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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_course_(Hula_Valley)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_course_(Hula_Valley)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Upper course (Hula Valley)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_course_(Hula_Valley)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lower course</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads,_border_crossings,_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads,_border_crossings,_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Roads, border crossings, bridges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roads,_border_crossings,_bridges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roads, border crossings, bridges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roads,_border_crossings,_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_crossings_(open_bridges)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_crossings_(open_bridges)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Border crossings (open bridges)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_crossings_(open_bridges)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_(historical;_modern:_open_and_closed)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_(historical;_modern:_open_and_closed)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bridges (historical; modern: open and closed)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_(historical;_modern:_open_and_closed)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_as_a_water_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_as_a_water_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Importance as a water source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_as_a_water_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Derived cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christening_of_royals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christening_of_royals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Christening of royals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christening_of_royals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_poetry_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_poetry_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Christian poetry and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_poetry_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jordan River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaanrivier" title="Jordaanrivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jordaanrivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordan" title="Iordan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iordan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="نهر الأردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر الأردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%A2" title="ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ordan_%C3%A7ay%C4%B1" title="İordan çayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İordan çayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اوردن چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوردن چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="জর্দান নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্দান নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иордан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Іардан (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іардан (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ярдан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ярдан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जॉर्डन नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉर्डन नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Йордан (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йордан (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(rijeka)" title="Jordan (rijeka) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jordan (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(st%C3%AAr)" title="Jordan (stêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jordan (stêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A0_(riu)" title="Jordà (riu) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jordà (riu)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Иордан (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иордан (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%E1%BA%96al_Senir" title="Naẖal Senir – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Naẖal Senir" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n" title="Jordán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jordán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwizi_Jorodhani" title="Rwizi Jorodhani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rwizi Jorodhani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Iorddonen" title="Afon Iorddonen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Iorddonen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(flod)" title="Jordan (flod) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jordan (flod)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Ιορδάνης (ποταμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιορδάνης (ποταμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Jord%C3%A1n" title="Río Jordán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Jordán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordano" title="Jordano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jordano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(ibaia)" title="Jordan (ibaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jordan (ibaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="رود اردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود اردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jourdain" title="Jourdain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jourdain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaan_(rivier)" title="Jordaan (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jordaan (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_na_hIord%C3%A1ine" title="Abhainn na hIordáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhainn na hIordáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awin_y_Jordaan" title="Awin y Jordaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Awin y Jordaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_I%C3%B2rdan" title="Abhainn Iòrdan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Abhainn Iòrdan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Xord%C3%A1n" title="Río Xordán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Xordán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A8%EA%B0%95" title="요르단강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요르단강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Հորդանան (գետ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորդանան (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जॉर्डन नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्डन नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(rijeka)" title="Jordan (rijeka) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jordan (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Yordan" title="Sungai Yordan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Yordan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иордан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3rdan" title="Jórdan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jórdan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_(fiume)" title="Giordano (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giordano (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="נהר הירדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נהר הירדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yordan" title="Kali Yordan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Yordan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%94rda%C5%8B_P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Yɔrdaŋ Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yɔrdaŋ Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಾರ್ಡನ್ ನದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಡನ್ ನದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="იორდანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იორდანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(rz%C3%A9ka)" title="Jordan (rzéka) – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jordan (rzéka)" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иордан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yordani_(mto)" title="Yordani (mto) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yordani (mto)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordanis" title="Iordanis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iordanis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C4%81na" title="Jordāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jordāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanas" title="Jordanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jordanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaan" title="Jordaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jordaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jordo_rirxe" title="jordo rirxe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jordo rirxe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordan_(fium)" title="Giordan (fium) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giordan (fium)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Jordán (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jordán (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Јордан (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јордан (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordana_(ony)" title="Jordana (ony) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jordana (ony)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ജോർദാൻ നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർദാൻ നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जॉर्डन नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्डन नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="იორდანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იორდანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="نهر الاردن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الاردن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Jordan" title="Sungai Jordan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Jordan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang_Yordan" title="Batang Yordan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Batang Yordan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Иордан гол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иордан гол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordaan_(rivier)" title="Jordaan (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jordaan (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="ヨルダン川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨルダン川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(elv)" title="Jordan (elv) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jordan (elv)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanelva" title="Jordanelva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jordanelva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Иордан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iordan_(daryo)" title="Iordan (daryo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iordan (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਜਾਰਡਨ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਡਨ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دریاۓ اردن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ اردن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Hordan" title="Riu Hordan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Riu Hordan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(rzeka)" title="Jordan (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jordan (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Jord%C3%A3o" title="Rio Jordão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Jordão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Iordan" title="Râul Iordan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Râul Iordan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurthan_mayu" title="Hurthan mayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hurthan mayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иордан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иордаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Иордаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जार्डन्-नदी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्डन्-नदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordanu" title="Giordanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giordanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Jordan" title="River Jordan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="River Jordan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciumi_Giurdanu" title="Ciumi Giurdanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciumi Giurdanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජෝර්දාන් ගංගාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්දාන් ගංගාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jordan River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n" title="Jordán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jordán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Јордан (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јордан (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(rijeka)" title="Jordan (rijeka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jordan (rijeka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jordan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Jordan" title="Ilog Jordan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="யோர்தான் ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோர்தான் ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="แม่น้ำจอร์แดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำจอร์แดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Дарёи Урдун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дарёи Урдун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeria_Nehri" title="Şeria Nehri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeria Nehri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йордан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йордан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دریائے اردن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے اردن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zordan_(fiume)" title="Zordan (fiume) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zordan (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_Jordan" title="Sông Jordan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Jordan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djordin_(aiwe)" title="Djordin (aiwe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djordin (aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog_Jordan" title="Salog Jordan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog Jordan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="约旦河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约旦河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="ירדן טייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ירדן טייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="約旦河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約旦河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="约旦河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约旦河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Jodan" title="Okwaan̄ Jodan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Jodan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawang_Jordan" title="Bawang Jordan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Bawang Jordan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Jordan_River" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_River&params=33_11_15_N_35_37_10_E_region:IL_type:river_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°11′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.18750°N 35.61944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.18750; 35.61944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River that flows to the Dead Sea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the river in the Levant. For other rivers, see <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jordan River (disambiguation)">Jordan River (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"The Jordan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jordan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jordan (disambiguation)">Jordan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Jordan River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20100923_mer_morte13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/250px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/375px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/20100923_mer_morte13.JPG/500px-20100923_mer_morte13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jordan River</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JordanRiver_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JordanRiver_en.svg/220px-JordanRiver_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JordanRiver_en.svg/330px-JordanRiver_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JordanRiver_en.svg/440px-JordanRiver_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Jordan River runs along the border between Jordan, the Palestinian West Bank, Israel and southwestern Syria.