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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dunmore's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunmore's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Dunmore's War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunmore's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 European colonization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle European colonization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-European_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 New France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 French and Indian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_and_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_and_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Territory and statehood </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territory_and_statehood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Territory and statehood subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Territory_and_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rufus_Putnam,_the_"Father_of_Ohio"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rufus_Putnam,_the_"Father_of_Ohio""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rufus_Putnam,_the_"Father_of_Ohio"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Northwest Territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Statehood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shawnee_War_and_War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shawnee_War_and_War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Shawnee War and War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shawnee_War_and_War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Removals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Removals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Indian Removals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Removals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Industrialization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Industrialization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization_and_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization_and_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Urbanization and commercialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization_and_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Social history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depression_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Depression years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prison_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Prison camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Veterans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ohio politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ohio_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ohio politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ohio_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebellion_of_1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_of_1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Rebellion of 1820 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_of_1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Anti-slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio_in_national_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio_in_national_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ohio in national politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio_in_national_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Progressive era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_through_mid-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_through_mid-20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Early through mid-20th century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_through_mid-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early through mid-20th century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_through_mid-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Progressive movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Convention_of_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Convention_of_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Constitutional Convention of 1912 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Convention_of_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ku_Klux_Klan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Ku Klux Klan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Great Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Un-American_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Un-American_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Un-American activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Un-American_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Late 20th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 City histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_timelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_timelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 City timelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_timelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys_and_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_and_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Surveys and textbooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_and_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Specialized studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Local history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthworks_in_Ohio,_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg/220px-Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg/330px-Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg/440px-Earthworks_in_Ohio%2C_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">Earthworks</a> in Ohio, evidence of <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistoric people</a> in Ohio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg/220px-Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg/330px-Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg/440px-Road_to_FallenTimbers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Road to Fallen Timbers. Banks of the <a href="/wiki/Maumee,_Ohio" title="Maumee, Ohio">Maumee, Ohio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> commanded two US Army regiments with the mission of defeating the Native Americans of the Northwest who had twice defeated the US Army. On 20 August 1794 it routed the enemy and cleared the way for white settlers to expand into the Ohio Valley. See <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg/220px-Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg/330px-Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg/440px-Downtown_cincinnati_2010_kdh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Downtown <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> The history of Ohio as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> began when the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> was <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">divided</a> in 1800, and the remainder reorganized for admission to the union on March 1, 1803, as the 17th state of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The recorded history of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> began in the late 17th century when <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> explorers from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, from which the "<a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>" took its name, a river the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> called O-y-o, "great river". Before that, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin languages</a> had inhabited Ohio and the central <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">midwestern United States</a> for hundreds of years, until displaced by the Iroquois in the latter part of the 17th century. Other cultures not generally identified as "<a href="/wiki/Native_American_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American peoples">Indians</a>", including the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> "mound builders", preceded them. Human history in Ohio began a few millennia after formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> about 14,500 BCE – see <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a>. By the mid-18th century, a few American and French fur traders engaged historic <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes in present-day Ohio in the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. The Native Americans had their own extensive trading networks across the continent before the Europeans arrived. American settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> came after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the formation of the United States, with its takeover of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">former British Canadian territory</a>. Congress prohibited <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> which presaged Ohio and the five states of the Territory entering the Union as free states. Ohio's population increased rapidly after United States victory in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Indian Wars">Northwest Indian Wars</a> brought peace to the Ohio frontier. On March 1, 1803, Ohio was admitted to the union as the 17th state. Settlement of Ohio was chiefly by migrants from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a> settled along the southern part of the territory, arriving by travel along the Ohio River from the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upper South</a>. Yankees, especially in the "<a href="/wiki/Western_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western reserve">Western reserve</a>" (near Cleveland), supported modernization, <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, and anti-slavery policies. The state supported the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, although antiwar <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead</a> sentiment was strong in southern settlement areas. After the Civil War, Ohio developed as a major industrial state. Ships traveled the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> to deliver iron ore and other products from western areas. This was also a route for exports, as were the railroads. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the fast-growing industries created jobs that employed hundreds of thousands of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Europe was closed off to passenger traffic. In the first half of the 20th century, a new wave of migrants came from the South, with <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> whites from <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, and African Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, to escape <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws, violence, and hopes for better opportunities. The cultures of Ohio's major cities became much more diverse with the blend of traditions, cultures, foods, and music from new arrivals. Ohio's industries were integral to American industrial power in the 20th century. In the late 20th century, economic restructuring in <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, railroads, and other heavy manufacturing, cost the state many jobs as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> declined. The economy in the 21st century has gradually shifted to depend on service industries such as medicine and education. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_period">Prehistoric period</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/History of Ohio">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/220px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/330px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Serpent_mound_8438.jpg/440px-Serpent_mound_8438.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Serpent_Mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Serpent Mound">Great Serpent Mound</a> earthwork in <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg/220px-Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg/330px-Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Sunwatch_Aerial_illustration_HRoe_2018_400px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Artists conception of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> period <a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a></div> A fossil which dated between 11,727 and 11,424 B.C. indicated that Paleo-Indians hunted large animals, including <a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_ground_sloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson's ground sloth">Jefferson's ground sloth</a>, using stone tools.<a href="#cite_note-cmnh-2">[2]</a> Later ancestors of Native Americans were known as the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic peoples</a>. Sophisticated successive cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a>, built monumental <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> such as massive monuments, some of which have survived to the present. The Late Archaic period featured the development of focal subsistence economies and regionalization of cultures. Regional cultures in Ohio include the <a href="/wiki/Maple_Creek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Maple Creek Culture">Maple Creek Culture</a> of Southwestern Ohio, the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> of western Ohio (especially northwestern Ohio), and the Red Ochre and Old Copper cultures across much of northern Ohio. Flint Ridge, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio" title="Licking County, Ohio">Licking County</a>, provided <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, an extremely important raw material and trade good. Objects made from Flint Ridge flint have been found as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast, as far west as <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City Metropolitan Area">Kansas City</a>, and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, demonstrating the wide network of prehistoric trading cultures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] About 800 BC, Late Archaic cultures were supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>. The Adenas were <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound builders</a>. Many of their thousands of mounds in Ohio have survived. Following the Adena culture was the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopewell culture">Hopewell culture</a> (c. 100 to c. 400 C.E.), which also built sophisticated mounds and earthworks, some of which survive at Hopewell and Newark Earthworks. They used their constructions as <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> observatories and places of ritual celebration. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture">Fort Ancient culture</a> also built mounds, including some <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Effigy mounds">effigy mounds</a>. Researchers first considered the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County, Ohio</a> to be an Adena mound. It is the largest <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mound</a> in the United States and one of Ohio's best-known landmarks. Scholars believe it may have been a more recent work of Fort Ancient people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Southern Ohio alone, archaeologists have pinpointed 10000 mounds used as burial sites and have excavated another 1000 earth-walled enclosures, including one enormous fortification with a circumference of about 3.5 miles, enclosing about 100 acres. We now know from a great variety of items found in the mound tombs - large ceremonial blades chipped from obsidian rock formations in Yellowstone National Park; embossed breast-plates, ornaments and weapons fashioned from copper nuggets from the Great Lakes region; decorative objects cut from sheets of mica from the southern Appalachians; conch shells from the Atlantic seaboard; and ornaments made from shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf of Mexico - that the Mound Builders participated in a vast trading network that linked together hundreds of Native Americans across the continent.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It has also been found that Hopewell era settlements were cities by population density alone, with thousands of residents at their peak. After the Hopewell collapsed, though, there was little to nothing left but small, unaffiliated farming villages until after 900 AD, when new cultures slowly began to emerge. Sometime, presumably between the years 1100 and 1300 AD, Iroquoian people's began to aggressively expand their influence, conquering into Ohio from the northeast and displacing many of the preexisting cultures in the Great Lakes Region. When modern Europeans began to arrive in North America, they traded with numerous Native American (also known as American Indian) tribes for <a href="/wiki/Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Furs">furs</a> in exchange for goods. In the year 1600 AD, Ohio was divided between several native tribes who were part of three cultures- Iroquoians, Algonquians and Siouans. The tribes we know by name were the Erie in the extreme Northeast corner, the <a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> a culturally unidentifiable melting pot of Algonquian, Siouan and Iroquoian aspects along the lake shore from Geauga County to Sandusky,<a href="#cite_note-OHC_-_Whittlesey-4">[4]</a> the Mascouten north of the Maumee River, the Miami in the west and the Mosopelea in the southeast. Fort Ancients held the south and another group called the <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Monongahela Culture">Monongahela Culture</a> extended slightly into eastern Ohio, just south of the Erie, from across the Ohio River. But, a combination of war and disease quickly decimated the local people's before much interaction could take place and all tribes except the Miami were either permanently driven away, or destroyed. When the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Confederacy depleted the beaver and other game in its territory in the New York region, they launched a war known as the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, destroying or scattering the contemporary inhabitants of the region. During the Beaver Wars in the 1650s, the Iroquois nearly destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Erie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie (tribe)">Erie</a> along the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. Overall, they managed to expand their territory through the North shore of Lakes Ontario and Erie, throughout Ohio, Indiana and southern Michigan and south from their original homeland in New York, all the way to the James River in Virginia when the war seems to have officially ended in 1701, but the French began aiding other native peoples who had fled west and took nearly all of that land for themselves, naming it the Illinois Colony. During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> tribes, who were <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> displaced from the Ottawa River valley in Canada, migrated into Ohio and Michigan before the Iroquois quickly drove them all the way to Minnesota. After the war, Ohio mainly belonged to only Iroquoians and Algonquians- the <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>/ Delaware, the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Ottawa</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississauga</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa</a> (not to be confused with the Ottawa who were still a part of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> of Lake Superior, or the Algonquians of the Ottawa River), the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> and the Guyandotte/ Little Mingo. The Shawnee migrated from the southeast and were sometimes known as the Savannah, the Lenape had relocated from New Jersey and the Ottawa and Wyandot seem to have been formed from Algonquian, Huron and Anishinaabe captured by the Iroquois during the war, who broke free of their control. The Guyandotte may have been related to a small Iroquoian tribe called the Petun, which had also been destroyed in the war. From the time of the Hopewells until sometime in the 14th century, the Native peoples of the Eastern United States had seemingly domesticated and traded several food crops amongst themselves in what is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a>, but once corn arrived and for reasons unknown, the peoples of the east allowed several of these domesticated and/ or semi-domesticated species to go extinct, and, to our knowledge, never ate even the wild versions of these plants ever again. This, despite Quinoa still being farmed in South America and wild buckwheat still being commonly harvested on the west coast. The main plants were beans, squash and pumpkin, <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hordeum_pusillum" title="Hordeum pusillum">little barley grass</a>, buckwheat and sunflower, domesticated from plants available in the Ohio River Valley, while some others, like <a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">White Alder Grass</a> and maygrass originated from Missouri and the Deep South, respectively. Some of the wild varieties of these plants were very different, such as <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">wild kidney bean</a> and a rare variant of <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita_pepo" title="Cucurbita pepo">cucurbita pepo</a>, ozarkana, which grows at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Squash and Pumpkins may be the oldest domesticated crop, having been grown by the Indian Knoll People of western Kentucky, who formed a complex society as far back as 8000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaver_Wars">Beaver Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beaver Wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></div> In 1608, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> explorer and founder of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Champlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Champlain">Samuel Champlain</a> sided with the Ottawa River Algonquian, Huron and surviving Saint Lawrence Iroquoian peoples living along the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a> ("Five Nations") living in what is now upper and western <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state in what was known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticonderoga_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticonderoga War (page does not exist)">Ticonderoga War</a>. The result was a lasting enmity by the Iroquois Confederacy towards the French, which caused them to side with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Fur_trader" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trader">fur traders</a> coming up the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in about 1626.