania">Politics of Pennsylvania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Elections in Pennsylvania</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align: right;" width="32%"> <caption>Voter registration totals as of February 10, 2025<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Registered voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,809,467 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,623,613 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Unaffiliated</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,080,412 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FED105; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other/minor parties</div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">323,532 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.66% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">8,837,024 </th> <th style="text-align:center;">100.00% </th></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg/220px-Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg/330px-Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg/440px-Pennsylvania_Presidential_Election_Results_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="2024 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">2024 U.S. presidential election results</a> by county in Pennsylvania<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Democratic</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Republican</div></figcaption></figure> Since the latter half of the 20th century, Pennsylvania has been perceived as a powerful <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a>, and winning Pennsylvania has since been deemed as essential to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidential candidates</a>. Only thrice between <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> (1932, 1948, and <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, respectively) has a presidential candidate been able to win the White House while losing Pennsylvania. Between 1992 and 2016, Pennsylvania trended <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> in presidential elections; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> won the state twice by large margins and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> won it by a slightly closer margin in 2000. In the 2004 presidential election, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kerry" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kerry">John F. Kerry</a> beat President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in Pennsylvania, 2,938,095 (51%) to 2,793,847 (48%). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> in Pennsylvania, 3,276,363 (54%) to 2,655,885 (44%). In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, however, Republican <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> broke the Democratic streak in the state, winning by 2,970,733 (48%) votes to 2,926,441 (47%) votes.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> The state returned to the Democratic column in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Pennsylvania" title="2020 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania">2020</a> by voting for <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> over Trump, 3,458,229 (50%) to 3,377,674 (49%). The state holds 19 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral</a> votes.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> Despite voting for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican U.S. senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 after Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a> switched party affiliation. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat and a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature, and the governorship. Democrats won back the governorship, however, four years later in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, 2014">2014 election</a>. It was the first time since a governor became eligible for reelection that an incumbent governor had been defeated in a reelection bid. Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh, and <a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a> areas in the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a> in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs and the more rural areas in the state's central, northeastern, and western portions, some of which have long been considered among the nation's most conservative areas. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally moderate. In the 21st century, however, Pittsburgh suburbs, which historically had been Democratic strongholds, have swung more Republican. Democratic political consultant <a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">James Carville</a> once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west, and Alabama in the middle", suggesting that political power in the state was based in its two largest cities, which have been reliably Democratic, offset by the state's large rural power base, which has proven equally reliably Republican. Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the "T" in statewide elections. The state's three valleys (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming</a> Valleys) and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a> generally vote Democratic, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a shape that resembles a "T". Pennsylvania retains the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>, although there is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Federal representation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_congressional_districts" title="Pennsylvania's congressional districts">Pennsylvania's congressional districts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania</a></div> Pennsylvania's two <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Dave McCormick and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">John Fetterman</a>. Pennsylvania has <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_congressional_districts" title="Pennsylvania's congressional districts">17 seats</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education in Pennsylvania</a></div> Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of high schools in Pennsylvania">List of high schools in Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of school districts in Pennsylvania">List of school districts in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Philly_HS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/South_Philly_HS.JPG/220px-South_Philly_HS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/South_Philly_HS.JPG/330px-South_Philly_HS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/South_Philly_HS.JPG/440px-South_Philly_HS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia_High_School" title="South Philadelphia High School">South Philadelphia High School</a> on <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a> in February 2010</figcaption></figure> Under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for children between ages eight and 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier, unless students are <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_the_United_States" title="Homeschooling in the United States">homeschooled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 are high school graduates. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school. The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016:<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cohort</th> <th>All Students</th> <th>Male</th> <th>Female</th> <th>White</th> <th>Hispanic</th> <th>Black</th> <th>Asian</th> <th>Special Education </th></tr> <tr> <td>% graduating</td> <td>86.09</td> <td>84.14</td> <td>88.13</td> <td>90.48</td> <td>72.83</td> <td>73.22</td> <td>91.21</td> <td>74.06 </td></tr></tbody></table> Among Pennsylvania high school graduates as of 2009, 27.5% of them went on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher degree.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in the nation in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for eighth grade students.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an alternative to compulsory school attendance. The law specifies varying geographic requirements and responsibilities on the part of parents and school districts.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania">List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/220px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/330px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/440px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a> on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>, which pays tribute to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father</a> who founded the university, now an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> institution and one of the world's top universities, in 1740<a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> "Pennsylvania has the fourth most higher education institutions of any state," according to <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>, with 250 universities and colleges.<a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> The state is ranked second among the nation’s top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, according to <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>/<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WHYY-TV" title="WHYY-TV">WHYY</a>, which cites a study by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities_of_Pennsylvania" title="Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania">Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania</a> (AICUP).<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> Pennsylvania is third in the nation for the quantity of "Best Colleges", according to <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education">Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education</a> (PASSHE), which includes 14 state-owned universities and colleges, is Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a> system. <a href="/wiki/West_Chester_University" title="West Chester University">West Chester University</a> is by far the largest of the 14 with nearly 15,000 students. The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">Commonwealth System of Higher Education</a> is the organizing body of Pennsylvania's four state-related schools, which include <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>. There are 15 publicly-funded two-year <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">community colleges</a> and technical schools in Pennsylvania that are separate from the PASSHE system, and many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges, and universities. