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aria-controls="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_and_public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_and_public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Lobbying and public relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_and_public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Corporate culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Partners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Products and services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products_and_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products and services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telecommunication_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Telecommunication networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber-optic_cable_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber-optic_cable_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fiber-optic cable projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber-optic_cable_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Global services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiconductors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiconductors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Semiconductors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiconductors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Phones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_Huawei_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Huawei_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 History of Huawei phones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Huawei_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laptops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laptops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Laptops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laptops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tablets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tablets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Tablets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 PCs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wearables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wearables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Wearables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wearables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EMUI_(Emotion_User_Interface)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EMUI_(Emotion_User_Interface)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11.1 EMUI (Emotion User Interface) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EMUI_(Emotion_User_Interface)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmony_OS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmony_OS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11.2 Harmony OS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmony_OS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huawei_Mobile_Services_(HMS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huawei_Mobile_Services_(HMS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11.3 Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huawei_Mobile_Services_(HMS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MetaERP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MetaERP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11.4 MetaERP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MetaERP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Automobile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AITO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AITO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12.1 AITO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AITO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVATR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVATR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12.2 AVATR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVATR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxeed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxeed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12.3 Luxeed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxeed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stelato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stelato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12.4 Stelato </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stelato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maextro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maextro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12.5 Maextro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maextro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huawei_Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huawei_Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 Huawei Solar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huawei_Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Competitive position </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competitive_position-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Competitive position subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Competitive_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Research and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_business_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_business_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early business practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_business_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_state_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_state_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Allegations of state support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_state_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_military_and_intelligence_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_military_and_intelligence_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Allegations of military and intelligence ties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_military_and_intelligence_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meng_Wanzhou_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meng_Wanzhou_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Meng Wanzhou case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meng_Wanzhou_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_infringement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_infringement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Intellectual property infringement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_infringement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xinjiang_internment_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xinjiang_internment_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Xinjiang internment camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xinjiang_internment_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_use_by_Hamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_use_by_Hamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Alleged use by Hamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_use_by_Hamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Lawsuit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSA_infiltration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSA_infiltration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 NSA infiltration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSA_infiltration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions,_bans,_and_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions,_bans,_and_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sanctions, bans, and restrictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sanctions,_bans,_and_restrictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sanctions, bans, and restrictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sanctions,_bans,_and_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_2020_semiconductor_ban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_2020_semiconductor_ban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Before the 2020 semiconductor ban </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_2020_semiconductor_ban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 After 2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huawei's_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huawei's_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Huawei's reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huawei's_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stockpiling_of_processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stockpiling_of_processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3.1 Stockpiling of processors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stockpiling_of_processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3.2 Development of processors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement_operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3.3 Replacement operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Chinese view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Huawei</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="هواوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هواوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="هواوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هواوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87" title="হুয়াওয়েই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুয়াওয়েই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4a-%C3%BBi" title="Hôa-ûi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hôa-ûi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хуауей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуауей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هواوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0-v%C3%AC" title="Fà-vì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fà-vì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="화웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Հուավեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուավեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="हुवावे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हुवावे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="וואווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וואווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87" title="ಹುವಾವೇ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹುವಾವೇ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D" title="ຫົວເຫວີຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຫົວເຫວີຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Хуавеи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хуавеи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="വാവെയ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാവെയ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="هواوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هواوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C" title="هوآوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هوآوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဟွာဝေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟွာဝေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="हुवावे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हुवावे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4" title="ファーウェイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファーウェイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%87" title="ହ୍ଵାୱେଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହ୍ଵାୱେଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%92" title="ہواوے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہواوے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%83" title="ហោវ៉ៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហោវ៉ៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ھواوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھواوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaw%C3%A9i" title="Huawéi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Huawéi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹூவாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹூவாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2" title="หัวเว่ย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หัวเว่ย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%92_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہواوے ٹیکنالوجیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہواوے ٹیکنالوجیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Huawei" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese multinational technology company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Standard_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/140px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/210px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/280px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="128" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since 2018</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Huawei_1.JPG/220px-Huawei_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Huawei_1.JPG/330px-Huawei_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Huawei_1.JPG/440px-Huawei_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1704" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">华为技术有限公司</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Huáwéi jìshù yǒuxiàn gōngsī</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Private_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=HK0000HWEI11">HK0000HWEI11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecom equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Networking_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Networking equipment">Networking equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1987; 37 years ago (1987-09-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Ren Zhengfei (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>) <a href="/wiki/Liang_Hua" title="Liang Hua">Liang Hua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">chairman</a>) <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> (deputy chairwoman & <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>) He Tingbo (Director)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadband_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband networks">fixed broadband networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">Consultancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Managed_services" title="Managed services">managed services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> technology</li><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">Dongles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Intelligent_Mobility_Alliance" title="Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance">HIMA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AITO_(marque)" title="AITO (marque)">AITO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data">Huawei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a>704.2 billion (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>99.6 billion) (2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CN¥104.4 billion (US$14.8 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CN¥86.9 billion (US$12.3 billion) (2023)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CN¥1,263.6 billion (US$178.8 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CN¥507.6 billion (US$71.8 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">207,272 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-2023_Annual_Report-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Huawei Investment & Holding<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Caliopa Chinasoft International FutureWei Technologies HexaTier <a href="/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a> iSoftStone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huawei.com/">www.huawei.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160120#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Huawei</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Huawei_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="452" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">"Huawei" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">华为</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">華為</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Splendid Achievement" or "Chinese Achievement"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Huáwéi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xwǎ.wěɪ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg\/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Huawei pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Huawei pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wàah-wàih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Waa4-wai4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wa˩.wɐj˩]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hôa-uî</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">华为技术有限公司</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">華為技術有限公司</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Huáwéi Jìshù Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">waa4 wai4 gei6 seot6 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhwɑːweɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HWAH-way</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈwɑːweɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">WAH-way</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 华为; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg\/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Hu\u00e1w\u00e9i"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Huawei pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg/Huawei_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Huáwéi</a><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Huawei pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology corporation</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Longgang_District,_Shenzhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Longgang District, Shenzhen">Longgang District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangdong_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong province">Guangdong province</a>. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital signal (electronics)">digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">distributed operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">autonomous driving systems</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power" title="Rooftop solar power">rooftop solar</a> products. The corporation was founded in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a>, a former officer in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA).<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a> Initially focused on manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Stored_program_control" title="Stored program control">phone switches</a>, Huawei has expanded to more than 170 countries to include building <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications network</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructures</a>, providing equipment, operational and consulting services, and manufacturing communications devices for the consumer market.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It overtook <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> in 2012 as the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-7">[7]</a> Huawei surpassed <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a>, in 2018 and 2020, respectively, to become the largest <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> manufacturer worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Business-9">[9]</a> As of 2024, Huawei's biggest area of business is in telecommunications equipment. Its largest customer is the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-econjune13-10">[10]</a> Amidst its rise, Huawei has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_infringement" title="Intellectual property infringement">intellectual property infringement</a>, for which it has settled with <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-11">[11]</a> Questions regarding the extent of state influence on Huawei have revolved around its <a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">national champions</a> role in China, subsidies and financing support from state entities,<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> and reactions of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> in light of opposition in certain countries to Huawei's participation in <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a> Its software and equipment have been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">mass surveillance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a>, drawing <a href="/wiki/Entity_List" title="Entity List">sanctions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto15-16">[16]</a> The company has faced difficulties in some countries arising from <a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">concerns</a> that its equipment may enable surveillance by the Chinese government due to perceived connections with the country's military and intelligence agencies.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Huawei has argued that critics such as the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> have not shown evidence of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Experts say that China's 2014 Counter-Espionage Law and 2017 <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Intelligence Law of the People's Republic of China">National Intelligence Law</a> can compel Huawei and other companies to cooperate with state intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-19">[19]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">US intelligence agencies</a> concluded that a hack on <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s telecom networks was conducted by or through Huawei, although the two network operators have disputed that information.<a href="#cite_note-bnnbloomberg.ca-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.com.au-21">[21]</a> In January 2018, the United States alleged that <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">its sanctions against Iran</a> were violated by Huawei, which was subsequently restricted from doing business with American companies. The US government also requested the <a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">extradition of Huawei's chief financial officer</a> from Canada. In June 2019, Huawei cut jobs at its <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a> research center, and in December Ren said it was moving to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the <a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a> brand to a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> of the Shenzhen government to "ensure its survival" under US sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-Lawler-24">[24]</a> In November 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) banned sales or import of equipment made by Huawei out of <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> concerns,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and other countries such as all members of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quad</a> members <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and ten <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> states have since also banned or restricted Huawei products.<a href="#cite_note-Japan-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-India-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europeancountries-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> According to the company founder <a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a>, the name Huawei comes from a slogan he saw on a wall, Zhonghua youwei meaning "China has achievements" (中华有为; Zhōng huá yǒu wéi), when he was starting up the company and needed a name.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Zhonghua or Hua means China,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> while youwei means "promising/to show achievements".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Huawei has also been translated as "splendid achievement" or "China's legacy", which are possible readings of the name.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In Chinese <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, the name is Huáwéi,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xwǎwěɪ]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, the name is transliterated with <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a> as Waa4-wai4 and pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wa˩wɐj˩]</a>. However, the pronunciation of Huawei by non-Chinese varies in other countries, for example "Hoe-ah-wei" in Belgium and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-segers-37">[37]</a> The company had considered changing the name in English out of concern that non-Chinese people may find it hard to pronounce,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> but decided to keep the name, and launched a <a href="/wiki/Brand_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand recognition">brand recognition</a> campaign instead to encourage a pronunciation closer to "Wah-Way" using the words "Wow Way".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Ren states, "We will not change the name of our brand and will teach foreigners how to pronounce it. We have to make sure they do not pronounce it like 'Hawaii.'"<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, the Chinese government endeavored to overhaul the nation's underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure. A core component of the telecommunications network was telephone exchange switches, and in the late 1980s, several Chinese research groups endeavored to acquire and develop the technology, usually through joint ventures with foreign companies. Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the People's Liberation Army engineering corps, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. The company reports that it had <a href="/wiki/RMB" class="mw-redirect" title="RMB">RMB</a> 21,000 (about $5,000 at the time) in registered capital from Ren Zhengfei and five other investors at the time of its founding where each contributed RMB 3,500.<a href="#cite_note-Ash_Center-41">[41]</a> These five initial investors gradually withdrew their investments in Huawei. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> has suggested, however, that Huawei received approximately "$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts" since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huawei_denies_receiving_billions_in-42">[42]</a> Ren sought to <a href="/wiki/Reverse-engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse-engineering">reverse engineer</a> foreign technologies with local researchers. China borrowed liberally from Qualcomm and other industry leaders (PBX as an example) in order to enter the market. At a time when all of China's telecommunications technology was imported from abroad, Ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecommunications company that could compete with, and ultimately replace, foreign competitors.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> During its first several years the company's business model consisted mainly of reselling <a href="/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Private branch exchange">private branch exchange</a> (PBX) switches imported from Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-CSIS-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research and development to manufacture its own technologies.<a href="#cite_note-CSIS-44">[44]</a> By 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-Huawei-milestones-46">[46]</a> In order to grow despite difficult competition from <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>, Lucent, and <a href="/wiki/Nortel_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortel Networks">Nortel Networks</a>, in 1992 Huawei focused on low-income and difficult to access market niches.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 12  Huawei's sales force traveled from village to village in underdeveloped regions, gradually moving into more developed areas.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 12  The company's first major breakthrough came in 1993 when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch. It was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, the company gained market share and made its way into the mainstream market.<a href="#cite_note-Business-Today-47">[47]</a> Huawei also won a key contract to build the first national telecommunications network for the People's Liberation Army, a deal one employee described as "small in terms of our overall business, but large in terms of our relationships".<a href="#cite_note-FEAR-48">[48]</a> In 1994, founder Ren Zhengfei had a meeting with <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>, telling him that "switching equipment technology was related to national security, and that a nation that did not have its own switching equipment was like one that lacked its own military." Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment.<a href="#cite_note-CSIS-44">[44]</a> In the 1990s, Canadian telecom giant <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a> outsourced production of their entire product line to Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-49">[49]</a> They subsequently outsourced much of their product engineering to Huawei as well.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-50">[50]</a> Another major turning point for the company came in 1996 when the government in Beijing adopted an explicit policy of supporting domestic telecommunications manufacturers and restricting access to foreign competitors. Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices.<a href="#cite_note-CSIS-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_expansion">Foreign expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign expansion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Huawei Offices</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg/200px-Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg/300px-Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg/400px-Bures_business_centre_in_Vilnius_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="2909" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Voorburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Huawei_Voorburg.jpg/200px-Huawei_Voorburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Huawei_Voorburg.jpg/300px-Huawei_Voorburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Huawei_Voorburg.jpg/400px-Huawei_Voorburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1586" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Voorburg" title="Voorburg">Voorburg</a>, Netherlands</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:HuaweiCanada7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HuaweiCanada7.jpg/200px-HuaweiCanada7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HuaweiCanada7.jpg/300px-HuaweiCanada7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HuaweiCanada7.jpg/400px-HuaweiCanada7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a>, Ontario, Canada</div></div></div></div></div> Beginning in the late 1990s, Huawei built communications networks throughout <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[51]</a> It has become the most important Chinese telecommunications company operating in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-:13-51">[51]</a> In 1997, Huawei won a contract to provide fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company <a href="/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoa" title="Hutchison Whampoa">Hutchison Whampoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Business-Today-47">[47]</a> Later that year, Huawei launched wireless <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a>-based products and eventually expanded to offer <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>. In 1999, the company opened a research and development (R&D) centre in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a>, India to develop a wide range of telecom software.<a href="#cite_note-Huawei-milestones-46">[46]</a> In May 2003, Huawei partnered with <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> on a joint venture known as H3C, which was focused on enterprise networking equipment. It marked 3Com's re-entrance into the high-end core routers and switch market, after having abandoned it in 2000 to focus on other businesses. 3Com bought out Huawei's share of the venture in 2006 for US$882 million.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2004, Huawei signed a $10 billion credit line with <a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a> to provide low-cost financing to customers buying its telecommunications equipment to support its sales outside of China. This line of credit was tripled to $30 billion in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Mcmorrow_2019-54">[54]</a> In 2005, Huawei's foreign contract orders exceeded its domestic sales for the first time. Huawei signed a global <a href="/wiki/Framework_agreement" title="Framework agreement">framework agreement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>. This agreement marked the first time a telecommunications equipment supplier from China had received Approved Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2007, Huawei began a joint venture with US security software vendor <a href="/wiki/Symantec_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symantec Corporation">Symantec Corporation</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Symantec" title="Huawei Symantec">Huawei Symantec</a>, which aimed to provide end-to-end solutions for network data storage and security. Huawei bought out Symantec's share in the venture in 2012, with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> noting that Symantec had fears that the partnership "would prevent it from obtaining United States government classified information about cyber threats".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In May 2008, Australian carrier <a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a> announced that it would establish a technology research facility with Huawei in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In October 2008, Huawei reached an agreement to contribute to a new GSM-based <a href="/wiki/HSPA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA+">HSPA+</a> network being deployed jointly by Canadian carriers <a href="/wiki/Bell_Mobility" title="Bell Mobility">Bell Mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a>, joined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nokia_Siemens_Networks%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nokia Siemens Networks'' (page does not exist)">Nokia Siemens Networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Huawei delivered one of the world's first <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">LTE</a>/EPC commercial networks for <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a> in Oslo, Norway in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Huawei-milestones-46">[46]</a> Norway-based telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a> instead selected <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Huawei#Espionage_and_security_concerns" title="Criticism of Huawei">security concerns</a> with Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In July 2010, Huawei was included in the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Global Fortune 500</a> 2010 list published by the US magazine <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a> for the first time, on the strength of annual sales of US$21.8 billion and net profit of US$2.67 billion.