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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分类子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-火成岩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#火成岩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>火成岩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-火成岩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-沉积岩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#沉积岩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>沉积岩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-沉积岩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-变质岩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#变质岩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>变质岩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-变质岩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類的应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類的应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>人類的应用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-人類的应用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关人類的应用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-人類的应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-采矿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#采矿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>采矿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-采矿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-做建材" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#做建材"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>做建材</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-做建材-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提炼金属" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提炼金属"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>提炼金属</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-提炼金属-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">岩石</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。150种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klip" title="Klip – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klip" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestein" title="Gestein – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gestein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="रॉक – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रॉक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="صخر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܐܒܢܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="حجر – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حجر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="শিল – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asini" title="Asini – 阿提卡米克语" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Asini" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCxur" title="Süxur – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süxur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="داش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Тау тоҡомо – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тау тоҡомо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa" title="Stoa – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oul%C4%97inas" title="Oulėinas – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Oulėinas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapo_(heolohiya)" title="Gapo (heolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gapo (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная парода – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горная парода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная парода – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горная парода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Скала – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चट्टान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="শিলা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%27h_(douarouriezh)" title="Roc'h (douarouriezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roc'h (douarouriezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏅᏯ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بەرد – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra" title="Petra – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Petra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornina" title="Hornina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hornina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Сăрт-ту тăправĕ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăрт-ту тăправĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig" title="Craig – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Craig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergart" title="Bjergart – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjergart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestein" title="Gestein – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gestein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salek" title="Salek – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Salek" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu" title="Watu – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Watu" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πέτρωμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέτρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rock (geology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roka%C4%B5o" title="Rokaĵo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rokaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivim" title="Kivim – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سنگ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivi" title="Kivi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatu" title="Vatu – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche" title="Roche – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stianang" title="Stianang – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stianang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiente" title="Stiente – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiente" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carraig" title="Carraig – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carraig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ch" title="Ròch – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ròch" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clach" title="Clach – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rocha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ita" title="Ita – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ita" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwatsu_(geology)" title="Duwatsu (geology) – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duwatsu (geology)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%8Dk-th%C3%A8u" title="Sa̍k-thèu – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sa̍k-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="סלע – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סלע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="शैल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattaan" title="Chattaan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chattaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ch" title="Ròch – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ròch" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91zet" title="Kőzet – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőzet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ապար – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca" title="Rocca – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rocca" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_(geologie)" title="Rocca (geologie) – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rocca (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uya%C4%A1ak" title="Uyaġak – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uyaġak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roko_(geologio)" title="Roko (geologio) – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roko (geologio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg" title="Berg – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Berg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccia" title="Roccia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roccia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="岩石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu" title="Watu – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ქანი (გეოლოგია) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანი (გეოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%E1%B9%9Bu" title="Azṛu – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azṛu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тау жынысы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тау жынысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಲು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EC%84%9D" title="암석 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevir" title="Kevir – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kevir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrek" title="Karrek – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тоо тектер – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоо тектер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_(geologia)" title="Lapis (geologia) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lapis (geologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina" title="Pina – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestengs" title="Gestengs – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gestengs" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roca" title="Roca – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_(geologie)" title="Stein (geologie) – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stein (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rna" title="Córna – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Córna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoliena" title="Uoliena – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uoliena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%ABksnis" title="Plīksnis – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Plīksnis" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ie%C5%BEi" title="Ieži – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ieži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vato" title="Vato – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vato" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Карпа – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карпа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="പാറ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Чулуу – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чулуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95" title="खडक – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खडक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen_(Petrologie)" title="Steen (Petrologie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steen (Petrologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चट्टान – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चट्टान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82" title="ल्वहं – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्वहं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesteente" title="Gesteente – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gesteente" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotchi" title="Rotchi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rotchi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ròca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਟਾਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C5%82a" title="Skała – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skała" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ډبره – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha" title="Rocha – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rocha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi_kaq" title="Rumi kaq – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rumi kaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rocă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Горная порода – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горная порода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Горнина – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Горнина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassu" title="Sassu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sassu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology) – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rock (geology)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BF%D8%B1" title="پٿر – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پٿر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stijena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_(%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="පාෂාණ (භූ විද්‍යාව) – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාෂාණ (භූ විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rock (geology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornina" title="Hornina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hornina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnina" title="Kamnina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabwe" title="Mabwe – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhagax" title="Dhagax – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhagax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shk%C3%ABmbi" title="Shkëmbi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkëmbi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стена – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu" title="Batu – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bergart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwamba_(jiolojia)" title="Mwamba (jiolojia) – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwamba (jiolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ba%27tu" title="ba'tu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ba'tu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="பாறை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಶಿಲೆಕಲ್ಲು – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶಿಲೆಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF" title="రాయి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాయి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="หิน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(heolohiya)" title="Bato (heolohiya) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bato (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makatu%CA%BBu" title="Makatuʻu – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Makatuʻu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya%C3%A7" title="Kayaç – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayaç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Тау токымы – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тау токымы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гірська порода – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гірська порода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="حجر – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%CA%BB_jinslari" title="Togʻ jinslari – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Togʻ jinslari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piera" title="Piera – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Piera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1" title="Đá – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gest%C3%AAentes%C3%B4ortn" title="Gestêentesôortn – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gestêentesôortn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotche" title="Rotche – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rotche" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_(heolohiya)" title="Bato (heolohiya) – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bato (heolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="岩石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שטיין – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rin" title="Rin – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2m-chio%CC%8Dh" title="Gâm-chio̍h – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gâm-chio̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD" title="石頭 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石頭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8063#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2013年4月14日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">"岩石"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg/250px-Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg/375px-Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg/500px-Mount_Augustus_WA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="奧古斯特山">奧古斯特山</a>，世界上最大的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%90%E7%9F%B3" title="磐石">单体岩石</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uluru_(Helicopter_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg/250px-Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg/375px-Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg/500px-Uluru_%28Helicopter_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%9B%A7%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="烏盧魯">乌鲁鲁巨石</a>，世界上最出名的单体岩石</figcaption></figure> <p><b>岩石</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德文</a>：<b>Gestein</b>、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英文</a>：<b>Rock</b>）是由一种或几种<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物">礦物</a>和天然<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>组成的，具有稳定外形的固态集合体。由一种矿物组成的岩石称作<b>单矿岩</b>，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B2%A9" title="大理岩">大理岩</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石">方解石</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E7%9F%B3" title="白云石">白云石</a>组成，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="石英岩">石英岩</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>组成等；有数种矿物组成的岩石称作<b>复矿岩</b>，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B2%97%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="花岗岩">花岗岩</a>由石英、长石和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D" title="云母">云母</a>等矿物组成，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E9%95%BF%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="辉长岩">辉长岩</a>由基性斜长石和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%9F%B3" title="辉石">辉石</a>组成等等。没有一定外形的液体如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>、气体如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94" title="天然气">天然气</a>以及松散的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99" title="沙">沙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5" title="泥">泥</a>等，都不是岩石<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>岩石是组成地壳的物质之一，是构成<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%88" title="岩石圈">岩石圈</a>的主要成分。其中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中最重要的造岩成分，比例达到60%<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>则是数量第二多的矿石。 </p><p>岩石根据其成因、构造和化學成分分类，大多數岩石含有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="二氧化硅">二氧化硅</a>（SiO<sub>2</sub>），而74.3%的地殼成分都是後者。岩石中硅的含量是決定岩石屬性的重要因素之一<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>岩石是人类早期工具的重要来源，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="进化">进化</a>中具有重要意义<sup id="cite_ref-Wulf_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wulf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此，人类的第一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>时期被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="石器时代">石器时代</a><sup id="cite_ref-Katja_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katja-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。岩石一直是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>生活和生产的重要材料和工具。岩石種類主要能分為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="沉积岩">沈積岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="變質岩">變質岩</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>岩石按其成因主要分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B5%86%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="岩浆岩">岩浆岩</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="沉積岩">沉積岩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="變質岩">變質岩</a>三大类。在不同的圈层，三种岩石的分布比例相差很大。地表的岩石中有75%是沉積岩，火成岩只有25%。 </p><p>這三種岩石之間的區別不是絕對的。隨著構成礦物的變化，它們的性質也會發生變化。隨著時間和環境的變遷，它們會轉變為另外一種性質的岩石。因而有人認為這種分類法較為武斷<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="火成岩"><span id=".E7.81.AB.E6.88.90.E5.B2.A9"></span>火成岩</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：火成岩"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/220px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/330px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GabbroRockCreek1.jpg/440px-GabbroRockCreek1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>火成<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="輝長岩">輝長岩</a>的样品</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9" title="熔岩">熔岩</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%BC%BF" title="岩漿">岩漿</a>冷卻後<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a>而成的岩石。火成岩按成因分为两类：一类是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B5%86" class="mw-redirect" title="岩浆">岩浆</a>出露地表凝却而形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="火山岩">火山岩</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B4%E5%87%BA%E5%B2%A9" title="噴出岩">噴出岩</a>）；另一类是岩浆侵入地壳内部，在地表以下緩慢凝却而形成的侵入岩。