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> But, as the Dutch feared giving the Iroquois firearms, they later found new allies in the English colonies. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/220px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/330px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/440px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage, depicting a battle between <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian people">Algonquian</a> tribes near Lake Champlain</figcaption></figure> With these more sophisticated weapons, the Five Nations nearly exterminated [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> and all of the other <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> living immediately to their west in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio country">Ohio country</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a>, beginning in 1632. The Five Nations' use of modern weapons caused the wars to become deadlier. Historians consider the Beaver Wars to have been one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of North America. About 1664, the Five Nations officially became trading partners with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a>, who conquered <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a>. The Five Nations enlarged their territory by <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>. The number of tribes paying tribute to them realigned the tribal map of eastern North America. Several large <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacies</a> were destroyed or relocated, including the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Neutral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erie_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie (tribe)">Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a>, Miami, Weskerini Algonquian, Kichesipirini Algonquian, Mascouten, Fox, Sauk, Petun, Manahoac and Saponi-Tutelo. The Five Nations pushed several eastern tribes to and even across the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, as well as south, into the Carolinas. After the Five Nations' warriors were defeated between 1670 and 1701, the French and their allies took control, but the French-Indian Wars between England, France and all their remaining native allies, began just a few years later. Several small wars between the two countries in Europe spilled over into the Americas and were used as an excuse to try to seize more territory. By the late 1750s, all of the former Illinois Colony had been conquered and renamed the Ohio Country.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunmore's_War">Dunmore's War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dunmore's War">edit</a>]</div> After the French-Indian Wars, one final war occurred immediately before the Revolutionary War. Dunmore's War was fought between American colonists from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and Shawnee roughly between Yellow Creek in Columbiana County and the modern-day West Virginia- Kentucky border. The Virginians claimed that the Shawnee had been rustling cattle, but it was later concluded that they had lied to facilitate a war. Of the two Shawnee chiefs who fought in the war, Chief Logan's family were all hunted down and murdered and Chief Cornstalk was said to have cursed the land where his village had once stood.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Among the Mingo Seneca, the brother of Chief Cornplanter, a high ranking False Face (Iroquois Shaman) reworked the old Iroquois religion into the Longhouse Church while in Ohio. This version of Iroquois religion took on various Christian elements (belief in hell, downgrading of all deities aside the Creator to something akin to angels/ demons and regular Church meetings) while keeping alive most of the old holidays and ceremonies and is still practiced by most members of the Iroquois Confederacy today.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_colonization">European colonization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_France">New France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_ohio_country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wpdms_ohio_country.png/220px-Wpdms_ohio_country.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Wpdms_ohio_country.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>A map of the original <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></figcaption></figure> In the 17th century, the French were the first modern Europeans to explore what became known as <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1663, it became part of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, a royal province of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a>, and northeastern Ohio was further explored by <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Salle">Robert La Salle</a> in 1669.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> in the region, linked to their settlements in present-day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and what they called the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Michigan)" title="Fort Miami (Michigan)">Fort Miami</a> on the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a> was constructed in 1680 by New France Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OH-15">[15]</a> They built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sandosk%C3%A9" title="Fort Sandoské">Fort Sandoské</a> by 1750 (and perhaps a fortified trading post at <a href="/wiki/Junundat" title="Junundat">Junundat</a> in 1754).<a href="#cite_note-OH-15">[15]</a> By the 1730s, population pressure from expanding European colonies on the Atlantic coast compelled several groups of Native Americans to relocate to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>. From the east, the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> arrived, and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Ottawa</a> from the north. The <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami</a> lived in what is now western Ohio. The <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> formed out of Iroquois who migrated west into the Ohio lands, as well as some refugee remnants of other tribes. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gist" title="Christopher Gist">Christopher Gist</a> was one of the first English-speaking explorers to travel through and write about the Ohio Country in 1749. When British traders such as <a href="/wiki/George_Croghan" title="George Croghan">George Croghan</a> started to do business in the Ohio Country, the French and their northern Indian allies drove them out. In 1752 the French raided the <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> Indian town of Pickawillany (modern <a href="/wiki/Piqua,_Ohio" title="Piqua, Ohio">Piqua, Ohio</a>). The French began military occupation of the Ohio Valley in 1753. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French and Indian War">edit</a>]</div> By the mid-18th century, British traders were rivaling French traders in the area.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> They had generally coerced many former Dutch residents of the now conquered New Netherland colony to relocate into eastern Ohio in their name. They had occupied a trading post called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Loramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Loramie">Loramie's Fort</a>, which the French attacked from Canada in 1752, renaming it for a Frenchman named Loramie and establishing a trading post there. In the early 1750s <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was sent to the Ohio Country by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a> to survey, and the fight for control of the territory would spark the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. It was in the Ohio Country where George Washington lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Coulon_de_Villiers" title="Louis Coulon de Villiers">Louis Coulon de Villiers</a> in 1754, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a> to Charles Michel de Langlade and Jean-Daniel Dumas to retake the country 1755. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> ceded the country to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1763. During this period the Ohio Country was routinely engaged in turmoil, with several battles occurring between the region's Indian tribes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Empire">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the American Revolution, Britain exercised nominal sovereignty over Ohio Country due to garrisoning of the former French forts weakly.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Just beyond Ohio Country was the great <a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Tribe">Miami</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Kekionga" title="Kekionga">Kekionga</a> which became the center of British trade and influence in Ohio Country and throughout the future <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, British lands west of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> were forbidden to settlement by Anglo-American colonists. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Stanwix" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fort Stanwix">Treaty of Fort Stanwix</a> in 1768 explicitly reserved lands north and west of the Ohio as Indian lands. British policies in the region contributed to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> in 1763. Ohio Indians participated in that war until a British expedition in Ohio led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bouquet" title="Henry Bouquet">Henry Bouquet</a> brought about a truce. Another expedition into the Ohio Country in 1774 brought <a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> to a conclusion. Lord Dunmore constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gower" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Gower">Fort Gower</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hocking_River" title="Hocking River">Hocking River</a> in 1774. In 1774, Britain passed the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> that formally annexed Ohio and other western lands to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec">Province of Quebec</a> in order to provide a civil government and to centralize British administration of the Montreal-based fur trade. The prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-OH-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the exploits of George Rogers Clark in 1778, Ohio Country (including the territory of the future state of Ohio) as well as eastern Illinois Country, became Illinois County, Virginia by claim of conquest under the Virginia Colony charter. The county was dissolved in 1782 and ceded to the United States. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg/220px-Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg/330px-Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg/440px-Gnadenhutten_monument_to_the_Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Monument commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Christian_Indian_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs">Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs</a> who were massacred in 1782 at the mission settlement of <a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten,_Ohio" title="Gnadenhutten, Ohio">Gnadenhutten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StewartGallup1899-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Early in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Continental Congress signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt with the Lenape people, which should have guaranteed that all Native lands of Ohio, excepting the Western Reserve, would become a state explicitly under control of the Native peoples who inhabited it in return for their supporting the patriot cause, however a breakdown in communication led to the Ohio Natives' not properly responding and the Continental Congress's assumption that they wanted no part in the union, but to maintain their own sovereignty, therefore the treaty was never fulfilled and many of Ohio's Native peoples were left in confusion as to who to support during the war, leading to their people's being regularly victimized by both sides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/del1778.asp">[2]</a> For example, the Shawnee leader <a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> and the Delaware leader <a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> sided with the British. <a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee) and <a href="/wiki/White_Eyes" title="White Eyes">White Eyes</a> (Delaware) sought to remain friendly with the rebellious colonists. There was major fighting in 1782.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> American colonial frontiersmen often did not differentiate between friendly and hostile Indians, however. Cornstalk was killed by American militiamen, and White Eyes may have been. One of the most tragic incidents of the war—the killing of 96 <a href="/wiki/Christian_Munsee" title="Christian Munsee">Christian Munsee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Christian Mahicans</a> by U.S. militiamen from Pennsylvania on March 8, 1782, at the Moravian Christian missionary village of <a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten,_Ohio" title="Gnadenhutten, Ohio">Gnadenhutten</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a>—took place in northeast Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In May of that year, George Washington's close friend <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_(soldier)" title="William Crawford (soldier)">William Crawford</a> was captured while leading an expedition against Lenape at Upper Sandusky, Ohio. Though Crawford was not at Gnadenhutten, in revenge, he was tortured for hours then burned at the stake. With the American victory in the Revolutionary War, the British ceded Ohio and its territory in the West as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the new nation. Between 1784 and 1789, the states of Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and Connecticut ceded their earlier land claims in Ohio Country to Congress, but Virginia and Connecticut maintained reserves.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These areas were known as the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District">Virginia Military District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_and_statehood">Territory and statehood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Territory and statehood">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rufus_Putnam,_the_"Father_of_Ohio"">Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a> served in important capacities in both the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LandingOfThePioneers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LandingOfThePioneers.jpg/220px-LandingOfThePioneers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LandingOfThePioneers.jpg/330px-LandingOfThePioneers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LandingOfThePioneers.jpg/440px-LandingOfThePioneers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>This image depicts the landing of <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">General Rufus Putnam</a> and the first settlers at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a> in 1788.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PUTNAM_exb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg/220px-PUTNAM_exb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg/330px-PUTNAM_exb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/PUTNAM_exb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a> by James Sharples Jr.</figcaption></figure> In 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> had encircled the British garrison in Boston, but could not dislodge it, and a long stalemate ensued. Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which were put in place under cover of darkness, along with cannon. This forced the British to evacuate Boston. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Manasseh Cutler</a> were instrumental in creating the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a>, which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square. Putnam organized and led the first group of veterans to the territory. They settled at <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>, where they built a large fort called <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius_(Ohio)" title="Campus Martius (Ohio)">Campus Martius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/300px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/450px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg/600px-Campus_Martius_-_Lossing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Campus Martius ("Field of Mars" in Latin) was named after the part of Rome of the same name. This site, including the <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam_House" title="Rufus Putnam House">Rufus Putnam House</a>, is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius_Museum" title="Campus Martius Museum">Campus Martius Museum</a> in Marietta, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Putnam and Cutler insisted that the Northwest Territory would be free territory - no slavery. They were both from <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> New England, and the Puritans strongly believed that slavery was morally wrong. The Northwest Territory doubled the size of the United States, and establishing it as free of slavery proved to be of tremendous importance in the following decades. It encompassed what became Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and part of Minnesota. Had those states been slave states, and their electoral votes gone to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s main competitor, Lincoln would not have been elected president. The Civil War would not have been fought. And, even if eventually there had been a civil war, the North would probably have lost.