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a>, an invitation-only organization of leading research universities. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a>, founded in 1865 and located in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, is a private research university. The Pennsylvania State University is Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant university</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">Sea Grant College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space Grant College</a>. The University of Pennsylvania, founded in <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a> in 1740 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father</a> of the nation, is Pennsylvania's only <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university, and is the geographically most southern of the nation's eight Ivy League universities. The University of Pennsylvania was one of the <a href="/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States" title="First university in the United States">first universities established in the nation</a>; its medical school, <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine" title="Perelman School of Medicine">Perelman School of Medicine</a>, founded in 1765, was the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">medical school</a> established in the nation. The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine">Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (LECOM) is a private graduate school of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie, a branch campus in <a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a>, and two additional campuses outside Pennsylvania. It is the largest medical school in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a> is the first and oldest <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">art school</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-pafa.org-202">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia College of Pharmacy">Philadelphia College of Pharmacy</a>, now [art of <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sciences" title="University of the Sciences">University of the Sciences in Philadelphia</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">pharmacy school</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-usciences.edu-203">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of festivals in Pennsylvania">List of festivals in Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">List of Pennsylvania state parks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/220px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/330px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg/440px-Dorney_Park_Steel_Force_Thunderhawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorney_Park_%26_Wildwater_Kingdom" title="Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom">Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Steel_Force" title="Steel Force">Steel Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderhawk_(Dorney_Park)" title="Thunderhawk (Dorney Park)">Thunderhawk</a> roller coasters in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>; Steel Force is the eighth-longest <a href="/wiki/Steel_roller_coaster" title="Steel roller coaster">steel roller coaster</a> in the world with a first drop of 205 feet (62 m) and a top speed of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Founded in 1884, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom is the fifth-oldest amusement park in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Zoo" title="Philadelphia Zoo">Philadelphia Zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> Other long-accredited <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums#Accreditation" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">AZA</a> zoos include the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Zoo" title="Erie Zoo">Erie Zoo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_PPG_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium">Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Zoo" title="Lehigh Valley Zoo">Lehigh Valley Zoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZooAmerica" title="ZooAmerica">ZooAmerica</a> are other notable zoos. Pennsylvania is home to some of the most notable museums in the nation, including the <a href="/wiki/Allentown_Art_Museum" title="Allentown Art Museum">Allentown Art Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Museums">Carnegie Museums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Museums in Pennsylvania">several others</a>. One unique museum is the <a href="/wiki/Houdini_Museum" title="Houdini Museum">Houdini Museum</a> in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> Pennsylvania is also home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviary" title="National Aviary">National Aviary</a>, located in Pittsburgh. All 121 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">state parks</a> in Pennsylvania feature free admission. Pennsylvania's notable amusement parks include <a href="/wiki/Conneaut_Lake_Park" title="Conneaut Lake Park">Conneaut Lake Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorney_Park_%26_Wildwater_Kingdom" title="Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom">Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wonderland" title="Dutch Wonderland">Dutch Wonderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/DelGrosso%27s_Amusement_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="DelGrosso's Amusement Park">DelGrosso's Amusement Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Wolf_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Wolf Lodge">Great Wolf Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hersheypark" title="Hersheypark">Hersheypark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idlewild_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlewild Park">Idlewild Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Resorts" title="Kalahari Resorts">Kalahari Resorts Poconos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennywood" title="Kennywood">Kennywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knoebels" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoebels">Knoebels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakemont_Park" title="Lakemont Park">Lakemont Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_Waterpark" title="Sandcastle Waterpark">Sandcastle Waterpark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Place_Philadelphia" title="Sesame Place Philadelphia">Sesame Place Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waldameer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldameer Park">Waldameer Park</a>. The largest indoor waterpark resort on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">U.S. East Coast</a> is <a href="/wiki/Splash_Lagoon" title="Splash Lagoon">Splash Lagoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a>. The state's notable music festivals include <a href="/wiki/Musikfest" title="Musikfest">Musikfest</a>, the nation's largest free music festival held annually each August in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Folk_Festival" title="Philadelphia Folk Festival">Philadelphia Folk Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creation_Festival" title="Creation Festival">Creation Festival</a>, and Purple Door. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Allentown_Fair" title="Great Allentown Fair">Great Allentown Fair</a>, held annually at the <a href="/wiki/Allentown_Fairgrounds" title="Allentown Fairgrounds">Allentown Fairgrounds</a> since the 19th century, is one of the nation's longest-running annual fairs. There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. <a href="/wiki/White-tail_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="White-tail deer">White-tail deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottontail_rabbit" title="Cottontail rabbit">cottontail rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkey</a> hunting states in the nation, alongside <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the state's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a legislative agency of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a>, reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide. The <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> reports that five of the ten largest <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a> entries came from the state.<a href="#cite_note-blackbear-209">[204]</a> The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett</a> record books at 733 lb (332 kg) and a <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> of 23 3/16, tied with a bear shot in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-blackbear-209">[204]</a> As of 2007, Pennsylvania has the second-highest number of Boone and Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, behind <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>'s 299.<a href="#cite_note-blackbear-209">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation" title="Pennsylvania Department of Transportation">Pennsylvania Department of Transportation</a>, abbreviated as PennDOT, is responsible for transport issues in Pennsylvania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of airports in Pennsylvania">List of airports in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a>, the busiest airport in the state and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States" title="List of the busiest airports in the United States">21st-busiest airport</a> in the nation with over 13 million passengers in 2023</figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania has seven major airports: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport">Pittsburgh International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_International_Airport" title="Lehigh Valley International Airport">Lehigh Valley International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_International_Airport" title="Harrisburg International Airport">Harrisburg International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_International_Airport" title="Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport">Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_International_Airport" title="Erie International Airport">Erie International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_Park_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="University Park Airport">University Park Airport</a>. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.