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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Sumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Tulisan+Cina" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Tulisan+Cina" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_aksara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_aksara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pembentukan aksara</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pembentukan_aksara-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pembentukan aksara</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_aksara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1._Piktogram_(象形字_xiàngxíngzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1._Piktogram_(象形字_xiàngxíngzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1. Piktogram (<span><span>象形字</span></span> <i>xiàngxíngzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Piktogram_(象形字_xiàngxíngzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._Gugusan_piktofonetik_(形聲字/形声字,_xíngshēngzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._Gugusan_piktofonetik_(形聲字/形声字,_xíngshēngzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2. Gugusan piktofonetik (<span><span>形聲字/形声字</span></span>, <i>xíngshēngzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._Gugusan_piktofonetik_(形聲字/形声字,_xíngshēngzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._Ideograf_(指事字,_zhǐshìzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._Ideograf_(指事字,_zhǐshìzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>3. Ideograf (<span><span>指事字</span></span>, <i>zhǐshìzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._Ideograf_(指事字,_zhǐshìzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._Agregat_logik_(會意字/会意字,_huìyìzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._Agregat_logik_(會意字/会意字,_huìyìzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>4. Agregat logik (<span><span>會意字/会意字</span></span>, <i>huìyìzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._Agregat_logik_(會意字/会意字,_huìyìzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5._Pengubahan_hubungan_(轉注字/转注字,_zhuǎnzhùzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5._Pengubahan_hubungan_(轉注字/转注字,_zhuǎnzhùzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>5. Pengubahan hubungan (<span><span>轉注字/转注字</span></span>, <i>zhuǎnzhùzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5._Pengubahan_hubungan_(轉注字/转注字,_zhuǎnzhùzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6._Pinjaman_(假借字,_jiǎjièzì)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6._Pinjaman_(假借字,_jiǎjièzì)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>6. Pinjaman (<span><span>假借字</span></span>, <i>jiǎjièzì</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6._Pinjaman_(假借字,_jiǎjièzì)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulisan Cina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 137 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_karakter" title="Chinese karakter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinese karakter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Schrift" title="Chinesische Schrift – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B5" title="የቻይና ጽሕፈት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቻይና ጽሕፈት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقاطع صينية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاطع صينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_chinesa" title="Escritura chinesa – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escritura chinesa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="চীনা ভাৱচিত্ৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাৱচিত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%A1uteres_chinos" title="Caráuteres chinos – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caráuteres chinos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_raiku%C3%A9ra" title="Chinañe'ẽ raikuéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ raikuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Çin yazısı – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin yazısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چین یازیسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین یازیسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Han" title="Aksara Han – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Han" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0" title="চীনা অক্ষর – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা অক্ষর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Cina" title="Aksara Cina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Aksara Cina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-j%C4%AB" title="Hàn-jī – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Ҡытай яҙыуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай яҙыуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кітайскае пісьмо – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайскае пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кітайскае пісьмо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайскае пісьмо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sische_Schrift" title="Kinäsische Schrift – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱ་ཡིག – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་ཡིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kinesko pismo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinalun" title="Sinalun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinalun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Китайска логограма – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайска логограма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хитад үзэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад үзэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptura_xinesa" title="Escriptura xinesa – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptura xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinulatang_Ininsik" title="Sinulatang Ininsik – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sinulatang Ininsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínské znaky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nz%C3%AC" title="Hànzì – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hànzì" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwyddlun_Tsieineaidd" title="Arwyddlun Tsieineaidd – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arwyddlun Tsieineaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_skrift" title="Kinesisk skrift – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Schrift" title="Chinesische Schrift – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiri" title="Hiina kiri – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina kiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κινεζικοί χαρακτήρες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζικοί χαρακτήρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese characters" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracteres_chinos" title="Caracteres chinos – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caracteres chinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_skribo" title="Ĉina skribo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina skribo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinatar_karaktere" title="Txinatar karaktere – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinatar karaktere" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نویسه‌های چینی – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه‌های چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaena_akchhar" title="Chaena akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chaena akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinversk_tekn" title="Kinversk tekn – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinversk tekn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caractères chinois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineeske_karakters" title="Sineeske karakters – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineeske karakters" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nz%C3%AC" title="Hànzì – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hànzì" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrita_chinesa" title="Escrita chinesa – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escrita chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97" title="字 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="字" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Hon-sṳ – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90" title="한자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Չինական գիր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինական գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चीनी