CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>公有领域 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"89cffea8-2cf3-4f8e-95e3-2bd9aee47b57","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"公有领域","wgTitle":"公有领域","wgCurRevisionId":84962272,"wgRevisionId":84962272,"wgArticleId":47081,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1英语来源 (en)","自2020年5月需补充来源的条目","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","自2021年2月需要校對的頁面","含有多个问题的条目","包含法律声明的条目","含有英語的條目","知识产权","版权","公有領域","自由軟體授權"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"公有领域","wgRelevantArticleId":47081,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19652","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas", "ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/1200px-PD-icon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/800px-PD-icon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/640px-PD-icon.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="公有领域 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-公有领域 rootpage-公有领域 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-平衡原则" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#平衡原则"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>平衡原则</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-平衡原则-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无法律保护" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无法律保护"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>无法律保护</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无法律保护-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-權利期間屆滿" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#權利期間屆滿"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>權利期間屆滿</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-權利期間屆滿-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-放弃权益" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放弃权益"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>放弃权益</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放弃权益-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-无资格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无资格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>无资格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无资格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-许可证" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#许可证"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>许可证</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-许可证-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-公有领域与互联网" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公有领域与互联网"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>公有领域与互联网</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公有领域与互联网-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-事例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#事例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>事例</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-事例-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关事例子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-事例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-例外" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例外"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>例外</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例外-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">公有领域</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。96种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publieke_domein" title="Publieke domein – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Publieke domein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinfreiheit" title="Gemeinfreiheit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemeinfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملكية عامة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملكية عامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملكية عامة – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملكية عامة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="ৰাজহুৱা ক্ষেত্ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজহুৱা ক্ষেত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiu_p%C3%BAblicu" title="Dominiu públicu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dominiu públicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_m%C3%BClkiyy%C9%99t" title="İctimai mülkiyyət – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İctimai mülkiyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmoafreiheit" title="Gmoafreiheit – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gmoafreiheit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Грамадскі набытак – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадскі набытак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Грамадзкі набытак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзкі набытак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Обществено достояние – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обществено достояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="পাবলিক ডোমেইন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাবলিক ডোমেইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Javno vlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_p%C3%BAblic" title="Domini públic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominyong_publiko" title="Dominyong publiko – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dominyong publiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پاوانی گشتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاوانی گشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voln%C3%A9_d%C3%ADlo" title="Volné dílo – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volné dílo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth_cyhoeddus" title="Parth cyhoeddus – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parth cyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentligt_dom%C3%A6ne" title="Offentligt domæne – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Offentligt