<a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_10-210">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_and_coach">Bus and coach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bus and coach">edit</a>]</div> Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by <a href="/wiki/BoltBus" title="BoltBus">BoltBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fullington_Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullington Trailways">Fullington Trailways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martz_Trailways" class="mw-redirect" title="Martz Trailways">Martz Trailways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a>, <a href="/wiki/OurBus" title="OurBus">OurBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Bridge_Lines" title="Trans-Bridge Lines">Trans-Bridge Lines</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_bus_lines" title="Chinatown bus lines">Chinatown bus</a> companies. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/OurBus" title="OurBus">OurBus</a> began offering service from <a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania" title="Malvern, Pennsylvania">Malvern</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Fort Washington, Pennsylvania">Fort Washington</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways_and_roads">Highways and roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Highways and roads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of Interstate Highways in Pennsylvania">List of Interstate Highways in Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_routes_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of state routes in Pennsylvania">List of state routes in Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a></div> PennDOT owns 39,861 miles (64,150 km) of the 121,770 miles (195,970 km) of roadway in the state, making it the fifth-largest state highway system in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_7-211">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a> system is 535 miles (861 km) long, with the mainline portion stretching from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> to Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_7-211">[206]</a> It is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission">Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission</a>. Another major east–west route is <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 80</a>, which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap" title="Delaware Water Gap">Delaware Water Gap</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 90 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 90</a> travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through <a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie County</a>, in the extreme northwestern part of the state. Primary north–south highways are <a href="/wiki/Interstate_79_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 79 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 79</a> from its terminus in Erie through <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 81 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 81</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York state</a> through <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Lackawanna County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_476" title="Interstate 476">Interstate 476</a>, which begins 7 miles (11 km) north of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> border, in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Delaware County</a> and travels 132 miles (212 km) to <a href="/wiki/Clarks_Summit,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania">Clarks Summit</a>, where it joins I-81. All but 20 miles (32 km) of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a>. The highway south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to colloquially as the "Blue Route". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_railroads" title="List of Pennsylvania railroads">List of Pennsylvania railroads</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_transit_authorities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania">List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_(8991394046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg/220px-Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg/330px-Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg/440px-Amtrak_%22Pennsylvanian%22_on_Horseshoe_Curve_%288991394046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5473" data-file-height="3080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(train)" title="Pennsylvanian (train)">Pennsylvanian</a> on <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Curve_(Pennsylvania)" title="Horseshoe Curve (Pennsylvania)">Horseshoe Curve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logan_Township,_Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Logan Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania">Logan Township</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> transit, and <a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">transit bus</a> service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Regional_Transit" title="Pittsburgh Regional Transit">Pittsburgh Regional Transit</a> is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>, with the majority of traffic occurring on the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Service" title="Keystone Service">Keystone Service</a> in the high-speed <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Corridor" title="Keystone Corridor">Keystone Corridor</a> between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> before heading north to New York City, and the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a>, which provides regular high-speed service up and down the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(train)" title="Pennsylvanian (train)">Pennsylvanian</a> follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Limited_(Amtrak_train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Limited (Amtrak train)">Capitol Limited</a> also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as <a href="/wiki/Connellsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Connellsville, Pennsylvania">Connellsville</a>, on its way from Chicago to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_10-210">[205]</a> Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a> passes through Erie once in each direction.<a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_10-210">[205]</a> There are 67 <a href="/wiki/Short-line_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-line railroad">short-line</a>, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state.<a href="#cite_note-PennDOT_fact_10-210">[205]</a> With more than four million <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> passengers in 2018, Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation after <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York)">Penn Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaAmtrak-213">[208]</a> and North America's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_railway_stations_in_North_America" title="List of busiest railway stations in North America">12th-busiest</a> train station overall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">Port of Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pittsburgh" title="Port of Pittsburgh">Port of Pittsburgh</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Pittsburgh" title="Port of Pittsburgh">Port of Pittsburgh</a> is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland port</a> in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">Port of Philadelphia</a> is the 24th-largest port in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> Pennsylvania's only port on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> is located in Erie. The <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River_Lock_and_Dam_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two">Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two</a> is the most-used <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">lock</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> of its 255 nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The dam impounds the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Pittsburgh" title="Downtown Pittsburgh">Downtown Pittsburgh</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania">Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Philadelphia" title="Culture of Philadelphia">Culture of Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pittsburgh" title="Culture of Pittsburgh">Culture of Pittsburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Philadelphia">LGBT culture in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of museums in Pennsylvania">List of museums in Pennsylvania</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pennsylvania" title="Music of Pennsylvania">Music of Pennsylvania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg/220px-Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg/330px-Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg/440px-Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks" title="Pat's King of Steaks">Pat's King of Steaks</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a> is widely credited with inventing the <a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">cheesesteak</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Harry's_Obit-216">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg/220px-Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg/330px-Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg/440px-Hershey_Pennsylvania_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2071" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania" title="Hershey, Pennsylvania">Hershey</a></figcaption></figure> In 2008, author Sharon Hernes Silverman wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Tribune-Review" title="Pittsburgh Tribune-Review">Pittsburgh Tribune-Review</a> that Pennsylvania was the <a href="/wiki/Snack_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Snack food">snack food</a> capital of the world.