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In October 2012, it was announced that Huawei would move its UK headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Green_Park_Business_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Park Business Park">Green Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading, Berkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Huawei also has expanding operations in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> since 2016. As well as a headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, it has facilities in Cork and Westmeath.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In September 2017, Huawei created a <a href="/wiki/Narrowband_IoT" title="Narrowband IoT">Narrowband IoT</a> city-aware network using a "one network, one platform, N applications" construction model utilizing <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> (IoT), <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, and other next-generation <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>, it also aims to be one of the world's five largest cloud players in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Philippines1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_Philippines1.jpg/200px-Huawei_Philippines1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_Philippines1.jpg/300px-Huawei_Philippines1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_Philippines1.jpg/400px-Huawei_Philippines1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>HUAWEI Philippines, <a href="/wiki/One_Ayala" title="One Ayala">One Ayala</a></figcaption></figure> In 2017, Huawei and the government of Malaysia began cooperating to develop public security programs and Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart City</a> programs, as well as a related lab in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 82  In April 2019, Huawei established the Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre (MGTC) at <a href="/wiki/Cyberjaya" title="Cyberjaya">Cyberjaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Huawei has had a major role in building, by 2019, approximately 70% of Africa's 4G networks.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 76  In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Telus_Mobility" title="Telus Mobility">Telus Mobility</a> dropped Huawei in favor of Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia for their 5G/<a href="/wiki/Radio_access_network" title="Radio access network">Radio Access Network</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_performance">Recent performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent performance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei,_IFA_2018,_Berlin_(P1070188).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg/220px-Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg/330px-Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg/440px-Huawei%2C_IFA_2018%2C_Berlin_%28P1070188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Huawei expo at <a href="/wiki/IFA_Berlin" title="IFA Berlin">IFA</a> 2018 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> By 2018, Huawei had sold 200 million smartphones.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 2019, Huawei reported revenue of US$122 billion.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> By the second quarter of 2020, Huawei had become the world's top smartphone seller, overtaking <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Business-9">[9]</a> In 2021, Huawei was ranked the second-largest R&D investor in the world by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">EU Joint Research Centre (JRC)</a> in its EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and ranked fifth in the world in US patents according to a report by Fairview Research's IFI Claims Patent Services.<a href="#cite_note-FairviewResearchHuaweiNo5USPatents-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 10  However, heavy international sanctions saw Huawei's revenues drop by 32% in the 2021 third quarter.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Linghao Bao, an analyst at policy research firm Trivium China said the "communications giant went from being the second-largest smartphone maker in the world, after Samsung, to essentially dead."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> By the end of third quarter in 2022, Huawei revenue had dropped a further 19.7% since the beginning of the year.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Yet, for the seventh consecutive year, Huawei remained the top <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent applicant</a> for <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> filled under the PCT, with 6494 published applications in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> By mid-2024, the company had recovered after a brief decline in turnover and profit and continued its expansion. Most foreign parts in the supply chain were successfully replaced by domestic products in a relatively short period of time. In the first quarter of 2024, the company's profits increased nearly six-fold compared to the previous year to just under US$2.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 21 June 2024, Huawei announced that HarmonyOS is now installed on over 900 million devices and has become the second most popular mobile OS in China.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> Huawei classifies itself as a "<a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a>" entity and prior to 2019 did not refer to itself as a private company. <a href="/wiki/Richard_McGregor" title="Richard McGregor">Richard McGregor</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Party:_The_Secret_World_of_China%27s_Communist_Rulers" title="The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers">The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers</a>, said that this is "a definitional distinction that has been essential to the company's receipt of state support at crucial points in its development".<a href="#cite_note-McGregor204-79">[79]</a> McGregor argued that "Huawei's status as a genuine collective is doubtful."<a href="#cite_note-McGregor204-79">[79]</a> Huawei's position has shifted in 2019 when, Dr. Song Liuping, Huawei's chief legal officer, commented on the US government ban, said: "Politicians in the US are using the strength of an entire nation to come after a private company." (emphasis added).<a href="#cite_note-CNET_2019-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> Ren Zhengfei is the founder and CEO of Huawei and has the power to veto any decisions made by the board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Huawei also has rotating co-CEOs.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 11  Huawei disclosed its list of board of directors for the first time in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Directors-2010-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liang_Hua" title="Liang Hua">Liang Hua</a> is the current chair of the board. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit">[update]</a>, the members of the board are Liang Hua, Guo Ping, Xu Zhijun, Hu Houkun, <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a> and deputy chairwoman), Ding Yun, Yu Chengdong, Wang Tao, Xu Wenwei, Shen-Han Chiu, Chen Lifang, Peng Zhongyang, He Tingbo, Li Yingtao, Ren Zhengfei, Yao Fuhai, Tao Jingwen, and Yan Lida.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Guo Ping is the Chairman of Huawei Device, Huawei's mobile phone division.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Huawei's <a href="/wiki/Chief_compliance_officer" title="Chief compliance officer">Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer</a> is Zhou Daiqi<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> who is also Huawei's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TT_Mo_Han_Aw-87">[87]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Chief_legal_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief legal officer">chief legal officer</a> is Song Liuping.<a href="#cite_note-CNET_2019-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ownership">edit</a>]</div> At its founding in 1987, Huawei was established as a collectively-owned enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 213  Collectively-owned enterprises were an intermediary corporate ownership status between <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> and private businesses.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 213  The Chinese government began issuing licenses for private businesses starting in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 213  Huawei states it is an <a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">employee-owned company</a>, but this remains a point of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[89]</a> Ren Zhengfei retains approximately 1 percent of the shares of Huawei's holding company, Huawei Investment & Holding,<a href="#cite_note-:5-89">[89]</a> with the remainder of the shares held by a trade union committee (not a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> per se, and the internal governance procedures of this committee, its members, its leaders or how they are selected all remain undisclosed to the public) that is claimed to be representative of Huawei's employee shareholders.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yang-90">[90]</a> The company's trade union committee is registered with and pays dues to the Shenzhen federation of the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a>, which is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> About half of Huawei staff participate in this structure (foreign employees are not eligible), and hold what the company calls "virtual restricted shares". These shares are non-tradable and are allocated to reward performance.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> When employees leave Huawei, their shares revert to the company, which compensates them for their holding.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Although employee shareholders receive dividends,<a href="#cite_note-Yang-90">[90]</a> their shares do not entitle them to any direct influence in management decisions, but enables them to vote for members of the 115-person Representatives' Commission from a pre-selected list of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Yang-90">[90]</a> The Representatives' Commission selects Huawei Holding's board of directors and Board of Supervisors.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Academics Christopher Balding of <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_University_Vietnam" title="Fulbright University Vietnam">Fulbright University</a> and Donald C. Clarke of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> have described Huawei's virtual stock program as "purely a profit-sharing incentive scheme" that "has nothing to do with financing or control".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> They found that, after a few stages of historical morphing, employees do not own a part of Huawei through their shares. Instead, the "virtual stock is a contract right, not a property right; it gives the holder <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_stock" title="Non-voting stock">no voting power</a> in either Huawei Tech or Huawei Holding, cannot be transferred, and is cancelled when the employee leaves the firm, subject to a redemption payment from Huawei Holding TUC at a low fixed price".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-81">[81]</a> Balding and Clarke add, "given the public nature of trade unions in China, if the ownership stake of the trade union committee is genuine, and if the trade union and its committee function as trade unions generally function in China, then Huawei may be deemed effectively state-owned."<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-81">[81]</a> Tim Rühlig, a Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, asked Huawei for a response to the Balding and Clarke paper; the "information provided by Huawei gives an indication of how difficult it is to run an independent company in such a crucial sector in China".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> After the publication of Balding and Clarke's paper, Huawei has "engaged in a PR blitz to manufacture an image of a transparent company".<a href="#cite_note-Šimalčík-98">[98]</a> Academic Toshio Goto of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_University_of_Economics" title="Japan University of Economics">Japan University of Economics</a> has disagreed with Balding and Clarke's assessment of Huawei employee shareholders’ ownership.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[99]</a>: 13  Goto writes that the Huawei's ownership structure is a function of its formation amid the Chinese reforms, with the only mechanism for concentrating employee ownership under Shenzen's 1997 Provisions on State-owned Company Employee Stock Option Plans being to do so via Huawei's trade union.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[99]</a>: 25  In contrast to Balding and Clarke, Goto writes that the Huawei's virtual shares are substantially equivalent to voting stock, and that nominal ownership through the trade union does not change the legal and financial independence of employee ownership from the union itself.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[99]</a>: 25  Goto concludes that the firm is effectively owned by employees and therefore it is not effectively state-owned.<a href="#cite_note-:16-99">[99]</a>: 25  In analyzing Huawei's corporate governance and ownership structure, Academic Wang Jun of the Chinese University of Politics and Law also rejects the argument that Huawei is a state-owned enterprise controlled by a labor union, writing that normative practices and legal requirements distinguish between the shareholding vehicle of union-held employee assets and assets belonging to the union itself.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Academics Kunyuan Qiao of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Christopher Marquis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> likewise conclude that Huawei is a private company owned collectively by its employees and is neither owned nor controlled directly by the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 11  Academics <a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Steve Tsang</a> and Olivia Cheung write that Huawei is a private company.<a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-101">[101]</a>: 131  Likewise, academics Simon Curtis and Ian Klaus write that Huawei is not state-owned, but is a private company which the Chinese government views as a national champion.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 156–157  In 2021, Huawei did not report its ultimate <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">beneficial ownership</a> in Europe as required by European anti-<a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> laws.<a href="#cite_note-Šimalčík-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobbying_and_public_relations">Lobbying and public relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lobbying and public relations">edit</a>]</div> In July 2021, Huawei hired <a href="/wiki/Tony_Podesta" title="Tony Podesta">Tony Podesta</a> as a consultant and lobbyist, with a goal of nurturing the company's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Huawei has also hired <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> firms <a href="/wiki/Ruder_Finn" title="Ruder Finn">Ruder Finn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wavemaker_(media_agency)" title="Wavemaker (media agency)">Wavemaker</a>, Racepoint Global, and <a href="/wiki/Burson_Cohn_%26_Wolfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Burson Cohn & Wolfe">Burson Cohn & Wolfe</a> for various campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In January 2024, Bloomberg News reported that Huawei ended its in-house lobbying operations in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_culture">Corporate culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corporate culture">edit</a>]</div> According to its CEO and founder Ren Zhengfei, Huawei's corporate culture is the same as the culture of the CCP, "and to <a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People" title="Serve the People">serve the people</a> wholeheartedly means to be customer-centric and responsible to society."<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 9  Ren frequently states that Huawei's management philosophy and strategy are commercial applications of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 11  Ren states that in the event of a conflict between Huawei's business interests and the CCP's interests, he would "choose the CCP whose interest is to serve the people and all human beings".<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 11  Qiao and Marquis observe that company founder Ren is a dedicated communist who seeks to ingrain communist values at Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-:11-5">[5]</a>: 9  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Total revenue (<a href="/wiki/CNY" class="mw-redirect" title="CNY">CNY</a>¥ bn) </td> <td>721 </td> <td>858 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>636 </td> <td>642 </td> <td>704 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Operating profit (CNY¥ bn) </td> <td>73.2 </td> <td>77.8 </td> <td>72.5 </td> <td>121 </td> <td>42.2 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Net profit (CNY¥ bn) </td> <td>59.3 </td> <td>62.6 </td> <td>64.6 </td> <td>113 </td> <td>35.5 </td> <td>86.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Total assets (CNY¥ bn) </td> <td>665 </td> <td>858 </td> <td>876 </td> <td>982 </td> <td>1,063 </td> <td>1,263 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">References </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:27-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:27-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:27-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:27-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:27-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partners">Partners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Partners">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg/220px-Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg/330px-Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg/440px-Huawei_P9_main_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9" title="Huawei P9">Huawei P9</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> to be co-engineered with a <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica camera</a>.</figcaption></figure> As of the beginning of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 80% of the world's top 50 telecoms companies had worked with Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-RCR-108">[108]</a> In 2016, German camera company <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> has established a partnership with Huawei, and Leica cameras will be co-engineered into Huawei smartphones, including the P and Mate Series. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with a Leica camera was the <a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9" title="Huawei P9">Huawei P9</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> As of May 2022, Huawei partnership with Leica had ended.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> As of 2023, smartphone makers <a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> have partnerships with Leica.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In August 2019, Huawei collaborated with eyewear company <a href="/wiki/Gentle_Monster" title="Gentle Monster">Gentle Monster</a> and released <a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">smartglasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In November 2019, Huawei partners with <a href="/wiki/Devialet" title="Devialet">Devialet</a> and unveiled a new specifically designed speaker, the Sound X.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In October 2020, Huawei released its own mapping service, <a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a>, which was developed in partnership with Dutch navigation device manufacturer <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_services">Products and services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Products and services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication_networks">Telecommunication networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Telecommunication networks">edit</a>]</div> Huawei offers mobile and fixed <a href="/wiki/Softswitch" title="Softswitch">softswitches</a>, plus next-generation <a href="/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem#Home_location_register" title="Network switching subsystem">home location register</a> and <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems</a> (IMS). Huawei sells <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">passive optical network</a> (PON) and next-generation PON (NG PON) on a single platform. The company also offers mobile infrastructure, broadband access and service provider routers and switches (SPRS). Huawei's software products include <a href="/wiki/Service_delivery_platform" title="Service delivery platform">service delivery platforms</a> (SDPs), <a href="/wiki/Base_station_subsystem" title="Base station subsystem">base station subsystems</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-Company_Information-116">[116]</a> As of 2023, telecoms-network equipment remains Huawei's core area of business, which constituted half of its revenues for the year.<a href="#cite_note-econjune13-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber-optic_cable_projects">Fiber-optic cable projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fiber-optic cable projects">edit</a>]</div> Huawei Marine Networks delivered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_submarine_communications_cables" title="List of international submarine communications cables">HANNIBAL</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cable</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Tunisie_Telecom" title="Tunisie Telecom">Tunisie Telecom</a> across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:322-117">[117]</a>: 310  Huawei Marine is involved in many fiber-optic cable projects connected with the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 78  Huawei Marine completed the China-Pakistan Fiber Optic Project which runs along the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China-Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 78  In 2018, Huawei Marine completed the South Atlantic Interlink (SAIL) Cable System which runs from <a href="/wiki/Kribi" title="Kribi">Kribi</a>, Cameroon to <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 78  It also built the Kumul Domestic Fiber Cable from Indonesia to Papua New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 78  As part of the Smart Africa project, Huawei Marine built the 2,800 mile fiber-optic network Guinea Backbone Network.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 78  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_services">Global services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Global services">edit</a>]</div> Huawei Global Services provides telecommunications operators with equipment to build and operate networks as well as consulting and engineering services to improve operational efficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-MobileMag-118">[118]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">network integration services</a> such as those for mobile and fixed networks; <a href="/wiki/Assurance_services" title="Assurance services">assurance services</a> such as network safety; and learning services, such as competency consulting.<a href="#cite_note-Company_Information-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devices">Devices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Devices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg/220px-Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg/330px-Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg/440px-Huawei_Band_7_in_Wilderness_Green_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A Huawei Band 7 fitness tracker in Wilderness Green colour</figcaption></figure> Huawei's Devices division provides <a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">white-label products</a> to content-service providers, including <a href="/wiki/USB_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="USB modem">USB modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modem#Radio" title="Modem">wireless modems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless routers</a> for mobile Wi-Fi,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Embedded_System_Module" title="Embedded System Module">embedded modules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless" title="Fixed wireless">fixed wireless</a> terminals, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_gateway" title="Wireless gateway">wireless gateways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile handsets</a> and video products.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Huawei also produces and sells a variety of devices under its own name, such as the smartphones, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet PCs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei_FreeBuds" title="Huawei FreeBuds">earbuds</a> and Huawei Smartwatch.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiconductors">Semiconductors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Semiconductors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a></div> Through its wholly owned subsidiary, HiSilicon, Huawei is one of the largest domestic designers of chips in China. It frequently partners with <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation" title="Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation">Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation</a> (SMIC) to manufacture its chips. As of April 2024, Huawei is also building or supporting the construction of five semiconductor fabs.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phones">Phones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phones">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Huawei_phones" title="List of Huawei phones">List of Huawei phones</a></div> Huawei is the second-biggest smartphone maker in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, as of the first quarter of 2019. Their portfolio of phones includes both high-end smartphones, its <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate series">Huawei Mate series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Pura_series" title="Huawei Pura series">Huawei Pura series</a>, and cheaper handsets that fall under its Honor brand.<a href="#cite_note-Villas-Boas_Eadicicco_2019-124">[124]</a> Cheaper handsets fall under its Honor brand.<a href="#cite_note-:14-125">[125]</a> Honor was created in order to elevate Huawei-branded phones as premium offerings. In 2020, Huawei agreed to sell the Honor brand to a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> of the Shenzhen municipal government. Consequently, Honor was initially reported to be cut off from access to Huawei's IPs, which consists of more than 100,000 active patents by the end of 2020, and additionally cannot tap into Huawei's large R&D resources where $20 billion had been committed for 2021. However, <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> magazine noted in 2021 that Honor devices still had not differentiated their software much from Huawei phones and that core apps and certain engineering features, like the Honor-engineered camera features looked "virtually identical' across both phones.<a href="#cite_note-Lawler-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_Huawei_phones">History of Huawei phones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History of Huawei phones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_P30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huawei_P30.jpg/220px-Huawei_P30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huawei_P30.jpg/330px-Huawei_P30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huawei_P30.jpg/440px-Huawei_P30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Huawei_P30" title="Huawei P30">Huawei P30</a> with rear triple-lens <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> optics camera</figcaption></figure> In July 2003, Huawei established their handset department and by 2004, Huawei shipped their first phone, the C300. The U626 was Huawei's first 3G phone in June 2005 and in 2006, Huawei launched the first Vodafone-branded 3G handset, the V710. The U8220 was Huawei's first <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> smartphone and was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_World_Congress" title="Mobile World Congress">MWC</a> 2009. At <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">CES</a> 2012, Huawei introduced the Ascend range starting with the Ascend P1 S. At MWC 2012, Huawei launched the Ascend D1. In September 2012, Huawei launched their first 4G ready phone, the Ascend P1 LTE. At CES 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend D2 and the Ascend Mate. At MWC 2013, the Ascend P2 was launched as the world's first LTE Cat4 smartphone. In June 2013, Huawei launched the Ascend P6 and in December 2013, Huawei introduced Honor as a subsidiary independent brand in China. At CES 2014, Huawei launched the Ascend Mate2 4G in 2014 and at MWC 2014, Huawei launched the MediaPad X1 tablet and Ascend G6 4G smartphone. Other launched in 2014 included the Ascend P7 in May 2014, the Ascend Mate7, the Ascend G7 and the Ascend P7 Sapphire Edition as China's first 4G smartphone with a sapphire screen.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In January 2015, Huawei discontinued the "Ascend" brand for its flagship phones, and launched the new P series with the <a href="/wiki/Huawei_P8" title="Huawei P8">Huawei P8</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Huawei also partnered with Google to build the <a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">Nexus 6P</a> which was released in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In May 2018, Huawei stated that they will no longer allow unlocking the bootloader of their phones to allow installing third party system software or security updates after Huawei stops them. <a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Huawei is currently the most well-known international corporation in China and a pioneer of the 5G mobile phone standard, which has come to be used globally in the last few years.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laptops">Laptops</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Laptops">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei MateBook series">Huawei MateBook series</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_(26627094621).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg/220px-Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg/330px-Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg/440px-Huawei_Matebook_2-in-1_tablet_with_Windows_10_%2826627094621%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Huawei Matebook 2-in-1 tablet</figcaption></figure> In 2016, Huawei entered the laptop markets with the release of its <a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei MateBook series">Huawei MateBook series</a> of laptops.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> They have continued to release laptop models in this series into 2020 with their most recent models being the <a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_X_Pro" title="Huawei MateBook X Pro">MateBook X Pro</a> and Matebook 13 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Bonshor-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tablets">Tablets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tablets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_series#Tablets" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate series">Huawei Mate series § Tablets</a></div> The Huawei MatePad Pro, launched in November 2019, after that, subsequent releases of their MatePad tablet line.<a href="#cite_note-HUAWEI_Consumer_2020-134">[134]</a> Huawei is number one in the Chinese tablet market and number two globally as of 4Q 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Gizchina.com_2020-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCs">PCs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: PCs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateStation_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei MateStation series">Huawei MateStation series</a></div> The MateStation S and X was released in September 2021 among successor releases of variants, marking Huawei entrance into the workstation, desktop PC space with All-in-one and Thin client PCs.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wearables">Wearables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wearables">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Watch" title="Huawei Watch">Huawei Watch</a></div> The Huawei Watch is an <a href="/wiki/Android_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Wear">Android Wear</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">smartwatch</a> developed by Huawei. It was released at <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin">Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin</a> on 2 September 2015. Since 2020, Huawei released subsequent models using in-house operating systems from <a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a> powered models to the latest <a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> powered watches.<a href="#cite_note-twice-138">[138]</a> It is the first smartwatch produced by Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-twice-138">[138]</a> Their latest watch, Huawei Watch Ultimate Design announced on September 25, 2023, and released 4, October 2023 worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EMUI_(Emotion_User_Interface)">EMUI (Emotion User Interface)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: EMUI (Emotion User Interface)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></div> Emotion UI (EMUI) was a ROM/OS developed by Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and based on Google's Android Open Source Project (AOSP). EMUI is pre-installed on most Huawei Smartphone devices and its subsidiaries the Honor series.