domæne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinfreiheit" title="Gemeinfreiheit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeinfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_%C5%9Fari" title="Malê şari – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Malê şari" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κοινό κτήμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινό κτήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_hava%C4%B5o" title="Publika havaĵo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika havaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_omand" title="Avalik omand – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik omand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabari_publiko" title="Jabari publiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jabari publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مالکیت عمومی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالکیت عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenn_ogn" title="Almenn ogn – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Almenn ogn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_public_(propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle)" title="Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_fearann_poibl%C3%AD" title="An fearann poiblí – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An fearann poiblí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dominio público" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="પબ્લિક ડોમેન – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પબ્લિક ડોમેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="רשות הציבור – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשות הציבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सार्वजनिक डोमेन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनिक डोमेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javno vlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zkincs" title="Közkincs – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közkincs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հանրության սեփականություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրության սեփականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_public" title="Dominio public – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dominio public" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_publik" title="Domain publik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Domain publik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_a_publiko" title="Dominio a publiko – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dominio a publiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_domeno" title="Publika domeno – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publika domeno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenningur_(hugverk)" title="Almenningur (hugverk) – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almenningur (hugverk)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubblico_dominio" title="Pubblico dominio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pubblico dominio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="パブリックドメイン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パブリックドメイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhomain_publik" title="Dhomain publik – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhomain publik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საყოველთაო საკუთრება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საყოველთაო საკუთრება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%AD_%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8" title="퍼블릭 도메인 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼블릭 도메인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkiyeta_gi%C5%9Ft%C3%AE" title="Milkiyeta giştî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Milkiyeta giştî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_public" title="Domaine public – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Domaine public" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiek_domein" title="Publiek domein – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Publiek domein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສາທາລະນະສົມບັດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະສົມບັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%A1o_naudojimo_k%C5%ABrinys" title="Viešo naudojimo kūrinys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viešo naudojimo kūrinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neaizsarg%C4%81jams_darbs" title="Neaizsargājams darbs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neaizsargājams darbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Јавна сопственост – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавна сопственост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പൊതുസഞ്ചയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊതുസഞ്ചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सार्वजनिक अधिक्षेत्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सार्वजनिक अधिक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_awam" title="Domain awam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Domain awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebliek_domein" title="Pebliek domein – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pebliek domein" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiek_domein" title="Publiek domein – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publiek domein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentleg_eigedom" title="Offentleg eigedom – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Offentleg eigedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_eiendom" title="Offentlig eiendom – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Offentlig eiendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeni_public_(proprietat_intellectuala)" title="Domeni public (proprietat intellectuala) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Domeni public (proprietat