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> It leads all other states in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato_chip" title="Potato chip">potato chips</a>. In 1861, as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> was beginning, <a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Pretzel_House" title="Sturgis Pretzel House">Sturgis Pretzel House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lititz,_Pennsylvania" title="Lititz, Pennsylvania">Lititz</a> was first to introduce the pretzel to American consumers. Two other Pennsylvania-based companies, Immergut Hand-Rolled Soft Pretzels in <a href="/wiki/Intercourse,_Pennsylvania" title="Intercourse, Pennsylvania">Intercourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snyder%27s_of_Hanover" title="Snyder's of Hanover">Snyder's of Hanover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a>, are leading national pretzel manufacturers. Two of the nation's three leading potato chip companies are based in Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Utz_Brands" title="Utz Brands">Utz Brands</a>, which started making chips in Hanover in 1921, and <a href="/wiki/Wise_Foods" title="Wise Foods">Wise Foods</a>, which started making chips in <a href="/wiki/Berwick,_Pennsylvania" title="Berwick, Pennsylvania">Berwick</a> the same year; the third, <a href="/wiki/Frito-Lay" title="Frito-Lay">Frito-Lay</a> is owned by <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>-based <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>. Additional Pennsylvania-based companies, including <a href="/wiki/Herr%27s_Snacks" title="Herr's Snacks">Herr's Snacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham,_Pennsylvania" title="Nottingham, Pennsylvania">Nottingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin%27s_Potato_Chips" title="Martin's Potato Chips">Martin's Potato Chips</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thomasville,_Pennsylvania" title="Thomasville, Pennsylvania">Thomasville</a>, are popular chip manufacturers. <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">The Hershey Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania" title="Hershey, Pennsylvania">Hershey</a> is a nearly $9 billion a year company and one of the world's leading manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>; the company was founded in Hershey by <a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Hershey" title="Milton S. Hershey">Milton S. Hershey</a> in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Hawk_Chocolates" title="Gertrude Hawk Chocolates">Gertrude Hawk Chocolates</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Dunmore,_Pennsylvania" title="Dunmore, Pennsylvania">Dunmore</a>. Other notable companies include <a href="/wiki/Just_Born" title="Just Born">Just Born</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, makers of <a href="/wiki/Hot_Tamales" title="Hot Tamales">Hot Tamales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_and_Ike" title="Mike and Ike">Mike and Ikes</a>, the Easter favorite marshmallow <a href="/wiki/Peeps" title="Peeps">Peeps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boyer_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyer Brothers">Boyer Brothers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a>, which manufacturers Mallo Cups. The pretzel company <a href="/wiki/Auntie_Anne%27s" title="Auntie Anne's">Auntie Anne's</a> began as a market-stand in <a href="/wiki/Downingtown,_Pennsylvania" title="Downingtown, Pennsylvania">Downingtown</a>, and now has corporate headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken pot pie, ham pot pie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), <a href="/wiki/Fasnacht_(doughnut)" title="Fasnacht (doughnut)">fasnachts</a> (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and <a href="/wiki/Shoofly_pie" title="Shoofly pie">Shoofly pie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin%27s_Famous_Pastry_Shoppe" title="Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe">Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, specializes in potato bread, another <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food</a>. <a href="/wiki/D.G._Yuengling_%26_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="D.G. Yuengling & Son">D.G. Yuengling & Son</a>, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in <a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a> since 1829. Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are <a href="/wiki/Cheesesteaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheesesteaks">cheesesteaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoagies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoagies">hoagies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_pretzels" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft pretzels">soft pretzels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_water_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian water ice">Italian water ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_potato_candy" title="Irish potato candy">Irish potato candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrapple" title="Scrapple">scrapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tastykake" title="Tastykake">Tastykake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stromboli_(food)" title="Stromboli (food)">strombolis</a>. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by <a href="/wiki/H._J._Heinz_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Heinz Company">Henry John Heinz</a> from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup is the Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Primanti_Brothers_Restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Primanti Brothers Restaurant">Primanti Brothers Restaurant</a> sandwiches, <a href="/wiki/Pierogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierogies">pierogies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/City_chicken" title="City chicken">city chicken</a>. In northeastern Pennsylvania, Italian heritage has popularized a variety of pizza styles. Outside of <a href="/wiki/Scranton" class="mw-redirect" title="Scranton">Scranton</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Forge,_Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Old Forge, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Old Forge</a>, there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made with thick, light crust, and American cheese. <a href="/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93style_pizza" title="New York–style pizza">New York–style pizza</a> is popular in <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erie" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie">Erie</a> also has its share of foods, including Greek sauce and <a href="/wiki/Sponge_candy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge candy">sponge candy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">Sauerkraut</a> along with pork and mashed potatoes is a traditional meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania; its tradition began with the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> who believe the meal leads to good luck in the new year to come. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pennsylvania" title="Sports in Pennsylvania">Sports in Pennsylvania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_sports">Professional sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Professional sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/220px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/330px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/440px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4846" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> are presented with the <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy" title="Vince Lombardi Trophy">Vince Lombardi Trophy</a> on February 4, 2018, after winning <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII" title="Super Bowl LII">Super Bowl LII</a>, in which they defeated the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> 41-33.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/330px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg/440px-Pittsburgh_Steeler_fans_15_Oct_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>' fans waving the <a href="/wiki/Terrible_Towel" title="Terrible Towel">Terrible Towel</a>, a tradition that dates back to <a href="/wiki/1975_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season" title="1975 Pittsburgh Steelers season">1975</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizens_Bank_Park,_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg/220px-Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg/330px-Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg/440px-Citizens_Bank_Park%2C_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Bank_Park" title="Citizens Bank Park">Citizens Bank Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">South Philadelphia</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a>, the oldest continuous same-name, same-city franchise in American professional sports</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG/220px-Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG/330px-Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG/440px-Pocono_Victory_Lane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> racing at <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Raceway" title="Pocono Raceway">Pocono Raceway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Long_Pond,_Pennsylvania" title="Long Pond, Pennsylvania">Long Pond</a></figcaption></figure> Pennsylvania is home to eight major league professional sports teams: the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Philadelphia Union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>. Among them, these teams have accumulated seven <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championships (with the Pirates winning five and Phillies winning two), 16 <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> pennants (with the Pirates winning nine and Phillies winning seven), three pre-<a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> era NFL championships (all won by the Eagles), eight <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> championships (with the Steelers winning six and the Eagles two), two NBA championships (both won by the 76ers), and seven <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> championships (with the Penguins winning five and Flyers winning two). With <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">five professional sports teams</a> and some of the most passionate sports fans in the nation, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> is often described as the “nation's best sports city.”