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harmony_OS">Harmony OS</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Harmony OS">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HarmonyOS&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg/220px-HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg/330px-HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg/440px-HMOS_Logo_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (HMOS) (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 鸿蒙; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hóngméng) is a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">distributed operating system</a> developed by Huawei for <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart watch">smart watches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> design with single framework: the operating system selects suitable kernels from the <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">abstraction layer</a> in the case of devices that use diverse resources.<a href="#cite_note-HarmonyOS_:0-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huawei_Mobile_Services_(HMS)">Huawei Mobile Services (HMS)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Huawei Mobile Services (HMS)">edit</a>]</div> Huawei Mobile Services (HMS) is Huawei's solution to GMS (Google Mobile services) for Android - providing many of the same features for app developers. It also serves as the umbrella brand for Huawei's core set of mobile applications, including <a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a>, which was created as a competitor to <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google's Play Store</a>. In December 2019, Huawei unveiled HMS version 4.0, and as of 16 January 2020, the company reported that it had signed up 55,000 apps using its HMS Core software.<a href="#cite_note-TechRadar_2020-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MetaERP">MetaERP</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: MetaERP">edit</a>]</div> MetaERP is an <a href="/wiki/Proprietary" title="Proprietary">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">enterprise resource planning</a> (ERP) solution developedlaunched on April 24, 2023. The company began with a <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_resource_planning" title="Manufacturing resource planning">manufacturing resource planning</a> (MRP) solution in 1996. It upgraded its legacy ERP system from third-party American suppliers, followed by further improvements for internal management. Since the United States <a href="/wiki/Entity_List" title="Entity List">Entity List</a> of May 2019 barred American software technology companies from supplying <a href="/wiki/ERP_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="ERP systems">ERP systems</a> to Huawei prompted the company to develop an in-house ERP system for the next following three years.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> MetaERP targets mid-sized and large enterprises. For ease of migration to the ERP system, it consists of the following modules such as Financials and Operations, Sales Enterprise, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a>, Customer Service, Field Service, and Project Service Automation using its <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a> server operating system and <a href="/wiki/GaussDB" title="GaussDB">GaussDB</a> <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> management system.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> After launch in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> the first batch of large-scale switching was carried out in May 14 midnight, across Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, Southern Africa, and Latin America. The business covers <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">ICT</a> and Huawei Cloud, alongside terminals and other industries. Over thousands of employees in 75 countries use MetaERP in stable operation post-launch.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> MetaERP currently handles 100% of Huawei's internal business and most of the 80% of its business operations.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobile">Automobile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Automobile">edit</a>]</div> Huawei has secured collaboration with a few automakers including <a href="/wiki/Seres_(automobiles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seres (automobiles)">Seres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a>, <a href="/wiki/BAIC_Motor" title="BAIC Motor">BAIC Motor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changan_Automobile" title="Changan Automobile">Changan Automobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/GAC_Group" title="GAC Group">GAC Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/JAC_Group" title="JAC Group">JAC Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AITO">AITO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: AITO">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AITO_(marque)" title="AITO (marque)">AITO (marque)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/AITO_(marque)" title="AITO (marque)">Aito</a> brand (问界 Wenjie) is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with Seres. In December 2021, the <a href="/wiki/AITO_M5" title="AITO M5">AITO M5</a> was unveiled as the first vehicle to be developed in cooperation with Huawei. The model was developed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Seres_(automobiles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seres (automobiles)">Seres</a> and is essentially a restyled <a href="/wiki/Seres_SF5" title="Seres SF5">Seres SF5</a> crossover.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The model was sold under a new brand called AITO, which stands for "Adding Intelligence to Auto" and uses Huawei DriveONE and HarmonyOS, while the Seres SF5 used Huawei DriveONE and HiCar.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AITO M5"><img alt="AITO M5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg/160px-AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg/240px-AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg/320px-AITO_M5_2022-02-06-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AITO_M5" title="AITO M5">AITO M5</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AITO M7"><img alt="AITO M7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg/160px-Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg/240px-Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg/320px-Aito_M7_facelift_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3693" data-file-height="2770" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AITO_M7" title="AITO M7">AITO M7</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aito_M9_011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AITO M9"><img alt="AITO M9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Aito_M9_011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2010" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AITO_M9" title="AITO M9">AITO M9</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AVATR">AVATR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: AVATR">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avatr_Technology" title="Avatr Technology">Avatr Technology</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Avatr_Technology" title="Avatr Technology">Avatr</a> (阿维塔 Aweita) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Changan_Automobile" title="Changan Automobile">Changan Automobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/CATL" title="CATL">CATL</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:(CHN-Guangdong)_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatr 11"><img alt="Avatr 11" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg/150px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg/225px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg/300px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_11_No-plate_2024-05-25_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2928" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Avatr 11</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:(CHN-Guangdong)_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatr 12"><img alt="Avatr 12" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg/150px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg/225px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg/300px-%28CHN-Guangdong%29_Showcar_Avatr_12_No-plate_2024-05-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3586" data-file-height="2869" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Avatr 12</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Avatr_07_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Avatr 07"><img alt="Avatr 07" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Avatr_07_005.jpg/160px-Avatr_07_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Avatr_07_005.jpg/240px-Avatr_07_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Avatr_07_005.jpg/320px-Avatr_07_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3766" data-file-height="2824" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Avatr 07</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luxeed">Luxeed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Luxeed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luxeed" title="Luxeed">Luxeed</a></div> The Luxeed (智界 Zhijie) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with Chery, with the first vehicle being the Luxeed S7, previously called the Chery EH3,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> an upcoming premium electric executive sedan due to be unveiled in Q3 2023, and would be the first car to have the Harmony OS 4 system on board.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luxeed S7"><img alt="Luxeed S7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg/180px-Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg/270px-Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg/360px-Luxeed_S7_at_Auto_Guangzhou_2023_20231126-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luxeed_S7" title="Luxeed S7">Luxeed S7</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxeed_R7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luxeed R7"><img alt="Luxeed R7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luxeed_R7.jpg/160px-Luxeed_R7.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luxeed_R7.jpg/240px-Luxeed_R7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luxeed_R7.jpg/320px-Luxeed_R7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="2314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxeed_R7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxeed R7 (page does not exist)">Luxeed R7</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stelato">Stelato</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Stelato">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stelato" title="Stelato">Stelato</a></div> The Stelato (享界 Xiǎngjiè) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with BAIC BluePark, with the first vehicle being the Stelato S9 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stelato_S9_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stelato S9"><img alt="Stelato S9" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stelato_S9_005.jpg/160px-Stelato_S9_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stelato_S9_005.jpg/240px-Stelato_S9_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stelato_S9_005.jpg/320px-Stelato_S9_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3573" data-file-height="2680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stelato_S9" title="Stelato S9">Stelato S9</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maextro">Maextro</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Maextro">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maextro" class="mw-redirect" title="Maextro">Maextro</a></div> The Maextro (尊界 Zūnjiè) brand is Huawei's premium EV brand in cooperation with JAC Group, with the first vehicle being the Maextro S800 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huawei_Solar">Huawei Solar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Huawei Solar">edit</a>]</div> Huawei entered the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> (PV) market in 2011, and opened an Energy Center of Competence in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-PV_Mag-156">[156]</a> In September 2016, Huawei integrated new manufacturing capabilities into its <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> hub in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where it can produce 7,000 inverter units per month.<a href="#cite_note-PV_Mag-156">[156]</a> In October that same year, Huawei entered the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> market and formed a strategic partnership with Strata Solar.<a href="#cite_note-PV_Mag-156">[156]</a> In April 2017, Huawei enters the <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power" title="Rooftop solar power">residential solar</a> market with the launch of its string <a href="/wiki/Solar_inverter" title="Solar inverter">solar inverters</a> and DC <a href="/wiki/Power_optimizer" title="Power optimizer">power optimizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PV_Mag-156">[156]</a> As of 2022, Huawei is the largest producer of solar inverters in the world with a 29% market share, which saw a significant shipment increase of 83% compared to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-WoodMac-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_position">Competitive position</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Competitive position">edit</a>]</div> Huawei's global growth has largely been driven by its offering of competitive telecommunications equipment at a lesser price than rival firms.<a href="#cite_note-:02-158">[158]</a>: 95  Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. was the world's largest telecom equipment maker in 2012<a href="#cite_note-Economist-7">[7]</a> and China's largest telephone-network equipment maker.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> With 3,442 patents, Huawei became the world's No. 1 applicant for international patents in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In 2019, Huawei had the second most patents granted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</a>'s annual <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a> report ranked Huawei's number of patent applications published under the <a href="/wiki/Patent_Cooperation_Treaty" title="Patent Cooperation Treaty">PCT System</a> as 1st in the world, with 5464 patent applications being published during 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:32-162">[162]</a> The Madrid Yearly Review ranked Huawei's number of marks applications filed under the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol" title="Madrid Protocol">Madrid System</a> as 9th in the world, with 78 <a href="/wiki/Trademarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademarks">trademarks</a> applications submitted during 2023.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit">[update]</a>, Huawei is the leading 5G equipment manufacturer and has the greatest market share of 5G equipment and has built approximately 70% of worldwide 5G base stations.<a href="#cite_note-:03-164">[164]</a>: 182  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Research and development">edit</a>]</div> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than half of Huawei's employees are involved in research.<a href="#cite_note-econjune13-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a>: 119  In the same year, Huawei spent $22.1 billion on R&D, around 22.4% of its net sales, being one of the six companies in the world to spend more than $20 billion on R&D spending.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In recent years, Huawei has prioritized technological innovation as a means of vertically integrating its supply chain, particularly in to areas vulnerable to sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-econjune13-10">[10]</a> The company has numerous R&D institutes in countries including China, the United States,<a href="#cite_note-auto-167">[167]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-168">[168]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-169">[169]</a> Pakistan, Finland, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-170">[170]</a> Russia, and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-172">[172]</a> It opened in July 2024 its biggest R&D center to date near Shanghai to accommodate nearly 35,000 members of its personnel.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Huawei also funds research partnerships with universities such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guelph" title="University of Guelph">University of Guelph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Huawei" title="Criticism of Huawei">Criticism of Huawei</a></div> Huawei has faced allegations that its products contain <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoors</a> for Chinese government espionage and domestic laws require Chinese citizens and companies to cooperate with state intelligence when warranted. Huawei executives denied these claims, saying that the company has not received requests by the Chinese government to introduce backdoors in its equipment, would refuse to do so, and that Chinese law does not compel them to do so. As of 2019, the United States had not produced evidence of coordinated hacking by Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_business_practices">Early business practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Early business practices">edit</a>]</div> Huawei employed a complex system of agreements with local state-owned telephone companies that seemed to include illicit payments to the local telecommunications bureau employees. During the late 1990s, the company created several joint ventures with their state-owned telecommunications company customers. By 1998, Huawei had signed agreements with municipal and provincial telephone bureaus to create Shanghai Huawei, Chengdu Huawei, Shenyang Huawei, Anhui Huawei, Sichuan Huawei, and other companies. The joint ventures were actually shell companies, and were a way to funnel money to local telecommunications employees so that Huawei could get deals to sell them equipment. In the case of Sichuan Huawei, for example, local partners could get 60–70 percent of their investment returned in the form of annual 'dividends'.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_state_support">Allegations of state support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Allegations of state support">edit</a>]</div> Martin Thorley of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> noted that a "company of Huawei’s size, working in what is considered a sensitive sector, simply cannot succeed in China without extensive links to the Party".<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-19">[19]</a> Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where "the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism".<a href="#cite_note-Deep_Dive:_The_Geopolitics_of_5G-181">[181]</a> Nigel Inkster of the International Institute for Strategic Studies suggested that "Huawei involvement in the core backbone 5G infrastructure of developed western liberal democracies is a strategic game-changer because 5G is a game-changer”, with “national telecoms champions” playing a key role, which in turn is part of China's "ambitious strategy to reshape the planet in line with its interests” through the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-19">[19]</a> On 7 October 2020, the U.K. Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Defence_Select_Committee" title="Defence Select Committee">Defence Committee</a> released a report concluding that there was evidence of collusion between Huawei and Chinese state and the Chinese Communist Party, based upon ownership model and government subsidies it has received.<a href="#cite_note-Corera-182">[182]</a> Huawei has a strong rapport with, and support from, the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-101">[101]</a>: 131  The Chinese government has granted Huawei much more comprehensive support than other domestic companies facing troubles abroad, such as <a href="/wiki/ByteDance" title="ByteDance">ByteDance</a>, since Huawei is considered a national champion along with <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-asianstudies.org-183">[183]</a> For instance after Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou was detained in Canada pending extradition to the United States for fraud charges, China immediately arrested Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor in what was widely viewed as "hostage diplomacy".<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> China has also imposed tariffs on Australian imports in 2020, in apparent retaliation for Huawei and ZTE being excluded from Australia's 5G network in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a> In June 2020, when the UK mulled reversing an earlier decision to permit Huawei's participation in 5G, China threatened retaliation in other sectors by withholding investments in power generation and high-speed rail. A House of Commons defence committee found that "Beijing had exerted pressure through "covert and overt threats" to keep Huawei in the UK's 5G network".<a href="#cite_note-Corera-182">[182]</a> US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> reassured the UK saying "the US stands with our allies and partners against the Chinese Communist Party's coercive bullying tactics," and "the US stands ready to assist our friends in the UK with any needs they have, from building secure and reliable nuclear power plants to developing trusted 5G solutions that protect their citizens' privacy".<a href="#cite_note-:26-185">[185]</a> The "optics of Beijing's diplomats coming to [Huawei]'s defense" in the European Union has also contradicted Huawei's claims that it is "fully independent from the Chinese government".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In November 2019, the Chinese ambassador to Denmark, in meetings with high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroese</a> politicians, directly linked Huawei's 5G expansion with Chinese trade, according to a sound recording obtained by <a href="/wiki/Kringvarp_F%C3%B8roya" title="Kringvarp Føroya">Kringvarp Føroya</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Berlingske" title="Berlingske">Berlingske</a>, the ambassador threatened with dropping a planned trade deal with the Faroe Islands, if the Faroese telecom company Føroya Tele did not let Huawei build the national 5G network. Huawei said they did not knоw about the meetings.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> China's ambassador to Germany, Wu Ken, warned that ‘there will be consequences’ if Huawei was excluded, and floated the "possibility of German cars being banned on safety grounds".<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The Wall Street Journal has suggested that Huawei received approximately "$46 billion in loans and other support, coupled with $25 billion in tax cuts" since the Chinese government had a vested interest in fostering a company to compete against Apple and Samsung.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> In particular, China's state-owned banks such as the China Development Bank and the <a href="/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-Import Bank of China">Export-Import Bank of China</a> make loans to Huawei customers which substantially undercut competitors' financing with lower interest and cash in advance, with China Development Bank providing a credit line totaling US$30 billion between 2004 and 2009. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> launched an investigation into China's subsidies that distorted global markets and harmed European vendors, and Huawei offered the initial complainant US$56 million to withdraw the complaint in an attempt to shut down the investigation. Then-European Trade Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Karel_De_Gucht" title="Karel De Gucht">Karel De Gucht</a> found that Huawei leveraged state support to underbid competitors by up to 70 percent.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_military_and_intelligence_ties">Allegations of military and intelligence ties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Allegations of military and intelligence ties">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Section_size_policies" title="Help:Section">too long</a> and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></div> In 2011, a report by the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Enterprise" title="Open Source Enterprise">Open Source Enterprise</a> detailed its "suspicions over potential close links between Huawei and the Chinese Government," such as former chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yafang" title="Sun Yafang">Sun Yafang</a>'s prior employment by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> (MSS)'s Communications Department.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In 2019, Ren Zhengfei stated "we never participate in espionage and we do not allow any of our employees to do any act like that. And we absolutely never install backdoors. Even if we were required by Chinese law, we would firmly reject that".<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> was quoted saying "the Chinese government did not and will not ask Chinese companies to spy on other countries, such kind of action is not consistent with the Chinese law and is not how China behaves." Huawei has cited the opinion of Zhong Lun Law Firm, co-signed by a CCP member,<a href="#cite_note-auto7-196">[196]</a> whose lawyers testified to the <a href="/wiki/FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="FCC">FCC</a> that the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Intelligence Law of the People's Republic of China">National Intelligence Law</a> doesn't apply to Huawei. The opinion of Zhong Lun lawyers, reviewed by British law firm Clifford Chance, has been distributed widely by Huawei as an "independent legal opinion", although Clifford Chance added a disclaimer stated that "the material should not be construed as constituting a legal opinion on the application of PRC law".<a href="#cite_note-auto7-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto12-197">[197]</a> Follow up reporting from Wired cast doubt on the findings of Zhong Lun, particularly because the Chinese "government doesn't limit itself to what the law explicitly allows" when it comes to national security.<a href="#cite_note-Wired_Simonete_2019-198">[198]</a> "All Chinese citizens and organisations are obliged to cooperate upon request with PRC intelligence operations—and also maintain the secrecy of such operations", as explicitly stipulated in Article 7 of the 2017 PRC national intelligence-gathering activities law.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-196">[196]</a> Tim Rühlig, a Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, observed that "Not least in the light of the lack of the rule of law in China, but also given the clarity of the Intelligence Law, this legal opinion [by Clifford Chance] does not provide any substantial reassurance that Huawei could decline to cooperate with Chinese intelligence, even if the company wanted to do so".<a href="#cite_note-ui.se-199">[199]</a> Experts have pointed out that under <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s "intensifying authoritarianism [since] Beijing promulgated a new national intelligence law" in 2017, as well as the 2014 Counter-Espionage Law, both of which are vaguely defined and far-reaching. The two laws "[compel] Chinese businesses to work with Chinese intelligence and security agencies whenever they are requested to do so", suggesting that Huawei or other domestic major technology companies could not refuse to cooperate with Chinese intelligence. Jerome Cohen, a <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> law professor and Council on Foreign Relations adjunct senior fellow stated "Not only is this mandated by existing legislation but, more important, also by political reality and the organizational structure and operation of the Party-State’s economy. The Party is embedded in Huawei and controls it".<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-19">[19]</a> One former Huawei employee said "The state wants to use Huawei, and it can use it if it wants. Everyone has to listen to the state. Every person. Every company and every individual, and you can't talk about it. You can't say you don't like it. That's just China." The new cybersecurity law also requires domestic companies, and eventually foreign subsidiaries, to use state-certified network equipment and software so that their data and communications are fully visible to China's Cybersecurity Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto14-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto7-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto12-197">[197]</a> University of Nottingham's Martin Thorley has suggested that Huawei would have no recourse to oppose the CCP's request in court, since the party controls the police, the media, the judiciary and the government.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-19">[19]</a> Klon Kitchen has suggested that 5G dominance is essential to China in order to achieve its vision where "the prosperity of state-run capitalism is combined with the stability and security of technologically enabled authoritarianism".<a href="#cite_note-Deep_Dive:_The_Geopolitics_of_5G-181">[181]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a> researchers conducted an analysis of 25,000 Huawei employee CVs and found that some had worked or trained with China's Ministry of State Security, the People's Liberation Army (PLA), its academies, and a military unit accused of hacking US corporations, including 11 alumni from a PLA information engineering school.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-201">[201]</a> One of the study researchers says this shows "a strong relationship between Huawei and all levels of the Chinese state, Chinese military and Chinese intelligence. This to me appears to be a systemized, structural relationship."<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In a report by academics Christopher Balding of Fulbright University and Donald C. Clarke of George Washington University, a person "simultaneously held a position at Huawei and a teaching and research role at a military university through which they were employed by the Chinese People’s Liberation Army...a section in the PLA that is responsible for the Chinese military’s space, cyber, and electronic warfare capabilities".<a href="#cite_note-:18-203">[203]</a> Charles Parton, a British diplomat, said this "give the lie to Huawei's claim that there is no evidence that they help the Chinese intelligence services. This gun is smoking."<a href="#cite_note-auto10-201">[201]</a> Huawei said that while it does not work on Chinese military or intelligence projects, it is no secret that some employees have a previous government background. It criticized the report's speculative language such as ‘believes’, ‘infers’, and ‘cannot rule out’.<a href="#cite_note-:18-203">[203]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)#Huawei" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">National Security Agency</a> penetrated Huawei's corporate networks in China to search for links between the company and the People's Liberation Army. It was able to monitor accounts belonging to Huawei employees and its founder Ren Zhengfei.<a href="#cite_note-bnnbloomberg.ca-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S.-China_Economic_and_Security_Review_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission">U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission</a> member Michael Wessel said: “If there’s a locksmith who’s installing more and more locks on the doors in a community and suddenly there’s a rash of silent robberies, at some point the locksmith becomes a person of interest. Huawei around that time became a significant entity of interest".<a href="#cite_note-bnnbloomberg.ca-20">[20]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> report stated that Australian intelligence in 2012 detected a backdoor in the country's telecom network and shared its findings with the United States, who reported similar hacks. It was reportedly caused by a software update from Huawei carrying malicious code that transmitted data to China before deleting itself. Investigators managed to reconstruct the exploit and determined that Huawei technicians must have pushed the update through the network on behalf of China's spy agencies. Huawei said updates would have required authorization from the customer and that no tangible evidence was presented. China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the accusation a "slander". Australian telecom operators Optus and Vodafone disputed that they were compromised.<a href="#cite_note-bnnbloomberg.ca-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.com.au-21">[21]</a> Senior security officials in Uganda and Zambia told The Wall Street Journal that Huawei played key roles enabling their governments to spy on political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a> Several IT sources told <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> that inside the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> headquarters, whose computer systems were supplied by Huawei,<a href="#cite_note-auto16-13">[13]</a> data transfers on its servers peaked after hours from January 2012 to January 2017, with the AU's internal data sent to unknown servers hosted in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In May 2019, a Huawei Mediapad M5 belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a> IT engineer living in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> was found to be sending data to servers in China despite never being authorized to do so, as the apps could not be disabled and continued to send sensitive data even after appearing to be deleted.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> At the end of 2019, United States officials disclosed to the United Kingdom and Germany that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials since 2009, as these backdoors are found on carrier equipment like antennas and routers, and Huawei's equipment is widely used around the world due to its low cost.<a href="#cite_note-Reichert-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pancevski-207">[207]</a> The United Kingdom established a lab that it ran, but which was paid for by Huawei, to evaluate Huawei equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:322-117">[117]</a>: 322  After eight years of study, the lab did not identify any Huawei backdoor, but concluded that Huawei's equipment had bugs that could be exploited by hackers.<a href="#cite_note-:322-117">[117]</a>: 322  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline">Timeline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> Yale University economist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_S._Roach" title="Stephen S. Roach">Stephen Roach</a> stated in 2022 that there was no hard evidence to support the allegations of Huawei having a backdoor for industrial espionage other than one arguable instance,<a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a>: 118  which was when UK telecom Vodafone disclosed in 2011 that its Italian fixed line network contained a security vulnerability in its Huawei-installed software.