噴出岩形成过程中，由于温度和压力迅速降低，可能来不及结晶或结晶较差，代表有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%B2%A9" title="浮岩">浮岩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩">玄武岩</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="浅成岩">浅成岩</a>是岩浆侵入到距离地表3千米之内，结晶较细小；而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="深成岩">深成岩</a>则是岩浆侵入到距离地表大于3千米的地壳深处，由于温度、压力高，结晶良好。典型的侵入岩如<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%B2%A9" title="脉岩">脉岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B2%97%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="花岗岩">花岗岩</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>目前已發現約700種的火成岩，大部份都在地殼表面以下形成，依其化學成份，形成時的溫度及壓力，其性質也有所不同。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%91%E6%B0%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="鮑氏反應系列">鮑氏反應系列</a>描述了不同化學成份的火成岩在不同的溫度及壓力下結晶的情形<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>火成岩是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="硅酸盐">硅酸盐</a>岩石，依<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="二氧化矽">二氧化矽</a>比例，分為酸性岩、中性岩、基性岩及超基性岩。若中性岩的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氧化钠">氧化鈉</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%89%80" title="氧化鉀">氧化鉀</a>成份偏高，稱為鹼性岩<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>地殼體積的64.7%都是火成岩，可分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E5%B2%A9" title="橄欖岩">橄欖岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩">玄武岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="安山岩">安山岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B2%97%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="花岗岩">花岗岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%B2%A9" title="粗面岩">粗面岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8D%E5%B2%A9" title="响岩">响岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%B2%A9" title="脉岩">脉岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91%E5%B2%A9" title="火山碎屑岩">火山碎屑岩</a>八大类。其中16%為花岗岩、17%為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E9%96%83%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗閃長岩">花崗閃長岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="閃長岩">閃長岩</a>，只有0.6%是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="正長岩">正長岩</a>，0.3%是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E5%B2%A9" title="橄欖岩">橄欖岩</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纯橄榄岩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="dunite"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E5%B2%A9" title="純橄欖岩">纯橄榄岩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dunite" class="extiw" title="en:dunite"><span lang="en" dir="auto">dunite</span></a></span>）</span></span>。海底的地殼99%是玄武岩，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E9%95%81%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="铁镁质">铁镁质</a>的火成岩。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗岩">花崗岩</a>和類似的岩石（稱為元花崗岩）形成許多大陸的地殼<sup id="cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucher_Grapes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>火成岩的分类 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="3">二氧化硅含量 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center" colspan="2">酸性 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center" colspan="2">中性 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">基性 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">超基性 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">>72% </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">72%~66% </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center" colspan="2">66%~52% </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">52%~45% </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffc0" align="center">45%~40% </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align="center" colspan="3">镁铁含量 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align="center" colspan="4">長英質 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align="center">鐵鎂質 </td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0ff" align="center">高鐵鎂質 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="3" align="center">色率 </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" align="center">浅色 </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" align="center">中色 </td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0" colspan="2" align="center">暗色 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E5%85%A5%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="侵入岩">侵入岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="深成岩">深成岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">極粗粒 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%89%E6%99%B6%E5%B2%A9" title="偉晶岩">偉晶岩</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%9F%BA%E8%BC%9D%E6%A9%84%E5%B2%A9" title="玻基輝橄岩">玻基輝橄岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">粗粒 >5mm </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗岩">花崗岩</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E9%96%83%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗閃長岩">花崗閃長岩</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%95%BF%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="正长岩">正长岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="閃長岩">闪長岩</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%BB%BF%E5%B2%A9" title="辉绿岩">辉绿岩</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E7%9F%B3%E5%B2%A9" title="輝石岩">輝石岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="橄榄岩">橄榄岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E5%B2%A9" title="辉岩">辉岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="斜長岩">斜長岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">中粒 1~5mm </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">細粒 <1mm </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E9%95%B7%E5%B2%A9" title="輝長岩">輝長岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="浅成岩">浅成岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">  </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">花岗<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%B2%A9" title="斑岩">斑岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E6%99%B6%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="细晶岩">细晶岩</a> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">正长斑岩 <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A2%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="玢岩">玢岩</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%BB%BF%E5%B2%A9" title="辉绿岩">辉绿岩</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="金伯利岩">金伯利岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80%E9%8E%82%E7%85%8C%E6%96%91%E5%B2%A9" title="鉀鎂煌斑岩">钾镁煌斑岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B7%E5%87%BA%E5%B2%A9" title="喷出岩">喷出岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center" rowspan="3"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火山熔岩（页面不存在）">火山熔岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">隐晶質 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E7%B4%8B%E5%B2%A9" title="流紋岩">流纹岩</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%AE%89%E5%B2%A9" title="英安岩">英安岩</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%B2%A9" title="粗面岩">粗面岩</a> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="安山岩">安山岩</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩">玄武岩</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E6%A6%84%E5%B2%A9" title="苦榄岩">苦榄岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">多孔状 </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%B2%A9" title="浮岩">浮岩</a> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B8%A3" title="火山渣">火山渣</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">玻璃質 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="黑曜岩">黑曜岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffc0" align="center" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91%E5%B2%A9" title="火山碎屑岩">火山碎屑岩</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">粗粒 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%9D%97%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="集块岩">集块岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">中粒 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E8%A7%92%E7%A0%BE%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="火山角砾岩">火山角砾岩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff" align="center">细粒 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="凝灰岩">凝灰岩</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="沉积岩"><span id=".E6.B2.89.E7.A7.AF.E5.B2.A9"></span>沉积岩</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：沉积岩"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="沉积岩">沉积岩</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandstoneUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SandstoneUSGOV.jpg/220px-SandstoneUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/SandstoneUSGOV.jpg/330px-SandstoneUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/SandstoneUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>含有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%81" title="氧化铁">氧化铁</a>条纹的沉积岩</figcaption></figure> <p>沉积岩是由外力作用下形成的，其中一部分又叫“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水成岩">水成岩</a>”，是由水将风化或水侵蚀的物质搬运沉积，經過壓密和膠結作用形成的； </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="沉积岩">沉积岩</a>是在地表因水中固體物質<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="沉积">沈積</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="膠結 (地質學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cementation (geology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E7%B5%90_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膠結 (地質學)（页面不存在）">膠結</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cementation (geology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cementation (geology)</span></a></span>）</span></span>而成，固體物質可能是舊有岩石或礦物的碎片、有機體、或是水中生物成長或是化學沈澱而成。過程中會使<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91%E5%B2%A9" title="碎屑岩">碎屑岩</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="有機物質">有機物質</a>碎屑開始累積，或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a>中的物質<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%BE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="沉澱">沉澱</a>形成（即<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC%E5%B2%A9" title="蒸發岩">蒸發岩</a>）。而沈積物質在相當的溫度及壓力下壓縮並且<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="膠結 (地質學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cementation (geology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E7%B5%90_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膠結 (地質學)（页面不存在）">膠結</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cementation (geology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cementation (geology)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="成岩作用">成岩作用</a>），而成為沉积岩。 </p><p>沈積物可能是由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="風化作用">風化作用</a>形成，或是其他岩石因<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">侵蚀作用</a>形成，之後由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="冰川">冰川</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%9E%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="崩壞作用">崩壞作用</a>運輸到後來的位置。其中mud rock（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%B2%A9" title="泥岩">泥岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="頁岩">頁岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="粉砂岩">粉砂岩</a>）佔65%，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩">砂岩</a>佔20到25%，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD%E5%B2%A9" title="碳酸鹽岩">碳酸鹽岩</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E5%B2%A9" title="白云岩">白云岩</a>）佔10到15%<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。地表約7.9%的岩石是由沉积岩組成，其中82%是頁岩，其他的包括石灰岩（6%），砂岩及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="长石沙岩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="arkose"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%99%E5%B2%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长石沙岩（页面不存在）">长石沙岩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arkose" class="extiw" title="en:arkose"><span lang="en" dir="auto">arkose</span></a></span>）</span></span>（12%）<sup id="cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucher_Grapes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。沉积岩中常會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>。沉积岩是在重力的影響下形成，一般會是以平行地面（或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%82" title="地层">地层</a>）或是接近平行的方式分佈，也稱為地层岩。沉积岩中一小部份沈積在陡峭的山破上，其中一層岩石在介面上突然停止，而另一層岩石覆蓋了原來的岩石，會看出交錯的紋理。 </p><p>沉积岩按沉积结构和组成可分为：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%AB%E5%B2%A9" title="礫岩">礫岩</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%A9" title="页岩">页岩</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩">砂岩</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B2%A9" title="生物岩">生物岩</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="化学岩">化学岩</a>，主要分布在地表浅层。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="变质岩"><span id=".E5.8F.98.E8.B4.A8.E5.B2.A9"></span>变质岩</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：变质岩"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E5%B2%A9" title="变质岩">变质岩</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skagit-gneiss-Cascades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Skagit-gneiss-Cascades.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>含有变质条纹的片麻岩</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E5%B2%A9" title="变质岩">变质岩</a>是由于地球内力的高温高压造成岩石中的化学成分改变或重结晶形成的。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E5%B2%A9" title="变质岩">变质岩</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E5%B2%A9" title="沉积岩">沈積岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a>或是其他較早期的变质岩，在不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>下所產生的，此過程稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="变质作用">變質作用</a>，會讓岩石的物理性質及化學性質有顯著的改變，變質作用前的岩石稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%B2%A9" title="原岩">原岩</a>，在變質作用後變質成其他的礦物，或是產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8)" title="再結晶 (地質學)">再结晶作用</a>，變質成同一礦物的不同形式<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">变质岩可以依原岩分为两大类：“正变质岩”和“副变质岩”，正变质岩是火成岩经变质作用形成的，副变质岩是沉积岩经变质作用形成的</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。變質作用的溫度需高於150 to 200℃，壓力需大於1500 bars，都是比地表的溫度及壓力要高的條件<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 355）</sup>，变质岩約佔地殼體積的27.4%<sup id="cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucher_Grapes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。許多主要的经济<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物">矿物</a>都是在变质岩中生成的。 </p><p>变质岩可以依變質的機制分為三類：因為岩漿的侵入，加熱附近的岩石，會產生接觸變質（contact metamorphism），是以溫度為主的變質。當沉积物埋在地下深處，會產生壓力變質（pressure metamorphism），也稱為埋藏变质（burial metamorphism），以壓力為主，溫度的影響不大，這類變質會產生類似<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89" title="玉">玉</a>之類的礦物。