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory. Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools. Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Academy" title="Leicester Academy">Leicester Academy</a> in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now <a href="/wiki/Marietta_College" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a>) in Ohio. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northwest_Territory">Northwest Territory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Northwest Territory">edit</a>]</div> Starting even before the war, and accelerating with the establishment of Fort Henry across the Ohio River in West Virginia, numerous settlers encroached on Indian lands west of the Ohio River in a broad arc from west of Fort Henry as far upriver as where Fort Steuben (today Steubenville) was later established. That there was continuous occupation of such lands is certain, though the location and continuity of any particular settlement, at least a few of which were referred to loosely as "towns" is very much in doubt. Most prominent among these were a series of squatters settlements with various names circa 1774 to 1795 in the area of what is today Martin's Ferry, directly across river from Fort Henry. European settlement of Ohio may fairly be said to have been in progression before establishment of the Northwest Territory and the first generally recognized town of Marietta.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Monument_in_city_park,_Marietta,_Ohio_(68592).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg/220px-New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg/330px-New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg/440px-New_Monument_in_city_park%2C_Marietta%2C_Ohio_%2868592%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="3356" /></a><figcaption>This monument to the pioneers of Ohio is in Muskingum Park, Front St., <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1787, the United States created the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of that year. <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Sproat" title="Ebenezer Sproat">Ebenezer Sproat</a> became a shareholder of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates" title="Ohio Company of Associates">Ohio Company of Associates</a>, and was engaged as a surveyor with the company.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_and_Vining-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hulbert_Vol_1_26-37">[37]</a> On April 7, 1788, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Sproat" title="Ebenezer Sproat">Ebenezer Sproat</a> and a group of <a href="/wiki/American_pioneers_to_the_Northwest_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="American pioneers to the Northwest Territory">American pioneers to the Northwest Territory</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Putnam" title="Rufus Putnam">Rufus Putnam</a>, arrived at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskingum_River" title="Muskingum River">Muskingum</a> rivers to establish <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio" title="Marietta, Ohio">Marietta, Ohio</a> as the first permanent <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> settlement in the Northwest Territory.<a href="#cite_note-Hildreth_Pioneer_206-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hulbert_Vol_1_24-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cutler_15-17-40">[40]</a> Marietta was founded by <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It was the first of what would become a prolific number of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> settlements in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_England_page_175-42">[42]</a> These New Englanders or "<a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankees</a>" as they were called, were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> English colonists who had settled <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in the 1600s and were members of the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist church">Congregationalist church</a>. Correspondingly, the first church in Marietta was a Congregationalist church which was constructed 1786.<a href="#cite_note-New_England_page_175-42">[42]</a> Colonel Sproat, was a notable member of the pioneer settlement of Marietta. He greatly impressed the local <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a>, who in admiration dubbed him "Hetuck", meaning "eye of the buck deer" "Big Buckeye".<a href="#cite_note-Hildreth_Settlers_237-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_Forestry-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_54-45">[45]</a> Historians believe this is how Ohio came to be known as the Buckeye State and its residents as Buckeyes.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Symmes_Purchase" title="Symmes Purchase">Miami Company</a> (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") managed settlement of land in the southwestern section. The <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Land_Company" title="Connecticut Land Company">Connecticut Land Company</a> administered settlement in the Connecticut <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a>. A heavy flood of migrants came from New York and especially New England, where there had been a growing hunger for land as population increased before the Revolutionary War. Most traveled to Ohio by <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a>, following former Indian paths such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Trace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Trace (page does not exist)">Northern Trace</a>. Many also traveled part of the way by barges on the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> across New York state. Farmers who settled in western New York after the war sometimes moved on to one or more locations in Ohio in their lifetimes, as new lands kept opening to the west. American settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> was resisted by Native Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>. Two years after the Revolution, the US had begun offering people subsidies to move into the Ohio and Tennessee River Valleys to establish farms and, in an attempt to facilitate this, tried to force the Natives to sign a treaty in 1785 <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> that would strip all of Ohio from them, excepting the Northwestern corner. Virtually all Native people's in the threatened territories joined forces and fought back. In Ohio, the Miami, Wyandot, Shawnee, Lenape, Seneca, Ottawa, Wabash, Illinois, Hochunk, Sauk and Fox nations joined under a Miami warrior who had been asked to fight as their War Chief, Little Turtle. They were eventually conquered by General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in 1794. They ceded much of present-day Ohio to the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a>, concluded in 1795, which renegotiated to take even more land than the prior treaty. Oddly, though, most of the Natives stayed put, despite a handful of eviction attempts by the US military, leading to many communities establishing their own local boundaries between white and Native land, and later the formation of a few reservations in the western part of the state for the Shawnee, Lenape, Ottawa and Wyandot. The Lenape were pretty much all experimentally removed to Missouri around 1809, but when this went poorly, the government deigned not to remove any others, for the time being, other than most of the Shawnee over the Shawnee War. This was later undone after the Trail of Tears, which led the government into a scramble to convince all the remaining Natives in Ohio to relocate west peacefully. The last known full blood Wyandot to live in Ohio was Bill Moose (1836–1937). He gave a list of 12 individuals/families who remained behind removal. Draper Manuscripts also show that a few Shawnee, Mingo (mainly Seneca-Cayuga), and Lenape remained behind to. Also Mohawk and Brotherton (Narragansett) families as well. Starting in the early 19th century, after the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase, Congress began investing heavily in trying to convince Natives in the East to relocate west of the Mississippi. The Lenape were a test, and were removed in 1809, but when they complained that the natives of that region were being aggressive towards them and there wasn't enough to hunt and forage, the project was scrapped for several more decades.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> prohibited <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the territory. (Once the population grew and the territory achieved statehood, the citizens could have legalized slavery, but chose not to do so.) The states of the Midwest would be known as Free States, in contrast to those states south of the Ohio River. Migrants to the latter came chiefly from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and other slave-holding states, and brought their culture and slaves with them. As Northeastern states abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the coming two generations, the free states would be known as Northern States. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> originally included areas previously called <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>. As Ohio prepared for statehood, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> was carved out, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s lower peninsula and a sliver of land in southeastern Indiana along Ohio's western border called "The Gore". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statehood">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif/300px-Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif/450px-Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif/600px-Land_patent-ohio-logan-co-1834-henry-hanford.gif 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Land patent. Patentee Name: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hanford" title="Henry Hanford">Henry Hanford</a>. Logan Co., Ohio, 1834</figcaption></figure> With Ohio's population reaching 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood. The assumption was the territory would have in excess of the required 60,000 residents by the time it became a state. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1802" title="Enabling Act of 1802">Enabling Act of 1802</a> that outlined the process for Ohio to seek statehood. The residents convened a constitutional convention. They used numerous provisions from other states and rejected slavery. On February 19, 1803, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">President Jefferson</a> signed the act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution. Congress did not pass a specific resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress' declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, when <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> was admitted as the 18th state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shawnee_War_and_War_of_1812">Shawnee War and War of 1812</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shawnee War and War of 1812">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Ohio in the War of 1812">Ohio in the War of 1812</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg/220px-1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg/330px-1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg/440px-1815_map_of_Ohio_by_Bourne_%26_Hough_r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18764" data-file-height="20894" /></a><figcaption>1815 map of Ohio</figcaption></figure> Starting around 1809, Shawnee leaders once again began to rally support to resist the United States. Under Shawnee chief <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> officially began in Ohio in 1810. When the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> began, the British forces from Canada entered Ohio and merged their forces with the Shawnee. This continued until Tecumseh was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in 1813. While most of the Shawnee fought in the war, many stayed out of the conflict- particularly in the groups referred to as the Piqua and Makojay, due to the influence of chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Hoof" title="Black Hoof">Black Hoof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> As a result, Piqua and Makojay both remained in Ohio after the rest were removed to the Missouri-Arkansas-Texas area. The Piqua would later be forcibly removed by the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removals</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, though the Makojay vanished after Black Hoof's death.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 1812, the United States declared war on the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and constantly in need of manpower, had begun stopping American ships and impressing British deserters who had fled to the United States, angering the U.S. government and public and leading to a sharp deterioration in Anglo-American relations. In addition, the British also supported Native Americans resisting the invasion of their traditional homelands by American colonizers. After war was declared, U.S. troops launched several unsuccessful invasions of <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a>. Ohio played a key role in the War of 1812, as it was on the front line in the Western theater and the scene of several notable battles both on land and in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. On September 10, 1813, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>, one of the major battles, took place in Lake Erie near <a href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay, Ohio</a>. The American victory in the battle led to the U.S. gaining control over the Great Lakes for a period of time. The outcome of Tecumseh's War also caused the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in 1813. Tecumseh had approached several tribes there for help beforehand, but all had ignored his pleas, despite support. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> faction hostile to U.S. encroachment, began attacking American troops, aiming to drive them from their homelands. Other Muscogee who didn't support the Red Sticks fought alongside the United States, which eventually defeated the Red Sticks after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Removals">Indian Removals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian Removals">edit</a>]</div> Ultimately, after the United States government used the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to force countless Native American tribes on the Trail of Tears, where all the southern states except for Florida were successfully emptied of Native peoples, the US government panicked because a majority of tribes did not want to be forced out of their own lands. Fearing further wars between Native tribes and American settlers, they pushed all remaining Native tribes in the East to migrate west against their own will, including all remaining tribes in Ohio. It is said that Ohio may actually have been a part of the Trail of Tears, according to The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians by Mary Stockwell.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1838, the United States sent 7,000 soldiers to remove 16,000 Cherokee by force. Whites looted their homes. The largest Trail of Tears began, eventually taking 4,000 Indian lives. The Removal Act opened 25 million acres to white settlement and slavery. Upper Sandusky's traditionalist Wyandot go to Washington, D.C. to try to promote a separate removal agreement, but they are rejected. They return home, and their chief pulls a knife at a tribal council and lands in jail.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The final tribe to leave were the Wyandot in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Industrialization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ohio" title="Economy of Ohio">Economy of Ohio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG/220px-Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG/330px-Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG/440px-Rockefeller_grave_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Industrial baron <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> is buried at <a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>.</figcaption></figure> Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near Youngstown in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.<a href="#cite_note-HOS-56">[56]</a> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer converter</a> was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Rolling_Mill" title="Cleveland Rolling Mill">Cleveland Rolling Mill Company</a>, which eventually became part of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Steel Corporation">U.S. Steel Corporation</a> following the merger of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Steel_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Steel Company">Federal Steel Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Steel">Carnegie Steel</a>, the first billion-dollar American corporation.<a href="#cite_note-HOS-56">[56]</a> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel producing state behind Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-HOS-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_Steel" title="Republic Steel">Republic Steel</a> was founded in Youngstown in 1899, and was at one point the nation's third largest producer. <a href="/wiki/Armco" class="mw-redirect" title="Armco">Armco</a>, now AK Steel, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio" title="Middletown, Ohio">Middletown</a> also in 1899. Tobacco processing plants were founded in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a> by the 1810s and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> became known as "Porkopolis" in being the nation's capital of pork processing, and by 1850 it was the third largest manufacturing city in the country.<a href="#cite_note-HOS-56">[56]</a> Mills were established throughout the state, including one in <a href="/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohio" title="Steubenville, Ohio">Steubenville</a> in 1815 which employed 100 workers. Manufacturers produced farming machinery, including Cincinnati residents <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick" title="Cyrus McCormick">Cyrus McCormick</a>, who invented the reaper, and <a href="/wiki/Obed_Hussey" title="Obed Hussey">Obed Hussey</a>, who developed an early version of the mower.<a href="#cite_note-EI-57">[57]</a> Columbus became known as the "Buggy Capital of the World" for its nearly two dozen carriage manufacturers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Dayton became a technological center in the 1880s with the <a href="/wiki/National_Cash_Register_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cash Register Company">National Cash Register Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OW-58">[58]</a> For roughly ten years during the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Oil_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Oil Rush">Ohio Oil Rush</a> in the late 19th century, the state enjoyed the position of leading producer of crude oil in the country. By 1884, 86 oil refineries were operating in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, making it the "oil capital of the world",<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> while producing the world's first billionaire, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/220px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/330px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg/440px-Pinkerton_escorts_hocking_valley_leslies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Pinkerton guards escort strikebreakers in Buchtel, Ohio, 1884.