<a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a>: 118–119  Huawei fixed the vulnerability at Vodafone's request.<a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a>: 118  There was no report of any suspicious data capture or systems control activity.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a> Vodafone was satisfied with the outcome and thereafter increased its reliance on Huawei as an equipment-supplier.<a href="#cite_note-:15-165">[165]</a>: 118  A 2012 White House-ordered security review found no evidence that Huawei spied for China and said instead that security vulnerabilities on its products posed a greater threat to its users. The details of the leaked review came a week after a US House Intelligence Committee report which warned against letting Huawei supply critical telecommunications infrastructure in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Huawei has been at the center of <a href="/wiki/Concerns_over_Chinese_involvement_in_5G_wireless_networks" title="Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks">concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks</a>. In 2018, the United States passed a <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2019" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019">defense funding bill</a> that contained a passage barring the federal government from doing business with Huawei, <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, and several Chinese vendors of surveillance products, due to security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The Chinese government has threatened economic retaliation against countries that block Huawei's market access.<a href="#cite_note-:26-185">[185]</a> Similarly in November 2018, New Zealand blocked Huawei from supplying mobile equipment to national telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Spark New Zealand</a>'s 5G network, citing a "significant network security risk" and concerns about China's <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Law">National Intelligence Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Huawei was involved in developing the United Kingdom's 5G network, which initially led to serious policy and diplomatic disagreements between the UK and the United States, which opposed Huawei's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">[66]</a>: 77  Between December 2018 and January 2019, German and British intelligence agencies initially pushed back against the US' allegations, stating that after examining Huawei's 5G hardware and accompanying source code, they have found no evidence of malevolence and that a ban would therefore be unwarranted.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-216">[216]</a> Additionally, the head of Britain's <a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_Security_Centre_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom)">National Cyber Security Centre</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> arm of <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a>) stated that the US has not managed to provide the UK with any proof of its allegations against Huawei and also their agency had concluded that any risks involving Huawei in UK's telecom networks are "manageable".<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-216">[216]</a> The Huawei Cyber Security Evaluation Centre (HCSEC), set up in 2010 to assuage security fears as it examined Huawei hardware and software for the UK market, was staffed largely by employees from Huawei but with regular oversight from GCHQ, which led to questions of operating independence from Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> On 1 October 2020, an official report released by National Cyber Security Centre noted that "Huawei has failed to adequately tackle security flaws in equipment used in the UK's telecoms networks despite previous complaints", and flagged one vulnerability of "national significance" related to broadband in 2019. The report concluded that Huawei was not confident of implementing the five-year plan of improving its software engineering processes, so there was "limited assurance that all risks to UK national security" could be mitigated in the long-term.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> On 14 July 2020, the United Kingdom Government announced a ban on the use of company's 5G network equipment, citing security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In October 2020, the British Defence Select Committee announced that it had found evidence of Huawei's collusion with the Chinese state and that it supported accelerated purging of Huawei equipment from Britain's telecom infrastructure by 2025, since they concluded that Huawei had "engaged in a variety of intelligence, security, and intellectual property activities" despite its repeated denials.<a href="#cite_note-Corera-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In November 2020, Huawei challenged the UK government's decision, citing an Oxford Economics report that it had contributed £3.3 billion to the UK's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In March 2019, Huawei filed three defamation claims over comments suggesting ties to the Chinese government made on television by a French researcher, a broadcast journalist and a telecommunications sector expert.<a href="#cite_note-theprint.in-223">[223]</a> In June 2020 ANSSI informed French telecommunications companies that they would not be allowed to renew licenses for 5G equipment made from Huawei after 2028.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> On 28 August 2020, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> assured the Chinese government that it did not ban Huawei products from participating in its fifth-generation mobile roll-out, but favored European providers for security reasons. The head of the France's cybersecurity agency also stated that it has granted time-limited waivers on 5G for wireless operators that use Huawei products, a decision that likely started a "phasing out" of the company's products.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In February 2020, US government officials claimed that Huawei has had the ability to covertly exploit backdoors intended for law enforcement officials in carrier equipment like antennas and routers since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Reichert-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pancevski-207">[207]</a> In mid July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a>, the Minister in charge of New Zealand's signals intelligence agency the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">Government Communications Security Bureau</a> (GCSB), announced that New Zealand would not join the United Kingdom and United States in banning Huawei from the country's 5G network.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In May 2022, Canada's industry minister <a href="/wiki/Francois-Philippe_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Philippe Champagne">Francois-Philippe Champagne</a> announced that Canada will ban Huawei from the country's 5G network, in an effort to protect the safety and security of Canadians, as well as to protect Canada's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The Canadian federal government cited national security concerns for the move, saying that the suppliers could be forced to company with "extrajudicial directions from foreign governments" in ways that could "conflict with Canadian laws or would be detrimental to Canadian interests". Telcos will be prevented from procuring new 4G or 5G equipment from Huawei and ZTE and must remove all ZTE- and Huawei-branded 5G equipment from their networks by 28 June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meng_Wanzhou_case">Meng Wanzhou case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Meng Wanzhou case">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_(2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg/220px-Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg/330px-Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg/440px-Meng_Wanzhou_in_Vancouver_%282021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Meng Wanzhou during her house arrest in Vancouver in 2021</figcaption></figure> On December 1, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy chairman">deputy chairperson</a> and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">the founder</a> of the Chinese multinational technology corporation Huawei, was detained upon arrival at <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver International Airport</a> by <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a> (CBSA) officers for questioning, which lasted three hours.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_:9-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> subsequently arrested her on a provisional <a href="/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_United_States" title="Extradition law in the United States">U.S. extradition request</a> for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud in order to circumvent <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions against Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_:9-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> On January 28, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> formally announced financial <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> charges against Meng.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">hearing</a> for Meng began Monday, January 20, 2020, and concluded on May 27, 2020, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> ordered the extradition to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> During the extradition courtroom proceedings, Meng's lawyers made several allegations against the prosecution, including allegations of <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful detention">unlawful detention</a> of Meng,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto-237">[237]</a> unlawful <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto10-238">[238]</a> extradition law violations,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto5-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Misrepresentation" title="Misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto6-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto8-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto1-242">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> violation,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto3-243">[243]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">fabricated testimonies</a> by the CBSA,<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto7-244">[244]</a> each of which were responded to by the prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto9-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto4-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto2-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto11-248">[248]</a> In August 2021, the extradition judge questioned the regularity of the case and expressed great difficulty in understanding how the Record of Case (ROC) presented by the US supported their allegation of criminality.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_Smart-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> On September 24, 2021, the Department of Justice announced it had reached a deal with Meng to resolve the case through a deferred prosecution agreement. As part of the deal, Meng agreed to a statement of facts that said she had made untrue statements to <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> to enable transactions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, at least some of which supported Huawei's work in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in violation of U.S. sanctions, but did not have to pay a fine nor plead guilty to her key charges.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> The Department of Justice said it would move to dismiss all charges against Meng when the deferral period ends on 21 December 2022, on the condition that Meng is not charged with a crime before then.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_cut_a_deal-255">[255]</a> Meng was released from <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> and left Canada for China on September 24, 2021; hours after news of the deal, <a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Michael_Spavor_and_Michael_Kovrig" title="Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig">Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig</a>, two Canadian citizens whose arrest in mainland China were widely seen as retaliation for Meng's arrest in Canada, were released from detention in China and flown back to Canada.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> On December 2, 2022, the presiding judge dismissed the charges against Meng following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>'s request.<a href="#cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_Chen-257">[257]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_infringement">Intellectual property infringement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Intellectual property infringement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_intellectual_property_theft_by_China" title="Allegations of intellectual property theft by China">Allegations of intellectual property theft by China</a></div> Huawei has settled with <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, and PanOptis in patent infringement lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-:19-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In 2018, a German court ruled against Huawei and ZTE in favor of <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a>, which holds patents related to <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Advanced Video Coding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Huawei has been accused of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_theft" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property theft">intellectual property theft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-262">[262]</a> In February 2003, Cisco Systems sued Huawei Technologies for allegedly infringing on its patents and illegally copying source code used in its routers and switches.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] By July 2004, Huawei removed the contested code, manuals and command-line interfaces and the case was subsequently settled out of court.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> As part of the settlement Huawei admitted that it had copied some of Cisco's router software.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2019-265">[265]</a> At the 2004 Supercomm tech conference in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, a Huawei employee allegedly opened up the networking equipment of other companies to photograph the circuit boards.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2019-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-266">[266]</a> Brian Shields, former chief security officer at Nortel, said that his company was compromised in 2004 by Chinese hackers; executive credentials were accessed remotely, and entire computers were taken over. Shields does not believe Huawei was directly involved but thinks that Huawei was a beneficiary of the hack. Documents taken included product roadmaps, sales proposals, and technical papers.<a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-266">[266]</a> Nortel sought for but failed to receive help from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service" title="Canadian Security Intelligence Service">Canadian Security Intelligence Service</a> said it approached the company but was rebuffed.<a href="#cite_note-Marlow-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-49">[49]</a> Cybersecurity experts have some doubts about a hack of such magnitude as described by Shields, calling it "unlikely".<a href="#cite_note-Marlow-267">[267]</a> An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey place the blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at Nortel. On the other hand, some employees recall when Huawei or a front company returned a fibre card to Nortel disassembled, around a time when knock-offs products emerged in Asia. There remains a suspicion that industrial espionage brought down or at least accelerated Nortel's demise.<a href="#cite_note-nationalpost.com-266">[266]</a> In 2017, a jury found that Huawei had misappropriated trade secrets of <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_US" title="T-Mobile US">T-Mobile US</a> but awarded damages only for a breach of supplier contract; it did not compensate T-Mobile for claims of espionage.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> In February 2020, the United States Department of Justice charged Huawei with <a href="/wiki/Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act" title="Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act">racketeering</a> and conspiring to steal trade secrets from six US firms.<a href="#cite_note-:12-269">[269]</a> Huawei said those allegations, some going back almost 20 years, had never been found as a basis for any significant monetary judgment.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: North Korea">edit</a>]</div> Leaked documents obtained by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> in 2019 raised questions about whether Huawei conducted business secretly with North Korea, which was under numerous US sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xinjiang_internment_camps">Xinjiang internment camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Xinjiang internment camps">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div> Huawei has been accused of providing technology used in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">mass surveillance</a> and detention of <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a>, resulting in sanctions by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-273">[273]</a> Documents show that it has developed facial recognition software that recognizes ethnicity-specific features for surveillance<a href="#cite_note-auto15-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> and filed a patent in <a href="/wiki/China_National_Intellectual_Property_Administration" title="China National Intellectual Property Administration">China</a> for a technology that could identify <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> and Uyghur pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The company and its suppliers have also been accused of using forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Huawei denied operating such technology.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_use_by_Hamas">Alleged use by Hamas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Alleged use by Hamas">edit</a>]</div> On 8 October 2023, former <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> spy <a href="/wiki/Aimen_Dean" title="Aimen Dean">Aimen Dean</a> posted on <a href="/wiki/X_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="X (website)">X</a> that Israel's failure to detect the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> was due partly to its militants use of Huawei phones, tablets and laptops, elaborating that US tech companies barring of Huawei had forced it to develop its own systems that were not easy to hack except by China.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Lawsuit">edit</a>]</div> In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a>, a computer networking company based in San Jose, California, filed a lawsuit with a California federal court against Huawei, claiming the company broke the United States <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust law</a> by withholding patent licenses, in addition to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NSA_infiltration">NSA infiltration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: NSA infiltration">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel_(website)" title="Der Spiegel (website)">Der Spiegel</a> and The New York Times reported that, according to <a href="/wiki/2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures#Huawei" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">global surveillance disclosures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) infiltrated Huawei's computer network in 2009. The White House intelligence coordinator and the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> were also involved. The operation obtained Huawei's customer list and internal training documents. In addition, the company's central email archive was accessed, including messages from founder Ren Zhengfei and chairwoman Sun Yafang. So much data was gathered that "we don't know what to do with it", according to one document. The NSA was concerned that Huawei's infrastructure could provide China with <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> capabilities. It also wanted to find ways to exploit the company's products because they are used by targets of interest to the NSA.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctions,_bans,_and_restrictions">Sanctions, bans, and restrictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sanctions, bans, and restrictions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_the_2020_semiconductor_ban">Before the 2020 semiconductor ban</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Before the 2020 semiconductor ban">edit</a>]</div> In August 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2019" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019</a> (NDAA 2019) was signed into law, containing a provision that banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from being used by the US federal government, citing security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Huawei filed a lawsuit over the NDAA 2019 in March 2019,<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> alleging it to be unconstitutional because it specifically targeted Huawei without granting it a chance to provide a rebuttal or <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in February 2020, concluding that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> acted within its powers by including the restriction in the NDAA 2019.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Additionally, on 15 May 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> added Huawei and 70 foreign subsidiaries and "affiliates" to its <a href="/wiki/Entity_List" title="Entity List">Entity List</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Export_Administration_Regulations" title="Export Administration Regulations">Export Administration Regulations</a>, citing the company having been indicted for "knowingly and willfully causing the export, re-export, sale and supply, directly and indirectly, of goods, technology and services (banking and other financial services) from the United States to Iran and the government of Iran without obtaining a license from the Department of Treasury's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC)".<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> This restricts US companies from doing business with Huawei without a government license.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Various US-based companies immediately froze their business with Huawei to comply with the regulation.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The May 2019 ban on Huawei was partial: it did not affect most non-American produced chips, and the Trump administration granted a series of extensions on the ban in any case,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> with another 90-day reprieve issued in May 2020.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> In May 2020, the US extended the ban to cover semiconductors customized for Huawei and made with US technology.<a href="#cite_note-:7-296">[296]</a> In August 2020, the US again extended the ban to a blanket ban on all semiconductor sales to Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-:7-296">[296]</a> The blanket ban took effect in September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:8-297">[297]</a> Samsung and LG Display were banned from supplying displays to Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_2020">After 2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: After 2020">edit</a>]</div> The sanctions regime established in September 2020 negatively affected Huawei production, sales and financial projections.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> However, on 29 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit" title="2019 G20 Osaka summit">G20 summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US President</a> made statements implicating plans to ease the restrictions on US companies doing business with Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_June_29,_2019-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Despite this statement, on 15 May 2020, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> extended its export restrictions to prevent Huawei from producing semiconductors derived from technology or software of US origin, even if the manufacturing is performed overseas.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) designated Huawei a national security threat, thereby barring it from any US subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-:6-308">[308]</a> In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Acquisition_Regulation" title="Federal Acquisition Regulation">Federal Acquisition Regulation</a> Council published a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> notice prohibiting all federal government contractors from selling Huawei hardware to the federal government and preventing federal contractors from using Huawei hardware.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> In November 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">executive order</a> prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> In January 2021, the Trump administration revoked licenses from US companies such as <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> from supplying products and technologies to Huawei.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of Huawei gear in US telecommunication networks on national security grounds.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> In June 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Joe_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Joe Biden">administration of Joe Biden</a> began to persuade the United Arab Emirates to remove the Huawei Technologies Co. equipment from its telecommunications network, while ensuring to further distance itself from China. It came as an added threat to the $23 billion arms deal of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35 fighter jets</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">Reaper drones</a> between the US and the UAE. The Emirates got a deadline of four years from Washington to replace the Chinese network.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> A report in September 2021 analyzed how the UAE was struggling between maintaining its relations with both the United States and China. While Washington had a hawkish stance towards Beijing, the increasing Emirati relations with China have strained those with America. In that light, the Western nation has raised concerns for the UAE to beware of the security threat that the Chinese technologies like Huawei 5G telecommunications network possessed. However, the Gulf nations like the Emirates and Saudi Arabia defended their decision of picking Chinese technology over the American, saying that it is much cheaper and had no political conditions.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> After President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Equipment_Act" title="Secure Equipment Act">Secure Equipment Act of 2021</a>, on 25 November 2022, the FCC issued a ban on Huawei for national security reasons, citing the national security risk posed by the technology owned by China.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> In May 2024, the U.S. Department of Commerce revoked some export licenses that allow Intel and Qualcomm to supply Huawei with semiconductors.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huawei's_reaction">Huawei's reaction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Huawei's reaction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stockpiling_of_processors">Stockpiling of processors</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Stockpiling of processors">edit</a>]</div> Before the 15 September 2020 deadline, Huawei was in "survival mode" and stockpiled "5G mobile processors, Wifi, radio frequency and display driver chips and other components" from key chip suppliers and manufacturers, including Samsung, <a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a>, Novatek, and RichWave.<a href="#cite_note-:8-297">[297]</a> Even in 2019, Huawei spent $23.45 billion on the stockpiling of chips and other supplies in 2019, up 73% from 2018.<a href="#cite_note-:8-297">[297]</a> In May 2020, SMIC manufactured 14 nm chips for Huawei, which was the first time Huawei used a foundry other than TSMC.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> In July 2020, TSMC confirmed it would halt the shipment of silicon wafers to Chinese telecommunications equipment manufacturer Huawei and its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a> by 14 September.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> On its most crucial business, namely, its telecoms business (including 5G) and server business, Huawei has stockpiled 1.5 to 2 years' worth of chips and components.<a href="#cite_note-:9-323">[323]</a> It began massively stockpiling from 2018, when Meng Wanzhou, the daughter of Huawei's founder, was arrested in Canada upon US request.<a href="#cite_note-:9-323">[323]</a> Key Huawei suppliers included Xilinx, Intel, AMD, Samsung, SK Hynix, Micron and Kioxia.<a href="#cite_note-:9-323">[323]</a> On the other hand, analysts predicted that Huawei could ship 195 million units of smartphones from its existing stockpile in 2021, but shipments may drop to 50 million in 2021 if rules are not relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Development_of_processors">Development of processors</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Development of processors">edit</a>]</div> In late 2020, it was reported that Huawei had planned to build a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Shanghai that did not involve US technology.<a href="#cite_note-:10-324">[324]</a> The plan may have helped Huawei obtain necessary chips after its existing stockpile became depleted, which would have helped the company chart a sustainable path for its telecoms business.<a href="#cite_note-:10-324">[324]</a> Huawei had also planned to collaborate with the government-run Shanghai IC R&D Center, which is partially owned by the state-owned enterprise <a href="/wiki/Hua_Hong_Semiconductor" title="Hua Hong Semiconductor">Hua Hong Semiconductor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-324">[324]</a> Huawei may have been purchasing equipment from Chinese firms such as AMEC and <a href="/wiki/NAURA_Technology_Group" title="NAURA Technology Group">NAURA Technology Group</a>, as well as using foreign tools which it could still find on the market.<a href="#cite_note-:10-324">[324]</a> In August 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Industry_Association" title="Semiconductor Industry Association">Semiconductor Industry Association</a> (SIA), a US trade association, alleged that Huawei was building a collection of secret semiconductor-fabrication facilities across China, a shadow manufacturing network that would let the company skirt US sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-327">[327]</a> Huawei was receiving an estimated $30 billion in state funding from the government at the time and had acquired at least two existing plants, with plans to construct at least three others.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-327">[327]</a> The United States Department of Commerce had put Huawei on its entity list in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-Fox-327">[327]</a> eventually "prohibiting it from working with American companies in almost all circumstances." However, if Huawei were to function under the names of other companies without disclosing its own involvement, it might have been able to circumvent those restrictions to "indirectly purchase American chipmaking equipment and other supplies that would otherwise be prohibited."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-325">[325]</a> On 6 September 2023, Huawei launched its new <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_60" title="Huawei Mate 60">Mate 60</a> smartphone.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> The phone is powered by a new Kirin 9000s chip, made in China by <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation" title="Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation">Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp</a> (SMIC).<a href="#cite_note-:17-329">[329]</a> This processor was the first to use the new 7 nanometre SMIC technology. TechInsights had stated in 2022 that it believed SMIC had managed to produce 7 nm chips, even though faced by a harsh sanctions regime, by adapting simpler machines that it could still purchase from <a href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-329">[329]</a> Holger Mueller of Constellation Research Inc. said that this showed that the US sanctions might have had the effect of sending China's chip-making industry into overdrive: "If SMIC really has perfected its 7nm process, this would be a major advance that can help Huawei remain at the forefront of the smartphone industry."<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> TechInsights found evidence that the processor had been manufactured using SMIC's <a href="/wiki/7_nm_process#7_nm_process_nodes_and_process_offerings" title="7 nm process">N+2</a> 7 nm node.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> One of its analysts, Dan Hutcheson, who had led the breakdown of the new device, stated that it demonstrates "impressive technical progress China's semiconductor industry has made" despite not having <a href="/wiki/EUVL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUVL">EUVL</a> tools, and that "the difficulty of this achievement also shows the resilience of the country's chip technological ability". However other analysts have said that such an achievement may lead to harsher sanctions against it.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Replacement_operating_systems">Replacement operating systems</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Replacement operating systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Deepin" title="Deepin">Deepin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmony_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony OS">Harmony OS</a></div> After the US sanctions regime started in summer 2018, Huawei started working on its own in-house operating system codenamed "<a href="/wiki/HongMeng_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="HongMeng OS">HongMeng OS</a>": in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a>, executive Richard Yu stated in 2019 that an in-house OS could be used as a "plan B" if it were prevented from using Android or Windows as the result of US action.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> Huawei filed trademarks for the names "Ark", "Ark OS", and "Harmony" in Europe, which were speculated to be connected to this OS.