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نهر الأردن</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nahr al-Urdun</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נהר הירדן</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Nehar ha-Yarden</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نهر الشريعة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al Sharieat</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, Eastern Mediterranean litoral</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Confluence of <a href="/wiki/Hasbani_River" title="Hasbani River">Hasbani River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(Middle_East)" title="Dan River (Middle East)">Dan River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sde_Nehemia" title="Sde Nehemia">Sde Nehemia</a> kibbutz in northern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_River&params=33_11_15_N_35_37_10_E_region:IL_type:river_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°11′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.18750°N 35.61944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.18750; 35.61944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">70 m (230 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−416 m (−1,365 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">251 km (156 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, Jordan Rift Valley</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(Middle_East)" title="Dan River (Middle East)">Dan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmouk River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River" title="Zarqa River">Zarqa River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasbani_River" title="Hasbani River">Hasbani or Snir River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Ayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Ayun">Iyyon Stream</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="["_194bfa6b1a9a6dfa2047cfecd3c7f0af301bda91"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jordan_River&revid=1258940573&groups=_194bfa6b1a9a6dfa2047cfecd3c7f0af301bda91" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jordan_River&revid=1258940573&groups=_194bfa6b1a9a6dfa2047cfecd3c7f0af301bda91 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jordan River</b> or <b>River Jordan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ</span>, <i>Nahr al-ʾUrdunn</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן</span>, <i>Nəhar hayYardēn</i>), also known as <i>Nahr Al-Sharieat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نهر الشريعة</span>), is a 251-kilometre-long (156 mi) <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> that flows roughly north to south through the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> and drains to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. The river passes by or through <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>. </p><p>Jordan and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupied_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> border the river to the east, while Israel and the Israeli-occupied <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> lie to its west. Both Jordan and the West Bank derive their names in relation to the river. The river holds major significance in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the Israelites crossed it into the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">was baptized</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> in it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Several hypotheses for the origin of most of the river's names in modern languages (e.g., Jordan, Yarden, Urdunn), one is that it comes from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity, possibly appearing also in other river names in the region such as <a href="/wiki/Yarkon_River" title="Yarkon River">Yarkon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmouk</a>, or it may be related to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> loanword 'yǝʾor' ('big river', the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rahkonen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahkonen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this hypothesis, "Den" might be linked to the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word <a href="/wiki/Dan_(cuneiform)" title="Dan (cuneiform)">dannum</a> for "powerful".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognates of the word are found in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etm1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etm1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded use of the name appears as <i>Yārdon</i> in <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Anastasi_I" title="Papyrus Anastasi I">Anastasi I</a>, an ancient Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> that probably dates to the time of <a href="/wiki/Rameses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameses II">Rameses II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Arab chronicles referred to the river as <i>Al-Urdunn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-etm2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, the etymologically related term <i><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡍࡀ</span>) can refer not only to the Jordan River, but also any other body of flowing water that can be used for Mandaean baptismal rituals (<i><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the Arabic name <i>Nahr Al Sharieat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نهر الشريعة</span>), literally "the watering place" began to be used,<sup id="cite_ref-etm2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was recorded by medieval geographers such as <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-etm2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was shown in various forms on most <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine#Notable_19th_century_maps" title="Cartography of Palestine">notable 19th century maps of the region</a> and is described by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Researches_in_Palestine" title="Biblical Researches in Palestine">Biblical Researches in Palestine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historical sources do not appear to make this distinction, it is described in some modern sources as the name for the part of the river before it flows into the Sea of Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dan_River_(Middle_East)" title="Dan River (Middle East)">Dan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasbani_River" title="Hasbani River">Hasbani</a> rivers merge near the kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Sde_Nehemia" title="Sde Nehemia">Sde Nehemia</a> in northern Israel and become the Jordan river. The Hasbani (Arabic: الحاصباني <i>Hasbani</i>, Hebrew: either שניר <i>Snir</i> or <i>Hatzbani</i>) is a stream which flows from the north-western foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a flow of 118 million m<sup>3</sup> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rimmer2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Ayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Ayun">Iyyon</a> (Hebrew: עיון <i>Iyyon</i>, Arabic name: Ajoun stream,<sup id="cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but دردره <i>Dardara</i> for the uppermost course and براغيث <i>Bareighith</i> or <i>Beregeith</i> for the rest of its course) is a stream which flows from <a href="/wiki/Marjeyoun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjeyoun District">Merj 'Ayun area</a> in southern Lebanon into the Hasbani. </p><p>The Dan (Arabic: اللدان <i>Leddan</i> or <i>Liddan</i>, Hebrew: דן <i>Dan</i>) is the largest among the Jordan's upper course tributaries with c. 240-252 million cubic metres per year.<sup id="cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rimmer2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Banias_River" title="Banias River">Banias</a> (Arabic: بانياس <i>Banias</i>, Hebrew: either <i>Banias</i> or חרמון <i>Hermon</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-carta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a stream arising from a spring at <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a> at the foot of Mount Hermon, with a flow of 106 million m<sup>3</sup> annually.<sup id="cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rimmer2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It flows into the Dan along with the Nahal Sion or Nahal Assal (Hebrew) / Wadi el-'Asl or Assal (Arabic).<sup id="cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_course_(Hula_Valley)"><span id="Upper_course_.28Hula_Valley.29"></span>Upper course (Hula Valley)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg/220px-Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg/330px-Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg/440px-Map_of_The_River_Jordan._1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption>1871 Map of the Jordan river.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note in particular Lake Hula which was later drained.