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Dow" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Dow">Herbert H. Dow</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a> in Cleveland in 1895, today the world's second largest chemical manufacturer. In 1898 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Seiberling" title="Frank Seiberling">Frank Seiberling</a> named his rubber company after the first person to vulcanize rubber, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a>, which today is known as <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a>. Seeing the need to replace steel-rimmed carriage tires with rubber, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Firestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Firestone">Harvey Firestone</a> started <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone Tire and Rubber Company</a> and began selling to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>. The Ohio Automobile Company eventually became known as <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodrich" title="Benjamin Goodrich">Benjamin Goodrich</a> entered the rubber industry in 1870 in Akron, founding Goodrich, Tew & Company, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Goodrich_Corporation" title="Goodrich Corporation">Goodrich Corporation</a> in the present era. By the late 19th century, Ohio had become a global industrial center.<a href="#cite_note-OTH-60">[60]</a> Natural resources contributed to the industrial growth, including salt, iron ore, timber, limestone, coal, and natural gas, and the discovery of oil in northwestern Ohio led to the growth of the port of Toledo.<a href="#cite_note-OTH-60">[60]</a> By 1908, the state had 9,581 miles of railroad linking coal mines, oil fields, and industries with the world.<a href="#cite_note-OTH-60">[60]</a> Commercial enterprise began to prosper around towns with banks.<a href="#cite_note-OTH-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovation">Innovation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Innovation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_Procter_(candlemaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Procter (candlemaker)">William Procter</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Gamble_(industrialist)" title="James Gamble (industrialist)">James Gamble</a> started a company which produced a high quality, inexpensive soap called <a href="/wiki/Ivory_(soap)" title="Ivory (soap)">Ivory</a>, which is still the best known product today of <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a> invented the first semi-automatic glass-blowing machine while working for the Toledo Glass Company.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The company was owned by Edward Libbey, and together the pair would form companies which ultimately became known as <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owens_Corning" title="Owens Corning">Owens Corning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_and_Orville_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilbur and Orville Wright">Wilbur and Orville Wright</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> in Dayton. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kettering" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kettering">Charles Kettering</a> invented the first automatic <a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">starter</a> for automobiles, and was the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Delco_Electronics" title="Delco Electronics">Delco Electronics</a>, today part of <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Corporation">Delphi Corporation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle Memorial Institute</a> perfected xerography, resulting in the company <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>. At Cincinnati's Children's Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a> developed the first oral polio vaccine, which was administered throughout the world. In 1955, Joseph McVicker tested a wallpaper cleaner in Cincinnati schools, eventually becoming known as the product <a href="/wiki/Play-Doh" title="Play-Doh">Play-Doh</a>. The same year the <a href="/wiki/Tappan_Stove_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tappan Stove Company">Tappan Stove Company</a> created the first microwave oven made for commercial, home use. <a href="/wiki/James_Spangler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Spangler">James Spangler</a> invented the first commercially successful portable vacuum cleaner, which he sold to <a href="/wiki/The_Hoover_Company" title="The Hoover Company">The Hoover Company</a>. African American inventors based in Ohio achieved prominence. After witnessing a car and carriage crash, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Morgan" title="Garrett Morgan">Garrett Morgan</a> invented one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>; he was a leader in the Cleveland Association of Colored Men. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_McKinley_Jones" title="Frederick McKinley Jones">Frederick McKinley Jones</a> invented refrigeration devices for transportation which ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/Thermo_King_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermo King Corporation">Thermo King Corporation</a>. In Cincinnati, <a href="/wiki/Granville_Woods" title="Granville Woods">Granville Woods</a> invented the telegraphony, which he sold to a telephone company. <a href="/wiki/John_P._Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Parker">John P. Parker</a> of Ripley invented the Parker Pulverizer and screw for tobacco processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_railroads" title="List of Ohio railroads">List of Ohio railroads</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Ohio" title="List of airports in Ohio">List of airports in Ohio</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Toledo_shipyard,_Maumee_River_Toledo,_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg/300px-Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg/450px-Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg/600px-Port_of_Toledo_shipyard%2C_Maumee_River_Toledo%2C_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>A shipyard at the <a href="/wiki/Toledo-Lucas_County_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority">Port of Toledo</a></figcaption></figure> Ohio's economic growth was aided by their pursuit of infrastructure. By the late 1810s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>, connecting Ohio with the east coast. The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> aided the agricultural economy by allowing farmers to move their goods by water to the southern states and the port of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in the 1820s allowed Ohio businesses to ship their goods through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> and to the east coast, which was followed by the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Erie_Canal" title="Ohio and Erie Canal">Ohio and Erie Canal</a> and the connection of Lake Erie with the Ohio River. This gave the state complete water access to the world within the borders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Other canals included <a href="/wiki/Miami_and_Erie_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami and Erie Canal">Miami and Erie Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EI-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> would eventually give the state alternative global routes through Canada. The first railroad in Ohio was a 33-mile line completed in 1836 called the <a href="/wiki/Erie_and_Kalamazoo_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad">Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad</a>, connecting Toledo with <a href="/wiki/Adrian,_Michigan" title="Adrian, Michigan">Adrian, Michigan</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Loan_Law_of_1837&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Loan Law of 1837 (page does not exist)">Ohio Loan Law of 1837</a> allowed the state to loan one-third of construction costs to businesses, passed initially to aid the construction of canals, but instead used heavily for the construction of railroads. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Miami_Railroad" title="Little Miami Railroad">Little Miami Railroad</a> was granted a state charter in 1836 and was completed in 1848, connecting Cincinnati with <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield</a>. Construction of a commuter rail began in 1851 called the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Hamilton_and_Dayton_Railway_(1846%E2%80%931917)" title="Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway (1846–1917)">Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad</a>. This allowed the affluent of Cincinnati to move to newly developed communities outside the city along the rail. The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_and_Mississippi_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio and Mississippi Railroad">Ohio and Mississippi Railroad</a> was given financial support from the city of Cincinnati and eventually connected them with <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a> crossed the Appalachians in the mid-1850s and connected the state with the east coast.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The investment in infrastructure complemented Ohio's central location and put it at the heart of the nation's transportation system traveling north and south and east and west, and also gave the state a headstart during the national industrialization process which occurred between 1870 and 1920.<a href="#cite_note-OW-58">[58]</a> Water ports sprang up along <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula, Ohio">Port of Ashtabula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cleveland" title="Port of Cleveland">Port of Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conneaut,_Ohio" title="Conneaut, Ohio">Port of Conneaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairport_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairport Harbor">Fairport Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huron,_Ohio" title="Huron, Ohio">Port of Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Port of Lorain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Ohio" title="Marblehead, Ohio">Port of Marblehead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Port of Sandusky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toledo-Lucas_County_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo-Lucas County Port Authority">Port of Toledo</a>. The Port of Cincinnati was built on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. Following the commercialization of air travel, Ohio became a key route for east to west transportation. The <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_ohio#Aviation_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbus, ohio">first commercial cargo flight</a> occurred between Dayton and Columbus in 1910. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Hopkins_International_Airport" title="Cleveland Hopkins International Airport">Cleveland Hopkins International Airport</a> was built in 1925 and became home to the first air traffic control tower, ground to air radio control, airfield lighting system, and commuter rail link. The <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> brought new travel routes to the state in the mid-20th century, further making Ohio a transportation hub. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization_and_commercialization">Urbanization and commercialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Urbanization and commercialization">edit</a>]</div> With the rapid increase of industrialization in the country in the late 19th century, Ohio's population swelled from 2.3 million in 1860 to 4.2 million by 1900. By 1920, nine Ohio cities had populations of 50,000 or more.<a href="#cite_note-OW-58">[58]</a> The rapid urbanization brought about a growth of commercial industries in the state, including many financial and insurance institutions. The <a href="/wiki/National_City_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="National City Corporation">National City Corporation</a> was founded in 1849, today part of <a href="/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services" title="PNC Financial Services">PNC Financial Services</a>. Cleveland's Society for Savings was founded in 1849, eventually becoming part of <a href="/wiki/KeyBank" title="KeyBank">KeyBank</a>. The Bank of the Ohio Valley opened in 1858, becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank" title="Fifth Third Bank">Fifth Third Bank</a> today. City National Bank and Trust Company was founded in 1866 in Columbus, eventually becoming <a href="/wiki/Bank_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank One">Bank One</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Financial_Group" title="American Financial Group">American Financial Group</a> was founded in 1872 and the <a href="/wiki/Western_%26_Southern_Financial_Group" title="Western & Southern Financial Group">Western & Southern Financial Group</a> in 1888 in Cincinnati. The Farm Bureau Mutual Automobile Insurance Company was founded in Columbus in 1925, today known as the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Mutual_Insurance_Company" title="Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company">Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company</a>. Major retail operations emerged in the state, including <a href="/wiki/Kroger" title="Kroger">Kroger</a> in 1883 in Cincinnati, today second only to <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Federated Department Stores">Federated Department Stores</a> was founded in Columbus in 1929, known today as Macy's. The <a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwin-Williams Company">Sherwin-Williams Company</a> was founded in 1866 in Cleveland. <a href="/wiki/Frisch%27s_Big_Boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisch's Big Boy">Frisch's Big Boy</a> was opened in 1905 in Cincinnati. <a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power" title="American Electric Power">American Electric Power</a> was founded in Columbus in 1906. The <a href="/wiki/American_Professional_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Professional Football Association">American Professional Football Association</a> was founded in Canton in 1922, eventually becoming the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a> was founded in 1921 and presently is one of the world's leading medical institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">List of colleges and universities in Ohio</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG/220px-OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG/330px-OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG/440px-OSU_William_Oxley_Thompson_Memorial_Library_Stacks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, an anchor of the <a href="/wiki/University_System_of_Ohio" title="University System of Ohio">University System of Ohio</a>, the nation's largest comprehensive public system of higher education</figcaption></figure> Education has been an integral part of Ohio culture since its early days of statehood. In the beginning, mothers usually educated their children at home or paid for their children to attend smaller schools in villages and towns.<a href="#cite_note-PE-63">[63]</a> Early on, the US was interested in creating a national public schooling system, but the irony came to be that, in Ohio, the various religious groups who had settled here refused to allow one another any say in what their own children would be taught, causing the issue to be constantly put on hold. In 1821 the state passed a tax to finance local schools.<a href="#cite_note-AR-64">[64]</a> In 1822, Caleb Atwater lobbied the legislature and Governor <a href="/wiki/Allen_Trimble" title="Allen Trimble">Allen Trimble</a> to establish a commission to study the possibility of initiating public, common schools. Atwater modeled his plan after the New York City public school system. After public opinion in 1824 forced the state to find a resolution to the education problem, the legislature established the common school system in 1825 and financed it with a half-million property levy.<a href="#cite_note-PE-63">[63]</a> They ultimately chose to relax state authority over school curriculum and gave Ohio schools regional authority over the matter. It would remain as such until the 20th century, but has caused a fairly erratic, confusing and sometimes lacking schooling experience in some subjects, even if generally adequate to get by. School districts formed, and by 1838 the first direct tax was levied allowing access to school for all.<a href="#cite_note-AR-64">[64]</a> The first appropriation for the common schools came in 1838, a sum of $200,000. The average salary for male teachers in some districts during this early period was $25/month and $12.50/month for females.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> By 1915, the appropriations for the common schools totaled over $28 million.<a href="#cite_note-AR-64">[64]</a> The first middle school in the nation, Indianola Junior High School (now the <a href="/wiki/Graham_Expeditionary_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Expeditionary Middle School">Graham Expeditionary Middle School</a>), opened in Columbus in 1909. <a href="/wiki/McGuffey_Readers" title="McGuffey Readers">McGuffey Readers</a> was a leading textbook originating from the state and found throughout the nation. Original universities and colleges in the state included the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens</a>, in 1804, the first university in the old Northwest Territory and ninth-oldest in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Ohio" title="Oxford, Ohio">Oxford, Ohio</a> was founded in 1809, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a> in 1819, <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gambier,_Ohio" title="Gambier, Ohio">Gambier</a> in 1824, <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Western Reserve University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> in 1826, <a href="/wiki/Capital_University" title="Capital University">Capital University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> in 1830, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University" title="Xavier University">Xavier University</a> in Cincinnati and <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Ohio" title="Granville, Ohio">Granville</a> in 1831, <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> in 1833, <a href="/wiki/Marietta_College" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a> in 1835, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University" title="Ohio Wesleyan University">Ohio Wesleyan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware</a> in 1842, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Union_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Union College">Mount Union College</a> in 1846, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton" title="University of Dayton">University of Dayton</a> in 1850. <a href="/wiki/Wilberforce_University" title="Wilberforce University">Wilberforce University</a> was founded in 1856 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Akron" title="University of Akron">University of Akron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> followed in 1870, with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toledo" title="University of Toledo">University of Toledo</a> in 1872. The <a href="/wiki/Harris_Dental_Museum" title="Harris Dental Museum">first dental school</a> in the United States was founded in the early 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge,_Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Bainbridge, Ross County, Ohio">Bainbridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_School_for_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio School for the Blind">Ohio School for the Blind</a> became the first of its kind in the country, located in Columbus. After 2000, Ohio State government began experimentally exerting more control over schools, as they attempted to help the state's education system evolve with the times. As of 2020, it largely seems to have done just as much harm as good and re-exposed a lot of the issues inherent in how Ohio schooling was originally organized, which they are now desperately trying to solve.