intellectuala)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_publiczna" title="Domena publiczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Domena publiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Domínio público – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domínio público" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsi_Chaskinancha" title="Sapsi Chaskinancha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sapsi Chaskinancha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeniu_public" title="Domeniu public – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domeniu public" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Общественное достояние – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественное достояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Киһи-аймах бас билиитэ – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киһи-аймах бас билиитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duminiu_p%C3%B9bbricu" title="Duminiu pùbbricu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Duminiu pùbbricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="عوامي کاتو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عوامي کاتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javno vlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8" title="පොදු වසම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොදු වසම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javna_domena" title="Javna domena – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Javna domena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen_publik" title="Domen publik – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Domen publik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јавно власништво – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавно власништво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பொது உரிமைப் பரப்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொது உரிமைப் பரப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สาธารณสมบัติ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณสมบัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampublikong_dominyo" title="Pampublikong dominyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampublikong dominyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_mal%C4%B1" title="Kamu malı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu malı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мер ваньбур – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мер ваньбур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Суспільне надбання – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суспільне надбання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دائرہ عام – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرہ عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtimoiy_mulk" title="Ijtimoiy mulk – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijtimoiy mulk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_vi_c%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%99ng" title="Phạm vi công cộng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phạm vi công cộng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominne_publik_(ouves_dizo_abondroets)" title="Dominne publik (ouves dizo abondroets) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dominne publik (ouves dizo abondroets)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公有领域 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公有领域" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רשות הרבים – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רשות הרבים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohun_%C3%ACgboro" title="Ohun ìgboro – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ohun ìgboro" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%B6%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" title="公家領域 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公家領域" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19652#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&oldid=84962272" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&id=84962272&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%25A2%2586%25E5%259F%259F"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%25AC%25E6%259C%2589%25E9%25A2%2586%25E5%259F%259F"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_domain_(copyright)" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19652" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-6992e16" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公共领域">公共领域</a></b>。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Talk:公有领域">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年5月5日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">"公有领域"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2021年2月10日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="Talk:公有领域">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Justice_and_law.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Justice_and_law.svg/20px-Justice_and_law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Justice_and_law.svg/30px-Justice_and_law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Justice_and_law.svg/40px-Justice_and_law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>中的法律相關內容<b>僅供參考</b>，並<b>不能</b>視作專業意見。如需獲取法律相關的幫助或意見，請諮詢所在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%AE%A1%E8%BD%84%E6%AC%8A" title="司法管轄權">司法管轄區</a>的法律從業人士。詳見<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:法律声明">法律聲明</a></b>。</div> <div id="noteTA-6992e16" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Copyright"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="IT"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:知识财产; zh-hk:知識財產; zh-tw:智慧財產;"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PD-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/200px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/300px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/400px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>維基媒體所採用的非正式公有領域符號</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cc-zero.