<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> In addition to its two Major League Baseball franchises, Pennsylvania is home to two <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a>-level teams, the highest level of <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> play. The <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs" title="Lehigh Valley IronPigs">Lehigh Valley IronPigs</a>, affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies, are based in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, where they play at <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Park" title="Coca-Cola Park">Coca-Cola Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_RailRiders" title="Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, are based in <a href="/wiki/Moosic,_Pennsylvania" title="Moosic, Pennsylvania">Moosic</a>, where they play at <a href="/wiki/PNC_Field" title="PNC Field">PNC Field</a>. Pennsylvania is home to four <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A level baseball</a> teams: the <a href="/wiki/Altoona_Curve" title="Altoona Curve">Altoona Curve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_SeaWolves" title="Erie SeaWolves">Erie SeaWolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators" title="Harrisburg Senators">Harrisburg Senators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reading_Fightin_Phils" title="Reading Fightin Phils">Reading Fightin Phils</a>. Pennsylvania has two <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball" title="Collegiate summer baseball">collegiate summer baseball</a> teams affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/MLB_Draft_League" title="MLB Draft League">MLB Draft League</a>: the <a href="/wiki/State_College_Spikes" title="State College Spikes">State College Spikes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsport_Crosscutters" title="Williamsport Crosscutters">Williamsport Crosscutters</a>. In independent baseball, the state has three teams, the <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Stormers" title="Lancaster Stormers">Lancaster Stormers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Wild_Things" title="Washington Wild Things">Washington Wild Things</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York_Revolution" title="York Revolution">York Revolution</a>. In addition to its two National Hockey League teams, Pennsylvania has three <a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> teams: the <a href="/wiki/Hershey_Bears" title="Hershey Bears">Hershey Bears</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Capitals" title="Washington Capitals">Washington Capitals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Phantoms" title="Lehigh Valley Phantoms">Lehigh Valley Phantoms</a> affiliated with the Philadelphia Flyers, and the <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre/Scranton_Penguins" title="Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins">Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins</a> affiliated with the Pittsburgh Penguins. It also has an <a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a>-level ice hockey team, the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Royals" title="Reading Royals">Reading Royals</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul" title="Philadelphia Soul">Philadelphia Soul</a>. These Pennsylvania-based developmental-level professional teams have accumulated 12 <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_National_Championship_Game" title="Triple-A National Championship Game">Triple-A</a> and Double-A baseball league titles (Altoona Curve (1) Reading Fightin Phils (4), and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Senators (6)), 3 <a href="/wiki/ArenaBowl" title="ArenaBowl">ArenaBowl</a> championships (Soul), and 11 <a href="/wiki/Calder_Cup" title="Calder Cup">Calder Cups</a> (Bears). In addition to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, Pennsylvania has two <a href="/wiki/United_States_soccer_league_system" title="United States soccer league system">lower level</a> professional soccer teams: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union_II" title="Philadelphia Union II">Philadelphia Union II</a> of <a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Riverhounds_SC" title="Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC">Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Since 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Little_League_World_Series" title="Little League World Series">Little League World Series</a> has been held annually in August in <a href="/wiki/South_Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="South Williamsport, Pennsylvania">South Williamsport</a> near where <a href="/wiki/Little_League_Baseball" title="Little League Baseball">Little League Baseball</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LittleLeagueChronology-223">[218]</a> In professional golf, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer" title="Arnold Palmer">Arnold Palmer</a>, one of the 20th century's most accomplished professional golfers, comes from <a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">Latrobe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Furyk" title="Jim Furyk">Jim Furyk</a>, a current <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America" title="Professional Golfers' Association of America">PGA</a> player grew up near in <a href="/wiki/Manheim_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in <a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Pennsylvania" title="Farmington, Pennsylvania">Farmington</a> and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic played at Glenmaura National Golf Club in <a href="/wiki/Moosic,_Pennsylvania" title="Moosic, Pennsylvania">Moosic</a>. Philadelphia is home to <a href="/wiki/Love_Park" title="Love Park">Love Park</a>, located across from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">City Hall</a>, which is a popular <a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboard</a> location that hosted <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/X_Games" title="X Games">X Games</a> in 2001 and 2002.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorsports">Motorsports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Motorsports">edit</a>]</div> In motorsports, the <a href="/wiki/Mario_Andretti" title="Mario Andretti">Mario Andretti</a> dynasty of race drivers hails from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth,_Pennsylvania" title="Nazareth, Pennsylvania">Nazareth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a>. Pennsylvania racetracks include <a href="/wiki/Jennerstown_Speedway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennerstown Speedway">Jennerstown Speedway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jennerstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Jennerstown, Pennsylvania">Jennerstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie_Speedway" title="Lake Erie Speedway">Lake Erie Speedway</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_East,_Pennsylvania" title="North East, Pennsylvania">North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lernerville_Speedway" title="Lernerville Speedway">Lernerville Speedway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarver,_Pennsylvania" title="Sarver, Pennsylvania">Sarver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Raceway" title="Pocono Raceway">Pocono Raceway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Long_Pond,_Pennsylvania" title="Long Pond, Pennsylvania">Long Pond</a>, which is home to two <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">NASCAR Cup Series</a> races and an <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> race. The state is also home to <a href="/wiki/Maple_Grove_Raceway" title="Maple Grove Raceway">Maple Grove Raceway</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>, which hosts major <a href="/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association" title="National Hot Rod Association">National Hot Rod Association</a>-sanctioned drag racing events each year. There are also two <a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">motocross</a> race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. <a href="/wiki/High_Point_Raceway" title="High Point Raceway">High Point Raceway</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris,_Pennsylvania" title="Mount Morris, Pennsylvania">Mount Morris, Pennsylvania</a>, and Steel City is located in <a href="/wiki/Delmont,_Pennsylvania" title="Delmont, Pennsylvania">Delmont, Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> tracks in Pennsylvania include <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Casino_at_The_Meadows" title="Hollywood Casino at The Meadows">The Meadows</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Strabane_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Strabane Township, Pennsylvania">North Strabane Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohegan_Pennsylvania" title="Mohegan Pennsylvania">Mohegan Pennsylvania</a> in Wilkes-Barre, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Casino_at_Penn_National_Race_Course" title="Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course">Penn National</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grantville,_Pennsylvania" title="Grantville, Pennsylvania">Grantville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presque_Isle_Downs_%26_Casino" title="Presque Isle Downs & Casino">Presque Isle Downs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Summit_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Summit Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Summit Township</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parx_Casino_and_Racing" title="Parx Casino and Racing">Parx Racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Philadelphia" title="Harrah's Philadelphia">Harrah's Philadelphia</a> in Chester, which was the home course of <a href="/wiki/Smarty_Jones" title="Smarty Jones">Smarty Jones</a>, winner of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Kentucky_Derby" title="2004 Kentucky Derby">2004 Kentucky Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_Preakness_Stakes" title="2004 Preakness Stakes">2004 Preakness Stakes</a>. Harrah's Philadelphia also hosts <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> and Presque Isle Downs also hosts <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_racing" title="Thoroughbred racing">thoroughbred racing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College_sports">College sports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: College sports">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>, three Pennsylvania universities compete in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a>, the highest level of sanctioned collegiate play in the sport: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football" title="Penn State Nittany Lions football">Penn State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference" title="Big Ten Conference">Big Ten Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_football" title="Pittsburgh Panthers football">Pitt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temple_Owls_football" title="Temple Owls football">Temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference" title="American Athletic Conference">American Athletic Conference</a>. Over their respective college football histories, Penn State claims two <a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">national championships</a> (1982 and 1986) and seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986, and 1994) and Pitt has won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, and 1976) and had eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937, and 1976).