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mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/archaeology-basics-4133505" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_8-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Basics</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_4-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">The Atlatl: 17,000 Year Old Hunting Technology</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">The Technology and History of the Spear Thrower</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="The Atlatl: 17,000 Year Old Hunting Technology" 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Kris Hirst</a> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__social-nav reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--x"> <a href="https://twitter.com/archaeology" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--x" aria-label="Visit K. Kris Hirst's X" > <svg class="icon icon-x social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-x" href="#icon-x"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Archaeology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Anthropology, University of Iowa</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.Ed., Illinois State University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on October 07, 2024</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> An atlatl (pronounced atul-atul or aht-LAH-tul) is the name used primarily by American scholars for a spear thrower, a hunting tool that was invented at least as long ago as the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. It may be much older. Spear throwers are a significant technological improvement on simply throwing or thrusting a spear, in terms of safety, speed, distance, and accuracy. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-fastfacts" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Fast Facts: Atlatl</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><ul><li>The atlatl or spearthrower is a hunting technology that was invented at least 17,000 years ago by Upper Paleolithic humans in Europe. </li><li>Atlatls give additional velocity and thrust compared to spear-throwing, and they allow the hunter to stand farther away from the prey. </li><li>They are called atlatls, because that's what the Aztecs were calling them when the Spanish arrived. Unfortunately for the Spanish, the Europeans had forgotten how to use them.</li></ul></div></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The American scientific name for the spearthrower is from the Aztec language, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nahuatl-language-of-aztecs-171906" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Nahuatl</a>. The atlatl was recorded by Spanish <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/armor-and-weapons-of-spanish-conquistadors-2136508" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">conquistadors</a> when they arrived in Mexico and discovered that the Aztec people had a stone weapon that could pierce metal armor. The term was first noted by the American anthropologist Zelia Nuttall [1857–1933], who wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, based on drawn images and three surviving examples. Other terms in use around the globe include spear thrower, woomera (in Australia), and propulseur (in French). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-an-atlatl"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What is an Atlatl? </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:65.2%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J9NUV6X7OLnoepkDofpngBQWjw0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gold-museum-displaying-atlatl-523716426-57a72a753df78cf459e3ee72.jpg" width="3472" height="2266" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XqN_yAKKGpd9POV_Ve4spx44sbI=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gold-museum-displaying-atlatl-523716426-57a72a753df78cf459e3ee72.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Atlatl Display, Gold Museum of Bogota, Colombia" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J9NUV6X7OLnoepkDofpngBQWjw0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gold-museum-displaying-atlatl-523716426-57a72a753df78cf459e3ee72.jpg" width="3472" height="2266" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XqN_yAKKGpd9POV_Ve4spx44sbI=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gold-museum-displaying-atlatl-523716426-57a72a753df78cf459e3ee72.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Atlatl Display, Gold Museum of Bogota, Colombia" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Atlatl Display, Gold Museum of Bogota, Colombia.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Carl & Ann Purcell / Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> An atlatl is a slightly curved piece of wood, ivory, or bone, measuring between 5 and 24 inches (13–61 centimeters) long and between 1–3 in (2–7 cm) wide. One end is hooked, and the hook fits into the nock end of a separate spear shaft, itself between 3 to 8 feet (1–2.5 meters) in length. The working end of the shaft may simply be sharpened or modified to include a pointed projectile point. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Atlatls are often decorated or painted—the oldest ones we have are elaborately carved. In some American cases, banner stones, rocks carved into a bow-tie shape with a hole in the middle, were used on the spear shaft. Scholars have been unable to find that adding the weight of a banner stone does anything to the velocity or thrust of the operation. They have theorized that banner stones may have been thought to act as a flywheel, stabilizing the motion of the spear throwing, or that it was not used during the throw at all, but rather to balance the spear when the atlatl was at rest. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-how-to-use-an-atlatl"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> How To Use an Atlatl </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The motion used by the thrower is similar to that of an overhand baseball pitcher. The thrower holds the atlatl handle in the palm of her hand and pinches the dart shaft with her fingers. Balancing both behind her ear, she pauses, pointing with her opposite hand toward the target; and then, with a movement as if she were pitching a ball, she flings the shaft forward allowing it to slip out of her fingers as it flies towards the target. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The atlatl stays level and the dart on target throughout the motion. As with baseball, the snap of the wrist at the end imparts much of the velocity, and the longer the atlatl, the longer the distance (although there is an upper limit). The speed of a properly flung 5 ft (1.5 m) spear equipped with a 1 ft (30 cm) atlatl is about 60 miles (80 kilometers) per hour; one researcher reported that he put an atlatl dart through his garage door on his first attempt. The maximum speed achieved by an experienced atlatlist is 35 meters per second or 78 mph. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The technology of an atlatl is that of a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-a-lever-works-2699400" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">lever</a>, or rather a system of levers, which together combine and increase the force of the human overhand throw. The flipping motion of the thrower's elbow and shoulder in effect adds a joint to the thrower’s arm. The proper use of the atlatl makes spear-assisted hunting an efficiently targeted and deadly experience. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-earliest-atlatls"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Earliest Atlatls </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The earliest secure information concerning atlatls comes from several caves in France dated to the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/upper-paleolithic-modern-humans-173073" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Upper Paleolithic</a>. Early atlatls in France are works of art, such as the fabulous example known as "le faon aux oiseaux" (Fawn with Birds), a 20 in (52 cm) long carved piece of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/reindeer-history-and-domestication-170666" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">reindeer</a> bone decorated with a carved ibex and birds. This atlatl was recovered from the cave site of La Mas d’Azil, and was made between 15,300 and 13,300 years ago. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:79.