<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled Harmony OS at its inaugural HDC developers' conference in Dongguan with the ARK compiler which can be used to port Android APK packages to the OS.<a href="#cite_note-engadget.com-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-harmony-339">[339]</a> In September 2019, Huawei began offering the Linux distribution <a href="/wiki/Deepin" title="Deepin">Deepin</a> as a pre-loaded operating system on selected Matebook models in China.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> Whereas at first the official Huawei line was that Harmony OS was not intended for smartphones, in June 2021 Huawei began shipping its smartphones<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> with Harmony OS by default in China (in Europe it kept Android, in its own version <a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a>, as the default). The operating system proved a success in China, rising from no market share at all to 10 per cent of the Chinese market for smartphones within two years (from mid-2021 to mid-2023), at the expense of Android.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, Taiwan blocked <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile network operators</a> and government departments from using Huawei equipment.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> In 2018, Japan banned Huawei from receiving government contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Japan-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-344">[344]</a> In 2019, Vietnam left Huawei out of bids to build the country's 5G network out of national security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:24-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> Following the initial <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a>, India announced that Huawei telecommunication gear would be removed from the country and that the company would be blocked from participating in India's 5G network out of national security concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:21-347">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-India-27">[27]</a> Ten out of the 27 <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states have regulatory frameworks curbing Huawei products. They range from bans, higher barriers to approval, refusal to renew licenses, and unimplemented proposals.<a href="#cite_note-Europeancountries-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Having previously banned Huawei from participating in its 5G auction, Brazil reversed its position in early 2021 and allowed Huawei to participate.<a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-101">[101]</a>: 131  In May 2022, Canada's government banned Huawei and ZTE equipment from the country's 5G network, with network operators having until 28 June 2024 to remove what they had already installed. The ban followed years of lobbying from the US, part of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> intelligence alliance that also includes Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> Australia and New Zealand have also banned or restricted Huawei products.<a href="#cite_note-channele2e-351">[351]</a> In October 2022, the UK extended the deadline by a year to the end of 2023 for removing core Huawei equipment from network functions. The ban, originally announced in 2020 following US pressure, calls for the phasing out of all Huawei gear from UK's 5G network by the end of 2027, which remains unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> Per an August 2023 decree on 5G network development, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> barred firms from all countries that have not signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Budapest Convention on cybercrime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> The decree affects Chinese firms like Huawei, as well as firms from South Korea, Russia and Brazil, among others.<a href="#cite_note-:22-353">[353]</a> In July 2024, the German government announced a deal with telecommunication companies in the country to remove Chinese 5G equipment, including from Huawei, by 2029.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_view">Chinese view</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Chinese view">edit</a>]</div> Western distrust and targeting of Huawei is generally viewed by the Chinese public as unjustified.<a href="#cite_note-:02-158">[158]</a>: 66  This has led to a perspective in the Chinese public and among city governments that patronizing Huawei helps support China in geopolitical and technological competition with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:02-158">[158]</a>: 66  Huawei has thus received high levels of support in terms of public sentiment which its rival firms do not benefit from to the same extent.<a href="#cite_note-:02-158">[158]</a>: 66  Huawei's top position in China's <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart cities</a> technology market has in particular been boosted by these sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-:02-158">[158]</a>: 66  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Search" title="Petal Search">Petal Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">List of companies of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2023">"2023 Annual Report"</a>. Huawei. 29 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329113759/https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huawei&rft.atitle=2023+Annual+Report&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huawei.com%2Fen%2Fannual-report%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2023">"Huawei Investment & Holding Co., Ltd"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329113759/https://www.huawei.com/en/annual-report/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. 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Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huawei&rft.atitle=Huawei+Annual+Report+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huawei.com%2Fen%2Fannual-report%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2019" class="citation web cs1">Zhong, Raymond (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html">"Who Owns Huawei? The Company Tried to Explain. 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Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Japan+to+ban+Huawei%2C+ZTE+from+govt+contracts+-Yomiuri&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fjapan-china-huawei-idUSL4N1YB6JJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-India-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlayKazmin2020" class="citation news cs1">Findlay, Stephanie; Kazmin, Amy (24 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/55642551-f6e8-4f9d-b5ba-a12d2fc26ef9">"India moves to cut Huawei gear from telecoms network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428005327/https://www.ft.com/content/55642551-f6e8-4f9d-b5ba-a12d2fc26ef9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=India+moves+to+cut+Huawei+gear+from+telecoms+network&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Kazmin%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F55642551-f6e8-4f9d-b5ba-a12d2fc26ef9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlatchford2022" class="citation news cs1">Blatchford, Andy (19 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/19/canada-five-eyes-ban-huawei-zte-00033920">"Canada joins Five Eyes in ban on Huawei and ZTE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182400/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/19/canada-five-eyes-ban-huawei-zte-00033920">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+joins+Five+Eyes+in+ban+on+Huawei+and+ZTE&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.aulast=Blatchford&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F05%2F19%2Fcanada-five-eyes-ban-huawei-zte-00033920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europeancountries-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europeancountries_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europeancountries_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/european-countries-who-put-curbs-huawei-5g-equipment-2023-09-28/">"European countries who put curbs on Huawei 5G equipment"</a>. Reuters. 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=European+countries+who+put+curbs+on+Huawei+5G+equipment&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Feuropean-countries-who-put-curbs-huawei-5g-equipment-2023-09-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrolikowskiHall2023" class="citation journal cs1">Krolikowski, Alanna; Hall, Todd H. (2023). "Non-decision decisions in the Huawei 5G dilemma: Policy in Japan, the UK, and Germany". Japanese Journal of Political Science. 24 (2): 171–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS146810992200038X">10.1017/S146810992200038X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-1099">1468-1099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Non-decision+decisions+in+the+Huawei+5G+dilemma%3A+Policy+in+Japan%2C+the+UK%2C+and+Germany&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-189&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS146810992200038X&rft.issn=1468-1099&rft.aulast=Krolikowski&rft.aufirst=Alanna&rft.au=Hall%2C+Todd+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml">"任正非：华为名源自中华有为我们要教外国人怎么念_科技频道_凤凰网"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Television" title="Phoenix Television">Phoenix Television</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603043947/http://tech.ifeng.com/telecom/detail_2013_12/01/31700411_0.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Television&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%BB%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%9E%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA%E5%90%8D%E6%BA%90%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA+%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%A6%81%E6%95%99%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E5%BF%B5_%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93_%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ifeng.com%2Ftelecom%2Fdetail_2013_12%2F01%2F31700411_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E">"中华"</a>. MDBG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221956/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDBG&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchinese%2Fdictionary%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%258D%258E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA">"有为"</a>. MDBG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823221956/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDBG&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchinese%2Fdictionary%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%25E6%259C%2589%25E4%25B8%25BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e">"有为 yǒuwéi"</a>. LINE Dict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928234939/https://dict.naver.com/linedict/zhendict/#/cnen/entry/79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LINE+Dict&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%BA+y%C7%92uw%C3%A9i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdict.naver.com%2Flinedict%2Fzhendict%2F%23%2Fcnen%2Fentry%2F79b42bfb7d974a7999f9ae7a5430cd4e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaswani2019" class="citation news cs1">Vaswani, Karishma (6 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei">"Huawei: The story of a controversial company"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128051303/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/Huawei">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Huawei%3A+The+story+of+a+controversial+company&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.aulast=Vaswani&rft.aufirst=Karishma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fresources%2Fidt-sh%2FHuawei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA">"华为"</a>. MDBG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528122531/https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=worddict&wdrst=0&wdqb=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDBG&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdbg.net%2Fchinese%2Fdictionary%3Fpage%3Dworddict%26wdrst%3D0%26wdqb%3D%25E5%258D%258E%25E4%25B8%25BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-segers-37"><a href="#cite_ref-segers_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegers2016" class="citation book cs1">Segers, Rien (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aoF-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Multinational Management: A Casebook on Asia's Global Market Leaders</a>. Springer. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319230122" title="Special:BookSources/9783319230122"><bdi>9783319230122</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113713/https://books.google.com/books?id=aoF-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Management%3A+A+Casebook+on+Asia%27s+Global+Market+Leaders&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.isbn=9783319230122&rft.aulast=Segers&rft.aufirst=Rien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaoF-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2013" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Ainsley (4 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2013/09/04/huawei-mulled-changing-its-name-as-foreigners-found-it-too-hard/">"Huawei Mulled Changing Its Name as Foreigners Found it Too Hard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045823/https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2013/09/04/huawei-mulled-changing-its-name-as-foreigners-found-it-too-hard/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Huawei+Mulled+Changing+Its+Name+as+Foreigners+Found+it+Too+Hard&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Ainsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Ftech-europe%2F2013%2F09%2F04%2Fhuawei-mulled-changing-its-name-as-foreigners-found-it-too-hard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2127685/wow-way-or-huawei-readable-chinese-brand-first-key-unlocking">"Wow Way or Huawei? A readable Chinese brand is the first key in unlocking America's market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. 10 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102901/https://www.scmp.com/tech/enterprises/article/2127685/wow-way-or-huawei-readable-chinese-brand-first-key-unlocking">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2018. 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Retrieved 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet+Australia&rft.atitle=Optus+opens+up+mobile+research+shop+with+Huawei&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.au=Marcus+Browne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fhome-and-office%2Fnetworking%2Foptus-opens-up-mobile-research-shop-with-huawei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/bell-teams-up-with-rival-telus-on-3g/article1200256/">"Bell teams up with rival Telus on 3G"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044014/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/bell-teams-up-with-rival-telus-on-3g/article1200256/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Bell+teams+up+with+rival+Telus+on+3G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbell-teams-up-with-rival-telus-on-3g%2Farticle1200256%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlestySolsvik2019" class="citation news cs1">Klesty, Victoria; Solsvik, Terje (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telenor-ericsson-huawei-tech-idUSKBN1YH0RM">"Norway's Telenor picks Ericsson for 5G, abandoning Huawei"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170454/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telenor-ericsson-huawei-tech-idUSKBN1YH0RM">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Norway%27s+Telenor+picks+Ericsson+for+5G%2C+abandoning+Huawei&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=Klesty&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Solsvik%2C+Terje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-telenor-ericsson-huawei-tech-idUSKBN1YH0RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/11397.html">"397. Huawei Technologies"</a>. Fortune. 26 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528005812/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/snapshots/11397.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=397.+Huawei+Technologies&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2010%2Fsnapshots%2F11397.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803223143/http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/financial/index.htm">"Huawei Financial Results"</a>. Huawei. 31 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/corporate-info/financial/index.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huawei&rft.atitle=Huawei+Financial+Results&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huawei.com%2Fen%2Fabout-huawei%2Fcorporate-info%2Ffinancial%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/roundup/articles/2012/10/10/63373-reading-move-for-chinese-communication-giant/">"Reading move for Chinese communication giant / Reading Chronicle / News / Roundup"</a>. Reading Chronicle. 10 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152021/http://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/news/13397812.Reading_move_for_Chinese_communication_giant/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Reading+move+for+Chinese+communication+giant+%2F+Reading+Chronicle+%2F+News+%2F+Roundup&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readingchronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Froundup%2Farticles%2F2012%2F10%2F10%2F63373-reading-move-for-chinese-communication-giant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuann" class="citation web cs1">Quann, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstalk.com/news/huawei-announces-100-jobs-opens-new-dublin-office-918367">"Huawei announces 100 jobs as it opens new Dublin office"</a>. Newstalk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923032904/https://www.newstalk.com/news/huawei-announces-100-jobs-opens-new-dublin-office-918367">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newstalk&rft.atitle=Huawei+announces+100+jobs+as+it+opens+new+Dublin+office&rft.aulast=Quann&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalk.com%2Fnews%2Fhuawei-announces-100-jobs-opens-new-dublin-office-918367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgwater" class="citation news cs1">Bridgwater, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2017/09/05/huawei-ceo-ambitions-we-will-be-one-of-five-major-world-clouds/">"Huawei CEO Ambitions: We Will Be One Of Five Major 'World Clouds'"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205758/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adrianbridgwater/2017/09/05/huawei-ceo-ambitions-we-will-be-one-of-five-major-world-clouds/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Huawei+CEO+Ambitions%3A+We+Will+Be+One+Of+Five+Major+%27World+Clouds%27&rft.aulast=Bridgwater&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fadrianbridgwater%2F2017%2F09%2F05%2Fhuawei-ceo-ambitions-we-will-be-one-of-five-major-world-clouds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/business/huawei-creates-the-nervous-system-of-smart-cities-and-launches-iot-city-demo-based-on-nbiot">"Huawei Creates the 'Nervous System' of Smart Cities and Launches IoT City Demo Based on NB-IoT with Weifang"</a>. AsiaOne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912011445/http://www.asiaone.com/business/huawei-creates-the-nervous-system-of-smart-cities-and-launches-iot-city-demo-based-on-nbiot">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AsiaOne&rft.atitle=Huawei+Creates+the+%27Nervous+System%27+of+Smart+Cities+and+Launches+IoT+City+Demo+Based+on+NB-IoT+with+Weifang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhuawei-creates-the-nervous-system-of-smart-cities-and-launches-iot-city-demo-based-on-nbiot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Curtis&Klaus-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&Klaus_66-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900" title="Special:BookSources/9780300266900"><bdi>9780300266900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=9780300266900&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huawei.com/my/press-events/news/my/2019/deputy-minister-of-international-trade-industry-visits-huawei-malaysia-global-training-centre">"YB Dr Ong Kian Ming Deputy Minister of International Trade and Industry visits Huawei Malaysia Global Training Centre"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huawei&rft.atitle=YB+Dr+Ong+Kian+Ming+Deputy+Minister+of+International+Trade+and+Industry+visits+Huawei+Malaysia+Global+Training+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huawei.com%2Fmy%2Fpress-events%2Fnews%2Fmy%2F2019%2Fdeputy-minister-of-international-trade-industry-visits-huawei-malaysia-global-training-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-telus-to-build-out-5g-network-without-chinas-huawei/">"Telus to build out 5G network without China's Huawei"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124011520/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-telus-to-build-out-5g-network-without-chinas-huawei/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Telus+to+build+out+5G+network+without+China%27s+Huawei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-telus-to-build-out-5g-network-without-chinas-huawei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/13743/shipments-of-huawei-smartphones-hit-200-million-units-in-2018">"Huawei Hits 200 Million Smartphone Sales in 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AnandTech" title="AnandTech">AnandTech</a>. 25 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327160311/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13743/shipments-of-huawei-smartphones-hit-200-million-units-in-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnandTech&rft.atitle=Huawei+Hits+200+Million+Smartphone+Sales+in+2018&rft.date=2018-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F13743%2Fshipments-of-huawei-smartphones-hit-200-million-units-in-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/huawei-revenues-2019">"Huawei Thumbs its Nose at the US Government With Record High Revenues | Tom's Hardware"</a>. tomshardware.com. 31 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231171437/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/huawei-revenues-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tomshardware.com&rft.atitle=Huawei+Thumbs+its+Nose+at+the+US+Government+With+Record+High+Revenues+%26%23124%3B+Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fnews%2Fhuawei-revenues-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission._Joint_Research_Centre2021" class="citation book cs1">European Commission. Joint Research Centre (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=02ab5f6a-c9bd-11ec-b6f4-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdf&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part=">The 2021 EU industrial R&D investment scoreboard</a>. Luxembourg. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2760%2F472514">10.2760/472514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-76-44399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-76-44399-5"><bdi>978-92-76-44399-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2599-5731">2599-5731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185928/https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=02ab5f6a-c9bd-11ec-b6f4-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdf&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part=">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+2021+EU+industrial+R%26D+investment+scoreboard&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=2599-5731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2760%2F472514&rft.isbn=978-92-76-44399-5&rft.au=European+Commission.+Joint+Research+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fo%2Fopportal-service%2Fdownload-handler%3Fidentifier%3D02ab5f6a-c9bd-11ec-b6f4-01aa75ed71a1%26format%3Dpdf%26language%3Den%26productionSystem%3Dcellar%26part%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FairviewResearchHuaweiNo5USPatents-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FairviewResearchHuaweiNo5USPatents_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/huawei-ranks-no-5-u-100000564.html">"Huawei Ranks No. 5 in U.S. Patents in Sign of Chinese Growth"</a>. 11 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113025627/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/huawei-ranks-no-5-u-100000564.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei+Ranks+No.+5+in+U.S.+Patents+in+Sign+of+Chinese+Growth&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fhuawei-ranks-no-5-u-100000564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/huawei-revenue-down-2-2-in-first-three-quarters-of-2022-01666860609">"Huawei Revenue Down 2.2% In First Three Quarters Of 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France Presse">Agence France Presse</a>. 27 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024240/https://www.barrons.com/news/huawei-revenue-down-2-2-in-first-three-quarters-of-2022-01666860609">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US-China+chip+war%3A+America+is+winning&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft.aulast=Tewari&rft.aufirst=Suranjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-64143602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technode.com/2022/10/28/huawei-generates-19-95-billion-in-2022-q3-as-profit-falls/">"Huawei generates $19.95 billion in 2022 Q3 as profit falls"</a>. TechNode. 28 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024240/https://technode.com/2022/10/28/huawei-generates-19-95-billion-in-2022-q3-as-profit-falls/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechNode&rft.atitle=Huawei+generates+%2419.95+billion+in+2022+Q3+as+profit+falls&rft.date=2022-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnode.com%2F2022%2F10%2F28%2Fhuawei-generates-19-95-billion-in-2022-q3-as-profit-falls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-901-2024-en-patent-cooperation-treaty-yearly-review-2024.pdf">"PCT Yearly Review 2024"</a> (PDF). p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PCT+Yearly+Review+2024&rft.pages=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo-pub-901-2024-en-patent-cooperation-treaty-yearly-review-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/06/13/americas-assassination-attempt-on-huawei-is-backfiring">"America's assassination attempt on Huawei is backfiring"</a>. The Economist. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=America%27s+assassination+attempt+on+Huawei+is+backfiring&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2024%2F06%2F13%2Famericas-assassination-attempt-on-huawei-is-backfiring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirton2024" class="citation news cs1">Kirton, David (21 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/huawei-says-it-has-made-huge-strides-operating-systems-ai-2024-06-21/">"Huawei says it has made huge strides, from operating systems to AI"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Huawei%3A+Four+key+questions+on+ownership+structure+answered&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-leaders-and-founders%2Farticle%2F3007863%2Fwho-controls-huawei-chinese-telecom-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie" class="citation news cs1">Mackie. 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It Got Complicated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523005541/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/technology/who-owns-huawei.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2019. 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Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+research+claims+employees+do+not+own+Huawei&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelecoms.com%2F496951%2Fnew-research-claims-employees-do-not-own-huawei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf">Who Controls Huawei?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803111531/https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ui.se </li> <li id="cite_note-Šimalčík-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Šimalčík_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Šimalčík_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimalčík2021" class="citation web cs1">Šimalčík, Matej (14 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinaobservers.eu/can-european-aml-laws-reveal-who-owns-huawei/">"Can European AML Laws Reveal Who Owns Huawei?"</a>. China Observers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823153523/https://chinaobservers.eu/can-european-aml-laws-reveal-who-owns-huawei/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Observers&rft.atitle=Can+European+AML+Laws+Reveal+Who+Owns+Huawei%3F&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft.aulast=%C5%A0imal%C4%8D%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Matej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaobservers.eu%2Fcan-european-aml-laws-reveal-who-owns-huawei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_99-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Goto, Toshio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3856761">"Huawei's Employee Shareholding Scheme: Who Owns Huawei?"</a>. SSRN Electronic Journal. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3856761">10.2139/ssrn.3856761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235669202">235669202</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113717/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3856761">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. 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Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autohome.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%9B%9D%E5%A5%87%E7%91%9E%2B%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%BA%E6%99%BA%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E6%AC%BE%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%BF%E8%B7%91%E6%97%A0%E4%BC%AA%E8%B0%8D%E7%85%A7&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autohome.com.cn%2Fnews%2F202308%2F1287235.html%23pvareaid%3D102624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PV_Mag-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PV_Mag_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PV_Mag_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PV_Mag_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PV_Mag_156-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pv">"Smart solar: Convergence powers PV"</a>. PV Magazine International - Special. 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+solar%3A+Convergence+powers+PV&rft.pub=PV+Magazine+International+-+Special&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodMac-157"><a href="#cite_ref-WoodMac_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/top-10-solar-pv-inverter-vendors-account-for-86-of-global-market-share/">"Top 10 solar PV inverter vendors account for 86% of global market share"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wood_Mackenzie" title="Wood Mackenzie">Wood Mackenzie</a>. 14 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926151043/https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/top-10-solar-pv-inverter-vendors-account-for-86-of-global-market-share/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+solar+PV+inverter+vendors+account+for+86%25+of+global+market+share&rft.pub=Wood+Mackenzie&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodmac.com%2Fpress-releases%2Ftop-10-solar-pv-inverter-vendors-account-for-86-of-global-market-share%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_158-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_158-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2023" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fhu--21100">10.7312/hu--21100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7"><bdi>978-0-231-21101-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/hu--21100">10.7312/hu--21100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Chinese+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fhu--21100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fhu--21100&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21101-7&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514175812/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-09/huawei-climbs-food-chain-in-cisco-enterprise-challenge.html">"Huawei Climbs 'Food Chain' in Cisco Enterprise Challenge"</a>. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 9 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-09/huawei-climbs-food-chain-in-cisco-enterprise-challenge.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Huawei+Climbs+%27Food+Chain%27+in+Cisco+Enterprise+Challenge&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-05-09%2Fhuawei-climbs-food-chain-in-cisco-enterprise-challenge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-patent-idUSKBN0MF17820150319">"China's Huawei leads international patent filings: WIPO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319214507/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/19/us-huawei-patent-idUSKBN0MF17820150319">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Huawei+leads+international+patent+filings%3A+WIPO&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-huawei-patent-idUSKBN0MF17820150319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/CORP2020/pdf/download/Huawei_IPR_White_paper_2020_en.pdf">"Respecting and Protecting Intellectual Property: The Foundation of Innovation Huawei White Paper on Innovation and Intellectual Property"</a> (PDF). Huawei. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810073358/https://www-file.huawei.com/-/media/CORP2020/pdf/download/Huawei_IPR_White_paper_2020_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huawei&rft.atitle=Respecting+and+Protecting+Intellectual+Property%3A+The+Foundation+of+Innovation+Huawei+White+Paper+on+Innovation+and+Intellectual+Property&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-file.huawei.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2FCORP2020%2Fpdf%2Fdownload%2FHuawei_IPR_White_paper_2020_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-162"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf">"World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108113717/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_941_2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Indicators+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo_pub_941_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-940-2024-en-madrid-yearly-review-2024.pdf">"Madrid Yearly Review 2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Madrid+Yearly+Review+2024&rft.pages=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo-pub-940-2024-en-madrid-yearly-review-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-164"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587-18">10.4324/9781003352587-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Digital+Silk+Road%3A+Empowering+Capabilities+for+Digital+Leadership+in+Eurasia&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003352587-18&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Parzyan&rft.aufirst=Anahit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_165-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_S._Roach" title="Stephen S. Roach">Roach, Stephen S.