若熱及壓力都有相關影響，這稱為區域變質（regional metamorphism），一般會出現在造山区<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>依結構的不同，变质岩可以分為二類，一類有纖維狀平面組織的稱為有<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%90%86" title="葉理">葉理</a>，另一類則是無葉理的。岩石的名稱會依其中有的礦物而定，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%B2%A9" title="片岩">片岩</a>是有葉理的变质岩，主要含有像<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D" title="云母">雲母</a>等薄纹性礦物，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E9%BA%BB%E5%B2%A9" title="片麻岩">片麻岩</a>有不同亮度的可見帶，最常見的是花岗片麻岩，其他有葉理的变质岩有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%B2%A9" title="板岩">板岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E6%9E%9A%E5%B2%A9" title="千枚岩">千枚岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%9C%E7%A8%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="糜稜岩">糜稜岩</a>。常見的無葉理变质岩有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大理石">大理石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E7%9F%B3" title="滑石">滑石</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E7%B4%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="蛇紋石">蛇紋石</a>，無葉理变质岩也包括由砂岩變質而成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="石英岩">石英岩</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%B2%A9" title="角岩">角岩</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="结构"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>玻璃質：常見於一般海洋底玄武岩；因岩漿與海水接觸，冷卻急速。礦物種類無法以顯微鏡或任何儀器辨視。</li> <li>隱晶質：澎湖玄武岩；為陸上噴發，冷卻時間稍長，但仍冷卻快速，礦物顆粒細小。礦物無法用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡辨視，但可用更精密之高倍顯微鏡或Ｘ光繞射儀辨別種類。</li> <li>全晶質：金門花崗岩；礦物顆粒粗，岩漿在地下深部慢慢冷卻，礦物生長時間充裕。晶体颗粒用肉眼或低倍顯微鏡可辨視<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人類的应用"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E7.9A.84.E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8"></span>人類的应用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：人類的应用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TallOvoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/220px-TallOvoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/330px-TallOvoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/TallOvoo.JPG/440px-TallOvoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古">蒙古</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%8C%85" title="敖包">敖包</a>，是用石頭堆積的祭祀建築</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg/220px-%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg/330px-%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg/440px-%E7%BE%8E%E5%B4%99%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E7%9F%B3%E9%A0%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82" title="臺北市">臺北市</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%80" title="士林區">士林區</a>美崙<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="公園">公園</a>內的石頭</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UraniumMineUtah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/220px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/330px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/440px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="猶他州">猶他州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8A%BC_(%E7%8C%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E)" title="摩押 (猶他州)">摩押</a>的弥维达铀矿</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg/220px-%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg/330px-%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg/440px-%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%BE%84%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>岩石亦可以用作雕刻。图为位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%82" title="广德市">广德市</a>澄德现代庄园的石头</figcaption></figure> <p>在人類發展中，岩石的應用涉關社會、科技等許多層面。人類和其他<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%91" title="人科">人科</a>的岩石使用記錄可以追溯到250萬年前的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。利用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="岩屑技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lithic technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E5%B1%91%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岩屑技術（页面不存在）">岩屑技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Lithic technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lithic technology</span></a></span>）</span></span>可以找到一些最古老，而仍在繼續使用的技術。有關金屬<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="矿石">矿石</a>的開採也是人類進步的幾個重要因素之一，依不同地區可以取得金屬的不同，其文明進步速度也有所影響<sup id="cite_ref-C1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="采矿"><span id=".E9.87.87.E7.9F.BF"></span>采矿</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：采矿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿业</a></div> <p>采矿是由將有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC" title="价值">价值</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物">礦物</a>或其他地质材料，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="礦石">礦石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E8%84%88" title="礦脈">礦脈</a>等來源取出，和土壤分離的過程。采矿可採集的原料包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼金屬">鹼金屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬">貴金屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="鎢">鎢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" title="油頁岩">油頁岩</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="岩鹽">岩鹽</a>等。若一種材料無法用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a>方式產生，也無法在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0" title="工廠">工廠</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="化學合成">合成</a>的方式取得，就需要以采矿的方式取得。廣義的開采是指從地球中取得任何<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="自然資源">自然資源</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="盐 (化学)">鹽</a>其至是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>岩石及金屬的開採早在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="史前時代">史前時代</a>就已經開始，現代的開採程序會先期礦體的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="探戡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prospecting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E6%88%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探戡（页面不存在）">探戡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospecting" class="extiw" title="en:Prospecting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prospecting</span></a></span>）</span></span>、分析礦石的潛在利益、開採需要的原料、若開採結束，將土地復原，可以供其他的使用<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>開採程序的特性，會對環境帶來潛在的負面衝擊，不論是在開採過程中，甚至是在開採結束後都有影響。因此世界上大多數國家都用法律管理開採程序的負面影響<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="做建材"><span id=".E5.81.9A.E5.BB.BA.E6.9D.90"></span>做建材</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：做建材"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E5%B2%A9" title="大理岩">大理岩</a>：大理岩的岩面质感细致，常用来作为壁面或地板。由于大理岩是由石灰岩变质而成，主要成分为碳酸钙，因此也是制造水泥的原料。大理岩材质软而细致，是很好的雕塑石材，许多有名的雕像都是由大理岩作成的，如著名的维纳斯像。其他如墙面或摆饰，也常是由大理石加工琢磨而成，如花瓶、烟灰缸、桌子等家用品。另外，也有大量以其石粉所生產的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="人造石">人造石</a> 之建材; 其性質與天然大理石非常類似。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B2%97%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="花岗岩">花岗岩</a>：台灣本土的花岗岩只有在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="金门">金门</a>才看得到，因此金门的老房子几乎都是用花岗岩做成的。台湾的寺庙所用的花岗岩，是来自<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="福建">福建</a>，多用于寺庙里的龙柱、地砖、石狮。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%B2%A9" title="板岩">板岩</a>：因其容易裂成薄板状，且在山区极易取得，故原住民至今仍使用板岩作为建材，筑成石板屋或围墙。