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Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/k-kris-hirst-166730" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >K. Kris Hirst</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/k-kris-hirst-166730" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >K. Kris Hirst</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/archaeology" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit K. Kris Hirst's X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Archaeology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Anthropology, University of Iowa</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.Ed., Illinois State University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on May 19, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/we-dont-call-them-cro-magnon-170738" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">early modern humans</a> in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/archaeology-excavations-4133502" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Howiesons Poort</a> phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africa's Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">out of Africa</a> until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><em>Africa</em>: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.</li> <li><em>Europe and Western Asia</em>: Late <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/upper-paleolithic-modern-humans-173073" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Upper Paleolithic</a>, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.</li> <li><em>Japan / Northeast Asia</em>: Terminal Pleistocene.</li> <li><em>North / South America</em>: Terminal Pleistocene.</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-making-a-bow-and-arrow-set"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Making a Bow and Arrow Set </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/klasies-river-caves-167251" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Klasies River Cave</a>, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/adze-working-tool-169929" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">adzes</a>, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/hammerstone-simplest-and-oldest-stone-tool-171237" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">hammerstones</a>, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ostrich-egg-shells-169883" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">ostrich eggshell</a> in South Africa) for carrying water, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ochre-the-oldest-known-natural-pigment-172032" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">ochre</a> mixed with resin, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/bitumen-history-of-black-goo-170085" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">pitch</a>, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-how-does-it-compare-to-other-hunting-technologies"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-an-atlatl-169989" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">atlatl</a> is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-to-adopt-or-not-to-adopt"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> To Adopt or Not to Adopt </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive—groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/desert-kites-ancient-hunting-technique-170599" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">kites</a>, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (<a href="http://waa.basketmakeratlatl.com/?page_id=171" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest</a>) and archery (<a href="http://www.sca.org/activities/chivarts.html" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition</a>). She discovered an individual's atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-great-technology-shift"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Great Technology Shift </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still don't really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than "at least as early as". </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or "shiny". Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as "application space": that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sources"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sources </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><sub>Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2014.08.003" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past</a>. <em>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</em> 36:93-109.</sub></li> <li><sub>Bradfield J. 2012. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0004833X" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia.</a> <em>Antiquity</em> 86(334):1179-1191. </sub></li> <li><sub>Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11660" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa</a>. <em>Nature</em> 491(7425):590-593.</sub></li> <li><sub>Callanan M. 2013. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00049425" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="4">Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery</a>. <em>Antiquity</em> 87(337):728-745.</sub></li> <li><sub>Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.139" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="5">Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology</a>. <em>Antiquity</em> 90(349):219-228.</sub></li> <li><sub>Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.162" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="6">Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record.</a> <em>American Antiquity</em> 79(1):162-169.</sub></li><span class="mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-sc-block-adslot-inline"></span> <li><sub>Grund BS. 2017. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12820" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="7">Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities</a>. <em>American Anthropologist</em> 119(1):104-119.</sub></li> <li><sub>Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21358" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="8">Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California</a>. <em>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</em> 22(3):124-132.</sub></li> <li><sub>Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. T<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095977431200025X" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="9">hinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology</a>. <em>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</em> 22(02):237-264.</sub></li> <li><sub>Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00100134" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="10">Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</a>. <em>Antiquity</em> 84(325):635–648.</sub></li> <li><sub>Whittaker JC. 2016. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7602-8_5" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="11">Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters</a>. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. <em>Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry</em>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p 65-74.</sub></li> </ul></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Hirst, K. Kris. "Bow and Arrow Hunting." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/bow-and-arrow-hunting-history-4135970.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Hirst, K. Kris. (2023, April 5). Bow and Arrow Hunting. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/bow-and-arrow-hunting-history-4135970</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Hirst, K. Kris. "Bow and Arrow Hunting." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/bow-and-arrow-hunting-history-4135970 (accessed November 24, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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