</a> (2022). Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26901-7"><bdi>978-0-300-26901-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1347023475">1347023475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Conflict%3A+America%2C+China%2C+and+the+Clash+of+False+Narratives&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1347023475&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26901-7&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Stephen+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-25/huawei-rivals-apple-meta-with-r-d-spending-to-beat-sanctions">"Huawei Pumps $22 Billion Into R&D to Beat U.S. Sanctions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 25 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428110435/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-25/huawei-rivals-apple-meta-with-r-d-spending-to-beat-sanctions">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+Pumps+%2422+Billion+Into+R%26D+to+Beat+U.S.+Sanctions&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-04-25%2Fhuawei-rivals-apple-meta-with-r-d-spending-to-beat-sanctions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-167"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_167-0">^</a> Some of Huawei's US operations include FutureWei Technologies Inc. (in at least Santa Clara CA, Plano TX, and Bridgetwater NJ), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Huawei North America. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-168"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419083655/http://www.huawei.com/ca-en/about-huawei/corporate-info/index.htm">"Huawei Canada – Corporate Information"</a>. Huawei Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huawei.com/ca-en/about-huawei/corporate-info/index.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/focus/archive/2014/01/huawei-and-imperial-college-open-data-science-innovation-lab">the original</a> on 18 May 2014. 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Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Huawei+put+pressure+on+Denmark+in+wake+of+diplomatic+row&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fhuawei-put-pressure-on-denmark-in-wake-of-diplomatic-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruseWinther2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kruse, Simon; Winther, Lene (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlingske.dk/internationalt/afsloering-kinas-ambassadoer-truede-faeroesk-leder-paa-moerklagt">"Afsløring: Kinas ambassadør truede færøsk leder på mørklagt møde"</a>. Berlingske (in Danish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172021/https://www.berlingske.dk/internationalt/afsloering-kinas-ambassadoer-truede-faeroesk-leder-paa-moerklagt">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berlingske&rft.atitle=Afsl%C3%B8ring%3A+Kinas+ambassad%C3%B8r+truede+f%C3%A6r%C3%B8sk+leder+p%C3%A5+m%C3%B8rklagt+m%C3%B8de&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Winther%2C+Lene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlingske.dk%2Finternationalt%2Fafsloering-kinas-ambassadoer-truede-faeroesk-leder-paa-moerklagt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3042190/chinese-ambassador-accused-threatening-german-car-industry-if">"Chinese ambassador 'threatens German car industry' if Huawei is banned"</a>. South China Morning Post. 15 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075030/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3042190/chinese-ambassador-accused-threatening-german-car-industry-if">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+ambassador+%27threatens+German+car+industry%27+if+Huawei+is+banned&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3042190%2Fchinese-ambassador-accused-threatening-german-car-industry-if&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-14/china-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned">"China Threatens Retaliation Should Germany Ban Huawei 5G"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 14 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718150104/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-12-14/china-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=China+Threatens+Retaliation+Should+Germany+Ban+Huawei+5G&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-12-14%2Fchina-threatens-germany-with-retaliation-if-huawei-5g-is-banned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4342884/zte-and-huawei-eu-investigation-karel-de-gucht-anti-competitive-dumping">"ZTE and Huawei face EU investigation over predatory pricing"</a>. 18 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521213140/https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/18/4342884/zte-and-huawei-eu-investigation-karel-de-gucht-anti-competitive-dumping">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZTE+and+Huawei+face+EU+investigation+over+predatory+pricing&rft.date=2013-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F5%2F18%2F4342884%2Fzte-and-huawei-eu-investigation-karel-de-gucht-anti-competitive-dumping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.fas.org/dni/osc/huawei.pdf">"Open Source Center Views China's Huawei Technologies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Enterprise" title="Open Source Enterprise">Open Source Enterprise</a>. 5 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201010025/https://irp.fas.org/dni/osc/huawei.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022. <q><a href="/wiki/The_Beijing_News" title="The Beijing News">Xinjing Bao</a> reported that Huawei Chairwoman Sun Yafang worked for the Communications Department of the Ministry of State Security for an unspecified period of time before joining Huawei (28 October 2010).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=Open+Source+Center+Views+China%27s+Huawei+Technologies&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firp.fas.org%2Fdni%2Fosc%2Fhuawei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-192"><a href="#cite_ref-:25_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettSteinNakashima2022" class="citation news cs1">Barrett, Devlin; Stein, Perry; Nakashima, Ellen (24 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/24/justice-china-telecom-giant-spy-investigation/">"DOJ accuses 10 Chinese spies and government officials of 'malign schemes'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/10/24/justice-china-telecom-giant-spy-investigation/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023. <q>Huawei's former chairwoman, Sun Yafang, who retired in 2018, had previously worked for the Ministry of State Security, China's main foreign intelligence service, according to an essay published under her name in a Chinese magazine in 2017.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=DOJ+accuses+10+Chinese+spies+and+government+officials+of+%27malign+schemes%27&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Devlin&rft.au=Stein%2C+Perry&rft.au=Nakashima%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2022%2F10%2F24%2Fjustice-china-telecom-giant-spy-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollom2018" class="citation news cs1">Gollom, Mark (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-china-telecom-arrest-spying-1.4934905">"Huawei is 'growing astronomically' despite allegations it spies for China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193652/http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/huawei-china-telecom-arrest-spying-1.4934905">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+is+%27growing+astronomically%27+despite+allegations+it+spies+for+China&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft.aulast=Gollom&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhuawei-china-telecom-arrest-spying-1.4934905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Isobel Asher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-would-sooner-shut-down-than-spy-for-china-2019-3">"Huawei's security boss says the company would sooner 'shut down' than spy for China"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212932/https://www.businessinsider.com/huawei-would-sooner-shut-down-than-spy-for-china-2019-3">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+security+boss+says+the+company+would+sooner+%27shut+down%27+than+spy+for+China&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Isobel+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fhuawei-would-sooner-shut-down-than-spy-for-china-2019-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeiner2019" class="citation web cs1">Feiner, Lauren (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/huawei-founder-ren-zhengfei-says-he-would-not-aid-chinese-espionage.html">"Huawei president promises not to spy on US as Trump considers banning the company's telecom equipment"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212931/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/20/huawei-founder-ren-zhengfei-says-he-would-not-aid-chinese-espionage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Huawei+president+promises+not+to+spy+on+US+as+Trump+considers+banning+the+company%27s+telecom+equipment&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Feiner&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F02%2F20%2Fhuawei-founder-ren-zhengfei-says-he-would-not-aid-chinese-espionage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_196-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_196-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJichang2019" class="citation web cs1">Jichang, Lulu (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinopsis.cz/en/lawfare-by-proxy-huawei-touts-independent-legal-advice-by-a-ccp-member/">"Lawfare by proxy: Huawei touts "independent" legal advice by a CCP member"</a>. Sinopsis. <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517211630/https://sinopsis.cz/en/lawfare-by-proxy-huawei-touts-independent-legal-advice-by-a-ccp-member/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. <q>Huawei deployed a new tactic. In the Czech Republic, after trying a little intimidation by the local PRC embassy in Prague, and then some political pressure through their favorite interlocutors in the country, the latest weapon in the PR offensive is a recycled document, signed by a CCP member, presented as a "legal opinion" by a Western law firm, contradicting the firm's own explicit disclaimer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sinopsis&rft.atitle=Lawfare+by+proxy%3A+Huawei+touts+%22independent%22+legal+advice+by+a+CCP+member&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Jichang&rft.aufirst=Lulu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinopsis.cz%2Fen%2Flawfare-by-proxy-huawei-touts-independent-legal-advice-by-a-ccp-member%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_197-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2019" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Sam (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wccftech.com/us-legal-expert-china-can-still-force-huawei-to-build-a-backdoor/">"US Legal Expert: China Can Still Force Huawei to Build a Backdoor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505212928/https://wccftech.com/us-legal-expert-china-can-still-force-huawei-to-build-a-backdoor/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Legal+Expert%3A+China+Can+Still+Force+Huawei+to+Build+a+Backdoor&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwccftech.com%2Fus-legal-expert-china-can-still-force-huawei-to-build-a-backdoor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired_Simonete_2019-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Wired_Simonete_2019_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonite" class="citation magazine cs1">Simonite, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/us-lawyers-dont-buy-huaweis-argument-chinese-hacking/">"US Lawyers Don't Buy Huawei's Argument on Chinese Hacking"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603223837/https://www.wired.com/story/us-lawyers-dont-buy-huaweis-argument-chinese-hacking/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=US+Lawyers+Don%27t+Buy+Huawei%27s+Argument+on+Chinese+Hacking&rft.aulast=Simonite&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fus-lawyers-dont-buy-huaweis-argument-chinese-hacking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ui.se-199"><a href="#cite_ref-ui.se_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803111531/https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-paper/2020/ui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ui.se%2Fglobalassets%2Fbutiken%2Fui-paper%2F2020%2Fui-paper-no.-5-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-auto14-200"><a href="#cite_ref-auto14_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/">"Who is the man behind Huawei and why is the U.S. intelligence community so afraid of his company?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 10 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522201743/https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+man+behind+Huawei+and+why+is+the+U.S.+intelligence+community+so+afraid+of+his+company%3F&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fprojects%2Fla-fi-tn-huawei-5g-trade-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendick2019" class="citation news cs1">Mendick, Robert (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/smoking-gun-huawei-staff-employment-records-link-them-to-chinese-military-agencies">"'Smoking gun': Huawei staff employment records link them to Chinese military agencies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113714/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/smoking-gun-huawei-staff-employment-records-link-them-to-chinese-military-agencies">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. 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Retrieved 26 February 2024. <q>The vulnerabilities were discovered between 2009 and 2011 in Huawei's home internet routers, as well as its equipment used in parts of Vodafone's network infrastructure. There was no evidence of data being compromised. 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Retrieved 25 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=German+IT+watchdog+says+%27no+evidence%27+of+Huawei+spying&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.de%2F20181216%2Fgerman-it-watchdog-says-no-evidence-of-huawei-spying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbsChee2019" class="citation news cs1">Stubbs, Jack; Chee, Foo Yun (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM">"Britain managing Huawei risks, has no evidence of spying: official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628115250/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-britain-idUSKCN1Q91PM">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2020. 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Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+%27failed+to+improve+UK+security+standards%27&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-54370574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53403793">"Huawei 5G kit must be removed from UK by 2027"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811212723/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53403793">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020. 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Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Huawei+CFO+Meng+Wanzhou+loses+key+court+battle+as+B.C.+judge+rules+extradition+bid+should+proceed&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fmeng-wanzhou-extradition-decision-1.5585737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/nothing-routine-about-meng-wanzhous-treatment-at-vancouver-airport-defence">"Nothing 'routine' about Meng Wanzhou's treatment at Vancouver airport: Defence"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Meng+Wanzhou%27s+lawyers+claim+extradition+would+violate+international+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fmeng-wanzhou-extradition-international-law-1.5848546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto7-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto7_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3126056/meng-wanzhous-lawyer-accuses-canadian-border-officer">"Meng's lawyer accuses Canadian officer of fabricating extradition testimony"</a>. 19 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925023349/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3126056/meng-wanzhous-lawyer-accuses-canadian-border-officer">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meng%27s+lawyer+accuses+Canadian+officer+of+fabricating+extradition+testimony&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3126056%2Fmeng-wanzhous-lawyer-accuses-canadian-border-officer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto9-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou_auto9_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Freifeld2019" class="citation news cs1">Karen Freifeld (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-huawei-executive-meng-wanzhou-in-bc-court-to-press-for-more-details/">"Canada says border officials did not act improperly when arresting Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=US+announces+sanctions+on+Huawei%2C+citing+human+rights+abuses&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Mills+Rodrigo%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Ftechnology%2F507443-us-announces-sanctions-on-huawei-citing-human-rights-abuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouHarwell2020" class="citation news cs1">Dou, Eva; Harwell, Drew (13 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/12/huawei-uighurs-identify/">"Huawei worked on several surveillance systems promoted to identify ethnicity, documents show"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514021121/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/12/huawei-uighurs-identify/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Huawei+worked+on+several+surveillance+systems+promoted+to+identify+ethnicity%2C+documents+show&rft.date=2020-12-13&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Dou&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Harwell%2C+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2020%2F12%2F12%2Fhuawei-uighurs-identify%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55634388">"Huawei patent mentions use of Uighur-spotting tech"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113002844/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55634388">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+patent+mentions+use+of+Uighur-spotting+tech&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-55634388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyMozur2019" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris; Mozur, Paul (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html">"How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to Subdue Minorities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125180459/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+China+Uses+High-Tech+Surveillance+to+Subdue+Minorities&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Mozur%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-surveillance-xinjiang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabbagh2020" class="citation news cs1">Sabbagh, Dan (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/03/tory-mp-asks-bt-using-huawei-complies-anti-slavery-policy">"Tory MP asks BT if using Huawei complies with anti-slavery policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422202834/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/03/tory-mp-asks-bt-using-huawei-complies-anti-slavery-policy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tory+MP+asks+BT+if+using+Huawei+complies+with+anti-slavery+policy&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2020%2Fmar%2F03%2Ftory-mp-asks-bt-using-huawei-complies-anti-slavery-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-jan-20-2020-1.5433064/huawei-refutes-reports-it-helps-china-with-surveillance-detention-of-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang-1.5433380">"Huawei refutes reports it helps China with surveillance, detention of Muslim minorities in Xinjiang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 20 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122170850/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-jan-20-2020-1.5433064/huawei-refutes-reports-it-helps-china-with-surveillance-detention-of-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang-1.5433380">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020. <q>We sell technology all around the world, but we don't operate it. We don't know how our customers choose to operate it," said <a href="/wiki/Alykhan_Velshi" title="Alykhan Velshi">Alykhan Velshi</a>, Huawei Canada's vice-president of corporate affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Huawei+refutes+reports+it+helps+China+with+surveillance%2C+detention+of+Muslim+minorities+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fthecurrent%2Fthe-current-for-jan-20-2020-1.5433064%2Fhuawei-refutes-reports-it-helps-china-with-surveillance-detention-of-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang-1.5433380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albawaba.com/node/was-huawei-behind-israels-failure-detect-hamas-plans-1536954">"Was Huawei behind Israel's failure to detect Hamas plans?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Bawaba" title="Al Bawaba">Al Bawaba</a>. 8 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226212008/https://www.albawaba.com/node/was-huawei-behind-israels-failure-detect-hamas-plans-1536954">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Bawaba&rft.atitle=Was+Huawei+behind+Israel%27s+failure+to+detect+Hamas+plans%3F&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawaba.com%2Fnode%2Fwas-huawei-behind-israels-failure-detect-hamas-plans-1536954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPZBtq_SDr0">Teknologi Canggih China Kunci Sukses Hamas? Sistem Canggih Sulit Ditembus Barat, Israel Kocar-kacir</a> [China's advanced technology key to Hamas' success? Sophisticated Systems are Difficult for the West to Penetrate, Israel in Disarray] (in Indonesian), <a href="/wiki/Tribunnews.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunnews.com">Tribunnews.com</a>, 13 October 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226212008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPZBtq_SDr0">archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024, retrieved 26 February 2024 – via Youtube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teknologi+Canggih+China+Kunci+Sukses+Hamas%3F+Sistem+Canggih+Sulit+Ditembus+Barat%2C+Israel+Kocar-kacir&rft.pub=Tribunnews.com&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZPZBtq_SDr0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.usnews.com/investing/news/articles/2024-01-31/netgear-sues-huawei-in-us-antitrust-case-over-patent-licensing">"Netgear Sues Huawei in US Antitrust Case Over Patent Licensing"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Netgear+Sues+Huawei+in+US+Antitrust+Case+Over+Patent+Licensing&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.usnews.com%2Finvesting%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-01-31%2Fnetgear-sues-huawei-in-us-antitrust-case-over-patent-licensing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettersson2024" class="citation web cs1">Pettersson, Edvard (30 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/netgear-accuses-of-huawei-of-extortion-and-racketeering-in-patent-dispute/">"Netgear accuses of Huawei of extortion and racketeering in patent dispute"</a>. Courthouse News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131045137/https://www.courthousenews.com/netgear-accuses-of-huawei-of-extortion-and-racketeering-in-patent-dispute/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Courthouse+News+Service&rft.atitle=Netgear+accuses+of+Huawei+of+extortion+and+racketeering+in+patent+dispute&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft.aulast=Pettersson&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2Fnetgear-accuses-of-huawei-of-extortion-and-racketeering-in-patent-dispute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-spied-on-chinese-government-and-networking-firm-huawei-a-960199.html">"NSA Spied on Chinese Government and Networking Firm Huawei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>. 22 March 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926050316/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-spied-on-chinese-government-and-networking-firm-huawei-a-960199.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=NSA+Spied+on+Chinese+Government+and+Networking+Firm+Huawei&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fnsa-spied-on-chinese-government-and-networking-firm-huawei-a-960199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKastrenakes2018" class="citation web cs1">Kastrenakes, Jacob (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump">"Trump signs bill banning government use of Huawei and ZTE tech"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529222201/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17686310/huawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Trump+signs+bill+banning+government+use+of+Huawei+and+ZTE+tech&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.aulast=Kastrenakes&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F8%2F13%2F17686310%2Fhuawei-zte-us-government-contractor-ban-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozurRamzy2019" class="citation news cs1">Mozur, Paul; Ramzy, Austin (6 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/business/huawei-united-states-trade-lawsuit.html">"Huawei Sues U.S. Government Over What It Calls an Unfair Ban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530075021/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/business/huawei-united-states-trade-lawsuit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huawei+Sues+U.S.+Government+Over+What+It+Calls+an+Unfair+Ban&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mozur&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Ramzy%2C+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Fhuawei-united-states-trade-lawsuit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecher2019" class="citation web cs1">Lecher, Colin (29 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644040/huawei-government-ban-lawsuit-policy-unconstitutional">"Huawei is challenging its US contracting ban as unconstitutional"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+and+China+agree+to+restart+trade+talks&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-48810070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/g20-june-2019-intl-hnk/h_6f86ba7a80e65af7ce7ab2984e5058c7">"Trump appears to soften his tone on Huawei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 29 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629191749/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/g20-june-2019-intl-hnk/h_6f86ba7a80e65af7ce7ab2984e5058c7">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+appears+to+soften+his+tone+on+Huawei&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fpolitics%2Flive-news%2Fg20-june-2019-intl-hnk%2Fh_6f86ba7a80e65af7ce7ab2984e5058c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2020" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Kim (15 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/15/21259814/us-commerce-huawei-chip-manufacturers-5g">"US moves to cut off Huawei from overseas chip manufacturers"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=US+moves+to+cut+off+Huawei+from+overseas+chip+manufacturers&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F5%2F15%2F21259814%2Fus-commerce-huawei-chip-manufacturers-5g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/15/us-china-tensions-rise-as-trump-administration-moves-to-cut-huawei-off-from-global-chip-suppliers.html">"U.S.-China tensions rise as Trump administration moves to cut Huawei off from global chip suppliers"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=U.S.-China+tensions+rise+as+Trump+administration+moves+to+cut+Huawei+off+from+global+chip+suppliers&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F05%2F15%2Fus-china-tensions-rise-as-trump-administration-moves-to-cut-huawei-off-from-global-chip-suppliers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts">"Commerce Addresses Huawei's Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Produced with U.S. Technologies"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Commerce+Addresses+Huawei%27s+Efforts+to+Undermine+Entity+List%2C+Restricts+Products+Designed+and+Produced+with+U.S.+Technologies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commerce.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2F2020%2F05%2Fcommerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-308"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2020" class="citation news cs1">McCabe, David (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html">"F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702160918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. 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Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+bans+U.S.+investments+in+firms+linked+to+Chinese+military&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft.aulast=Pamuk&rft.aufirst=Humeyra&rft.au=Alper%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Ali%2C+Idrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2020" class="citation news cs1">Swanson, Ana (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html">"Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2020. 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Retrieved 20 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=%27More+of+China%2C+less+of+America%27%3A+how+superpower+fight+is+squeezing+the+Gulf&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F4f82b560-4744-4c53-bf4b-7a37d3afeb13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/28/fcc-steps-up-campaign-against-huawei-other-chinese-tech-companies/">"FCC steps up campaign against Huawei and other Chinese tech companies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129034017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/28/fcc-steps-up-campaign-against-huawei-other-chinese-tech-companies/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FCC+steps+up+campaign+against+Huawei+and+other+Chinese+tech+companies&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F11%2F28%2Ffcc-steps-up-campaign-against-huawei-other-chinese-tech-companies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/cf965960-b083-49ee-bae1-6ce95fe872a3">"US revokes licences for supply of chips to China's Huawei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 7 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507233803/https://www.ft.com/content/cf965960-b083-49ee-bae1-6ce95fe872a3">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=US+revokes+licences+for+supply+of+chips+to+China%27s+Huawei&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fcf965960-b083-49ee-bae1-6ce95fe872a3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgxwpql2e82o">"US revokes licences for sales of chips to Huawei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 8 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509090032/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgxwpql2e82o">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+revokes+licences+for+sales+of+chips+to+Huawei&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcgxwpql2e82o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extremetech.com/defense/310559-mainland-chinese-foundry-smic-builds-its-first-14nm-finfet-soc-for-huawei">"Mainland Chinese Foundry SMIC Builds Its First 14nm FinFET SoC for Huawei"</a>. Extreme Tech. 14 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060009/https://www.extremetech.com/defense/310559-mainland-chinese-foundry-smic-builds-its-first-14nm-finfet-soc-for-huawei">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extreme+Tech&rft.atitle=Mainland+Chinese+Foundry+SMIC+Builds+Its+First+14nm+FinFET+SoC+for+Huawei&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fdefense%2F310559-mainland-chinese-foundry-smic-builds-its-first-14nm-finfet-soc-for-huawei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/TSMC-plans-to-halt-chip-supplies-to-Huawei-in-2-months">"TSMC plans to halt chip supplies to Huawei in 2 months"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=TSMC+plans+to+halt+chip+supplies+to+Huawei+in+2+months&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FHuawei-crackdown%2FTSMC-plans-to-halt-chip-supplies-to-Huawei-in-2-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrumusanu" class="citation web cs1">Frumusanu, Andrei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/15915/tsmc-confirms-halt-to-huawei-shipments-in-september">"TSMC Confirms Halt to Huawei Shipments In September"</a>. www.anandtech.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808183636/http://www4.anandtech.com/show/15915/tsmc-confirms-halt-to-huawei-shipments-in-september">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.anandtech.com&rft.atitle=TSMC+Confirms+Halt+to+Huawei+Shipments+In+September&rft.aulast=Frumusanu&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F15915%2Ftsmc-confirms-halt-to-huawei-shipments-in-september&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_323-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-builds-up-2-year-reserve-of-most-important-US-chips">"Huawei builds up 2-year reserve of 'most important' US chips"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028234432/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-builds-up-2-year-reserve-of-most-important-US-chips">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. 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Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Chip+Race%2C+China+Gives+Huawei+the+Steering+Wheel%3A+Huawei%27s+New+Smartphone+and+the+Future+of+Semiconductor+Export+Control&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fchip-race-china-gives-huawei-steering-wheel-huaweis-new-smartphone-and-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2023" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Warren (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/06/huawei-mate-60-pro-mobile-phone-china-dodges-5g-chip-embargo">"China dodges western 5G chip embargo with new Huawei Mate 60 phone"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920003955/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/06/huawei-mate-60-pro-mobile-phone-china-dodges-5g-chip-embargo">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+dodges+western+5G+chip+embargo+with+new+Huawei+Mate+60+phone&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2023%2Fsep%2F06%2Fhuawei-mate-60-pro-mobile-phone-china-dodges-5g-chip-embargo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/">"Huawei's latest smartphone showcases China's chip manufacturing breakthrough"</a>. SiliconANGLE. 4 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906183010/https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SiliconANGLE&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+latest+smartphone+showcases+China%27s+chip+manufacturing+breakthrough&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiliconangle.com%2F2023%2F09%2F04%2Fhuaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techinsights.com/blog/techinsights-finds-smic-7nm-n2-huawei-mate-60-pro">"TechInsights Finds SMIC 7nm (N+2) in Huawei Mate 60 Pro | TechInsights"</a>. www.techinsights.