<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Penn State plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Stadium" title="Beaver Stadium">Beaver Stadium</a>, a 106,572-capacity stadium that is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of North American stadiums by capacity">second-largest stadium in the nation</a>; the team is coached by <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(American_football_coach)" title="James Franklin (American football coach)">James Franklin</a>. Pitt plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Acrisure_Stadium" title="Acrisure Stadium">Acrisure Stadium</a>, a 68,400-capacity stadium it shares with the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>; the team is coached by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Narduzzi" title="Pat Narduzzi">Pat Narduzzi</a>. Over their respective histories, four additional Pennsylvania universities and colleges have won national college football championships: <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards_football" title="Lafayette Leopards football">Lafayette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_football" title="Villanova Wildcats football">Villanova</a> in <a href="/wiki/Villanova,_Pennsylvania" title="Villanova, Pennsylvania">Villanova</a> (2009), <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football" title="Penn Quakers football">Penn</a> in Philadelphia (1895, 1897, 1904, and 1908),<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_Presidents" title="Washington & Jefferson Presidents">Washington & Jefferson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington, Pennsylvania">Washington</a> (1921). In <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a>, five Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia-area</a> universities, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Big Five</a>, have a tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers_men%27s_basketball" title="La Salle Explorers men's basketball">La Salle</a> (1954), <a href="/wiki/Temple_Owls_men%27s_basketball" title="Temple Owls men's basketball">Temple</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball" title="Penn Quakers men's basketball">Penn</a> (1920 and 1921), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball" title="Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball">Pitt</a> (1928 and 1930), and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball" title="Villanova Wildcats men's basketball">Villanova</a> (1985, 2016, and 2018). Pennsylvania has several universities and colleges known as national leaders in <a href="/wiki/College_wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="College wrestling">college wrestling</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_wrestling" title="Penn State Nittany Lions wrestling">Penn State</a>, coached by <a href="/wiki/Cael_Sanderson" title="Cael Sanderson">Cael Sanderson</a>, has won ten <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Wrestling_Championships" title="NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships">NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships</a> in its history, second most among all universities and colleges after <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_wrestling" title="Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestling">Oklahoma State</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks" title="Lehigh Mountain Hawks">Lehigh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a> has had 28 NCAA Division I individual champions over its history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Nicknames">edit</a>]</div> Since 1802, Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State, which remains the state's most popular and widely-used nickname.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-227">[222]</a> The nickname "Keystone State" originates with the agricultural and architectural term "<a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a>", and is based on the central role that Pennsylvania played geographically and functionally among the original <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> from which the nation was established, the important founding documents, including the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, that were signed and ratified in Pennsylvania, and the central role that Pennsylvania played in the nation's early manufacturing and agricultural development.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Less often, Pennsylvania is referred to as the Coal State, the Oil State, and the Steel State, in recognition of the important role these respective industries played in the state in the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> The State of Independence appears on several current day road signs entering Pennsylvania from bordering states. Pennsylvania residents and those of surrounding states sometimes refer to Pennsylvania by the state's abbreviation, PA.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Pennsylvania was historically referred to by the nickname Quaker State during the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">colonial era</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> based on the influential role that <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> played in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Frame of Government of Pennsylvania">first frame of government</a> constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania that guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">liberty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>, which was a reflection of Penn's knowledge of the hostility Quakers confronted when they opposed religious rituals, taking oaths, violence, war, and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frippery" class="extiw" title="wikt:frippery">frippery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">List of people from Pennsylvania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_regions">Sister regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sister regions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of sister cities in Pennsylvania">List of sister cities in Pennsylvania</a></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Province" title="Matanzas Province">Matanzas Province</a>, Cuba<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a>, France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Pennsylvania-related_articles" title="Index of Pennsylvania-related articles">Index of Pennsylvania-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania" title="Outline of Pennsylvania">Outline of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌpɛnsɪlˈveɪniə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg\/En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg/En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg" title="File:En-us-Pennsylvania.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PEN-sil-VAY-nee-ə</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Penn's forest country'; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>: Pennsilfaani<a href="#cite_note-thegermanpioneer-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Pennsylvania is one of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">only four U.S. states</a> to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> At the time, Vermont had not yet seceded from New York State. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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New York and Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a>. pp. Plate 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Historical+Geography+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York+and+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=Plate+42&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington+and+American+Geographical+Society&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Paullin&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindler1973–1979" class="citation book cs1">Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oceana_Publications" title="Oceana Publications">Oceana Publications</a>. pp. 17–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Documents+of+United+States+Constitutions&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1973%2F1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Zandt2-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Zandt2_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Zandt2_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zandt1976" class="citation book cs1">Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Vol. 909. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. pp. 74, 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+the+United+States+and+the+Several+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Geological+Survey+Professional+Papers&rft.pages=74%2C+92&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Van+Zandt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe1978" class="citation book cs1">Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. pp. 9–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Delaware%3A+A+History&rft.place=Millwood%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=KTO+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Munroe&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe1978" class="citation book cs1">Munroe, John A. (1978). Colonial Delaware: A History. Millwood, New York: KTO Press. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Delaware%3A+A+History&rft.place=Millwood%2C+New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=KTO+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Munroe&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1964" class="citation book cs1">McCormick, Richard P. (1964). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1. Princeton, New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jersey+from+Colony+to+State%2C+1609%E2%80%931789.+New+Jersey+Historical+Series%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=D.+Van+Nostrand+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindler1973–1979" class="citation book cs1">Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 4. Dobbs Ferry, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oceana_Publications" title="Oceana Publications">Oceana Publications</a>. pp. 278–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Documents+of+United+States+Constitutions&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1973%2F1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Zandt1976" class="citation book cs1">Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ">Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n88">79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+the+United+States+and+the+Several+States%3B+Geological+Survey+Professional+Paper+909&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Van+Zandt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindler1973–1979" class="citation book cs1">Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. Vol. 6. Dobbs Ferry, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oceana_Publications" title="Oceana Publications">Oceana Publications</a>. pp. 375–377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+and+Documents+of+United+States+Constitutions&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1973%2F1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnham1901–1902" class="citation book cs1">Farnham, Mary Frances (1901–1902). Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. Vol. 7. Portland, Maine: Collections of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society" title="Maine Historical Society">Maine Historical Society</a>, 2nd Series. pp. 311, 314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farnham+Papers+%281603%E2%80%931688%29.+Volumes+7+and+8+of+Documentary+History+of+the+State+of+Maine&rft.place=Portland%2C+Maine&rft.pages=311%2C+314&rft.pub=Collections+of+the+Maine+Historical+Society%2C+2nd+Series.&rft.date=1901%2F1902&rft.aulast=Farnham&rft.aufirst=Mary+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1969–1981" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Treaty_Series" title="Consolidated Treaty Series">Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes</a>. Vol. 10. Dobbs Ferry, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oceana_Publications" title="Oceana Publications">Oceana Publications</a>. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidated+Treaty+Series%3B+231+Volumes&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry%2C+New+York&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1969%2F1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernow1853–1887" class="citation book cs1">Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod">Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15</a>. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/page/507">507</a>–508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407175836/https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+Relative+to+the+Colonial+History+of+the+State+of+New+York%3B+Volumes+12%E2%80%9315&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=507-508&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons+and+Co&rft.date=1853%2F1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdocumentsrelativ09brod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1969–1981" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Clive, ed. (1969–1981). Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes. Vol. 13. Dobbs Ferry, New York: <a href="/wiki/Oceana_Publications" title="Oceana Publications">Oceana Publications</a>. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolidated+Treaty+Series%3B+231+Volumes&rft.place=Dobbs+Ferry%2C+New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oceana+Publications&rft.date=1969%2F1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernow1853–1887" class="citation book cs1">Fernow, B., ed. (1853–1887). Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15. Vol. 12. Albany, New York: Weed, Parsons and Co. p. 515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+Relative+to+the+Colonial+History+of+the+State+of+New+York%3B+Volumes+12%E2%80%9315&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons+and+Co&rft.date=1853%2F1887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1860" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7. pp. 119, 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Court+at+Upland%2C+in+Pennsylvania%2C+1676+to+1681&rft.pages=119%2C+198&rft.pub=Memoirs+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Pennsylvania+Volume+7&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp">Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428183155/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp">Archived</a> April 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. This charter, granted by Charles II to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn, whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, William Penn purchased a quit-claim from the <a href="/wiki/James_II_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="James II (England)">Duke of York</a> to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Society_of_Colonial_Governors1916" class="citation book cs1">Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, ed. (1916). "Samuel Carpenter". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ">Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1</a>. pp. 180–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+Carpenter&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Society+of+Colonial+Governors%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4rQBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064027/http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681&pound71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008">"Measuring Worth"</a>. Measuring Worth. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681&pound71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008">the original</a> on July 14, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Worth&rft.pub=Measuring+Worth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fppoweruk%2Fresult.php%3Fuse%255B%255D%3DCPI%26use%255B%255D%3DNOMINALEARN%26year_early%3D1681%26pound71%3D16000%26shilling71%3D%26pence71%3D%26amount%3D16000%26year_source%3D1681%26year_result%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">H. W. Brands</a>, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Anchor Books</a> (2002) 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49328-2">0-385-49328-2</a> p.37:'Penn became the proprietor of what may have been the largest single piece of real estate every legally held by someone other than a monarch.' </li> <li id="cite_note-quapoly2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quapoly2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quapoly2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050103/http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html">"Quakers and the political process"</a>. Pym.org. March 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+political+process&rft.pub=Pym.org&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pym.org%2Fexhibit%2Fp078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222003958/http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html">"Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh"</a>. Britannia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html">the original</a> on February 22, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2013. <q>This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales+on+Britannia%3A+Facts+About+Wales+%26+the+Welsh&rft.pub=Britannia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fceltic%2Fwales%2Ffacts%2Ffacts1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1860" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Edward, ed. (1860). Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Vol. 7. Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Court+at+Upland%2C+in+Pennsylvania%2C+1676+to+1681&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Memoirs+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindler1973–1979" class="citation book cs1">Swindler, William F., ed. (1973–1979). Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes. Vol. 8. 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Retrieved July 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Penn%2C+Quaker&rft.pub=Quakerinfo.com&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.com%2Fquakpenn.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617071216/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm">"Frame of Government"</a>. Yale.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm">the original</a> on June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frame+of+Government&rft.pub=Yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fstates%2Fpa04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017015314/http://uscsca.org/penn.htm">"Pennsylvania Matanzas"</a>. U.S.-Cuba Sister Cities Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscsca.org/penn.htm">the original</a> on October 17, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Matanzas&rft.pub=U.S.-Cuba+Sister+Cities+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscsca.org%2Fpenn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165928/http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf">"2010 Public Transportation Fact Book"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a>. April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Public+Transportation+Fact+Book&rft.pub=American+Public+Transportation+Association&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapta.com%2Fresources%2Fstatistics%2FDocuments%2FFactBook%2FAPTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204015527/http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html">"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation" title="Pennsylvania Department of Transportation">Pennsylvania Department of Transportation</a>. August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html">the original</a> on December 4, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Department+of+Transportation+Fact+Book&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.state.pa.us%2FPennDOT%2520Factbook%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterborne_Commerce_Statistics_Center2009" class="citation web cs1">Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center (December 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920221417/http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf">"Part 5: National Summaries"</a> (PDF). Waterborne Commerce of the United States. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Waterborne+Commerce+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Part+5%3A+National+Summaries&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft.au=Waterborne+Commerce+Statistics+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil%2Fwcsc%2Fpdf%2Fwcusnatl08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrostle2009" class="citation book cs1">Trostle, Sharon, ed. (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pennsylvania Manual">The Pennsylvania Manual</a>. Vol. 119. <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a>, PA: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_General_Services" title="Pennsylvania Department of General Services">Pennsylvania Department of General Services</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8182-0334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8182-0334-3"><bdi>978-0-8182-0334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pennsylvania+Manual&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Department+of+General+Services&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8182-0334-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APennsylvania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Pennsylvania at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pennsylvania">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="c:Pennsylvania">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Pennsylvania">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="q:Pennsylvania">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Pennsylvania">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Pennsylvania">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pennsylvania">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="voy:Pennsylvania">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pa.gov/">Official state government site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitPA.com/">Official state tourism site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/pennsylvania-state-guide">Pennsylvania: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/162109">Pennsylvania</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> Ratified <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> on December 12, 1787 (2nd) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Pennsylvania-related_articles" title="Index of Pennsylvania-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania" title="Outline of Pennsylvania">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Government of Pennsylvania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pennsylvania" title="Law of Pennsylvania">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">Notable Pennsylvanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_symbols" title="List of Pennsylvania state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Pennsylvania">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pennsylvania" title="Abortion in Pennsylvania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pennsylvania" title="Climate change in Pennsylvania">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Pennsylvania">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pennsylvania" title="Crime in Pennsylvania">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pennsylvania">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pennsylvania" title="Politics of Pennsylvania">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pennsylvania" title="Sports in Pennsylvania">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_metropolitan_areas" title="Pennsylvania metropolitan areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg–Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">Harrisburg–York–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuBois,_Pennsylvania" title="DuBois, Pennsylvania">DuBois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania">Largest municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Cranberry Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby,_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Falls Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampden Township, Pennsylvania">Hampden Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Haverford Township, Pennsylvania">Haverford Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Macungie Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Makefield Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Makefield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paxton_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Paxton Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Paxton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Manheim Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Middletown Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Millcreek Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Northampton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Huntingdon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania">North Huntingdon Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Radnor Township, Pennsylvania">Radnor Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Township, Pennsylvania">Ridley Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Ross Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Shaler Township, Pennsylvania">Shaler Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Spring Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania">Spring Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Township, Pennsylvania">Warminster Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="York Township, Pennsylvania">York Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Pennsylvania" title="Regions of Pennsylvania">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Eagle_Valley" title="Bald Eagle Valley">Bald Eagle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Dutch Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_Mountains" title="Endless Mountains">Endless Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Great Valley (Pennsylvania)">Great Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Highlands" title="Laurel Highlands">Laurel Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley" title="Lebanon Valley">Lebanon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_(geographic)" title="Mahoning Valley (geographic)">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nittany_Valley" title="Nittany Valley">Nittany Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tier_(Pennsylvania)" title="Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)">Northern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Pennsylvania" title="North Central Pennsylvania">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Penn_Valley" title="North Penn Valley">North Penn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Ohio Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Region">Oil Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oley_Valley" title="Oley Valley">Oley Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Highlands_Region" title="Pennsylvania Highlands Region">Pennsylvania Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Wilds" title="Pennsylvania Wilds">Pennsylvania Wilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penns_Valley" title="Penns Valley">Penns Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Pocono Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Valley" title="Susquehanna Valley">Susquehanna Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Adams County, Pennsylvania">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Armstrong County, Pennsylvania">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford County, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Blair County, Pennsylvania">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford County, Pennsylvania">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambria County, Pennsylvania">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbon County, Pennsylvania">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Centre County, Pennsylvania">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion County, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield County, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clinton County, Pennsylvania">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Crawford County, Pennsylvania">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cumberland County, Pennsylvania">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Forest County, Pennsylvania">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fulton County, Pennsylvania">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Juniata County, Pennsylvania">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lawrence County, Pennsylvania">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon County, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean County, Pennsylvania">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer County, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflin County, Pennsylvania">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montour County, Pennsylvania">Montour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northumberland County, Pennsylvania">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Perry County, Pennsylvania">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pike County, Pennsylvania">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Schuylkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Snyder County, Pennsylvania">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tioga County, Pennsylvania">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Union County, Pennsylvania">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Venango County, Pennsylvania">Venango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne County, Pennsylvania">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyoming County, Pennsylvania">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeastern_United_States176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_US" title="Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_US" title="Template talk:Northeast US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeastern_United_States176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Culture" title="Northeastern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Geography" title="Northeastern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#Elections" title="Northeastern United States">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States#History" title="Northeastern United States">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Related Documents</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> (1584)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> (1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> (1630–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> (1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> (1676)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404105133">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150023893">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204598/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwmQkJKC3ppCRd8PKBpT3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045103-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022911">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629210">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130391&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453139">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/534713">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000765494&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554954505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/75d8fdcf-03e9-43d9-9399-131b8e118b0b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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