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cc-zero.svg/200px-Cc-zero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cc-zero.svg/300px-Cc-zero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cc-zero.svg/400px-Cc-zero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>創作共用不使用任何條款時所採用的符號，相當於公有領域</figcaption></figure> <p><b>公有领域</b>（英語：<span lang="en">public domain</span>，有意见认为中文译名应为“公众所有”或“公家”，而非“共有”或“公有”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），指在现代<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95" title="知识产权法">知识产权法</a>体系下，由不属于私人或个别人士所有的知识财产要素组成的真正公地<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或是不受<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="知识产权">知识产权</a>保护的思想、作品和知识总汇，包括文章、艺术品、音乐、科学理论、发明等。 </p><p>公有领域内的知识财产，任何个人或团体都不具所有权益（所有权益通常由<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="版权">版权</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9" title="专利">专利</a>体现）。这些知识发明属于公有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="文化遗产">文化遗产</a>，如不考虑有关安全、出口等的法律，任何人可以不受限制地使用并加工它们。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称来源"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0.E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>名称来源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英国1624年《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%9F%E6%96%B7%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="壟斷法">垄断法</a>》规定专利权保护期限，1709年《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="安娜法令">安娜女王法令</a>》也规定了版权的保护期限，当专利权和版权的保护期限届满，原来受保护的智慧成果将进入社会公有领域，不再受到法律的保护。随后，法国1791年《<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="著作權法">著作权法</a>》规定超过著作权保护期限的作品进入公有领域，不能得到法律的保护。1896年5月18日，美国最高法院第一次在知识产权判例中使用“公共领域”。 </p><p>1886年，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="伯尔尼保护文学和艺术作品公约">保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约</a>》引入“公有领域”概念，第14条明确规定：“本公约适用于在本公约开始生效时尚未进入公有领域的所有作品。” </p><p>保护公有领域是保护社会公众的文化权利。《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="世界人权宣言">世界人权宣言</a>》第27条第1款规定：“人人有权自由参加社会的文化生活，享受艺术，并分享科学进步及其产生的福利”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="平衡原则"><span id=".E5.B9.B3.E8.A1.A1.E5.8E.9F.E5.88.99"></span>平衡原则</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：平衡原则"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>知识产权在法律上的边界不断扩展，需要有一种能够与其对抗的力量加以平衡，潜藏在现存的知识产权法的各种具体公共领域制度设计背后的思想也需要有一种共同的理论武器来加以统一。公有领域适当限制知识产权、平衡知识产权人和社会公众利益的作用。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>部分国家的知识产权保护范围不断扩展，打破了公共领域和私有产权保护之间的平衡原则。例如，版权和专利以前被授予各种表达和发明财产权利，但目前出现了保护事实的数据库权利、基因序列、商业模型和软件专利，以及企图利用私有产权保护来封闭公共领域的电子技术措施等。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="迪士尼">迪士尼公司</a>1928年创作动画形象<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" title="米老鼠">米老鼠</a>，该作品于2003年失去版权保护，公众将可以自由使用。为此迪士尼联合其他公司游说美国国会在1998年通过了《<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A%E5%B9%B4%E9%99%90%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="著作權年限延長法案">著作权期限延长法案</a>》，将公司的版权保护期限从75年延长到95年，从而又将米老鼠作品从公有领域纳入了私人领域。由于增加了20年的著作权保护期限，从1998年到2018年的20年间，美国没有作品进入到公有领域。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="无法律保护"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B.E4.BF.9D.E6.8A.A4"></span>无法律保护</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：无法律保护"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於具有創作性的作品，如果沒有现行法律確立其具有財產權地位，或者現行法律將某类作品的保护摒除在外时，这些作品即可認為处于公有领域内；比如，在世界大多数地方，大部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="数学公式">数学公式</a>不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="版权">版权</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9" title="专利">专利</a>的標的物（当然它们在电脑程序中的应用可以申请专利）。同样，在相关法律制定前产生的作品也属于公有领域；比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="威廉·莎士比亚">威廉·莎士比亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="贝多芬">贝多芬</a>的作品，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a>的发明（但是這些作品的译本可能具有版权），不能得到知識產權的保障。此外，大部分的政府文件(公文、法律文本等)也不受<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="著作權法">著作權法</a>保护，但是规定必须准确传播与应用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="權利期間屆滿"><span id=".E6.AC.8A.E5.88.A9.E6.9C.9F.E9.96.93.E5.B1.86.E6.BB.BF"></span>權利期間屆滿</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：權利期間屆滿"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mickey_Mouse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mickey_Mouse.svg/220px-Mickey_Mouse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mickey_Mouse.svg/330px-Mickey_Mouse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mickey_Mouse.svg/440px-Mickey_Mouse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>1928年面世的初代米老鼠形象，在作品《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%88%B9%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B7" title="汽船威利号">汽船威利号</a>》首次亮相，该形象于2024年在美国的著作权届满。</figcaption></figure> <p>版权（即<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A" title="著作權">著作權</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="專利">專利</a>僅在法定期間內享受其權利。当此一期間屆滿后，这些作品和发明就进入公有领域。在世界大部分地区，专利有效期为20年。商品注册失效后失去保护。版权问题更复杂些，总体而言，当以下所有条件满足，版权就失效了（这不适用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6" title="科特迪瓦">科特迪瓦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89" title="危地马拉">危地马拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="宏都拉斯">宏都拉斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="萨摩亚">萨摩亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E5%8F%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%91%9E%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="聖文森及格瑞那丁">聖文森及格瑞那丁</a>）。 </p> <ul><li>该作品创作与首次发表时间早于1929年1月1日，或者比当前年份的1月1日早95年。</li> <li>作者（集体创作则计算最后一个死亡的作者）的死亡日期比当前年份的1月1日早70年。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约">保护文学和艺术作品伯恩公约</a>（Berne Convention）的签约国未给予该作品永久版权保护。</li> <li>从这些条件最后更新起，美国与欧盟都没有通过法律延长版权期。（这条必须考虑，因为前面几条中的具体数字都由<b>当时</b>的法律状况而定。）</li></ul> <p>以上条件基于美国与欧盟版权法的共有部分，大部分伯尔尼公约签约国也承认它们。注意在美国传统中，即使延长版权期，也不会将已进入公有领域的产品再次赋予版权。