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906180657/https://www.techinsights.com/blog/techinsights-finds-smic-7nm-n2-huawei-mate-60-pro">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.techinsights.com&rft.atitle=TechInsights+Finds+SMIC+7nm+%28N%2B2%29+in+Huawei+Mate+60+Pro+%7C+TechInsights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techinsights.com%2Fblog%2Ftechinsights-finds-smic-7nm-n2-huawei-mate-60-pro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/">"Huawei's latest smartphone showcases China's chip manufacturing breakthrough"</a>. SiliconANGLE. 4 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906183010/https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/04/huaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SiliconANGLE&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+latest+smartphone+showcases+China%27s+chip+manufacturing+breakthrough&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiliconangle.com%2F2023%2F09%2F04%2Fhuaweis-latest-smartphone-showcases-chinas-chip-manufacturing-breakthrough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us">"Huawei confirms it has its own OS on back shelf as a plan B"</a>. South China Morning Post. 14 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521023511/https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Huawei+confirms+it+has+its+own+OS+on+back+shelf+as+a+plan+B&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Ftech%2Fbig-tech%2Farticle%2F3001685%2Fhuawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2019" class="citation web cs1">Faulkner, Cameron (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265646/huawei-operating-systems-android-windows-ban">"Huawei developed its own operating systems in case it's banned from using Android and Windows"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525004428/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/14/18265646/huawei-operating-systems-android-windows-ban">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Huawei+developed+its+own+operating+systems+in+case+it%27s+banned+from+using+Android+and+Windows&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F3%2F14%2F18265646%2Fhuawei-operating-systems-android-windows-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharpal2019" class="citation web cs1">Kharpal, Arjun (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html">"Huawei built software for smartphones and laptops in case it can't use Microsoft or Google"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193246/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Huawei+built+software+for+smartphones+and+laptops+in+case+it+can%27t+use+Microsoft+or+Google&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Kharpal&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F03%2F15%2Fhuawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFphones2019" class="citation web cs1">phones, John McCann 2019-05-28T09:07:56Z Mobile (28 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-may-be-building-an-ark-os-as-it-prepares-for-life-after-android">"Huawei may be building an Ark (OS) as it prepares for life after Android"</a>. TechRadar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529223849/https://www.techradar.com/news/huawei-may-be-building-an-ark-os-as-it-prepares-for-life-after-android">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Huawei+may+be+building+an+Ark+%28OS%29+as+it+prepares+for+life+after+Android&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.aulast=phones&rft.aufirst=John+McCann+2019-05-28T09%3A07%3A56Z+Mobile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fhuawei-may-be-building-an-ark-os-as-it-prepares-for-life-after-android&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmanan2019" class="citation web cs1">Lakshmanan, Ravie (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2019/07/15/huawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe/">"Huawei wants to name its Android OS replacement 'Harmony' in Europe"</a>. The Next Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190716221920/https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2019/07/15/huawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+Web&rft.atitle=Huawei+wants+to+name+its+Android+OS+replacement+%27Harmony%27+in+Europe&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.aulast=Lakshmanan&rft.aufirst=Ravie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fplugged%2F2019%2F07%2F15%2Fhuawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-engadget.com-338"><a href="#cite_ref-engadget.com_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/09/huawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android/">"Huawei reveals HarmonyOS, its alternative to Android"</a>. Engadget. 9 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130165154/https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/09/huawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Huawei+reveals+HarmonyOS%2C+its+alternative+to+Android&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2019%2F08%2F09%2Fhuawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-harmony-339"><a href="#cite_ref-verge-harmony_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2019" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Jon (9 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android">"Huawei's new operating system is called HarmonyOS"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611191021/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+new+operating+system+is+called+HarmonyOS&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F8%2F9%2F20798251%2Fhuawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/huawei-selling-matebook-laptops-with-linux-preinstalled-to-consumers-in-china/">"Huawei selling MateBook laptops with Linux preinstalled to consumers in China"</a>. TechRepublic. 12 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913022220/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/huawei-selling-matebook-laptops-with-linux-preinstalled-to-consumers-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=Huawei+selling+MateBook+laptops+with+Linux+preinstalled+to+consumers+in+China&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fhuawei-selling-matebook-laptops-with-linux-preinstalled-to-consumers-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKharpal2020" class="citation web cs1">Kharpal, Arjun (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/10/huawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html">"Huawei says its own operating system HarmonyOS will come to smartphones next year"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604054035/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/10/huawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Huawei+says+its+own+operating+system+HarmonyOS+will+come+to+smartphones+next+year&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Kharpal&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2020%2F09%2F10%2Fhuawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/global-smartphone-os-market-share/">"Global Smartphone Sales Share by Operating System - Counterpoint Research"</a>. 30 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906070712/https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/global-smartphone-os-market-share/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Smartphone+Sales+Share+by+Operating+System+-+Counterpoint+Research&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpointresearch.com%2Finsights%2Fglobal-smartphone-os-market-share%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202306070020">"Huawei to close Taipei outlet, leaving one in Taiwan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Focus_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus Taiwan">Focus Taiwan</a>. 7 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024020155/https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202306070020">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023. <q>Taiwan has blocked local wireless carriers and government departments from using equipment manufactured by Huawei, ZTE and other Chinese companies since 2013.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Huawei+to+close+Taipei+outlet%2C+leaving+one+in+Taiwan&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fcross-strait%2F202306070020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-344"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/Japan-bans-Huawei-and-its-Chinese-peers-from-government-contracts">"Japan bans Huawei and its Chinese peers from government contracts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402100458/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade-war/Japan-bans-Huawei-and-its-Chinese-peers-from-government-contracts">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. <q>Japan's central government ministries and Self-Defense Forces received guidelines on Monday that effectively bar them from buying personal computers, servers and telecommunications equipment from Huawei Technologies and other Chinese companies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Japan+bans+Huawei+and+its+Chinese+peers+from+government+contracts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FTrade-war%2FJapan-bans-Huawei-and-its-Chinese-peers-from-government-contracts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-345"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g">"Vietnam shuns Huawei as it seeks to build Southeast Asia's first 5G network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. 27 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008060055/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3024479/vietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. <q>We are not going to work with Huawei right now," Dung said in an interview at the company's Hanoi headquarters. "It's a bit sensitive with Huawei now. There were reports that it's not safe to use Huawei. So Viettel's stance is that, given all this information, we should just go with the safer ones. So we choose Nokia and Ericsson from Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Vietnam+shuns+Huawei+as+it+seeks+to+build+Southeast+Asia%27s+first+5G+network&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fsoutheast-asia%2Farticle%2F3024479%2Fvietnam-shuns-huawei-it-seeks-build-aseans-first-5g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Vietnam-carrier-develops-native-5G-tech-to-lock-out-Huawei">"Vietnam carrier develops native 5G tech to lock out Huawei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016193336/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Telecommunication/Vietnam-carrier-develops-native-5G-tech-to-lock-out-Huawei">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=Vietnam+carrier+develops+native+5G+tech+to+lock+out+Huawei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FTelecommunication%2FVietnam-carrier-develops-native-5G-tech-to-lock-out-Huawei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-347"><a href="#cite_ref-:21_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary2020" class="citation news cs1">Chaudhary, Archana (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-13/china-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials">"China's Huawei, ZTE Set To Be Shut Out of India's 5G Trials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820120541/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-13/china-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020. <q>China's Huawei Technologies Co. and ZTE Corp. are set to be kept out of India's plans to roll out its 5G networks as relations between the two countries hit a four decade low following deadly border clashes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+Huawei%2C+ZTE+Set+To+Be+Shut+Out+of+India%27s+5G+Trials&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Archana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-08-13%2Fchina-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/12/most-eu-members-not-implementing-huawei-zte-5g-ban-data-shows">"Most EU members not implementing Huawei, ZTE 5G ban, data shows"</a>. euronews. 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Most+EU+members+not+implementing+Huawei%2C+ZTE+5G+ban%2C+data+shows&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnext%2F2024%2F02%2F12%2Fmost-eu-members-not-implementing-huawei-zte-5g-ban-data-shows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-justin-trudeau-canada-ec8046f8f85f3e70fb3800a0f749ced5">"Canada bans China's Huawei Technologies from 5G networks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 19 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519202204/https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-justin-trudeau-canada-ec8046f8f85f3e70fb3800a0f749ced5">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Canada+bans+China%27s+Huawei+Technologies+from+5G+networks&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-technology-justin-trudeau-canada-ec8046f8f85f3e70fb3800a0f749ced5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelondoner.ca/news/canada/huawei-ban-wont-solve-the-problem-of-chinese-spying-on-canada-experts-say">"Huawei ban won't solve the problem of Chinese spying on Canada, experts say"</a>. The Londoner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231018113721/https://www.thelondoner.ca/news/canada/huawei-ban-wont-solve-the-problem-of-chinese-spying-on-canada-experts-say">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Londoner&rft.atitle=Huawei+ban+won%27t+solve+the+problem+of+Chinese+spying+on+Canada%2C+experts+say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelondoner.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fhuawei-ban-wont-solve-the-problem-of-chinese-spying-on-canada-experts-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-channele2e-351"><a href="#cite_ref-channele2e_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channele2e.com/business/enterprise/huawei-banned-in-which-countries/">"Huawei: Banned and Permitted in Which Countries? List and FAQ"</a>. 5 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222210738/https://www.channele2e.com/business/enterprise/huawei-banned-in-which-countries/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huawei%3A+Banned+and+Permitted+in+Which+Countries%3F+List+and+FAQ&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channele2e.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenterprise%2Fhuawei-banned-in-which-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/uk-extends-deadline-remove-huawei-equipment-5g-network-core-2022-10-13/">"UK extends deadline to remove Huawei equipment from 5G network core"</a>. Reuters. 13 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727103545/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/uk-extends-deadline-remove-huawei-equipment-5g-network-core-2022-10-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=UK+extends+deadline+to+remove+Huawei+equipment+from+5G+network+core&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fuk-extends-deadline-remove-huawei-equipment-5g-network-core-2022-10-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-embassy-criticizes-costa-rica-5g-company-restrictions-2023-10-13/">"Chinese embassy criticizes Costa Rica for 5G company restrictions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 13 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015205305/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-embassy-criticizes-costa-rica-5g-company-restrictions-2023-10-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Chinese+embassy+criticizes+Costa+Rica+for+5G+company+restrictions&rft.date=2023-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Ftechnology%2Fchinese-embassy-criticizes-costa-rica-5g-company-restrictions-2023-10-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ticotimes.net/2023/09/08/costa-rica-excludes-china-from-5g-tech-bidders">"Costa Rica Excludes China from 5G Tech Bidders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tico_Times" title="The Tico Times">The Tico Times</a>. 8 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927235633/https://ticotimes.net/2023/09/08/costa-rica-excludes-china-from-5g-tech-bidders">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023. <q>The policy effectively disqualifies Chinese companies like Huawei from Costa Rica's upcoming 5G spectrum auction, as China has not signed the Budapest pact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tico+Times&rft.atitle=Costa+Rica+Excludes+China+from+5G+Tech+Bidders&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fticotimes.net%2F2023%2F09%2F08%2Fcosta-rica-excludes-china-from-5g-tech-bidders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgerRinke2024" class="citation news cs1">Burger, Ludwig; Rinke, Andreas (10 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/germany-deal-cut-huaweis-role-5g-wireless-network-report-says-2024-07-10/">"Germany in deal to cut Huawei's role in 5G wireless network, report says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Germany+in+deal+to+cut+Huawei%27s+role+in+5G+wireless+network%2C+report+says&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Rinke%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fgermany-deal-cut-huaweis-role-5g-wireless-network-report-says-2024-07-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuawei" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Yun Wen: The Huawei Model: The Rise of China's Technology Giant (The Geopolitics of Information), Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Huawei" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Huawei">Huawei</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="wiktionary:Special:Search/huawei">huawei</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Huawei <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Huawei">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Huawei&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huawei.com/">Official website</a> <a 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Huawei" title="Template:Huawei"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Huawei" title="Template talk:Huawei"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Huawei" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Huawei"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Huawei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smart devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phones" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Huawei_phones" title="List of Huawei phones">Phones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Ascend">Ascend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_(phone)" title="Huawei Ascend (phone)">Huawei Ascend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Pura_series" title="Huawei Pura series">Ascend P</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P1" title="Huawei Ascend P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P2" title="Huawei Ascend P2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P6" title="Huawei Ascend P6">P6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_P7" title="Huawei Ascend P7">P7</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ascend D <ul><li>D quad <ul><li>quad XL</li></ul></li> <li>D1 <ul><li>1 XL</li></ul></li> <li>D2</li></ul></li> <li>Ascend G <ul><li>G6</li> <li>G7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G300" title="Huawei Ascend G300">G300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G330" title="Huawei Ascend G330">G330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_G600" title="Huawei Ascend G600">G600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Honor_3X" title="Huawei Honor 3X">G750</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Mate" title="Huawei Ascend Mate">Ascend Mate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Mate_2_4G" title="Huawei Ascend Mate 2 4G">Mate 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Mate_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Ascend Mate 7">Mate 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_W1" title="Huawei Ascend W1">W1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_W2" title="Huawei Ascend W2">W2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ascend_Y300" title="Huawei Ascend Y300">Ascend Y300</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Pura_series" title="Huawei Pura series">P/Pura series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P8" title="Huawei P8">Huawei P8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P8_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P8 Max">P8 Max</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9" title="Huawei P9">P9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P9 Plus">9 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9_lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P9 lite">9 lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P10" title="Huawei P10">P10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P20" title="Huawei P20">P20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P30" title="Huawei P30">P30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P40" title="Huawei P40">P40</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7i" title="Huawei Nova 7i">40 lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P50" title="Huawei P50">P50</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_P50_Pocket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei P50 Pocket (page does not exist)">50 Pocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P60" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P60">P60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pura_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pura 70 (page does not exist)">Pura 70</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pura_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pura 70 (page does not exist)">Pura70 Pro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pura_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pura 70 (page does not exist)">Pura70 Pro+</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pura_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pura 70 (page does not exist)">Pura70 Ultra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate series">Mate series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_S" title="Huawei Mate S">Huawei Mate S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_9" title="Huawei Mate 9">9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_6X" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor 6X">9 lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10" title="Huawei Mate 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_20" title="Huawei Mate 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_30" title="Huawei Mate 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_40" title="Huawei Mate 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_50" title="Huawei Mate 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_60" title="Huawei Mate 60">60</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foldable_series" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foldable series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_X" title="Huawei Mate X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_X" title="Huawei Mate X">Xs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_X2" title="Huawei Mate X2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Mate_Xs_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Mate Xs 2 (page does not exist)">Xs 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Mate_X3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Mate X3 (page does not exist)">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Mate_X5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Mate X5 (page does not exist)">X5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_XT" title="Huawei Mate XT">XT Ultimate Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nova series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova" title="Huawei Nova">Huawei Nova & Nova Plus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_lite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova lite (page does not exist)">lite</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_lite_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova lite 2017 (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_lite%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova lite+ (page does not exist)">lite+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Smart (page does not exist)">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Youth (page does not exist)">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 2 (page does not exist)">2</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_2_Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 2 Plus (page does not exist)">2 Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_10" title="Huawei Mate 10">2i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_2_lite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 2 lite (page does not exist)">2 lite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_2s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 2s (page does not exist)">2s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 3 (page does not exist)">3</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_3e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 3e (page does not exist)">3e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_3i" title="Huawei Nova 3i">3i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 4 (page does not exist)">4</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 4e (page does not exist)">4e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5 (page does not exist)">5</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5 Pro (page does not exist)">5 Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5i (page does not exist)">5i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5i_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5i Pro (page does not exist)">5i Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5T (page does not exist)">5T</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_5z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 5z (page does not exist)">5z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 6 (page does not exist)">6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7i" title="Huawei Nova 7i">6 SE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7" title="Huawei Nova 7">7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Nova 7 Pro">7 Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_7i" title="Huawei Nova 7i">7i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_7_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 7 SE (page does not exist)">7 SE</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_7_SE_5G_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 7 SE 5G Youth (page does not exist)">Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_8" title="Huawei Nova 8">8</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_8_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 8 Pro (page does not exist)">8 Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_8_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 8 SE (page does not exist)">8 SE</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_8_SE_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 8 SE Youth (page does not exist)">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_8i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 8i (page does not exist)">8i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova_9" title="Huawei Nova 9">9</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_9_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 9 SE (page does not exist)">9 SE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 10 (page does not exist)">10</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_10_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 10 Pro (page does not exist)">10 Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_10_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 10 SE (page does not exist)">10 SE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_10z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 10z (page does not exist)">10z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 11 (page does not exist)">11</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_11_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 11 Pro (page does not exist)">11 Pro/Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_11_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 11 SE (page does not exist)">11 SE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_11i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 11i (page does not exist)">11i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 12 (page does not exist)">12</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_12_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 12 Pro (page does not exist)">12 Pro/Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_12_SE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 12 SE (page does not exist)">12 SE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_12i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 12i (page does not exist)">12i</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_12s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova 12s (page does not exist)">12s/12 Lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Flip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Flip (page does not exist)">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Y60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Y60 (page does not exist)">Y60</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Y61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Y61 (page does not exist)">Y61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Y70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Y70 (page does not exist)">Y70/Y70 Plus/Y71</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Nova_Y90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Nova Y90 (page does not exist)">Y90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_G8" title="Huawei G8">Huawei G7 Plus/G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Nova" title="Huawei Nova">G9 Plus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_P9_lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P9 lite">9 lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_4X" title="Honor 4X">G Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Honor_4C" title="Huawei Honor 4C">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_GT3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei GT3 (page does not exist)">GT3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_GR3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei GR3 (page does not exist)">GR3</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_P8_lite_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei P8 lite 2017 (page does not exist)">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_5X" title="Honor 5X">GR5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_6X" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor 6X">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_GT3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei GT3 (page does not exist)">5 mini</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_G6600_Passport" title="Huawei G6600 Passport">Huawei G6600 Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_M835" title="Huawei M835">M835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pocket_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pocket 2 (page does not exist)">Pocket 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Pocket_S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Pocket S (page does not exist)">Pocket S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Premia" title="Huawei Premia">Premia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Sonic" title="Huawei Sonic">Sonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_STREAM_X_GL07S" title="Huawei STREAM X GL07S">STREAM X GL07S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T156" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T156">T156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T158" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T158">T158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T161L" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T161L">T161L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T201" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T201">T201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T208" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T208">T208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T211" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T211">T211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T261L" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T261L">T261L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_T330" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei T330">T300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U120" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U120">U120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U121" title="Huawei U121">U121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U1000">U1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U1100" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U1100">U1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U1250" title="Huawei U1250">U1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U1270" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U1270">U1270</a></li> <li>U1310</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U2801" title="Huawei U2801">U2801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U3300" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U3300">U3300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U7310" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U7310">U7310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U7510" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U7510">U7510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Tap" title="T-Mobile Tap">T-Mobile Tap (U7519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U8100" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U8100">U8100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U8110" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U8110">U8110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_IDEOS_U8150" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei IDEOS U8150">IDEOS U8150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_Pulse" title="T-Mobile Pulse">T-Mobile Pulse (U8220)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U8230" title="Huawei U8230">U8230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U8800" title="Huawei U8800">U8800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U9130_Compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U9130 Compass">U9130 Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_U9150" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei U9150">U9150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">Nexus 6P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ideos_Tablet_S7" title="Huawei Ideos Tablet S7">Huawei