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DLJsZo6hLNxn5bYBBejBFbNKl3k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/paleolithic-carving-of-a-bison-501578621-58ce7e045f9b581d72dec31c.jpg" width="4705" height="3749" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5cm1_e8Rj_YS-ru9vIJlgjvW2jU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/paleolithic-carving-of-a-bison-501578621-58ce7e045f9b581d72dec31c.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Atlatl Spear Thrower, Carved as a Bison, La Madeleine, Dordogne Valley, France, ca 15,000 BP" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_2-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DLJsZo6hLNxn5bYBBejBFbNKl3k=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/paleolithic-carving-of-a-bison-501578621-58ce7e045f9b581d72dec31c.jpg" width="4705" height="3749" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5cm1_e8Rj_YS-ru9vIJlgjvW2jU=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/paleolithic-carving-of-a-bison-501578621-58ce7e045f9b581d72dec31c.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Atlatl Spear Thrower, Carved as a Bison, La Madeleine, Dordogne Valley, France, ca 15,000 BP" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_2-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Atlatl Spear Thrower, Carved as a Bison, La Madeleine, Dordogne Valley, France, ca 15,000 BP.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner">Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images</span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> A 19 in (50 cm) long atlatl, found in the La Madeleine site in the Dordogne valley of France, has a handle carved as a hyena effigy; it was made about 13,000 years ago. The Canecaude cave site deposits dated to about 14,200 years ago contained a small atlatl (8 cm, or 3 in) carved in the shape of a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mammoths-and-mastodons-171039" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">mammoth</a>. The very earliest atlatl found to date is a simple antler hook dated to the Solutrean period (about 17,500 years ago), recovered from the site of Combe Sauniere. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Atlatls are necessarily carved from organic material, wood or bone, and so the technology may be much older than 17,000 years ago. The stone points used on a thrust or hand-thrown spear are larger and heavier than those used on an atlatl, but that's a relative measure and a sharpened end will work as well. Simply put, archaeologists do not know how old the technology is. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-modern-atlatl-use"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Modern Atlatl Use </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The atlatl has lots of fans today. The <a href="http://worldatlatl.org/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">World Atlatl Association</a> sponsors the International Standard Accuracy Contest (ISAC), a competition of atlatl skill held in small venues all over the world; they hold workshops so if you'd like to learn how to throw with an atlatl, that's where to start. The WAA keeps a list of world champions and ranking master atlatl throwers. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The competitions have also been used along with controlled experiments to gather field data concerning the effect of the different elements of the atlatl process, such as the weight and shape of the projectile point used, the length of the shaft and of the atlatl. A lively discussion can be found in the archives of the journal American Antiquity about whether you can safely identify whether a particular point was used in bow and arrow versus atlatl: the results are inconclusive. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> If you are a dog owner, you may have even used a modern spearthrower known as the “Chuckit." </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-atlatl-study-history"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Atlatl Study History </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Archaeologists began to recognize atlatls in the late 19th century. The anthropologist and adventurer <a href="http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/cushing.htm" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Frank Cushing</a> [1857–1900] made replicas and may have experimented with the technology; Zelia Nuttall wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, and anthropologist <a href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Mason%2C%20Otis%20T.%2C%201838-1908" class="CMY_Link CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">Otis T. Mason</a> [1838–1908] looked at Arctic spear throwers and noticed that they were similar to those described by Nuttall. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> More recently, studies by scholars such as John Whittaker and Brigid Grund have focused on the physics of atlatl throwing, and trying to parse out why people eventually adopted the bow and arrow. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sources"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sources </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><cite>Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2014.08.003" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past.</a>" <em>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</em> 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Bingham, Paul M., Joanne Souza, and John H. Blitz. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21353" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">Introduction: Social Complexity and the Bow in the Prehistoric North American Record</a>." <em>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</em> 22.3 (2013): 81–88. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Cain, David I., and Elizabeth A. Sobel. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1944289015Z.00000000030" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">Sticks with Stones: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Atlatl Weight on Atlatl Mechanics</a>." <em>Ethnoarchaeology </em>7.2 (2015): 114–40. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.162" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="4">Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record</a>." <em>American Antiquity</em> 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Grund, Brigid Sky. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12820" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="5">Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities</a>." <em>American Anthropologist</em> 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.</cite></li><span class="mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-sc-block-adslot-inline"></span> <li><cite>Pettigrew, Devin B., et al. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.3.590" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="6">How Atlatl Darts Behave: Beveled Points and the Relevance of Controlled Experiments</a>." <em>American Antiquity</em> 80.3 (2015): 590–601. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Walde, Dale. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.156" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="7">Concerning the Atlatl and the Bow: Further Observations Regarding Arrow and Dart Points in the Archaeological Record.</a>" <em>American Antiquity</em> 79.1 (2014): 156–61. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Whittaker, John C. "<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7602-8_5" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="8">Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters</a>." Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.</cite></li> <li><cite>Whittaker, John C., Devin B. Pettigrew, and Ryan J. Grohsmeyer. "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2017.1301133" class="CMY_Link CMY_Redirect CMY_Valid" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="9">Atlatl Dart Velocity: Accurate Measurements and Implications for Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology.</a>" <em>PaleoAmerica</em> 3.2 (2017): 161–81. Print.</cite></li> </ul></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Hirst, K. Kris. "The Atlatl: 17,000 Year Old Hunting Technology." ThoughtCo, Oct. 7, 2024, thoughtco.com/what-is-an-atlatl-169989.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Hirst, K. Kris. (2024, October 7). The Atlatl: 17,000 Year Old Hunting Technology. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-an-atlatl-169989</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Hirst, K. Kris. "The Atlatl: 17,000 Year Old Hunting Technology." 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