भावचित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भावचित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kinesko pismo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkarakter_nga_Insik" title="Karkarakter nga Insik – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karkarakter nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverskir_stafir" title="Kínverskir stafir – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverskir stafir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_cinesi" title="Caratteri cinesi – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caratteri cinesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="כתב סיני – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב סיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Cinten" title="Aksara Cinten – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Cinten" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Къытай джазма – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къытай джазма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური დამწერლობა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Қытай жазуы – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай жазуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideografow_chinek" title="Ideografow chinek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ideografow chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Кытай жазуусу – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай жазуусу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwandiko_wa_Kichina" title="Mwandiko wa Kichina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwandiko wa Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakt%C3%A8r_chinwa" title="Karaktèr chinwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karaktèr chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carateri_cinesc" title="Carateri cinesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carateri cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຕົວອັກສອນຈີນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຕົວອັກສອນຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Sinicus" title="Character Sinicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Character Sinicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_rakstz%C4%ABmes" title="Ķīniešu rakstzīmes – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu rakstzīmes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Kinų raštas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zdosible%27u" title="zdosible'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="zdosible'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carater_chines" title="Carater chines – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carater chines" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Kínai írás – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai írás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кинеско писмо – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинеско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%B4grama" title="Sinôgrama – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinôgrama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈനീസ് അക്ഷരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് അക്ഷരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="رموز صيني – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رموز صيني" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-c%C3%AA" title="Háng-cê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-cê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хятад үсэг – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад үсэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်စာလုံးများ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်စာလုံးများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees_schrift" title="Chinees schrift – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinees schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="चिनिया लिपि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漢字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Цийн йоза – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjineesk_skraft" title="Sjineesk skraft – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sjineesk skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiske_tegn" title="Kinesiske tegn – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesiske tegn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi" title="Hanzi – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanzi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_chinesa" title="Escritura chinesa – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escritura chinesa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_yozuvi" title="Xitoy yozuvi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy yozuvi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="چینی رسم الخط – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="អក្សរចិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%A0ter_cin%C3%A8is" title="Caràter cinèis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caràter cinèis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Schriftteken" title="Chineesche Schriftteken – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Schriftteken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_chi%C5%84skie" title="Pismo chińskie – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo chińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinograma" title="Sinograma – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinograma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_yazuv%C4%B1" title="Çin yazuvı – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin yazuvı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracter_chinez" title="Caracter chinez – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caracter chinez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%94_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Китайськоє писаня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Китайськоє писаня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Китайское письмо – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кытай бичигэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай бичигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_chairacter" title="Cheenese chairacter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese chairacter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbole_kineze" title="Simbole kineze – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Simbole kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB" title="චීන අක්ෂර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන අක්ෂර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese characters" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="چيني رسم الخط – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnske_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Čínske písmo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínske písmo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajska_pisava" title="Kitajska pisava – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajska pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ski_szrajb%C5%AFnek" title="Chiński szrajbůnek – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chiński szrajbůnek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پیتی چینی – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кинеско писмо – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинеско писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kinesko pismo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Tionghoa" title="Aksara Tionghoa – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kiinan kirjoitusjärjestelmä – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kirjoitusjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska_tecken" title="Kinesiska tecken – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska tecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskkiln_icinwiyn" title="Iskkiln icinwiyn – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iskkiln icinwiyn" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சீன எழுத்துமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன எழுத்துமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Кытай язуы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай язуы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF" title="చైనీస్ లిపి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ లిపి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="อักษรจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Hán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_karakterleri" title="Çin karakterleri – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin karakterleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Китайська писемність – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="چینی رسم الخط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی رسم