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 2007, Governor <a href="/wiki/Ted_Strickland" title="Ted Strickland">Ted Strickland</a> signed legislation organizing the <a href="/wiki/University_System_of_Ohio" title="University System of Ohio">University System of Ohio</a>, the nation's largest comprehensive public system of higher education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_history">Social history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ohio" title="List of people from Ohio">List of people from Ohio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Rural Ohio in the 19th century was noted for its religious diversity, tolerance and pluralism, according to Smith (1991). With so many active denominations, no one dominated and, increasingly, tolerance became the norm. Germans from Pennsylvania and from Germany brought Lutheran and Reformed churches and numerous smaller sects such as the Amish. Yankees brought Presbyterians and Congregationalists. Revivals during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> spurred the growth of Methodist, Baptist and Christian (Church of Christ) churches. The building of many denominational liberal arts colleges was a distinctive feature of the 19th century. By the 1840s German and Irish Catholics were moving into the cities, and after the 1880s Catholics from eastern and southern Europe arrived in the larger cities, mining camps, and small industrial centers. Jews and Eastern Orthodox settlements added to the pluralism, as did the building of black Baptists and Methodist churches in the cities.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Gladden" title="Washington Gladden">Washington Gladden</a> was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement in Ohio. He was the editor of the influential national magazine the Independent after 1871, and as pastor of the First Congregational Church of Columbus, Ohio from 1882 to his death in 1918. Gladden crusaded for Prohibition, resolving conflicts between labor and capital; he often denounced racial violence and lynching.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> Early Ohio state culture was a product of Native American cultures, which were pushed away between 1795 and 1843. Many of Native American descent did remain, but had often converted to some form of Christianity, and/ or married into European descended families, so the cultures themselves did not last here. This was especially exasperated in the late 19th century, when racial violence against all sorts of people- including Native Americans- reached such a horrifying peak nationwide, that most such people went out of their ways to seem as white as possible.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> It was easier for people who were only part Native, as most Ohioans no longer knew what such people really looked like and their skin was fair enough that they could claim Italian, Hispanic or Greek descent and disappear into those communities. Still, Ohio does have plenty today who claim Iroquoian, Lenape, Chippewa, Shawnee, Cherokee (usually Shattara/ Shenandoah, not really Cherokee) or Blackfoot (Saponi-Tutelo and Manahoac) descent and are proud of it. The northeastern part of Ohio was settled by <a href="/wiki/Yankees" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankees">Yankees</a> from Connecticut, and pioneers from New York and Pennsylvania. The <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Connecticut Western Reserve</a> became the center for modernization and reform.<a href="#cite_note-TM-71">[71]</a> They were sophisticated, educated, and open minded, as well as religious.<a href="#cite_note-TM-71">[71]</a> Some of the original settlers from Connecticut were Amos Loveland, a revolutionary soldier, and Jacob Russell.<a href="#cite_note-TM-71">[71]</a> They faced a rough wilderness life, where the common living arrangement was the log cabin.<a href="#cite_note-TM-71">[71]</a> As the pioneer culture faded in the mid-19th century, Ohio had over 140,000 citizens of native New England origin, including <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One of the New Yorkers who came to the state during this period was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, whose church in <a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland</a> was the home of the movement for a period of time. Other early pioneers came from the Mid-Atlantic states, especially <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, some settling on military grant lands in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_District" title="Virginia Military District">Virginia Military District</a>. From Virginia came members of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia" title="Harrison family of Virginia">Harrison family of Virginia</a>, who rose to prominence in the state, producing Ohio's first of eight U.S. Presidents. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>'s campaign of 1840 came to represent the pioneer culture of Ohio, symbolized by his <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Log cabin campaign">Log cabin campaign</a>. The theme song of his campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Otway_Curry#Harrison_Campaign" title="Otway Curry">"Log Cabin Song"</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> was authored by <a href="/wiki/Otway_Curry" title="Otway Curry">Otway Curry</a>, who was a nationally known poet and author.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Ohio was largely agricultural before 1850, although gristmills and local forges were present. Clear-cut gender norms prevailed among the farm families who settled in the Midwestern region between 1800 and 1840. Men were the breadwinners and financial providers for their families, who considered the profitability of farming in a particular location – or "market-minded agrarianism". They had an almost exclusive voice regarding public matters, such as voting and handling the money. During the migration westward, women's diaries show little interest in and financial problems, but great concern with the threat of separation from family and friends. Furthermore, women experienced a physical toll because they were expected to have babies, supervise the domestic chores, care for the sick, and take control of the garden crops and poultry. Outside the German American community, women rarely did fieldwork on the farm. The women set up neighborhood social organizations, often revolving around church membership, or quilting parties. They exchanged information and tips on child-rearing, and helped each other in childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> arrived from Pennsylvania, augmented by new immigrants from Germany. They all clung to their German language and Protestant religions, as well as their specialized tastes in food and beer. Brewing was a main feature of the German culture. Their villages from this period included the <a href="/wiki/German_Village" title="German Village">German Village</a> in Columbus. They also founded the villages of <a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten,_Ohio" title="Gnadenhutten, Ohio">Gnadenhutten</a> in the late 18th century; <a href="/wiki/Bergholz,_Ohio" title="Bergholz, Ohio">Bergholz</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Bremen,_Ohio" title="New Bremen, Ohio">New Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Canton,_Ohio" title="North Canton, Ohio">New Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Ohio" title="Dresden, Ohio">Dresden</a>, and other villages and towns. The German Americans immigrating from the Mid-Atlantic states, especially eastern Pennsylvania, brought with them the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia dialect">Midland dialect</a>, which is still found throughout much of Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> For instance, in Philadelphia water is pronounced with a long o versus the normal short o, the same as in many areas of Ohio. <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> began coming to the state, some settling, others passing through on the way to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">Universities and colleges opened up</a> all over the state, creating a more educated culture. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_talking_with_Bob_Hope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Entertainer <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> was an immigrant from Britain who grew up in Cleveland.</figcaption></figure> By the last half of the 19th century, the state became more diverse culturally with new immigrants from Europe, including Ireland and Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a> from Central Europe settled the <a href="/wiki/Over-the-Rhine" title="Over-the-Rhine">Over-the-Rhine</a> neighborhood in Cincinnati, while the Irish immigrants settled throughout the state, including <a href="/wiki/Flytown" title="Flytown">Flytown</a> in Columbus. Other immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and other places came in the latter years.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Around the start of the 20th century, rural southern <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> came north in search of better economic opportunity, infusing <a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a> culture into the state. Newer ethnic villages emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Village">Slavic Village</a> in Cleveland and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Village,_Columbus,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Village, Columbus, Ohio">Italian Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Village" title="Hungarian Village">Hungarian Village</a> in Columbus. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Chandler_Christy" title="Howard Chandler Christy">Howard Chandler Christy</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio" title="Morgan County, Ohio">Morgan County</a>, became a leading American artist during this century, as well as composer <a href="/wiki/Dan_Emmett" title="Dan Emmett">Dan Emmett</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a> tradition. Ohio's mines factories and cities attracted Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Catholics</a> poured in to construct the canals, railroads, streets and sewers in the 1840s and 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-RB-79">[79]</a> After 1880, the coal mines and steel plants attracted families from southern and eastern Europe. A large influx of people moving into Ohio from neighboring West Virginia and Kentucky also occurred. The sparsely populated regions of Appalachia had largely been stripped of resources by logging and mining companies, leaving little and few prospects for the locals. Steel and rubber manufacturers were even known to scout these regions for new workers and invested in infrastructure and the building of new suburbs to lure them in. Places like Akron, OH were almost single-handedly built this way, as the modern city was only a small town prior to the early-mid 20th century. By 1901, the Midwest (Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ohio) had absorbed 5.8 million foreign immigrants and another million by 1912.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Immigration was cut off by the World War in 1914, allowing the ethnic communities to <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">Americanize</a>, grow much more prosperous, served in the military, and abandon possible plans to return to the old country.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Flows were very low between 1925 and 1965, then began to increase again, this time with many arrivals from Asia and Mexico. Since then, there were larger influxes from the Jewish community, following World War II and a spike in the numbers of Middle Easterners following successive conflicts in the region during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Ohio has also become a common destination for foreign college students worldwide, with many choosing to remain in the state after. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Industrialization brought a shift culturally as urbanization and an emerging middle class changed society. Athletics became increasingly popular as the first professional baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a>, started playing at that level in 1869, and football leagues emerged. Bathhouses and rollercoasters became a popular past time with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point" title="Cedar Point">Cedar Point</a> in 1870. Theaters and saloons sprang up,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and more restaurants opened. Entertainment venues opening in Cleveland included the <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_Square_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Playhouse Square Center">Playhouse Square Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)">Palace Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Ohio Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)">Ohio Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Theatre_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="State Theatre (Cleveland, Ohio)">State Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Karamu_House" title="Karamu House">Karamu House</a>. <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> grew up in Cleveland and developed many of his plays at the Karamu House. In Columbus they opened the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Theatre_(Columbus,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)">Southern Theatre</a> in 1894, as well as their own <a href="/wiki/Palace_Theatre_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Palace Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)">Palace Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Ohio Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)">Ohio Theatre</a>, which hosted performers such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Harlow" title="Jean Harlow">Jean Harlow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Theatre_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Lincoln Theatre (Columbus, Ohio)">Lincoln Theatre</a> hosted performers like <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taft_Theatre" title="Taft Theatre">Taft Theatre</a> opened in 1928 in Cincinnati. The <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> brought prohibition, <a href="/wiki/Rum-running" title="Rum-running">bootlegging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speakeasies" class="mw-redirect" title="Speakeasies">speakeasies</a> to the state, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">swing dance culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Cincinnati became the headquarters of the "king of bootlegging" <a href="/wiki/George_Remus" title="George Remus">George Remus</a>, who made $40 million by the end of 1922.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a> had been powerful and Ohio, and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> was still headquartered there; the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> was active in the 1920s. However these organizations steadily lost influence after 1925. Perhaps the biggest invention in Ohio and the US was the invention of flight by Dayton's <a href="/wiki/Orville_and_Wilbur_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville and Wilbur Wright">Orville and Wilbur Wright</a>. Starting this invention in their bike shop in what is now Dayton's west side, the Wright's brought flight to the world in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The brothers gained the mechanical skills essential to their success by working for years in their Dayton, Ohio-based shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors, and other machinery. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that an unstable vehicle such as a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive glider tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, building their first airplane engine in close collaboration with the brothers. The very first airplane passenger was the Wright's own mechanic, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Furnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Furnas">Charles Furnas</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Milton,_Ohio" title="West Milton, Ohio">West Milton, Ohio</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_years">Depression years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Depression years">edit</a>]</div> During the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> with apprehension. Cleveland residents <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> comic character in the spirit of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">golem</a>. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included <a href="/wiki/Zane_Grey" title="Zane Grey">Zane Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Caniff" title="Milton Caniff">Milton Caniff</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">George Bellows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>, and "king of the cowboys" <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a>, who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Columbus_(filmmaker)" title="Chris Columbus (filmmaker)">Chris Columbus</a> and the original <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a>, who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown, OH before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Grohl" title="Dave Grohl">Dave Grohl</a> of Nirvana and Foo Fighters fame, <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macy_Gray" title="Macy Gray">Macy Gray</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a>. The NFL was originally founded in Ohio and the state has since given us many famous stars across various sports. Other famous individuals- native Ohioans and those who were just later associated with the state- include Annie Oakley, Clarence Darrow, Thomas Edison, Neil Armstrong and less beloved figures, like President William McKinley and General George Custer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_Civil_War_units" title="List of Ohio Civil War units">List of Ohio Civil War units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati in the Civil War">Cincinnati in the Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland in the Civil War">Cleveland in the Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg/220px-CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg/330px-CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg/440px-CB_-_Hillsboro_OH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Monument in Hillsboro</figcaption></figure> During the Civil War (1861–65) Ohio played a key role in providing troops, military officers, and supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a>. Due to its central location and burgeoning population, Ohio was both politically and logistically important to the war effort. Despite the state's boasting a number of very powerful <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> politicians, it was divided politically. Portions of Southern Ohio followed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Democrats">Peace Democrats</a> under <a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Clement Vallandigham</a> and openly opposed President Lincoln's policies. Ohio played an important part in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> prior to the war, and remained a haven for escaped and runaway slaves during the war years.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The third most populous state in the Union at the time, Ohio raised nearly 320,000 soldiers for the Union army, third behind only New York and Pennsylvania. Nearly 7,000 Buckeye soldiers were killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio%27s_American_Civil_War_generals" title="List of Ohio's American Civil War generals">Several leading generals</a> were from the state, including <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Sheridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip H. Sheridan">Philip H. Sheridan</a>. Only two minor battles were fought within its borders. <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a> in the summer of 1863 alarmed the populace.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Ohio troops fought in nearly every major campaign during the war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_camps">Prison camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prison camps">edit</a>]</div> Its most significant Civil War site is <a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Island" title="Johnson's Island">Johnson's Island</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Sandusky_Bay" title="Sandusky Bay">Sandusky Bay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. Barracks and outbuildings were constructed for a prisoner of war depot, intended chiefly for officers. Over three years more than 15,000 Confederate soldiers were held there. The island includes a Confederate cemetery where about 300 soldiers were buried.