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%BE%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="砾岩">砾岩</a>：有些砾岩含有鹅卵石及砂，而且胶结不良，容易将它们分散开来，例如：台湾西部第四纪的头嵙山层中就是这种砾岩，其中卵石和砂都是建材。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>：台湾最常见的石灰岩是由珊瑚形成的，通称为珊瑚礁石灰岩。在澎湖，珊瑚礁石俗称「石」，居民用以作为围墙建材，以遮蔽强烈的东北季风，保护农作物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%B2%A9" title="泥岩">泥岩</a>：由于其主要成分是黏土，自古就被作为砖瓦、陶器的原料。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%A9" title="安山岩">安山岩</a>：由于材质坚硬，亦常用来作庙宇的龙柱、墙壁的石雕、墓碑、地砖等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="提炼金属"><span id=".E6.8F.90.E7.82.BC.E9.87.91.E5.B1.9E"></span>提炼金属</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：提炼金属"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="金礦">金矿</a>：含金的岩石经过风化和侵蚀作用，金会被分离出来而成自然金，因为金比泥沙重得多，容易沉积下来，经过淘洗，就成为黄金。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%9C%E7%9F%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="黄铜矿">黄铜矿</a>：黄铜矿是提炼铜最主要的矿物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%93%85%E7%9F%BF" title="方铅矿">方铅矿</a>：方铅矿呈现铅灰色，有立方体的解理，是最重要的含铅矿物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="赤铁矿">赤铁矿</a>：赤铁矿外观颜色呈现铁灰色或红褐色，是最重要的含铁矿物。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="磁铁矿">磁铁矿</a>：磁铁矿属含铁矿物，具有磁性，吸附含铁物质。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="岩石学">岩石学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="岩石列表">岩石列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%88" title="岩石圈">岩石圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="地质年代">地质年代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地貌学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物">矿物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A1%E7%9F%B3%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="採石場">採石場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">虽然多家中文媒体均报道乌鲁鲁巨石为世界上最大的单体岩石，但这一说法并不准确。中文版乌鲁鲁官方网站<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及多家英文媒体已澄清位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="西澳大利亚州">西澳大利亚州</a>内陆沙漠地区的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="奧古斯特山">奧古斯特山</a>（英文：Mount Augustus）才是该殊荣的拥有者<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。奧古斯特山的面积足足有乌鲁鲁巨石的2.5倍大<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uluru-australia.com/zh-hans/about-uluru/uluru-facts/">乌鲁鲁巨石的一些真相</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200905084658/https://uluru-australia.com/zh-hans/about-uluru/uluru-facts/">存档</a>于2020-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.btitle=%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuluru-australia.com%2Fzh-hans%2Fabout-uluru%2Fuluru-facts%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/mount-augustus-20040208-gdkqzd.html">Mount Augustus － The largest monolith in the world</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171010150624/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/mount-augustus-20040208-gdkqzd.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perthnow.com.au/opinion/peter-van-onselen/peter-van-onselen-why-dont-we-all-know-about-mt-augustus-ng-b88990257z">Peter van Onselen: Why don't we all know about Mt Augustus?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200905084743/https://www.perthnow.com.au/opinion/peter-van-onselen/peter-van-onselen-why-dont-we-all-know-about-mt-augustus-ng-b88990257z">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAHPoBGhDJs">YouTube － Mount Augustus</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200905084735/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAHPoBGhDJs">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/earth/mineral/abc/abc103.html">矿物与岩石</a>. 中国科普博览. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-07-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210163207/http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/earth/mineral/abc/abc103.html">存档</a>于2021-02-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.btitle=%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kepu.net.cn%2Fgb%2Fearth%2Fmineral%2Fabc%2Fabc103.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Feldspar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215184749/http://www.ima-na.org/about_industrial_minerals/feldspar.asp">What is Feldspar?</a>. Industrial Minerals Association. 2007-07-18. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ima-na.org/about_industrial_minerals/feldspar.asp">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.au=Feldspar&rft.btitle=What+is+Feldspar%3F&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Industrial+Minerals+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ima-na.org%2Fabout_industrial_minerals%2Ffeldspar.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1995-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-2"><sup><b>7.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1995_8-3"><sup><b>7.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation">Wilson, James Robert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1">A collector's guide to rock, mineral & fossil localities of Utah</a>, Utah Geological Survey: 1–22, 1995 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-08</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1557913366" title="Special:网络书源/1557913366"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1557913366</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108012252/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-XvE8DTiW0C&pg=PA1">存档</a>于2021-01-08）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=James+Robert&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.btitle=A+collector%27s+guide+to+rock%2C+mineral+%26+fossil+localities+of+Utah&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1557913366&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Utah+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-XvE8DTiW0C%26pg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wulf-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wulf_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hein, Wulf; Lund, Marquardt. Flinthandwerk 6. Hörnig, A. 2022. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3938921463" title="Special:网络书源/978-3938921463"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3938921463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.au=Lund%2C+Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Wulf&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.btitle=Flinthandwerk&rft.date=2022&rft.edition=6.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3938921463&rft.pub=H%C3%B6rnig%2C+A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="德語">（德文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katja-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katja_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Winkler, Katja. Ahrensburgien und Swiderien im mittleren Oderraum: Technologische und typologische Untersuchungen an Silexartefakten der Jüngeren Dryaszeit 1. Wachholtz. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3529018626" title="Special:网络书源/978-3529018626"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3529018626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.btitle=Ahrensburgien+und+Swiderien+im+mittleren+Oderraum%3A+Technologische+und+typologische+Untersuchungen+an+Silexartefakten+der+J%C3%BCngeren+Dryaszeit&rft.date=2020&rft.edition=1.