而欧洲传统却可以，因为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧盟版权协调指示" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Copyright Duration Directive"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧盟版权协调指示（页面不存在）">欧盟版权协调指示</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" class="extiw" title="en:Copyright Duration Directive"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Copyright Duration Directive</span></a></span>）</span></span>基于德国的版权期，而德国版权期已延长至作者寿命加70年。另外，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="美国政府">美国政府</a>部门的作品从产生那时起就属于公有领域。 </p><p>英国政府作品受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="皇家版权">皇家版权</a>或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="议会版权" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parliamentary Copyright"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="议会版权（页面不存在）">议会版权</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Copyright" class="extiw" title="en:Parliamentary Copyright"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parliamentary Copyright</span></a></span>）</span></span>限制。皇家版权作品在发表后50年进入公有领域。但如果该作品是作者提交给皇家的，版权期仍然为作者寿命加上70年。未发表的皇家版权文件在产生后125年进入公有领域。这一法规取消了传统普通法赋予未发表作品的永久版权，但同时也规定：在该法规生效前产生的未发表作品最早也要在其生效后50年才进入公有领域。该法规于1989年8月1日生效，故而2039年以前任何未发表作品都无法进入公有领域。议会版权文件在发表50年后的年底进入公有领域。在某些条件下，对于某些政府作品，可以不予考虑皇家版权。 </p><p>以上数字反映了美国与欧盟最近一次的版权延期。加拿大和澳大利亚并没有通过类似的20年延期。所以，它们的版权时效仍为作者寿命加上50年。这就使得<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/%E7%B1%B3%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0">米老鼠</a>这个角色，以及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A3%9E%E4%BE%A0" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="小飞侠">小飞侠</a>》等作品在两国都进入了公有领域。 </p><p>像其它大部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="英联邦">英联邦</a>国家一样，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>在政府作品版权方面向英国看齐。两国都有皇家版权，时效为发表后50年。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>也有皇家版权，时效长得多，是发表后100年。<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a>也有一个50年的政府作品版权期，但因为它已非君主制国家，所以不称皇家版权。印度政府的作品版权期为发表后60年，而其余版权是作者寿命加60年。 </p><p>发明专利过期的例子有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="湯瑪斯·愛迪生">爱迪生</a>的发明。作品版权过期的例子有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%B4%9B%E8%BF%AA" title="卡洛·科洛迪">卡洛·科洛迪</a>（Carlo Collodi）的作品和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E6%B8%A9" title="马克·吐温">马克·吐温</a>的大部分作品。作品受永久版权保护的例子有<a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="J·M·巴里">巴里</a>（J. M.Barrie）的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A3%9E%E4%BE%A0" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="小飞侠">小飞侠</a>》，这由英国政府赋予，只在英国境内生效。其余作品，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="迪士尼公司">迪士尼公司</a>在法律上并不受永久版权保护，因为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="美国宪法">美国宪法</a>规定版权必须有个限期。但这个限期延长了好几次，使得保护期越来越久。另一方面，迪士尼透過「再創作」持續占有名下卡通人物的版權，例如：將<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%80%81%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="米奇老鼠">米奇老鼠</a>的眼睛從黑色豆子變成具有眼白及瞳孔等，這麼做並不是延長原本（舊米奇老鼠造型）的版權，而是取得了新（新米奇老鼠造型）的版權。 </p><p>在台灣，著作權法賦予<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="著作财产权">著作財產權</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="著作人格權">著作人格權</a>。著作財產權於死亡後50年的年底消滅，但著作人格權永遠存在。 </p><p>在中国大陆，中华人民共和国著作权法规定，著作权包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="财产权">财产权</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人身权</a>两大类，作品的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="發表">发表权</a>和财产权的保护期为作者终生及其死亡后50年，截止于作者死亡后第50年的12月31日。从第51年的1月1日起，这类作品就进入了公有领域，俗称“公版”作品。但是作者的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%B2%E5%90%8D%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="署名权">署名权</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修改权（页面不存在）">修改权</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E6%9D%83" title="保护作品完整权">保护作品完整权</a>等人身权是没有期限限制的，永远受到保护。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="放弃权益"><span id=".E6.94.BE.E5.BC.83.E6.9D.83.E7.9B.8A"></span>放弃权益</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：放弃权益"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>过去在一些国家，作者必須滿足法律規定的特定條件後才能取得對該著作的專有權利（要式性），比如過去在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>，一件作品如未經登記且未附有版权声明，便属于公有领域。现在情况已非如此。在版權法的領域中，要式性已經被取消，任何作品在完成後作者即立刻擁有對該著作的專有權利，除非作者明白地放棄權利，否則仍應視為作者默視地持續主張其版权法下的專有權利。而版权法一般也不提供特殊手段来放弃版权使得它们能进入公有领域。（在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>，1990年电脑软件租借修正法案在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" class="mw-redirect" title="国会图书馆 (美国)">国会图书馆</a>为公有领域<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="电脑程序">电脑程序</a>提供了一个注册机制。但这仍然没有解释某一作品是否该进入公有领域。） </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="版权">版权</a>持有者可以公开放弃作品的所有权益，允许其进入公有领域。持有者需出具放弃权益的许可证。合适的许可证会取消版权法禁止的任何行为。 </p><p>就专利而言，在申请前如发表其技术细节，一般会导致该专利进入公有领域，也使得其余人无法申请。比如某刊物发表了一个数学公式，在申请软件专利时，此公式就无法作为该专利的核心内容。但也有例外，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>（非<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>）法律当中，发明者可以在发表其发明后一年内具有专利权（当然，如果其它人发表在先则无效。） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="无资格"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E8.B5.84.E6.A0.BC"></span>无资格</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：无资格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法律可能判定某些种类的作品与发明不具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">垄断</a>资格。此类作品发表后即处于公有领域中。比如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95" title="美国版权法">美国版权法</a>规定：所有美国政府作品属于公有领域；专利申请书属于公有领域，这是给予专利的一项条件。专利法不保护明显模仿<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E6%9C%89%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="现有技术">前案</a>（Prior Art）的发明。德国在一战后签订的协议规定，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿司匹林">阿司匹林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="海洛因">海洛因</a>等商标在许多地区都属于公有领域。 </p><p>不過在<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="成文法">法律條文</a>中是否有版權則需要按各地法律，基於法律條文是不具競爭力及其財產權地位。例如美國以及眾多國家認為沒有競爭力等符合專利條件，故被視為公有領域，例如台灣的「不得為著作權之標的」字句，但英國以及英聯邦國家的司法體系認為法律條文需要有政府與立法者和民眾的精神權利，故適用於政府版權，但會採用開放授權的政策，例如香港的電子法律網站設有非商業許可的授權條款，英國亦設有Open Government License授權條款等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="许可证"><span id=".E8.AE.B8.E5.8F.AF.E8.AF.81"></span>许可证</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：许可证"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>注意：许多作品本身不处于公有领域之内，但是其版权所有者选择不执行这些权利，或者将某些子权利给予公众。