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Camp Chase Prison was a Union Army prison in Columbus. There was a plot among prisoners to revolt and escape in 1863. The prisoners expected support from Copperheads and Vallandigham, but never did revolt.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterans">Veterans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Veterans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_conflicts_with_Ohio_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflicts with Ohio participation">Military conflicts with Ohio participation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Parrott_House,_blue_sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg/220px-Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg/330px-Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg/440px-Jacob_Parrott_House%2C_blue_sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Home of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Parrott" title="Jacob Parrott">Jacob Parrott</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenton,_Ohio" title="Kenton, Ohio">Kenton</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient, now a historical museum</figcaption></figure> Ohio has been involved in regional, national, and global wars since statehood, and veterans have been a powerful social and political force at the local and state levels. The organization of Civil War veterans, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a>, was a major player in local society and Republican politics in the last third of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="American Veterans of Foreign Service">American Veterans of Foreign Service</a> was established in 1899 in Columbus, ultimately becoming known as the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a> in 1913. The state has produced 319 <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> including the country's first recipient, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Parrott" title="Jacob Parrott">Jacob Parrott</a>. In 1886, the state authorized the creation of the Ohio Veterans Home in Sandusky and a second one created in 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ohio" title="Georgetown, Ohio">Georgetown</a> to provide for soldiers facing economic hardship. Over 50,000 veterans have lived at the Sandusky location as of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Since World War I, the state has paid stipends to veterans of wars, including in 2009, authorizing funds for soldiers of the Gulf and Afghanistan wars.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The state also provides free in-state tuition to any veteran regardless of state origin at their colleges.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ohio_politics">Ohio politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ohio politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_of_1820">Rebellion of 1820</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Rebellion of 1820">edit</a>]</div> In 1820, the legislature then passed legislation which nullified the federal court order as well as the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a> within their borders.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The state ignored further federal court orders, writs, and denied immunities to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Their actions were considered the complete destruction of federal standing in the state and an attempted overthrow of the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Ohio forcefully applied their iron law against the federal government until 1824, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled they had no authority to tax the federal bank in the landmark case originating from the state: <a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a>. They then followed by passing an act in 1831 to withdraw state protections for the Bank of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-OA-99">[99]</a> Although the nullification of 1820 in Ohio was inspired by resolutions passed in Virginia and Kentucky in 1798 and 1800, the language of their resolution from 1820 would find its place in South Carolina's nullification of 1832 and secession articles of southern states in 1861.<a href="#cite_note-OA-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> The rebellion of 1820 firmly rooted the tradition of sovereignty in the state. In 1859, Governor <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> reaffirmed that tradition, stating: "We have rights which the Federal Government must not invade — rights superior to its power, on which our sovereignty depends; and we mean to assert those rights against all tyrannical assumptions of authority."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Rebellion">War of the Rebellion</a>, the debate over ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> reignited the sovereignty movement in Ohio. General <a href="/wiki/Durbin_Ward" title="Durbin Ward">Durbin Ward</a> stated: "Fellow citizens of Ohio, I boldly assert that the States of this Union have always had, both before and since the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, entire sovereignty over the whole subject of suffrage in all its relations and bearings. Ohio has that sovereignty now, and it cannot be taken from her".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> As recently as 2009, the tradition re-emerged, with an Ohio sovereignty resolution<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> passing in the state senate,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and signatures being collected to place a <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#State_sovereignty_resolutions_and_nullification_acts" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">state sovereignty</a> amendment on the ballot in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-slavery">Anti-slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Anti-slavery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/150px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/225px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg/300px-UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a>, was based on experiences of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ohio's roots as an anti-slavery and abolitionist state go back to its territorial days in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>, which forbade the practice. When it became a state, the constitution expressly outlawed slavery.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Many Ohioans were members of anti-slavery organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A-107">[107]</a> Ohioan Charles Osborn published the first abolitionist newspaper in the country, <a href="/wiki/The_Philanthropist_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="The Philanthropist (Cincinnati, Ohio)">The Philanthropist</a>, and in 1821, the father of abolition <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lundy" title="Benjamin Lundy">Benjamin Lundy</a> began publishing his newspaper the Genius of Universal Emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-A-107">[107]</a> Ohio was a key stop on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> where prominent abolitionists played a role, including <a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a>. Ohio resident <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> wrote the famous book <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a>, which was largely influential in shaping the opinion of the north against slavery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohio_in_national_politics">Ohio in national politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ohio in national politics">edit</a>]</div> As a closely contested state, Ohio was the top choice of Republicans, and often also as Democrats, for place on the national ticket as candidate for president or vice president. Between <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>, every Republican president who did not gain the office by the death of his predecessor was born in Ohio; Ulysses Grant, although born in Ohio, was legally a residence of Illinois when he was elected.<a href="#cite_note-prez_birthplaces-108">[108]</a> By electing so many of her sons to the presidency, Ohio gained a role in politics disproportionate to its size. Several reasons came together. Ohio was a microcosm of the United States, balanced closely between the parties, and at the crossroads of America: between the South, the Northeast, and the developing West, and influenced by each. Its ethnic, religious, and cultural elements were a microcosm of the North. Its cutthroat politics trained candidates in how to win. A leading Ohio politician was "Available"—that is, well-suited and electable. Thus, in most presidential years, the governor of Ohio was deemed more available than the governor of the larger states of New York or Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclair196528–30-109">[109]</a> This legend built on itself as the state sent seven men to the White House and four more became vice president. Many others won major patronage plums. Between 1868 and 1924, not only did Ohio supply the most presidents, it supplied the most Cabinet members, and the most federal officeholders. Ohio-born <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (1876), <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (1880) and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (1888) were each nominated from a convention that had deadlocked, and where the delegates chose to turn to a candidate who could carry Ohio. In each case they did, and won the presidency. According to historian Andrew Sinclair, "the potency of the Ohio myth gave its <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite sons</a> a huge advantage in a deadlocked convention".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_era">Progressive era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Progressive era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg/175px-Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg/263px-Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg/350px-Fairbanks_4408868314_de2f1cd85b_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Second Lady <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Cole_Fairbanks" title="Cornelia Cole Fairbanks">Cornelia Cole Fairbanks</a> was a powerful progressive operative around the start of the 20th century who helped pave the way for the modern American female politician.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> brought about change in the state, although the state had been at the forefront of the movement decades before. In 1852, Ohio passed its first child labor laws, and in 1885 adopted prosecution powers for violations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 1886, the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> was formed in Columbus, culminating in the passage of workers' compensation laws by the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a>, the first female candidate for president in 1872, and Second Lady <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Cole_Fairbanks" title="Cornelia Cole Fairbanks">Cornelia Cole Fairbanks</a>, credited with paving the way for the modern American female politician, were leaders in the women's suffrage movement. Ohio was the second state to hold a women's rights convention, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The public voted on women's suffrage in 1912, which failed, but the state ultimately adopted the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th amendment</a> in 1920. Ohio-native and President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/White-Slave_Traffic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="White-Slave Traffic Act">White-Slave Traffic Act</a> in 1910, which sought to end human trafficking and the sex slave trade. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Saloon_League" title="Anti-Saloon League">Anti-Saloon League</a> was founded in 1893 in <a href="/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin</a>, which saw political success with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a> in 1918. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_through_mid-20th_century">Early through mid-20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Early through mid-20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter,_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg/163px-Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg/245px-Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg/325px-Walter%2C_Buckeye_Rooster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Metcalf" title="Nettie Metcalf">Nettie Metcalf</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Buckeye_chicken" title="Buckeye chicken">Buckeye</a> chicken in <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren, Ohio</a> in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_movement">Progressive movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Progressive movement">edit</a>]</div> Ohio was active in the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive movement</a> in the early 20th century. It was notable for the high level of municipal activism. The key leaders included <a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Jones" title="Samuel M. Jones">Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones</a> in Toledo, <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a> in Cleveland, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Gladden" title="Washington Gladden">Washington Gladden</a> in Columbus, and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> in Cincinnati. They combined a commitment to popular rule to neutralize machine bosses, opposition to monopolistic trusts and railroads, and a quest to reduce waste and inefficiency.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Convention_of_1912">Constitutional Convention of 1912</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Constitutional Convention of 1912">edit</a>]</div> In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burleigh_Galbreath" title="Charles Burleigh Galbreath">Charles Burleigh Galbreath</a> as Secretary. The result reflected the concerns of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. The constitution introduced the <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, and provided for the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature. Under the <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian political philosophy">Jeffersonian</a> principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear every 20 years on Ohio's general election ballots. The question asks whether a new constitutional convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, the people have not found the need for a convention. Instead, constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition and the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ku_Klux_Klan">Ku Klux Klan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ku Klux Klan">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1920s the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> attracted tens of thousands of Protestants into membership. Its organizers warned of the need to purify America, especially against the influence of Catholics, bootleggers, and corrupt politicians. There were no dues but there was a large membership fee and expensive white constumes. The chapters were set up for the financial benefit of the organizers, and once it was set up, they moved on leaving the chapter without an agenda or money. It typically accomplished very little.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The Klan collapsed and virtually disappeared after 1925.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Great Depression">edit</a>]</div> Ohio was hit very hard by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> in the 1930s. In 1932, unemployment for the state reached 37.3%. By 1933, 40% of factory workers and 67% of construction labor were unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The voters supported <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, with large margins in the cities. Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> had provided hundreds of thousands of jobs for the unemployed and their sons. By 1944 the depression was gone, relief had ended and Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> was running for vice-president. <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">Roosevelt lost the state but still won reelection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> Ohio played a major role in World War II, especially in providing manpower, food, and munitions to the Allied cause. Ohio manufactured 8.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, ranking fourth among the 48 states.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> Ohio became heavily anti-Communist during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine reported in 1950 that police officers in Columbus were warning youth clubs to be suspicious of communist agitators.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Hill_(Ohio)" title="Campbell Hill (Ohio)">Campbell Hill</a> in Bellefontaine became the site of a main U.S. Cold War base and a precursor to <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a>. Anti-communist personalities emerged from the state, including <a href="/wiki/Janet_Greene" title="Janet Greene">Janet Greene</a> of Columbus, the political right's answer to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>. Her songs included "Commie Lies", "Poor Left Winger", and "Comrade's Lament".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Ohio was the scene of the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State Massacre">Kent State Massacre</a>, where four anti-Vietnam war protesters, although peaceful themselves, were shot dead, by badly frightened and poorly trained <a href="/wiki/Ohio_National_Guard" title="Ohio National Guard">guardsmen</a>. In the 1980s Ohio heavily supported the elections of President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and his celebrated his success in winning the Cold War. Ohio became an industrial magnet in the 1950s. By 1960, 10% of the population had been born in nearby Kentucky, West Virginia or Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Ohio was an important state in the developing ties between the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States and the People's Republic of China</a> in the late 1970s and early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-:05-125">[125]</a>: 59  Relations between the two countries normalized in 1979, during the second term of Ohio governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-125">[125]</a>: 112  Rhodes sought to encourage U.S.-China economic ties, viewing China as a potential market for Ohio machinery exports for companies like <a href="/wiki/Timken_Company" title="Timken Company">Timken Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-125">[125]</a>: 112  In July 1979, Rhodes led State of Ohio <a href="/wiki/Trade_mission" title="Trade mission">Trade Mission</a> to China.<a href="#cite_note-:05-125">[125]</a>: 112  The trip resulted in developing economic ties, a sister state-province relationship with <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei province</a>, long-running Chinese exhibitions at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Fair" title="Ohio State Fair">Ohio State Fair</a>, and major academic exchanges between Ohio State University and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-125">[125]</a>: 113  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Un-American_activities">Un-American activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Un-American activities">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Un-American_Activities_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Un-American Activities Committee (page does not exist)">Ohio Un-American Activities Committee</a> was a government agency which existed to collect information on citizens with communist sympathies,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> resulting in 15 convictions, 40 indictments, and 1,300 suspects. Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Frank Lausche</a> generally opposed the committee, but his vetoes were overridden by the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The state forced their employees to sign a loyalty oath, promising "to defend the state against foreign and domestic enemies", in order to receive a paycheck. Professors and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors Bernhard Blume and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Seidlin" title="Oskar Seidlin">Oskar Seidlin</a> were among those required to take the oath.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Ohio barred communists from receiving unemployment benefits.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_20th_century_to_present">Late 20th century to present</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Late 20th century to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg/300px-Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg/450px-Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg/600px-Hylandsoftware_thirdfrontiersummit_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Frontier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Frontier (page does not exist)">Third Frontier</a> summit in 2002 at <a href="/wiki/Hyland_Software" title="Hyland Software">Hyland Software</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westlake,_Ohio" title="Westlake, Ohio">Westlake</a></figcaption></figure> Ohioans have supported movie making. Five Academy Award-winning films of the late 20th century were partly produced in the state, including <a href="/wiki/The_Deer_Hunter" title="The Deer Hunter">The Deer Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_Man" title="Rain Man">Rain Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">Silence of the Lambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment" title="Terms of Endearment">Terms of Endearment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(2000_film)" title="Traffic (2000 film)">Traffic</a>. In the 21st century, Ohio remains connected to the regional, national, and global economies. According to U.S. Census Bureau statistics, the foreign-born share of Ohio's population increased from 2.4% in 1990, to 3.0% in 2000, to 4.1% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-2015NewAmerOhio-130">[130]</a> As of 2015, 49.7% of immigrants to Ohio had become naturalized U.S. citizens.<a href="#cite_note-2015NewAmerOhio-130">[130]</a> Immigrants have substantial economic importance to Ohio, as taxpayers, entrepreneurs, consumers, and workers.<a href="#cite_note-2015NewAmerOhio-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pyle-131">[131]</a> A 2016 study on immigrants in Ohio concluded that immigrants make up 6.7% of all entrepreneurs in Ohio although they are just 4.2% of Ohio's population, and that these immigrant-owned businesses generated almost $532 million in 2014. The study also showed that "immigrants in Ohio earned $15.6 billion in 2014 and contributed $4.4 billion in local, state and federal taxes that year".<a href="#cite_note-Pyle-131">[131]</a> In 2015, Ohio <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (a broad measure of the size of the economy) was $608.1 billion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Gross_State_Product_(GSP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by Gross State Product (GSP)">seventh-largest economy among the 50 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSC2016-132">[132]</a> In 2015, Ohio's total GDP accounted for 3.4% of U.S. GDP and 0.8% of world GDP.<a href="#cite_note-LSC2016-132">[132]</a> Ohio's GDP per capita in 2015 was $52,363, ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP per capita">26th among the states in GDP per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSC2016-132">[132]</a> From 2005 to 2015, " Ohio's economy grew more slowly than the U.S. as a whole, growing at an average nominal (i.e., not inflation-adjusted) annual rate of 2.6%, compared to the U.S. average annual growth rate of 3.2% over the same time period.<a href="#cite_note-LSC2016-132">[132]</a> From 2000 to 2016, "the pace of employment growth in Ohio has trailed the national pace ..., except for the three-year period between 2010 and 2013".<a href="#cite_note-LSC2016-132">[132]</a> Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt", in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses around the start of the 20th century and suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-BF-135">[135]</a> Politically the state has demonstrated its importance in modern presidential elections, signed international cooperation treaties with foreign provinces and northern American states, has become involved in heated national disputes with southern American states, while producing national leadership. Its athletic teams are among some of the nation's best, and culturally the state continues to produce notable artists while building institutions enshrining its past. Educationally the schools are among the nation's top performers, and militarily Ohio's legacy continues into the present era. Ohio's transition into the 21st century is symbolized by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Frontier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Frontier (page does not exist)">Third Frontier</a> program, spearheaded by Governor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Taft" title="Bob Taft">Bob Taft</a> around the start of the 20th century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> It has been widely hailed as one of the nation's most successful government bureaucracies,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<a href="#cite_note-TF-138">[138]</a> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<a href="#cite_note-TF-138">[138]</a> In 2010 the state won the <a href="/wiki/International_Economic_Development_Council" title="International Economic Development Council">International Economic Development Council</a>'s Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The state's cities have become hubs of modern industry, including <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>'s recognition as a national solar center,<a href="#cite_note-FC-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a> a regenerative medicine research hub,<a href="#cite_note-AE-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a> an aerospace and defense hub, <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a> the rubber capital of the world, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> a technological research and development hub,<a href="#cite_note-AE-141">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> a mercantile hub.<a href="#cite_note-AE-141">[141]</a> Ohio was hit hard by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and manufacturing employment losses during the most recent period. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> By the second half of 2010, the state showed signs of rebound in being the nation's sixth-fastest-growing economy.<a href="#cite_note-BF-135">[135]</a> In both the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 2000">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004">2004</a> presidential elections, the states of Ohio and Florida were the decisive battlegrounds that narrowly elected <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. House Republican leader <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> of southwestern Ohio became a national player.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> states, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Charter" title="Great Lakes Charter">Great Lakes Charter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Compact" title="Great Lakes Compact">Great Lakes Compact</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Great_Lakes_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Great Lakes Governors">Council of Great Lakes Governors</a>. It became involved in heated national disputes with southern American states in 2009 and 2010, including <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> over <a href="/wiki/National_Cash_Register_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cash Register Company">National Cash Register Company</a> and Alabama over <a href="/wiki/Wright_Patterson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Patterson Air Force Base">Wright Patterson Air Force Base</a>, where southern lawmakers were accused of misusing federal funds and influence to "steal" Ohio jobs during the Great Recession.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Ohio sports teams are among the nation's best, with a strong fan base that promotes local and regional pride.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The Ohio State University football team won the national championship in 2002 and 2014, and consistently competes for the prize annually. The <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a> won the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> baseball championship in 1990 following their run as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Red_Machine" title="Big Red Machine">Big Red Machine</a> in the 1970s. The team won the National League Central Division champions in 2010 and 2012. In professional football the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals" title="Cincinnati Bengals">Cincinnati Bengals</a> appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> in 1981, 1988, and 2021 and won the <a href="/wiki/AFC_North" title="AFC North">AFC North</a> Division in 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2015. In basketball, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> won the 2016 <a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a>. In 2007 it won the Eastern Conference Championship, and in 2009 and 2010 won the NBA Central Division championships. In women's basketball the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Quest" title="Columbus Quest">Columbus Quest</a> won the two league championships in the 1990s. The Ohio State University men's basketball team advanced to the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA Final Four</a> and national championship game in 2007. In 1995 the <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame">Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame</a> museum opened in Cleveland, commemorating Ohio's contributory past to the art, including being the location of the first live rock 'n roll concert in 1952. Overall, in 2010 the state's schools were ranked 5th in the country by <a href="/wiki/Education_Week" title="Education Week">Education Week</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State_Report_Cards-149">[149]</a> Militarily, Ohio's legacy continues into the modern era. It has contributed over 200,000 soldiers to the Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq wars.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Ohio">Historical outline of Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#American_settlement" title="Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Lands" title="Ohio Lands">Ohio Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ohio" title="Women's suffrage in Ohio">Women's suffrage in Ohio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_histories">City histories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: City histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cincinnati" title="History of Cincinnati">History of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cleveland" title="History of Cleveland">History of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Columbus,_Ohio" title="History of Columbus, Ohio">History of Columbus, Ohio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_timelines">City timelines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: City timelines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cincinnati" title="Timeline of Cincinnati">Timeline of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cleveland" title="Timeline of Cleveland">Timeline of Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Columbus,_Ohio" title="Timeline of Columbus, Ohio">Timeline of Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Toledo,_Ohio" title="Timeline of Toledo, Ohio">Timeline of Toledo, Ohio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> U.S. Army Center of Military History, "The Road to Fallen Timbers" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/21/daposters/21-38.html">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmnh-2"><a href="#cite_ref-cmnh_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514202224/http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/Archaeology/Announcements/Sloth.aspx">"Research reveals first evidence of hunting by prehistoric Ohioans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>. February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/Archaeology/Announcements/Sloth.aspx">the original</a> on May 14, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+reveals+first+evidence+of+hunting+by+prehistoric+Ohioans&rft.pub=Cleveland+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmnh.org%2Fsite%2FResearchandCollections%2FArchaeology%2FAnnouncements%2FSloth.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Nash, Gary B. Red, White and Black. Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-OHC_-_Whittlesey-4"><a href="#cite_ref-OHC_-_Whittlesey_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Whittlesey_Culture">"Whittlesey Culture - Ohio History Central"</a>. ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved January 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=Whittlesey+Culture+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FWhittlesey_Culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.639071/Cucurbita_pepo_var_ozarkana">"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NatureServe+Explorer+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.639071%2FCucurbita_pepo_var_ozarkana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Smith, Bruce D.; Yarnell, Richard A. (2009). "Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (16): 6561–6566. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Fagan, Brian (2005). Ancient North America. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp. 410–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephy1961" class="citation book cs1">Josephy, Alvin M., ed. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00bran">The American Heritage Book of Indians</a>. American Heritage Publishing, Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61-14871">61-14871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Book+of+Indians&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Publishing%2C+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61-14871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_44.html">The Jesuit Relations ... 1610-1791</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228052824/http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_44.html">Archived</a> February 28, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Creighton University, accessed January 20, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryheritage.com/7yrswar.htm">"The Seven Year War Website (French and Indian War)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Year+War+Website+%28French+and+Indian+War%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryheritage.com%2F7yrswar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Downes, Randolph C. Council Fires On the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley Until 1795. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5201-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5201-7">0-8229-5201-7</a> (1989 reprint). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Hirchefekder, Arlene and Paulette Molin. Encyclopedia of Native American Religions. Checkmark Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YbBqcACm48C&dq">The Ohio Country</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoetzel2017" class="citation book cs1">Stoetzel, Donald I. (August 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-uLUVJtHKkC">Encyclopedia of the French & Indian War in North America, 1754–1763</a>. Heritage Books. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788445170" title="Special:BookSources/9780788445170"><bdi>9780788445170</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 17, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+French+%26+Indian+War+in+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931763&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.isbn=9780788445170&rft.aulast=Stoetzel&rft.aufirst=Donald+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-uLUVJtHKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OH-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OH_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OH_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZAAYEZf70sC">"Ohio History"</a>. August 17, 1890. pp. 301–302. Retrieved August 17, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+History&rft.pages=301-302&rft.date=1890-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZAAYEZf70sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mum6vMM5YwC&dq">The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755</a>, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The last French Fort in Ohio Country, Fort Sandusky, was destroyed in 1763 during Pontiac's Rebellion. </li> <li id="cite_note-StewartGallup1899-18"><a href="#cite_ref-StewartGallup1899_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartGallup1899" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899). The Firelands Pioneer. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246. <q>In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Firelands+Pioneer&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Firelands+Historical+Society&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=G.T.&rft.au=Gallup%2C+C.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Milo Milton Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782". Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1931): 515–529. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916389">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/1782-village-moravian-delaware-indians-massacred">"1782: Village of Moravian Delaware Indians Massacred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Country_Today" title="Indian Country Today">Indian Country Today</a>. September 13, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1782%3A+Village+of+Moravian+Delaware+Indians+Massacred&rft.pub=Indian+Country+Today&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytoday.com%2Farchive%2F1782-village-moravian-delaware-indians-massacred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Rob Harper, "Looking the other way: the Gnadenhutten massacre and the contextual interpretation of violence". William and Mary Quarterly (2007): 621–644. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096733">in JSTOR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Kip Sperry, Genealogical Research in Ohio, Genealogical Publishing, 2003, p.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Peacefull1996" class="citation book cs1">Leonard Peacefull (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gefpsoo1nRIC&pg=PA89">A Geography of Ohio</a>. Kent State University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385251" title="Special:BookSources/9780873385251"><bdi>9780873385251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geography+of+Ohio&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780873385251&rft.au=Leonard+Peacefull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGefpsoo1nRIC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Harlan Hatcher, The Western Reserve: The Story of New Connecticut in Ohio (1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio", pp. 1-4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio", pp. 2-4, 45-8,105-18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, pp. 34-7, 63-74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615501895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615501895">978-0615501895</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> McCullough, David. The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, pp. 46-7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3">978-1-5011-6870-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio", pp. 2-4, 105-6, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> McCullough, David. The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, pp. 30, 146, 201, 206, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3">978-1-5011-6870-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio", pp. 127-50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7862-7">978-1-4766-7862-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615501895" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615501895">978-0615501895</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> McCullough, David. The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, pp. 143-7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-6870-3">978-1-5011-6870-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes" class="citation web cs1">Downes, Randolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=5&ipp=20&searchterm=crawford&vol=43&pages=273-282">"OHIO'S SQUATTER GOVERNOR: WILLIAM HOGLAND OF HOGLANDSTOWN"</a>. Ohio History Journal. 