الخط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87_%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="خەنزۇ يېزىقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇ يېزىقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawgun" title="Sawgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sawgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_nga_agi" title="Tsino nga agi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino nga agi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="כינעזישע שריפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזישע שריפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漢字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakter%C3%AA_%C3%87inki" title="Karakterê Çinki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Karakterê Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97n%C4%97%C5%A1ks_ra%C5%A1ts" title="Kėnėšks rašts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnėšks rašts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leter_Cina" title="Leter Cina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Leter Cina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Cino" title="Surat Cino – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surat Cino" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_China" title="Tulisan China – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tulisan China" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Chinese characters" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89" title="ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ – Tamazight Maghribi Standard" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maghribi Standard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8201#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Tulisan_Cina" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&action=edit" title="Laman ini dilindungi. Anda boleh melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Tulisan_Cina" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Tulisan_Cina" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&oldid=6488586" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Tulisan_Cina&id=6488586&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTulisan_Cina"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTulisan_Cina"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tulisan+Cina"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tulisan_Cina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8201" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dilencongkan daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Cina&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#b0c4de">Tulisan Cina</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Hanzi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hanzi.svg/200px-Hanzi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hanzi.svg/300px-Hanzi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hanzi.svg/400px-Hanzi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kiri: "Aksara Cina" dalam Hanzi (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_tradisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina tradisional">tulisan Cina tradisional</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kanji" title="Tulisan Kanji">Kanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1n_T%E1%BB%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hán Tự (laman tidak wujud)">Hán Tự</a><br />Kanan: "Aksara Cina" dalam <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_ringkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina ringkas">tulisan Cina ringkas</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Nama Bahasa Cina</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Tulisan Cina Tradisional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">漢字</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Tulisan Cina Ringkas</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">汉字</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transkripsi</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Baku" title="Bahasa Cina Baku">Bahasa Mandarin Baku</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Cina-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Zh-han4zi4.ogg" title="Mengenai audio ini"><img alt="Mengenai audio ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Zh-han4zi4.ogg" class="internal" title="Zh-han4zi4.ogg">Hànzì</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio"><span style="cursor:help;">bantuan</span></a>·<a href="/wiki/Fail:Zh-han4zi4.ogg" title="Fail:Zh-han4zi4.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">maklumat</span></a>)</small></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Cina_Wu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Cina Wu (laman tidak wujud)">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghainese (laman tidak wujud)">Shanghainese</a><br />Romanization</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Cina Wu-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[høz]</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">Bahasa Yue: Bahasa Kantonis</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Cina Yue-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">hon3 zi6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Min_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Min Selatan">Bahasa Min Selatan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien" title="Bahasa Hokkien">Bahasa Hokkien</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Cina Min Nan-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hàn-jī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loghat_Teochew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loghat Teochew (laman tidak wujud)">Teochew</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perumian_Guangdong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perumian Guangdong (laman tidak wujud)">Peng'im</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Cina Min Nan-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">hang3 ri7</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese alphabet (laman tidak wujud)">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Vietnam"><i lang="vi">Hán Tự <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cina-Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cina-Vietnam (laman tidak wujud)">Sino-Viet.</a>)</small> <br />Chữ Nho <small>(bahasa ibunda)</small></i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">한자</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">漢字</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transkripsi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revised Romanization of Korean (laman tidak wujud)">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hanja</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" class="mw-redirect" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hancha</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Jepun"><span lang="ja">漢字</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="language text-Jepun"><span lang="ja">かんじ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transkripsi</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepburn romanization (laman tidak wujud)">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Jepun-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">kanji</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunrei-shiki_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization (laman tidak wujud)">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Jepun-bahasa perumian"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">kanzi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aksara Cina</b> atau <b>Aksara Han</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">漢字</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">汉字</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hànzì) ialah sejenis tulisan <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logogram</a> yang digunakan untuk menulis <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">bahasa Cina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun">Jepun</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kanji" title="Tulisan Kanji">Kanji</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></i>) dan pada suatu ketika dahulu, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Vietnam" title="Bahasa Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></i>). Tulisan yang serupa sebelumnya dapat dijumpai sekitar 8000 tahun yang lalu dan sebuah sistem penulisan Cina yang lengkap telah dicipta sekitar 3500 tahun yang lalu di China, membuatnya salah satu cara penulisan yang tertua di dunia. Aksara Cina dikenali sebagai <b>Hanzi</b> dalam bahasa Cina yang bermaksud tulisan <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Han" title="Bangsa Han">bangsa Han</a>. </p><p>Berlainan dengan jangkaan orang ramai, hanya 4% aksara Cina diperolehi dari piktograf (gambaran yang membawa maksud), dan selalunya, hubungan di antara kedua tidak jelas kepada pembaca masa kini; 95% aksara Cina yang lain adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agregat_logik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agregat logik (laman tidak wujud)">agregat logik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piktofonetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piktofonetik (laman tidak wujud)">piktofonetik</a>, iaitu aksara yang mengandungi dua bahagian: bahagian pertama adalah untuk makna perkataan yang ingin disampaikan dan kedua adalah sebutan perkataan tersebut. Kebanyakkan perkataan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin" title="Bahasa Mandarin">Cina Mandarin</a> mempunyai tiga atau lebih sukukata dan ini memerlukan lebih dari satu huruf untuk menulis. Bilangan huruf-huruf Cina yang terdapat dalam <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Kangxi" title="Kamus Kangxi">Kamus Kangxi</a> adalah sekitar 47,035, walaupun kebanyakkan daripada mereka jarang digunakan dan sering merupakan perkataan dari zaman silam. Di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a>, kebolehan membaca dan menulis ditakrifkan sebagai seorang yang memahami sekitar 2000 huruf Cina.