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee (via the <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida_Valley" title="Bethsaida Valley">Bethsaida Valley</a>) and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "<a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a>", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity, and the term <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a> is reserved for the lower course. </p><p>Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a 75-kilometre (47 mi) run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 kilometres (16 mi) down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip at <a href="/wiki/Degania_Dam" title="Degania Dam">Degania Dam</a>. </p><p>Its section north of the Sea of Galilee is within the boundaries of Israel and forms the western boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_course">Lower course</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jordan_River_loops,_aerial_view_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg/220px-The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg/330px-The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg/440px-The_Jordan_River_loops%2C_aerial_view_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1621" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>South of the Sea of Galilee, the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last 120-kilometre-long (75 mi) section follows what is commonly termed the "Jordan Valley", which has less <a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">gradient</a> (the total drop is another 210 metres) so that the river <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meanders</a> before entering the Dead Sea, a <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">terminal lake</a> about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. The river is fed by two major <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yarmuk_(river)" title="Yarmuk (river)">Yarmouk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarqa_River" title="Zarqa River">Zarqa</a>. The Yarmouk, the largest tributary of the lower course, forms the border between Syria and Jordan and then Jordan and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller tributaries or "side wadis" / "side streams" in this segment are, north to south<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>from the east (6–10 in total)<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2009_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Wadi al-'Arab<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wadi Ziqlab<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorath" title="Chorath">Wadi al-Yabis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Kafranja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Kafranja (page does not exist)">Wadi Kafranja</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Kufrinjah passing near <a href="/wiki/Ajloun" title="Ajloun">Ajloun</a></li> <li>Wadi Rajib, the last before Wadi Zarqa<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nimrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Nimrin">Wadi Nimrin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>from the west <ul><li>Nahal Yavne'el<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nahal Tavor (Tabor Stream)<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nahal Yissakhar<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Harod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Harod">Nahal Harod</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nahal Bezeq, on the border between Israel and the West Bank, between <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gilboa" title="Mount Gilboa">Mount Gilboa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_el_Maleh" title="Wadi el Maleh">Wadi el Maleh</a> from the Samaria Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Far%27a_(river)" title="Wadi al-Far'a (river)">Wadi al-Far'a</a> coming from the <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> area<sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Auja" title="Wadi Auja">Wadi Auja</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Arabic) or Nahal Yitav (Hebrew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qelt" title="Wadi Qelt">Wadi Qelt</a> coming down from the <a href="/wiki/Judean_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean mountains">Judean mountains</a> and passing through <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gafny_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gafny-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><p> In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Costigan" title="Christopher Costigan">Christopher Costigan</a> in 1835, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Howard_Molyneux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Howard Molyneux (page does not exist)">Thomas Howard Molyneux</a> in 1847, <a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Francis Lynch">William Francis Lynch</a> in 1848, and <a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor_(sportsman)" title="John MacGregor (sportsman)">John MacGregor</a> in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1849 book <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_Of_The_United_States_Expedition_To_The_River_Jordan_And_The_Dead_Sea" class="extiw" title="s:Narrative Of The United States Expedition To The River Jordan And The Dead Sea">Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea</a></i> is available online.</p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbud24C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abbud24C.jpg/200px-Abbud24C.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abbud24C.jpg/300px-Abbud24C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Abbud24C.jpg/400px-Abbud24C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>Coloured postcard of the Jordan River, by <a href="/wiki/Karimeh_Abbud" title="Karimeh Abbud">Karimeh Abbud</a>, circa 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the <a href="/wiki/National_Water_Carrier_of_Israel" title="National Water Carrier of Israel">National Water Carrier</a>. Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a> that diverted water from the Yarmouk to the <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Canal" title="King Abdullah Canal">East Ghor Canal</a>. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame Israel, Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Plushnick-Masti_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plushnick-Masti-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3></div> <p>The Jordan River basin has a unique <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">ichthyofauna</a> as it serves as the meeting point for several different biogeographic regions, including the northern <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropics</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> & <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>. Native fish include <a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">cyprinids</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Acanthobrama_lissneri" title="Acanthobrama lissneri">Jordan bream</a> (<i>Achanthobrama lissneri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jordan_himri" title="Jordan himri">Jordan himri</a> (<i>Carasobarbus canis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jordan_barbel" title="Jordan barbel">Jordan barbel</a> (<i>Luciobarbus longiceps</i>), <a href="/wiki/Capoeta_damascina" title="Capoeta damascina">Levantine scraper</a> (<i>Capoeta damascina</i>; the most common native fish in the basin), <a href="/wiki/Red_garra" title="Red garra">red garra</a> (<i>Garra rufa</i>), & <a href="/wiki/Garra_nana" title="Garra nana">Damascus garra</a> (<i>Garra nana</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hillstream_loach" title="Hillstream loach">hillstream loaches</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxynoemacheilus_insignis" title="Oxynoemacheilus insignis">Palestine loach</a> (<i>Oxynoemacheilus insignis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Clarias_gariepinus" title="Clarias gariepinus">African sharptooth catfish</a> (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Oreochromis_aureus" title="Oreochromis aureus">blue tilapia</a> (<i>Oreochromis aureus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Redbelly_tilapia" title="Redbelly tilapia">redbelly tilapia</a> (<i>Coptodon zillii</i>), & <a href="/wiki/Mango_tilapia" title="Mango tilapia">mango tilapia</a> (<i>Sarotherodon galilaeus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Blenniiformes" title="Blenniiformes">blennies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_blenny" title="Freshwater blenny">freshwater blenny</a> (<i>Salariopsis fluviatilis</i>). The Jordan bream and Jordan barbel are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the