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="自由软件基金会">自由软件基金會</a>（Free Software Foundation）编写了许多受版权保护的软件，然后以称为<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a>的许可证来允许公众自由使用，该许可证只限制了所有权再分配。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>的做法也大致相同，它基于<a href="/wiki/GNU%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81" title="GNU自由文档许可证">GNU自由文档许可证</a>（the GNU Free Documentation License）。有时在口语中，人们会错误地称这些作品处于公有领域。 </p><p>还要注意：虽然某些作品（尤其是音乐作品）属于公有领域，美国法律认为：对这些作品的文字实录和演出是衍生作品，具有潜在的版权。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="公有领域与互联网"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E6.9C.89.E9.A2.86.E5.9F.9F.E4.B8.8E.E4.BA.92.E8.81.94.E7.BD.91"></span>公有领域与互联网</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：公有领域与互联网"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从历史上看，由于对“公有领域”法律定义的误解，会造成许多版权与其它许可书纠纷。绝大多数纠纷不外以下两类： </p> <ol><li>公司机构，它们可以投入雇员，通过谈判和司法系统解决法律纠纷。</li> <li>个人与组织对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="合理使用">合理使用</a>条款下材料的使用，该条款减少了政府和机构用于寻找违反版权者所投入的资源。</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>兴起后，任何人都能在这个世界网络上自由发布已受版权保护的材料。这培养了一个错误但顽固的想法：如果某作品可以免费在网上获得，它就属于公有领域。一旦这些材料在网上发布，它们就可能被免费复制几千几万次。 </p><p>这些因素加深了一个错误观念：“免费”即意味着“公有领域”。支持该观点的人会说互联网是对公众开放的领域，并没被任何个人、公司或政府控制，所以网上的任何资源都属于公有领域。该观点看似有理，其实忽略了一个事实：许可权利是独立于分配方式和消费者获得方式之外的（如果某人给了你赃物，不管你是否知道，它还是赃物）。误认为“信息免费”而违反版权已成为某些行业关注的焦点，这些行业的金融架构就基于对媒体的控制上。虽然这些机构在法律上没有过错，但公众对于他们的支持已大大减弱。人们认为它们几十年来通过掌控持牌媒体进行价格欺诈。讽刺的是，很多创作者，比如作家和音乐家在这件事上分为两个阵营，因为一方面他们嫌媒体给的报酬太低，另一方面他们又怕媒体收益降低，更影响了报酬。 </p><p>事情更有复杂之处：只在互联网上发布作品的现象已相当普遍。根据美国法律，作者的原创作品即使没有附带正式版权声明，也受版权保护。但通过这一法律时，数字媒体尚未出现，要复制媒介材料并不容易。再加上今天已经很难判断电子作品的哪些部分是原创的，这点当时的立法者也无法想象。理论上说，任何互联网的发布材料（比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="博客">博客</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="电子邮件">电子邮件</a>）都受到版权保护，除非有明确放弃保护的条款。（许多人试图将其发布材料的一切所有权和加工权给予用户，但潜在的版权冲突仍然不可忽视。）有不少传统的确认原创的方式，比如自己给自己寄一封信，信中含有作品，信上有带日期的邮戳，而该日期在作品发表前。此类方法对于互联网已不适用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="事例"><span id=".E4.BA.8B.E4.BE.8B"></span>事例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：事例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95" title="中华人民共和国著作权法">中华人民共和国著作权法</a>》规定，著作权/版权不适用于以下领域：法律、法规，国家机关的决议、决定、命令和其他具有立法、行政、司法性质的文件，及其官方正式译文；时事新闻；历法、通用数表、通用表格和公式。</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="中華民國憲法">中華民國憲法</a>》過去與現在的相關條文，依據著作權法不得作為著作權之標的。</li> <li>日本法令（法律、法规、国家机关的决议、决定、命令和其他具有立法、行政、司法性质的文件），或者其官方正式译文，依据日本《著作权法》第13条，不得为著作权之标的。</li> <li>所有美国政府部门作品属于公有领域。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美國聯邦政府">美國聯邦政府</a>官方運營的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" title="電台廣播">電台廣播</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>機構<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="美國之音">美國之音</a>提供的作品（但不包括其轉載其他媒體的作品），其在全世界都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公有領域">公有領域</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E7%A9%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB" title="青空文庫">青空文库</a>，由日本人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="富田倫生" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="富田倫生"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%80%AB%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="富田倫生（页面不存在）">富田倫生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%80%AB%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:富田倫生"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">富田倫生</span></a></span>）</span></span>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="網際網路">網際網路</a>上所建立的網上數位圖書館。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>，是美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="维基媒体基金会">维基媒体基金会</a>旗下<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>的一個姊妹计划，主要存放各种遵循<a href="/wiki/GNU%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU自由文档协议">GNU自由文档协议</a>证书的文档以及兼容这个协议的原始文档，还有公有领域、无版权或者版权已经过期的原始文献，例如古代的诗歌、文章、法律文本等等。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共領域的DVD" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="パブリックドメインDVD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84DVD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共領域的DVD（页面不存在）">公共領域的DVD</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3DVD" class="extiw" title="ja:パブリックドメインDVD"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">パブリックドメインDVD</span></a></span>）</span></span>。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="例外"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.A4.96"></span>例外</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：例外"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%81%AF%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="美聯社">美聯社</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE" title="法新社">法新社</a>等處的作品，它們不屬於公有領域。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.tw/in-depth/539"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>The Public Domain" 怎麼說？ | 台灣創用CC計畫</a>. <span></span><i>creativecommons.tw</i><span></span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-02-26</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921103300/http://creativecommons.tw/in-depth/539">存档</a>于2020-09-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&rft.atitle=%22The+Public+Domain%22+%E6%80%8E%E9%BA%BC%E8%AA%AA%EF%BC%9F+%7C+%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%89%B5%E7%94%A8CC%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27creativecommons.tw%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreativecommons.tw%2Fin-depth%2F539&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><span></span><i>See Jessica Litman, The Public Domain, 39 Emory L.J. 975</i><span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&rft.btitle=See+Jessica+Litman%2C+The+Public+Domain%2C+39+Emory+L.J.+975&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iprcn.com/IL_Lwxc_Show.aspx?News_PI=1856">中国知识产权研究网</a>. www.iprcn.