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3529018626&rft.pub=Wachholtz&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="德語">（德文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a></span> </span>此句或之前多句包含来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公有领域">公有领域</a>出版物的文本: <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh (编). Petrology. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> (第11版). London: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="劍橋大學出版社">Cambridge University Press</a>. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Petrology&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=%28%E7%AC%AC11%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blatt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_12-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_12-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_12-2"><sup><b>11.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blatt_12-3"><sup><b>11.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petrologyigneous0000blat_2edi">Petrology</a> 2nd. W. H. Freeman. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7167-2438-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-7167-2438-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7167-2438-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.btitle=Petrology&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7167-2438-3&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetrologyigneous0000blat_2edi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qOh1oD2usngC&pg=PA47">工程地質通論</a>. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2007: 47. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-11-4875-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-11-4875-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-11-4875-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.btitle=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E9%80%9A%E8%AB%96&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-11-4875-5&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOh1oD2usngC%26pg%3DPA47&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucher_Grapes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bucher_Grapes_14-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBucherGrapes2011" class="citation">Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24">Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks</a>, Springer: 23–24, 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-08</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3540741682" title="Special:网络书源/3540741682"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3540741682</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224220707/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcHarai9GEC&pg=PA24">存档</a>于2021-02-24）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.au=Grapes%2C+Rodney&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.aulast=Bucher&rft.btitle=Petrogenesis+of+Metamorphic+Rocks&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3540741682&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFcHarai9GEC%26pg%3DPA24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moeacgs.gov.tw/service/qna/view.jsp?question=34">什麼是玻璃質、隱晶質、全晶質？</a>. 經濟部中央地質調查所. 2014-02-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523235348/https://www.moeacgs.gov.tw/service/qna/view.jsp?question=34">存档</a>于2019-05-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%98%AF%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E8%B3%AA%E3%80%81%E9%9A%B1%E6%99%B6%E8%B3%AA%E3%80%81%E5%85%A8%E6%99%B6%E8%B3%AA%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moeacgs.gov.tw%2Fservice%2Fqna%2Fview.jsp%3Fquestion%3D34&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Haviland, Dana Walrath, Harald Prins, Bunny McBride, <i>Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge</i>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529170414/http://elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/Chapter1.pdf">Overview of mining and impacts</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elaw.org/files/mining-eia-guidebook/Chapter1.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2012-05-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.btitle=Overview+of+mining+and+impacts&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elaw.org%2Ffiles%2Fmining-eia-guidebook%2FChapter1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Botin, J.A. (编). Sustainable Management of Mining Operations. Denver, CO, USA: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780873352673" title="Special:网络书源/9780873352673"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780873352673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.aulast=Botin&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Management+of+Mining+Operations&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780873352673&rft.place=Denver%2C+CO%2C+USA&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining%2C+Metallurgy%2C+and+Exploration&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilson, Arthur. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Developing Civilization. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1855733013" title="Special:网络书源/1855733013"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1855733013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.btitle=The+Living+Rock%3A+The+Story+of+Metals+Since+Earliest+Times+and+Their+Impact+on+Developing+Civilization&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1855733013&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Terrascope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problems/mining.html">Environmental Risks of Mining</a>. The Future of strategic Natural Resources. Cambridge, MA, USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-09-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920190206/http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2016/finalwebsite/problems/mining.html">存档</a>于2014-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&rft.atitle=Environmental+Risks+of+Mining&rft.au=Terrascope&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Future+of+strategic+Natural+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F12.000%2Fwww%2Fm2016%2Ffinalwebsite%2Fproblems%2Fmining.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8063" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8063"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%96%B9%E8%BC%BF%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E5%9D%A4%E8%BC%BF%E5%85%B8/%E7%9F%B3%E9%83%A8#岩石" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/方輿彙編/坤輿典/石部">欽定古今圖書集成·方輿彙編·坤輿典·石部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.gl.ntu.edu.tw/class/introduction_to_rock.htm">台湾大学——岩石概论</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200914041555/http://volcano.gl.ntu.edu.tw/class/introduction_to_rock.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuku.net/novels/zatan/dizhlx/dizhlx.html">地质旅行</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210210163255/http://www.shuku.net/novels/zatan/dizhlx/dizhlx.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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