Ideos Tablet S7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Honor_Tablet_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Honor Tablet 5 (page does not exist)">Honor Tablet 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mediapad_M5" title="Huawei Mediapad M5">Mediapad M5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Mediapad_M6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Mediapad M6 (page does not exist)">Mediapad M6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_MatePad_Pro" title="Huawei MatePad Pro">MatePad Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei MateBook series">MateBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_X_Pro" title="Huawei MateBook X Pro">MateBook X Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wearables</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Watch" title="Huawei Watch">Watch GT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Gentle_Monster_Eyewear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Gentle Monster Eyewear (page does not exist)">X Gentle Monster Eyewear</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch_GT_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watch GT 2 (page does not exist)">Watch GT 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch_GT_2e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watch GT 2e (page does not exist)">2e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch_GT_2_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watch GT 2 Pro (page does not exist)">2 Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watch_Fit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watch Fit (page does not exist)">Watch Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Gentle_Monster_Eyewear_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X Gentle Monster Eyewear II (page does not exist)">X Gentle Monster Eyewear II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">NPU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_990" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirin 990">Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunpeng_920" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunpeng 920">Kunpeng</a> / <a href="/wiki/HiSilicon#AI_Acceleration" title="HiSilicon">Ascend</a></li> <li>Atlas</li> <li>Tiangang (5G)</li> <li>Balong (modem - 5G/5.5G)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">openEuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">UniProton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS#NestOS" title="EulerOS">NestOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_kernel" title="HarmonyOS kernel">HarmonyOS kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a></li> <li>Oniro OS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_version_history" title="HarmonyOS version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteOS" title="LiteOS">LiteOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMUI" title="EMUI">EMUI</a></li> <li>Huawei VRP</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_E5" title="Huawei E5">E5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_E220" title="Huawei E220">E220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_SingleRAN" title="Huawei SingleRAN">SingleRAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_4G_eLTE" title="Huawei 4G eLTE">4G eLTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_Compiler" title="Ark Compiler">Ark Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiSheng_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="BiSheng Compiler">BiSheng Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevEco_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="DevEco Studio">DevEco Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">eTS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangjie_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangjie (programming language) (page does not exist)">Cangjie</a></li> <li>Hvigor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">Huawei PanGu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSpore" title="MindSpore">MindSpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkUI" title="ArkUI">ArkUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkUI#ArkUI-X" title="ArkUI">ArkUI-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GaussDB" title="GaussDB">GaussDB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenGauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenGauss (page does not exist)">openGauss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArkData&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArkData (page does not exist)">ArkData</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaERP" class="mw-redirect" title="MetaERP">MetaERP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_(virtual_assistant)" title="Celia (virtual assistant)">Celia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_HiCar" title="Huawei HiCar">Huawei HiCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NearLink" title="NearLink">NearLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L2HC" title="L2HC">L2HC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_Standard_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Huawei logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/70px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/105px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Huawei_Standard_logo.svg/140px-Huawei_Standard_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="126" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softswitch" title="Softswitch">Softswitches</a></li> <li>Next generation <a href="/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem#Home_location_register_(HLR)" title="Network switching subsystem">home location register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">Passive optical network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_delivery_platform" title="Service delivery platform">Service delivery platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_station_subsystem" title="Base station subsystem">Base station subsystems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei Mobile Services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">HMS Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">Network integration services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Music (page does not exist)">Huawei Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Video">Huawei Video</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Cloud_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Cloud Services (page does not exist)">Huawei Cloud Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_GameCenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei GameCenter (page does not exist)">Huawei GameCenter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Themes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Themes (page does not exist)">Huawei Themes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Health (page does not exist)">Huawei Health</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Find_Device&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Find Device (page does not exist)">Find Device</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhengfei" title="Ren Zhengfei">Ren Zhengfei</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Hua" title="Liang Hua">Liang Hua</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yafang" title="Sun Yafang">Sun Yafang</a> (former chairwoman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Wanzhou" title="Meng Wanzhou">Meng Wanzhou</a> (deputy chair & CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhijun" title="Xu Zhijun">Xu Zhijun</a> (deputy chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_IP" title="New IP">New IP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Developer_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Developer Conference (page does not exist)">Huawei Developer Conference</a></li> <li>Huawei Developer Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Symantec" title="Huawei Symantec">Huawei Symantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Huawei" title="Criticism of Huawei">Criticism of Huawei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongyuan_incident" title="Li Hongyuan incident">Li Hongyuan incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_Memory" title="Nano Memory">Nano Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_FreeBuds" title="Huawei FreeBuds">Huawei FreeBuds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Sound_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Sound X (page does not exist)">Huawei Sound X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Sound_Joy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Sound Joy (page does not exist)">Huawei Sound Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_Vision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei Vision (page does not exist)">Huawei Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huawei_MateView&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huawei MateView (page does not exist)">Huawei MateView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateBook" title="Huawei MateBook">Huawei MateBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_MateStation" title="Huawei MateStation">Huawei MateStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="HarmonyOS Sans">HarmonyOS Sans</a></li> <li>Huawei MRP</li> <li>nweb (ArkWeb) layer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Ox_Horn_Campus" title="Huawei Ox Horn Campus">Huawei Ox Horn Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Intelligent_Automotive_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Intelligent Automotive Solution">Huawei Intelligent Automotive Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Intelligent_Mobility_Alliance" title="Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance">Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Huawei" title="Category:Huawei">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Huawei" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Huawei">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications industry</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China#History_of_telecommunications_services" title="Telecommunications in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERNET" title="CERNET">CERNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Next_Generation_Internet" title="China Next Generation Internet">China Next Generation Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Domain_Name_Consortium" title="Chinese Domain Name Consortium">Chinese Domain Name Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNGrid" title="CNGrid">CNGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICP_license" title="ICP license">ICP license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websites_blocked_in_mainland_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Websites blocked in mainland China">List of websites blocked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Government agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Network_Information_Center" title="China Internet Network Information Center">China Internet Network Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_of_China" title="Category:Telecommunications companies of China">Telecom operators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="China Telecommunications Corporation">China Telecommunications Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunication_equipment_companies_of_China" title="Category:Telecommunication equipment companies of China">Equipment suppliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoi" title="Amoi">Amoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom_Group" title="Datang Telecom Group">Datang Telecom Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datang_Telecom_Technology" title="Datang Telecom Technology">Datang Telecom Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konka_Group" title="Konka Group">Konka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_Bird" title="Ningbo Bird">Ningbo Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Electronics_industry_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Template:Electronics industry in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Electronics_industry_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics industry in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semiconductor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Huafeng_Test_%26_Control_Technology" title="Beijing Huafeng Test & Control Technology">Accotest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_Semiconductor" title="Actions Semiconductor">Actions Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACM_Research" title="ACM Research">ACM Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro-Fabrication_Equipment" title="Advanced Micro-Fabrication Equipment">AMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allwinner_Technology" title="Allwinner Technology">Allwinner Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambricon_Technologies" title="Cambricon Technologies">Cambricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Resources_Microelectronics" title="China Resources Microelectronics">CR Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChangXin_Memory_Technologies" title="ChangXin Memory Technologies">CXMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Jingyuan_Electron_Limited" title="Dongfang Jingyuan Electron Limited">DJEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empyrean_Technology" title="Empyrean Technology">Empyrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Jinhua_Integrated_Circuit" title="Fujian Jinhua Integrated Circuit">Fujian Jinhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodix" title="Goodix">Goodix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Changchuan_Technology" title="Hangzhou Changchuan Technology">Hangzhou Changchuan Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Silan_Microelectronics" title="Hangzhou Silan Microelectronics">Hangzhou Silan Microelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejian_Technology_Corporation" title="Hejian Technology Corporation">HJTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huatian_Technology" title="Huatian Technology">Huatian Technology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwatsing_Technology" title="Hwatsing Technology">Hwatsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygon_Information_Technology" title="Hygon Information Technology">Hygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KINGSEMI" title="KINGSEMI">KINGSEMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_Jingsheng_Mechanical_%26_Electrical" title="Zhejiang Jingsheng Mechanical & Electrical">JSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">Loongson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Robotics" title="Horizon Robotics">Horizon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenic_Semiconductor" title="Ingenic Semiconductor">Ingenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadcore_Technology" title="Leadcore Technology">Leadcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxscend_Microelectronics" title="Maxscend Microelectronics">Maxscend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montage_Technology" title="Montage Technology">Montage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAURA_Technology_Group" title="NAURA Technology Group">NAURA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexchip" title="Nexchip">Nexchip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Silicon_Industry_Group" title="National Silicon Industry Group">NSIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Oriental_Semiconductor" title="Suzhou Oriental Semiconductor">Oriental Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotech" title="Piotech">Piotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNC_Process_Systems" title="PNC Process Systems">PNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockchip" title="Rockchip">Rockchip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanan_Optoelectronics" title="Sanan Optoelectronics">Sanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SG_Micro" title="SG Micro">SG Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Wanye_Enterprises" title="Shanghai Wanye Enterprises">Shanghai Wanye Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyverse_Technology" title="Skyverse Technology">Skyverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silergy" title="Silergy">Silergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Micro_Electronics_Equipment" title="Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment">SMEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation" title="Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation">SMIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongfu_Microelectronics" title="Tongfu Microelectronics">TFME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_Unigroup" title="Tsinghua Unigroup">Tsinghua Unigroup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guoxin_Micro" title="Guoxin Micro">Guoxin Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNISOC" title="UNISOC">UNISOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nova_Technology" title="United Nova Technology">UNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimicro" title="Vimicro">Vimicro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Semiconductor" title="Will Semiconductor">Will Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtech" title="Wingtech">Wingtech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoxin" title="Zhaoxin">Zhaoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oujia Holdings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OnePlus" title="OnePlus">OnePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">Realme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolpad" title="Coolpad">Coolpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%27Five" title="G'Five">G'Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meizu" title="Meizu">Meizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polestar" title="Polestar">Polestar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gionee" title="Gionee">Gionee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisense" title="Hisense">Hisense</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeEco" title="LeEco">LeEco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lephone">Lephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubia (company)">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartisan" title="Smartisan">Smartisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile" title="Alcatel Mobile">Alcatel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Mobile" title="BlackBerry Mobile">BlackBerry Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc." title="Palm, Inc.">Palm</a></li> <li>TCL Communication</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinno_Mobile" title="Tinno Mobile">Tinno Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsion" title="Transsion">Transsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinix_Mobile" title="Infinix Mobile">Infinix Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itel_Mobile" title="Itel Mobile">itel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_Mobile" title="Tecno Mobile">Tecno Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umidigi" title="Umidigi">Umidigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_(technology_company)" title="Vivo (technology company)">Vivo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IQOO" title="IQOO">iQOO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmi" title="Redmi">Redmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">POCO</a></li></ul></li> <li>Zhixin New Information <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home appliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changhong" title="Changhong">Changhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanz" title="Galanz">Galanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gree_Electric" title="Gree Electric">Gree Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisense" title="Hisense">Hisense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hisense_Kelon" title="Hisense Kelon">Hisense Kelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konka_Group" title="Konka Group">Konka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefei_Meiling" title="Hefei Meiling">Meiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midea_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midea (company)">Midea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supor" title="Supor">Supor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyworth" title="Skyworth">Skyworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic components">Electronic components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAC_Technologies" title="AAC Technologies">AAC Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOE_Technology" title="BOE Technology">BOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYD_Electronic" class="mw-redirect" title="BYD Electronic">BYD Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CATL" title="CATL">CATL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou_Three-Circle" title="Chaozhou Three-Circle">CCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Electronics_Corporation" title="China Electronics Corporation">CEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star_Optoelectronics_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star Optoelectronics Technology">CSOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoptolink" title="Eoptolink">Eoptolink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVE_Energy" title="EVE Energy">EVE Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goertek" title="Goertek">Goertek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royole" title="Royole">Royole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongji_Innolight" title="Zhongji Innolight">Zhongji Innolight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigo" title="Aigo">Aigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainol" title="Ainol">Ainol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Innovations" title="Anker Innovations">Anker Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Electronics_Technology_Group_Corporation" title="China Electronics Technology Group Corporation">CETC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Hualu_Group" title="China Hualu Group">China Hualu Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahua_Technology" title="Dahua Technology">Dahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJI" title="DJI">DJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han%27s_Laser" title="Han's Laser">Han's Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasee" title="Hasee">Hasee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikvision" title="Hikvision">Hikvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huagong_Tech" title="Huagong Tech">Huagong Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inovance" title="Inovance">Inovance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspur" title="Inspur">Inspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyoung" title="Joyoung">Joyoung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JXD" title="JXD">JXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemote" title="Lemote">Lemote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le.com" title="Le.com">Le.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitu" title="Meitu">Meitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobvoi" title="Mobvoi">Mobvoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARI_Technology" title="NARI Technology">NARI Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_Electronics" title="Panda Electronics">Panda Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Electric" title="Shanghai Electric">Shanghai Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-Link" title="TP-Link">TP-Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPV_Technology" title="TPV Technology">TPV Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisound" title="Unisound">Unisound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisplendour" title="Unisplendour">Unisplendour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jingce_Electronic_Group" title="Wuhan Jingce Electronic Group">Wuhan Jingce Electronic Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTech" title="VTech">VTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongxin" title="Hongxin">Hongxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejian_Group" title="Kejian Group">Kejian Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernee" title="Vernee">Vernee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZUK_Mobile" title="ZUK Mobile">ZUK Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Category:Electronics industry in China">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Open_Handset_Alliance" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members" title="Template:Open Handset Alliance Members"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members" title="Template talk:Open Handset Alliance Members"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Open_Handset_Alliance_Members" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Open Handset Alliance Members"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Open_Handset_Alliance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">Mobile operators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouygues_Telecom" title="Bouygues Telecom">Bouygues Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="China Telecommunications Corporation">China Telecommunications Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Unicom" title="China Unicom">China Unicom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_TIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo TIM">Gruppo TIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_(company)" title="Access (company)">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_Corporation" title="Ascender Corporation">Ascender Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriad_Group" title="Myriad Group">Myriad Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PacketVideo" title="PacketVideo">PacketVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOX" title="SVOX">SVOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualOn" class="mw-redirect" title="VisualOn">VisualOn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AKM_Semiconductor" title="AKM Semiconductor">AKM Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm (company)">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audience_(company)" title="Audience (company)">Audience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation" title="Broadcom Corporation">Broadcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_plc" title="CSR plc">CSR plc</a> (joined as <a href="/wiki/SiRF" title="SiRF">SiRF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemalto" title="Gemalto">Gemalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell Technology Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_Technologies" title="MIPS Technologies">MIPS Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Atheros" title="Qualcomm Atheros">Qualcomm Atheros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST-Ericsson" title="ST-Ericsson">ST-Ericsson</a> (joined as <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_Mobile_Platforms" title="Ericsson Mobile Platforms">Ericsson Mobile Platforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaptics" title="Synaptics">Synaptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Handset</a> makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Acer Inc">Acer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile_Phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel Mobile Phones">Alcatel Mobile Phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Group" title="Chaudhary Group">Chaudhary Group</a> (with association of <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compal_Electronics" title="Compal Electronics">CCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxconn" title="Foxconn">Foxconn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a> (banned 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile" title="Sony Mobile">Sony Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Commercialization</a> companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borqs" title="Borqs">Borqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasken_Communication_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasken Communication Technologies">Sasken Communication Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleca" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleca">Teleca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astonishing_Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astonishing Tribe">The Astonishing Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Systems" title="Wind River Systems">Wind River Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipro_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipro Technologies">Wipro Technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google Nexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">T-Mobile G1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template talk:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major personal computer, server, and mainframe hardware companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal computers and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc." title="Razer Inc.">Razer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dynabook_Inc." title="Dynabook Inc.">Dynabook</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Servers_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Servers only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspur" title="Inspur">Inspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainframes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_information_technology_companies_by_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest information technology companies by revenue">Largest IT companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Computer hardware manufacturers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_computer_hardware_companies" title="Category:Home computer hardware companies">Home computer hardware companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Server_hardware" title="Category:Server hardware">Server hardware</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Mainframe_computers" title="Category:Mainframe computers">Mainframe computers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_mobile_device_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies" title="Template:Major mobile device companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_mobile_device_companies" title="Template talk:Major mobile device companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major mobile device companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_mobile_device_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile device</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advan_(brand)" title="Advan (brand)">Advan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(brand)" title="Alba (brand)">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited" title="BlackBerry Limited">BlackBerry Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLU_Products" title="BLU Products">BLU Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_(brand)" title="Bush (brand)">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxconn" title="Foxconn">Foxconn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InFocus" title="InFocus">InFocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gionee" title="Gionee">Gionee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haier" title="Haier">Haier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisense" title="Hisense">Hisense </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(brand)" title="Honor (brand)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meizu" title="Meizu">Meizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia" title="Microsoft Lumia">Lumia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMD_Global" title="HMD Global">HMD Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia_Technology" title="Nubia Technology">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppo" title="Oppo">Oppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OnePlus" title="OnePlus">OnePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realme" title="Realme">Realme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCL_Technology" title="TCL Technology">TCL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile" title="Alcatel Mobile">Alcatel Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Mobile" title="BlackBerry Mobile">BlackBerry Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc." title="Palm, Inc.">Palm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsion" title="Transsion">Transsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_Mobile" title="Tecno Mobile">Tecno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinix_Mobile" title="Infinix Mobile">Infinix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itel_Mobile" title="Itel Mobile">Itel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinno_Mobile" title="Tinno Mobile">Tinno Mobile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiko" title="Wiko">Wiko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Corporation" title="True Corporation">True</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinSmart" title="VinSmart">VinSmart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivo_(technology_company)" title="Vivo (technology company)">Vivo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IQOO" title="IQOO">iQOO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redmi" title="Redmi">Redmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POCO_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="POCO (company)">POCO</a></li> <li>Black Shark</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li> <li>Zoostorm</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest IT companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_technology_companies" title="Category:Mobile technology companies">Category:Mobile technology companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Category:Mobile phone manufacturers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_networking_hardware_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Template:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Template talk:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_networking_hardware_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arista_Networks" title="Arista Networks">Arista Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Solutions" title="Motorola Solutions">Motorola Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1068466766">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010015606">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17074707w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17074707w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001123785">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20201093059&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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