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128143557/http://www.iprcn.com/IL_Lwxc_Show.aspx?News_PI=1856">存档</a>于2020-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BD%91&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iprcn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iprcn.com%2FIL_Lwxc_Show.aspx%3FNews_PI%3D1856&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/chinese/manifesto/">关于世界知识产权组织和知识产权保护未来的一个宣言 | Duke University School of Law</a>. web.law.duke.edu. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129063531/https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/chinese/manifesto/">存档</a>于2020-11-29） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&rft.atitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%92%8C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80+%7C+Duke+University+School+of+Law&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.law.duke.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.law.duke.edu%2Fcspd%2Fchinese%2Fmanifesto%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncac.gov.cn/chinacopyright/contents/555/396285.html">国家版权局</a>. www.ncac.gov.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216063132/http://www.ncac.gov.cn/chinacopyright/contents/555/396285.html">存档</a>于2019-12-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E5%B1%80&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncac.gov.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncac.gov.cn%2Fchinacopyright%2Fcontents%2F555%2F396285.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap528?xpid=ID_1438403329474_001">香港法律第528章版權條例第98條：同意及放棄權利</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="知识产权">知识产权</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="著作权">著作权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="专利权">专利权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%80%9F%E9%96%B1%E6%AC%8A" title="公共借閱權">公共借閱權</a>，平衡著作權與人民知識接觸權利的其中一項措施</li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="知识产权" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Template:知识产权激进主义"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:知识产权激进主义（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:知识产权激进主义"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="知识产权" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="知识产权">知识产权</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">问题和争论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="版权侵犯（页面不存在）">版权侵犯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软件版权侵犯（页面不存在）">软件版权侵犯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="数字版权管理">数字版权管理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Gripe site" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gripe site"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripe_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripe site（页面不存在）">Gripe site</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_site" class="extiw" title="en:Gripe site"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gripe site</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音乐著作权的历史（页面不存在）">音乐著作权的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="知识产权">知识产权</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文件分享的合法性（页面不存在）">文件分享的合法性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%88%B6_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混制 (数字)（页面不存在）">混制</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%88%B6_(%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混制 (视频)（页面不存在）">视频</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%88%B6_(%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混制 (音乐)（页面不存在）">音乐</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9" title="专利">专利权</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">公有领域</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软件专利争论（页面不存在）">软件专利争论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%93" title="專利流氓">專利流氓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AC%8A%E8%9F%91%E8%9E%82" title="著作權蟑螂">著作權蟑螂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Rights_Reversed" title="All Rights Reversed">All Rights Reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反版权提示（页面不存在）">反版权提示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyleft%E7%9A%84%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyleft的商业应用（页面不存在）">Copyleft的商业应用</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Commons-based peer production" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Commons-based peer production"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commons-based_peer_production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commons-based peer production（页面不存在）">Commons-based peer production</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" class="extiw" title="en:Commons-based peer production"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Commons-based peer production</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由内容">自由内容</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由软件许可（页面不存在）">自由软件许可</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="信息无政府主义">信息无政府主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property（页面不存在）">Libertarian positions</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" class="extiw" title="en:Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="開放內容">开放内容</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放设计（页面不存在）">开放设计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放音乐模式（页面不存在）">开放音乐模式</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E4%B8%93%E5%88%A9%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放专利权（页面不存在）">开放专利权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%BA%90%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="開源硬件">开源硬件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="开源软件">开源软件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%90%8C%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB" title="相同方式共享">相同方式共享</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%80%9F%E9%96%B1%E6%AC%8A" title="公共借閱權">公共借閱權</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">运动</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E6%97%A0%E7%95%8C%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="知识无界运动">知识无界运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%9D%83%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE" title="对著作权的争议">反版权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化环境（页面不存在）">文化环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="自由文化運動">自由文化运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="自由软件运动">自由软件运动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB" title="知识共享">创作共用</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%89%8D%E5%93%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="电子前哨基金会">电子前哨基金会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="自由软件基金会">自由软件基金会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由权利组织（页面不存在）">自由权利组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="軟體自由法律中心">软件自由法律中心</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Organization