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Ohio: A History of the Buckeye State (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 544pp</li> <li>Knepper, George W. Ohio and Its People. Kent State University Press, 3rd edition 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-791-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-791-0">0-87338-791-0</a></li> <li>Murdock, Eugene C. and Jeffrey Darbee. Ohio: The Buckeye State, An Illustrated History (2007). popular</li> <li>Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. A History of Ohio. (The Ohio Historical Society, 1967). a standard scholarly history</li> <li>Wittke, Carl, ed. History of Ohio 5 vol <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28carl%20%20wittke%29%20ohio">online</a> <ul><li>Bond, Beverley W. Jr.; The Foundations of Ohio. Volume 1. 1941. detailed history to 1802. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof01witt/historyofstateof01witt.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Jordan, Philip D. Ohio Comes of Age: 1873–1900 Volume 5 (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof05witt">online</a></li> <li>Roseboom, Eugene. The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, Volume 4 (1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof04witt">online</a></li> <li>Utter, William T. The Frontier State 1803–1825, Volume 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof02witt">online</a></li> <li>Weisenburger, Francis P. The Passing of the Frontier, Volume 3 (1941), detailed history of the 1830s and 1840s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof03witt">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>"Timeline of Ohio"<a href="#cite_note-151">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Specialized studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Blue, Frederick J. Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (1987)</li> <li>Booth, Stephane Elise. Buckeye Women: The History of Ohio's Daughters (2001)</li> <li>Buley, R. Carlyle. The Old Northwest (1950), Pulitzer Prize winner</li> <li>Booraem V. Hendrick. The Road to Respectability: James A. Garfield and His World, 1844–1852 Bucknell University Press (1988)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1980" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Carolyn Kinder, ed. (1980). Ohio: A Photographic Portrait, 1935-1941. Akron, OH: Akron Art Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873382441" title="Special:BookSources/9780873382441"><bdi>9780873382441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio%3A+A+Photographic+Portrait%2C+1935-1941&rft.place=Akron%2C+OH&rft.pub=Akron+Art+Institute&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780873382441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Coffey, by Daniel J. Buckeye Battleground: Ohio, Campaigns, and Elections in the Twenty-First Century (University of Akron Press; 2011) 210 pages; studies the politics of five distinct regions in the state, esp. the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections and the 2006 gubernatorial campaign.</li> <li>Curtin, Michael, and Joe Hallett. The Ohio Politics Almanac (3rd ed. 2015) 609pp; with lots of history</li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33210-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33210-9">0-253-33210-9</a> (hardcover); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21212-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21212-X">0-253-21212-X</a> (1998 paperback).</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896 (1971)</li> <li>Kondik, Kyle. The Bellwether: Why Ohio Picks the President (Ohio University Press, 2016)</li> <li>Lamis, Alexander, and Brian Usher. Ohio Politics (2007) 544pp.</li> <li>Maizlish, Stephen E. The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844–1856 (1983)</li> <li>Miller, Richard F. States at War, Volume 5: A Reference Guide for Ohio in the Civil War (2015).</li> <li>O'Donnell, James H. Ohio's First Peoples. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1525-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-1525-5">0-8214-1525-5</a> (paperback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-1524-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-1524-7">0-8214-1524-7</a></li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey, Richard Sisson, and William Coil, eds. Ohio and the World, 1753–2053: Essays Toward a New History of Ohio (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/ohioworld17532050000unse/page/n6/mode/1uponline">[3]</a></li> <li>Ratcliffe, Donald J. The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 1818–1828. Ohio State U. Press, 2000.</li> <li>Rodabaugh, James H. "The Negro in Ohio", Journal of Negro History, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Jan., 1946), pp. 9–29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2714965">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Sisson, Richard, ed. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (2006)</li> <li>Teaford, Jon C. Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Indiana University Press, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofheartlan0000teaf">online</a></li> <li>Trefousse, Hans. Benjamin Franklin Wade, Radical Republican from Ohio (Twayne, 1963).</li> <li>Warner, Hoyt L. Progressivism in Ohio, 1897-1917 (Ohio State University Press, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/progressivismino0000warn">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_history">Local history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Local history">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1980" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Irene (March 20, 1980). An Ohio Schoolmistress: The Memoirs of Irene Hardy. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873382427" title="Special:BookSources/9780873382427"><bdi>9780873382427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ohio+Schoolmistress%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Irene+Hardy&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1980-03-20&rft.isbn=9780873382427&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Profiles of Ohio: History, Statistics, Demographics for All 1,339 Populated Places in Ohio, With Detailed State and Government Histories, Plus Comparative Statistics & Rankings. (6th ed. Grey House Publishing, 2021). 828pp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1642658278" title="Special:BookSources/1642658278">1642658278</a>; covers 88 counties, 248 cities and 689 villages.</li> <li>Sealander, Judith. Grand Plans: Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio's Miami Valley, 1890-1929 (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Grand-Plans-Business-Progressivism-1890-1929/dp/0813116538/">excerpt</a>; on region surrounding Dayton</li> <li>Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (1987), also online</li> <li>Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. Cleveland: A Tradition of Reform (1986)</li> <li>Wheeler, Kenneth H. "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio" Civil War History, Vol. 45, 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Johnson, Tom L. My Story Kent State University Press, 1993</li> <li>Shriver Jr., Phillip R., and Clarence E. Wunderlin. eds. Documentary Heritage Of Ohio (2001)</li> <li>Smith, Thomas H. ed. An Ohio Reader: 1750 to the Civil War (1975) and An Ohio Reader: Reconstruction to the Present (1975), dozens of well-selected short excerpts from primary sources</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Ohio" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistory.org/">Ohio Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/">Ohio History Central</a> – an online 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href="/wiki/Template:Ohio" title="Template:Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio" title="Template talk:Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ohio-related_articles" title="Index of Ohio-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio" title="Outline of Ohio">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ohio" title="Climate change in Ohio">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Geography" title="Ohio">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ohio" title="Government of Ohio">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ohio" title="Law of Ohio">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ohio" title="List of people from Ohio">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_state_symbols" title="List of Ohio state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/With_God,_all_things_are_possible" title="With God, all things are possible">motto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Ohio" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Ohio">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ohio" title="Abortion in Ohio">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_culture" title="Category:Ohio culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ohio" title="Crime in Ohio">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Demographics" title="Ohio">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">African Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ohio" title="Economy of Ohio">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ohio" title="Education in Ohio">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Ohio" title="Gun laws in Ohio">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ohio" title="Homelessness in Ohio">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ohio">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ohio" title="Politics of Ohio">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ohio" title="Sports in Ohio">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Ohio" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio" title="Appalachian Ohio">Appalachian Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_region" title="Bluegrass region">The Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_till_plains_(Ohio)" title="Glacial till plains (Ohio)">Glacial till plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp" title="Great Black Swamp">Great Black Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">List of Lake Erie Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Valley" title="Miami Valley">Miami Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ohio" title="Northwest Ohio">Northwest Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacationland_(Ohio)" title="Vacationland (Ohio)">Vacationland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_statistical_areas" title="Ohio statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington–Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima%E2%80%93Van_Wert%E2%80%93Wapakoneta,_OH,_combined_statistical_area" title="Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta, OH, combined statistical area">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield%E2%80%93Ashland%E2%80%93Bucyrus,_OH_Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Mansfield–Ashland–Bucyrus, OH Combined Statistical Area">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area" title="Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area">Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Youngstown–Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ohio" title="List of municipalities in Ohio">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio">Cuyahoga Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering,_Ohio" title="Kettering, Ohio">Kettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio" title="Middletown, Ohio">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio" title="List of counties in Ohio">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_County,_Ohio" title="Allen County, Ohio">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_County,_Ohio" title="Ashland County, Ohio">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula County, Ohio">Ashtabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio" title="Athens County, Ohio">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio" title="Auglaize County, Ohio">Auglaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_County,_Ohio" title="Belmont County, Ohio">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Ohio" title="Brown County, Ohio">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Butler County, Ohio">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio" title="Carroll County, Ohio">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign_County,_Ohio" title="Champaign County, Ohio">Champaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Ohio" title="Clark County, Ohio">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_County,_Ohio" title="Clermont County, Ohio">Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Ohio" title="Clinton County, Ohio">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio" title="Columbiana County, Ohio">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coshocton_County,_Ohio" title="Coshocton County, Ohio">Coshocton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Ohio" title="Crawford County, Ohio">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darke_County,_Ohio" title="Darke County, Ohio">Darke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_County,_Ohio" title="Defiance County, Ohio">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Ohio" title="Delaware County, Ohio">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Ohio" title="Fairfield County, Ohio">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio" title="Fayette County, Ohio">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Franklin County, Ohio">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Ohio" title="Fulton County, Ohio">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_County,_Ohio" title="Gallia County, Ohio">Gallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Ohio" title="Greene County, Ohio">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio" title="Guernsey County, Ohio">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Ohio" title="Hancock County, Ohio">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Ohio" title="Hardin County, Ohio">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Ohio" title="Harrison County, Ohio">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Ohio" title="Henry County, Ohio">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio" title="Highland County, Ohio">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_County,_Ohio" title="Hocking County, Ohio">Hocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio" title="Huron County, Ohio">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Ohio" title="Jackson County, Ohio">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Ohio" title="Knox County, Ohio">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Ohio" title="Lake County, Ohio">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Ohio" title="Lawrence County, Ohio">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio" title="Licking County, Ohio">Licking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Ohio" title="Logan County, Ohio">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio" title="Lorain County, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_County,_Ohio" title="Lucas County, Ohio">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Ohio" title="Madison County, Ohio">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_County,_Ohio" title="Mahoning County, Ohio">Mahoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Ohio" title="Marion County, Ohio">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_County,_Ohio" title="Medina County, Ohio">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Ohio" title="Meigs County, Ohio">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Mercer County, Ohio">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Ohio" title="Miami County, Ohio">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Ohio" title="Monroe County, Ohio">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio" title="Montgomery County, Ohio">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio" title="Morgan County, Ohio">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrow_County,_Ohio" title="Morrow County, Ohio">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_County,_Ohio" title="Muskingum County, Ohio">Muskingum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Ohio" title="Noble County, Ohio">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Ohio" title="Ottawa County, Ohio">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulding_County,_Ohio" title="Paulding County, Ohio">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Ohio" title="Perry County, Ohio">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaway_County,_Ohio" title="Pickaway County, Ohio">Pickaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Ohio" title="Pike County, Ohio">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio" title="Portage County, Ohio">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preble_County,_Ohio" title="Preble County, Ohio">Preble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Putnam County, Ohio">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Ohio" title="Richland County, Ohio">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky_County,_Ohio" title="Sandusky County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioto_County,_Ohio" title="Scioto County, Ohio">Scioto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio" title="Seneca County, Ohio">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Ohio" title="Shelby County, Ohio">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio" title="Stark County, Ohio">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_County,_Ohio" title="Summit County, Ohio">Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio" title="Trumbull County, Ohio">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio" title="Tuscarawas County, Ohio">Tuscarawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Ohio" title="Union County, Ohio">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wert_County,_Ohio" title="Van Wert County, Ohio">Van Wert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_County,_Ohio" title="Vinton County, Ohio">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Warren County, Ohio">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Ohio" title="Wayne County, Ohio">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_County,_Ohio" title="Williams County, Ohio">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Ohio" title="Wood County, Ohio">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_County,_Ohio" title="Wyandot County, Ohio">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li>See also <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li>See also <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li>See also <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11292170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85094274">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543523505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1940" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MEi95NfEecC&pg=PA599">"Chronology"</a>, Ohio Guide, <a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a>, New York: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603540346" title="Special:BookSources/9781603540346"><bdi>9781603540346</bdi></a> – via Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Ohio+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American+Guide+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9781603540346&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MEi95NfEecC%26pg%3DPA599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Ohio" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&oldid=1253196204">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ohio&oldid=1253196204</a>"</div></div> <div 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