Jordan River basin. The Jordan basin may have also served as the center of diversification for several now-widespread Palearctic fish groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A native freshwater reptile is the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_terrapin" title="Balkan terrapin">Balkan terrapin</a> (<i>Mauremys rivulata</i>), which is thought to have also been a food source for the earliest <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> residents of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several introduced species of fish are known from the region, including <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian carp">common carp</a> (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass carp</a> (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>), <a href="/wiki/Black_carp" title="Black carp">black carp</a> (<i>Hypophthalmichthys molitrix</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), <a href="/wiki/Nile_tilapia" title="Nile tilapia">Nile tilapia</a> (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Flathead_grey_mullet" title="Flathead grey mullet">sea mullet</a> (<i>Mugil cephalus</i>). Many of these introduced fish either prey on or outcompete native fish and threaten their populations, especially the more endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flow">Flow</h3></div> <p>In modern times, up to 95% of the water is diverted for human purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the flow is less than 10% of the past average.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea is rapidly shrinking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-dry_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> <p>A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca. 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Plushnick-Masti_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plushnick-Masti-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/EcoPeace_Middle_East" title="EcoPeace Middle East">FoEME</a> named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roads,_border_crossings,_bridges"><span id="Roads.2C_border_crossings.2C_bridges"></span>Roads, border crossings, bridges</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg/220px-RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg/330px-RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg/440px-RAFTING_ON_THE_JORDAN_RIVER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>Rafting on Jordan River, northern Galilee</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Highway_90_(Israel%E2%80%93Palestine)" title="Highway 90 (Israel–Palestine)">Route 90</a>, part of which is named after <a href="/wiki/Rehavam_Zeevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehavam Zeevi">Rehavam Zeevi</a>, connects the northern and southern tips of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_crossings_(open_bridges)"><span id="Border_crossings_.28open_bridges.29"></span>Border crossings (open bridges)</h3></div> <p>There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges. The northern one, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River_Crossing" title="Jordan River Crossing">Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge</a> is near <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a>; the southern one, <a href="/wiki/Allenby_Bridge" title="Allenby Bridge">Allenby Bridge</a> (also King Hussein Bridge), is near <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges_(historical;_modern:_open_and_closed)"><span id="Bridges_.28historical.3B_modern:_open_and_closed.29"></span>Bridges (historical; modern: open and closed)</h3></div> <p>North to south: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jacob_Bridge" title="Daughters of Jacob Bridge">Daughters of Jacob Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: Gesher Bnot Ya'akov, "Daughters of Jacob Bridge") is the most famous one within Israel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arik_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arik Bridge (page does not exist)">Arik Bridge</a> at the northern end of the Sea of Galilee; allows access to the central Golan Heights, was crucial in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sinnabra" title="Al-Sinnabra">Al-Sinnabra</a>, at the spot where the river used to exit the Sea of Galilee in the past; few remains excavated by archaeologists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_el-Majami%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr el-Majami'">Jisr el-Majami'</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an/Beisan</a>; closed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damia_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Damia Bridge">Damiya or Adam Bridge</a> halfway between Jericho and Beit She'an; closed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Bridge" title="King Abdullah Bridge">King Abdullah Bridge</a> south of the Allenby Bridge; closed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_as_a_water_source">Importance as a water source</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png/220px-Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png/330px-Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png/440px-Jordan_River_-_Dead_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>River Jordan draining into the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the first decade of the 21st century, the waters of the Jordan River had been the largest water resource for Israel; lately, <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinated</a> sea water from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> has taken over this role. Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, has delivered water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain for over four decades, until prolonged drought led to abandoning this solution in favour of desalination. </p><p>Jordan receives 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> cu ft) of water from the river, a quantity which is regulated by the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">peace treaty</a> with Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, one of the main water resources in Jordan was the Jordan River, with a flow of 1.3 billion m<sup>3</sup> per year (BCM/yr). However, after Israel built the National Water Carrier in 1953 and diverted water from the Sea of Galilee to Israel's coastal plains and southern desert, the flow of the Lower Jordan River dropped significantly. The 50 MCM/yr that Israel provides from the Sea of Galilee as part of the 1994 peace treaty was meant to compensate for this loss. A 2010 study found that the Lower Jordan River has been reduced to 2% of its historic flow.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water quality has also deteriorated sharply, with high levels of salinity and pollution from agricultural fertilizer and untreated wastewater upstream in Israel and the West Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River was a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War#Water_dispute" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> when, starting in 1965, Syria attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-mehr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_067.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><i>Crossing the Jordan</i>, from <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Die_Bibel_in_Bildern" class="extiw" title="commons:Die Bibel in Bildern">Die Bibel in Bildern</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0113.htm#10">13:10</a>). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Zarqa River), on his way back from <a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0132.htm#11">Genesis 32:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0132.htm#23">32:23–24</a>). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_in_the_Bible" title="Transjordan in the Bible">east</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0434.htm#15">34:15</a>) and the "nine tribes and the half <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a>" that settled to the west (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0613.htm#7">Joshua 13:7</a>, passim). </p><p>Opposite <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, it is called "the Jordan of Jericho" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0434.htm#15">Numbers 34:15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0435.htm#1">35:1</a>). The Jordan has a number of <a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">fords</a>, and one of them is famous as the place where many <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraimites</a> were slain by <a href="/wiki/Jephthah" title="Jephthah">Jephthah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0712.htm#5">12:5–6</a>). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a> lay in wait for the <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianites</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0707.htm#24">Judges 7:24</a>). In the plain of the Jordan, between <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Succoth</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarthan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarthan (page does not exist)">Zarthan</a>, is the clay ground where <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> had his bronze foundries (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 Kings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a07.htm#46">7:46</a>). In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b06.htm#1">2 Kings 6:1–4</a> the Jordan valley is portrayed as a woodland region. Biblical commentator <a href="/wiki/Albert_Barnes_(theologian)" title="Albert Barnes (theologian)">Albert Barnes</a> suggests that "trees were rare in most parts of Palestine, but plentiful in the Jordan Valley".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In biblical history, the Jordan appears as the scene of several <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua (<a href="/wiki/Joshua_3#Crossing_the_Jordan_(3:14–17)" title="Joshua 3">Joshua 3:15-17</a>). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0622.htm#10">Joshua 22:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0622.htm#26">22:26</a>, et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a> on dry ground (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b02.htm#8">2 Kings 2:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b02.htm#14">2:14</a>). Elisha performed two miracles at the Jordan: he healed <a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> by having him bathe in its waters (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b05.htm#14">2 Kings 5:14</a>), and he made an axe head lost by one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b06.htm#6">2 Kings 6:6</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Christianity in Jordan</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas,_Jordan_River,_1913_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jordanian_Christian_women_visiting_Al-Maghtas%2C_Jordan_River%2C_1913_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Christian women on pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> (1913)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/250px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/375px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/500px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River are the putative location for the Baptism of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and the ministry of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> states that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> baptised unto repentance<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Jordan (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_3:5" title="Matthew 3:5">Matthew 3:5</a>–<a href="/wiki/Matthew_3:6" title="Matthew 3:6">6</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">1:5</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#3:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">3:3</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">1:28</a>). These acts of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> are also reported as having taken place at <a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 1:28</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> came <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">to be baptised</a> by him there (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_3:13" title="Matthew 3:13">Matthew 3:13</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#1:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 1:9</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#3:21" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 3:21</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">4:1</a>). The Jordan is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#1:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 1:29–36</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> which names the Jordan (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#9:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 9:1–2</a>) is reported in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:15</a>. </p><p>The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#19:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 19:1</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#10:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 10:1</a>) and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him preach and to be healed of their diseases (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:25</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#3:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 3:7–8</a>). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at the river in the place John had first baptised (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#10:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 10:39–40</a>). </p><p>Scholars have concluded that the site called <a href="/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</a> on the east side has long been considered the location for the Baptism of Jesus and a place of pilgrimage. This has led to choosing Al-Maghtas as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage site</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_cultural_significance">Derived cultural significance</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h4></div> <p>Because, according to Jewish tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> made a difficult and hazardous journey from <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to freedom in <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">the Promised Land</a>, the Jordan can refer to freedom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. </p><p>Among many other references, the Jordan River is given this meaning in the text of <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_River_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Man River (song)">Old Man River</a></i>: "Let me go 'way from the Mississippi / Let me go 'way from the white man boss / Show me that stream called the River Jordan / That's the old stream that I long to cross". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christening_of_royals">Christening of royals</h4></div> <p>Because of the baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon of Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Ogilvy" title="James Ogilvy">James Ogilvy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, On 15 May 1717, the Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> was baptised in Vienna by the Papal <a href="/wiki/Nuntius" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuntius">Nuntius</a> Giorgio Spinola, representing <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>, with baptismal water containing a few drops from the River Jordan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_poetry_and_music">Christian poetry and music</h4></div> <p>The Jordan is a frequent symbol in <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">spiritual music</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> works. The baptism of Jesus is referred to in a hymn by the reformer Martin Luther, "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a></i></span>" (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam,_BWV_7" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7"><i>Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</i>, BWV 7</a></span></span> (1724). </p><p>The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including the traditional African-American spiritual/folk songs "<a href="/wiki/Michael_Row_the_Boat_Ashore" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Row the Boat Ashore">Michael Row the Boat Ashore</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Deep_River_(song)" title="Deep River (song)">Deep River</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Roll,_Jordan,_Roll" title="Roll, Jordan, Roll">Roll, Jordan, Roll</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is mentioned in the songs "<a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Destruction_(song)" title="Eve of Destruction (song)">Eve of Destruction</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Will_You_Be_There" title="Will You Be There">Will You Be There</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/The_Wayfaring_Stranger_(song)" title="The Wayfaring Stranger (song)">The Wayfaring Stranger</a>" and in "<a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Man_River" title="Ol' Man River">Ol' Man River</a>" from the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>. "The Far Side Banks of Jordan" by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/June_Carter_Cash" title="June Carter Cash">June Carter Cash</a> on June's <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>-winning studio album, <i><a href="/wiki/Press_On_(June_Carter_Cash_album)" title="Press On (June Carter Cash album)">Press On</a></i>, mentions the Jordan River as well as the Promised Land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jordan River is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">roots reggae</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Burning_Spear" title="Burning Spear">Burning Spear</a>'s song of the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarusian band <a href="/wiki/Spasenie" title="Spasenie">Spasenie</a> dedicated its whole album "<a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Jordan" title="Crossing the Jordan">Crossing the Jordan</a>" to the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Israel" title="List of rivers of Israel">List of rivers of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Jordan" title="List of rivers of Jordan">List of rivers of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naharayim" title="Naharayim">Naharayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418195919/http://www.interfaithsustain.com/an-interfaith-look-at-the-jordan-river/">"An Interfaith Look at the Jordan River"</a>. 