for Transformative Works" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Organization for Transformative Works"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_Transformative_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization for Transformative Works（页面不存在）">Organization for Transformative Works</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" class="extiw" title="en:Organization for Transformative Works"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Organization for Transformative Works</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C%E7%81%A3" title="海盜灣">海盗湾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97%E7%BD%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海盗署（页面不存在）">海盗署</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C%E9%BB%A8" title="海盜黨">海盗党</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Students for Free Culture" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Students for Free Culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Students_for_Free_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Students for Free Culture（页面不存在）">Students for Free Culture</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" class="extiw" title="en:Students for Free Culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Students for Free Culture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="李卡德·法克明炎">李卡德·法克明炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%AD%E6%A0%BC" title="勞倫斯·雷席格">勞倫斯·雷席格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·斯托曼">理查德·斯托曼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文档</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E8%B5%B0%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="幹走電影">幹走電影</a> (2006, 2007)</li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正版盗版" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Good Copy Bad Copy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E7%89%88%E7%9B%97%E7%89%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正版盗版（页面不存在）">正版盗版</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" class="extiw" title="en:Good Copy Bad Copy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Good Copy Bad Copy</span></a></span>）</span></span></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="混制宣言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混制宣言（页面不存在）">混制宣言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" class="extiw" title="en:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto"><span lang="en" dir="auto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</span></a></span>）</span></span></i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90" title="互联网之子">互联网之子</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=公有领域&oldid=84962272">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=公有领域&oldid=84962272</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" title="Category:知识产权">知识产权</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83" title="Category:版权">版权</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:公有領域">公有領域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E6%8E%88%E6%AC%8A" title="Category:自由軟體授權">自由軟體授權</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2020%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2020年5月需补充来源的条目">自2020年5月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2021%E5%B9%B42%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:自2021年2月需要校對的頁面">自2021年2月需要校對的頁面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含法律声明的条目">包含法律声明的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月13日 (星期三) 16:33。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-7wnwh","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.749","walltime":"0.893","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2150,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":279191,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9888,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":26328,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 657.431 1 -total"," 21.11% 138.786 1 Template:多個問題"," 19.35% 127.210 1 Template:Lang-en"," 15.53% 102.124 1 Template:知识产权激进主义"," 15.24% 100.217 1 Template:Navbox"," 14.62% 96.117 3 Template:Ambox"," 12.60% 82.806 1 Template:NoteTA"," 12.57% 82.636 1 Template:Distinguish"," 12.50% 82.180 2 Template:Hatnote"," 12.38% 81.390 1 Template:Refimprove"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.364","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15664421,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-868cbd546d-8tdqw","timestamp":"20241127101251","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u516c\u6709\u9886\u57df","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19652","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19652","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-10T16:18:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T16:33:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/PD-icon.svg","headline":"\u4f5c\u54c1\u7248\u6b0a\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u6307\u5176\u4e0d\u518d\u6216\u5f9e\u4e0d\u53d7\u7248\u6b0a\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77"}</script> </body> </html>