25 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfaithsustain.com/an-interfaith-look-at-the-jordan-river/">the original</a> on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interfaith+Look+at+the+Jordan+River&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfaithsustain.com%2Fan-interfaith-look-at-the-jordan-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahkonen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rahkonen_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahkonen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rahkonen, Pauli Ensio Juhani (11 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/46542">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Canaanites" or "Amorites"? A Study on Semitic toponyms of the second millennium BC in the Land of Canaan"</a>. <i>Studia Orientalia Electronica</i>. <b>4</b>: 108–130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2323-5209">2323-5209</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183831/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/46542">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia+Electronica&rft.atitle=%22Canaanites%22+or+%22Amorites%22%3F+A+Study+on+Semitic+toponyms+of+the+second+millennium+BC+in+the+Land+of+Canaan&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=108-130&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.issn=2323-5209&rft.aulast=Rahkonen&rft.aufirst=Pauli+Ensio+Juhani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fstore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F46542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelb, I. J. (1973). Glossary of Old Akkadian. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etm1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etm1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsBullard1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. pp. 466–467, 928. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095243/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=466-467%2C+928&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E.&rft.au=Bullard%2C+Roger+Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAḥituv1984" class="citation book cs1">Aḥituv, Shmuel (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dGFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Canaanite toponyms in ancient Egyptian documents</i></a>. Magnes Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-565-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-565-7"><bdi>978-965-223-565-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018095621/https://books.google.com/books/about/Canaanite_toponyms_in_ancient_Egyptian_d.html?id=dGFtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canaanite+toponyms+in+ancient+Egyptian+documents&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-965-223-565-7&rft.aulast=A%E1%B8%A5ituv&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdGFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etm2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etm2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etm2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etm2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1">Le Strange, Guy (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A. D. 650 To 1500</i></a>. Alexander P. Watt for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest/page/52">52</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052930/http://www.archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lest">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.+D.+650+To+1500&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Alexander+P.+Watt+for+the+Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515385-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515385-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515385-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog/page/n279/mode/1up">257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, 1881, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/167/mode/1up">167</a> (= SWP map 9): <i>Esh Sheriah</i>: The watering-place. This is the modern title of Jordan. The root means also to ´flow straight on or through: Palmer, 1881, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/350/mode/1up">350</a> (= SWP map 18): <i>Esh Sheriah</i>: The watering-place. The Jordan. In literary Arabic it is called <i>Urdunna</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_dQAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Development of the Jordan River</i></a>. Arab Information Center. 1961. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114203010/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_dQAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>. <q>The River is composed of two important sections, the al-Sharea and the Jordan. The al-Sharea River, which is the name of the Jordan before it enters Lake Tiberias, descends from a height of 230 feet above sea level to Tiberias</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Jordan+River&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Arab+Information+Center&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_dQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhAzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT260"><i>Essays in Political Geography</i></a>. Routledge. 2016. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60528-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60528-7"><bdi>978-1-317-60528-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102035947/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhAzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT260">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Political+Geography&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-60528-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhAzDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFIAL2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFIAL2012_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_ZeitounKarim_Eid-SabbaghMuna_DajaniMichael_Talhami2012" class="citation web cs1">Mark Zeitoun; Karim Eid-Sabbagh; Muna Dajani; Michael Talhami (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/439774/1029261/UJR+Hydropol+Baseline+-+Main+lo-res+%282012%29.pdf/28ae7dc7-e16f-45a4-95a1-d285edbfc528">"Hydro-political Baseline of the Upper Jordan River"</a>. Beirut: Association of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al (AFIAL) with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">UEA</a> Water Security Research Centre. pp. 19–23, chapter <i>Sources of the Jordan</i> (2.1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222705/https://www.uea.ac.uk/documents/439774/1029261/UJR+Hydropol+Baseline+-+Main+lo-res+%282012%29.pdf/28ae7dc7-e16f-45a4-95a1-d285edbfc528">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydro-political+Baseline+of+the+Upper+Jordan+River&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=19-23%2C+chapter+%27%27Sources+of+the+Jordan%27%27+%282.1%29&rft.pub=Association+of+the+Friends+of+Ibrahim+Abd+el+Al+%28AFIAL%29+with+the+UEA+Water+Security+Research+Centre&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Mark+Zeitoun&rft.au=Karim+Eid-Sabbagh&rft.au=Muna+Dajani&rft.au=Michael+Talhami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uea.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2F439774%2F1029261%2FUJR%2BHydropol%2BBaseline%2B-%2BMain%2Blo-res%2B%25282012%2529.pdf%2F28ae7dc7-e16f-45a4-95a1-d285edbfc528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rimmer2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rimmer2006_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimmerSalingar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rimmer, Alon; Salingar (2006). Krzysztofowicz, R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il/~geo/physicalgeo/Alon%20Rimer/Springs%20Model%20JH%20331%203-4.pdf">"Modelling precipitation-streamflow processes in karst basin: The case of the Jordan River sources, Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrology" title="Journal of Hydrology">Journal of Hydrology</a></i>. <b>331</b> (3–4). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 527–528. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JHyd..331..524R">2006JHyd..331..524R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhydrol.2006.06.003">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1694">0022-1694</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2011</span>. <q>Rainfall and snowmelt of Mt. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix+C%3A+Historical+review+of+the+political+riparian+issues+in+the+development+of+the+Jordan+River+and+basin+management&rft.pub=Murakami&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2F80858e%2F80858E0m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/2_kings/6.htm">Barnes' Notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106204816/http://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/2_kings/6.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 2 Kings 6, accessed 26 December 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#19:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 19:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1446">"Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119092144/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1446">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+Site+%22Bethany+Beyond+the+Jordan%22+%28Al-Maghtas%29&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kate Connolly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/20/worlddispatch.kateconnolly">"Once upon a time in Bulgaria"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723170840/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/20/worlddispatch.kateconnolly">Archived</a> 2015-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 20 June 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902080032/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871108-1,00.html">"Baptized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. May 22, 1964. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871108-1,00.html">the original</a> on September 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-11</span></span>. <q>water from the River Jordan was sent for the occasion;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Baptized&rft.date=1964-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C871108-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319044550/http://jah-lyrics.com/index.php?songid=1135">"Jah Lyrics: Burning Spear - Jordan River Lyrics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jah-lyrics.com/index.php?songid=1135">the original</a> on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jah+Lyrics%3A+Burning+Spear+-+Jordan+River+Lyrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jah-lyrics.com%2Findex.php%3Fsongid%3D1135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЗробок2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Зробок, Ольга (2005-05-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830072634/https://news.tut.by/culture/53634.html">"Интервью с солистом группы "Spasenie" Игорем Мухой накануне концерта 1 июня в клубе "Реактор"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Interview with the lead singer of Spasenie Igor Mukha on the eve of the concert at the club "Reactor" on June 1] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/TUT.BY" class="mw-redirect" title="TUT.BY">TUT.BY</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tut.by/culture/53634.html">the original</a> on 2019-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B+%22Spasenie%22+%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+1+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5+%22%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%22&rft.pub=TUT.BY&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fculture%2F53634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft"><i>Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</i></a>. London: Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004386">1004386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Under+the+Moslems%3A+A+Description+of+Syria+and+the+Holy+Land+from+A.D.+650+to+1500&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004386&rft.aulast=Le+Strange&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestineundermo00lestuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Palmer" title="Edward Henry Palmer">Palmer, E.H.</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft"><i>The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survey+of+Western+Palestine%3A+Arabic+and+English+Name+Lists+Collected+During+the+Survey+by+Lieutenants+Conder+and+Kitchener%2C+R.+E.+Transliterated+and+Explained+by+E.H.+Palmer&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurveyofwesternp00conduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonSmith1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Robinson, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eli_Smith" title="Eli Smith">Smith, E.</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog"><i>Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Crocker_%26_Brewster" title="Crocker & Brewster">Crocker & Brewster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Researches+in+Palestine%2C+Mount+Sinai+and+Arabia+Petraea%3A+A+Journal+of+Travels+in+the+year+1838&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalresearc00smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+River" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jordan_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jordan River">Jordan River</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323045945/http://www.iwrm-smart.org/">SMART – Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Conflict_and_Environment" title="Inventory of Conflict and Environment">Inventory of Conflict and Environment</a> (ICE), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100930012518/http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/JORDAN.HTM">Jordan River Dispute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2005625324">"Map of the River Jordan and Dead Sea: And the Route of the Party Under the Command of Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, United States Navy"</a> is a map from the mid-19th century of the River Jordan and Dead Sea, made under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_F._Lynch" title="William F. Lynch">William F. Lynch</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yardenit.com/baptism/jordan-river/">"The Jordan River"</a> in which John the Baptist baptized his cousin Jesus of Nazareth. (Yardenit.com)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40059#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40059#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/82144647638107715569">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1244699/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRyPcVkqGHbcj6qwkMT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4096627-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85070703">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157254959">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb157254959">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jordán (řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge754904&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536282505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687932">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059298871">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038832">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_River&oldid=1258940573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_River&oldid=1258940573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jordan_River" title="Category:Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_rivers_of_Asia" title="Category:International rivers of Asia">International rivers of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Israel" title="Category:Rivers of Israel">Rivers of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Jordan" title="Category:Rivers of Jordan">Rivers of Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Rivers of the State of Palestine">Rivers of the State of Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Rivers of Lebanon">Rivers of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Syria" title="Category:Rivers of Syria">Rivers of Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_the_West_Bank" title="Category:Rivers of the West Bank">Rivers of the West Bank</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Israel" title="Category:Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></li><li><a 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