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di dalam tradisi Cina, setiap aksara berpadan dengan satu sebutan sukukata tetapi sebutan akan bertukar menurut dialek yang berlainan. Hubungan longgar di antara sebutan fonetik dan sesebuah huruf itu membolehkan aksara Cina digunakan oleh berbagai keluarga bahasa yang berlainan. </p><p>Penggunaan dan cara menulis aksara Cina berbeza dengan setiap budaya yang berlainan. Sebagai contoh, negara <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> mula menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulisan Cina Mudah">Tulisan Cina Mudah</a> pada 1956 tetapi <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> masih menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Tulisan Cina Tradisional</a>. Jepun mempunyai tulisan yang diringkaskan sendiri sejak 1946, sementara Korea menghadkan penggunaan aksara Cina dalam tulisannya. Vietnam telah menghentikan penggunaan huruf Cina dalam tulisannya dan kini menggunakan tulisan Rumi. </p><p>Aksara cina secara rasmi dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinograf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinograf (laman tidak wujud)">sinograf</a> dan sistemnya sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinografi (laman tidak wujud)">sinografi</a>. Bahasa-bahasa yang telah mengambil sistem sinografi ini dan juga kata-kata pinjimaan dari bahasa Cina dikenali sebagai bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinoxenic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinoxenic (laman tidak wujud)">sinoxenic</a>, tidak kira jika mereka masih menggunakan penulisan Cina secara khusus pada masa sekarang atau tidak. Ungkapan <i>sinoxenic</i> ini tidak semestinya bermaksud apa-apa hubung kait genetik dengan bahasa Cina. Bahasa-bahasa sinoxenic utama di dunia secara umum dianggap sebagai bahasa Jepun, Korea dan Vietnam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Map-Chinese_Characters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map-Chinese_Characters.png/300px-Map-Chinese_Characters.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map-Chinese_Characters.png/450px-Map-Chinese_Characters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map-Chinese_Characters.png/600px-Map-Chinese_Characters.png 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Kawasan yang menggunakan aksara Cina</figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%; margin:0px 0px 5px 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ccccff" style="padding:5px;"><big><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:2px 12px 0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_kelainan_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara kelainan Cina (laman tidak wujud)">Aksara kelainan</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas_pusingan_kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas pusingan kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Cina Ringkas pusingan kedua</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kanji" title="Tulisan Kanji">Kanji</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyujitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyujitai (laman tidak wujud)">Kyujitai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinjitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinjitai (laman tidak wujud)">Shinjitai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugyeol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugyeol (laman tidak wujud)">Gugyeol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyangchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyangchal (laman tidak wujud)">Hyangchal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chu Nom</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1n_T%E1%BB%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hán Tự (laman tidak wujud)">Han Tu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seni_khat_Asia_Timur" title="Seni khat Asia Timur">Seni khat Asia Timur</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_tulang_ramalan" title="Tulisan tulang ramalan">Tulisan tulang ramalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_gangsa" title="Tulisan gangsa">Tulisan gangsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_mohor" title="Tulisan mohor">Tulisan mohor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_kerani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan kerani (laman tidak wujud)">Tulisan kerani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_biasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan biasa (laman tidak wujud)">Tulisan biasa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Separa_Kursif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Separa Kursif (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Separa Kursif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Kursif_(Asia_Timur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Kursif (Asia Timur) (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Kursif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px 3px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_input_Cina_untuk_komputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah input Cina untuk komputer (laman tidak wujud)">Kaedah Input</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Menurut lagenda, tulisan Cina telah direka oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cangjie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangjie (laman tidak wujud)">Cangjie</a> (c. 2650 SM), seorang bangsawan yang telah berkhidmat dengan Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Kuning" title="Maharaja Kuning">Huangdi</a>. Pada suatu hari, Cangjie sedang memburu di Gunung Yangxu (kini Shanxi), dan terserempak dengan seekor penyu dan amat kagum dengan urat saraf yang terdapat di penyu tersebut. Dia mendapat ilham bahawa bentuk urat saraf itu mengandungi makna tersembunyi yang lojik dan disebabkan itu telah mempelajari mengenai haiwan-haiwan di dunia, susunan bentuk bumi dan tumbuhan dan bintang-bintang di langit. Daripada ini semua, dia berjaya menghasilkan sebuah sistem tulisan simbolik yang dipanggil <b>zi</b> (字) -- aksara Cina. Lagenda juga mengatakan bahawa pada hari tulisan Cina diciptakan, orang ramai telah mendengar makhluk jahat meraung dan hasil tanaman gugur ke tanah seperti hujan, menandakan kelahiran sebuah tamadun, untuk baik dan jahatnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaya">Gaya</h2></div> <p>Terdapat pelbagai gaya, atau skrip, dalam penulisan aksara Cina yang berasal daripada pelbagai model kaligrafi dan sejarah. Kebanyakannya berasal dari China dan kini kerap digunakan, dengan perubahan kecil, di kesemua negara di mana aksara Cina digunakan. Aksara-aksara ini digunakan sejak lebih 3,000 tahun dahulu. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Tulang_Ramalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Tulang Ramalan (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Tulang Ramalan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Gangsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Gangsa (laman tidak wujud)">Gangsa</a> tidak digunakan lagi, sementara skrip tertua yang masih digunakan kini ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Mohor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Mohor (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Mohor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">篆书</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">篆書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: zhuànshū). Skrip Mohor berevolusi secara organik daripada skrip gangsa Zhou, lalu diterapkan dalam bentuk yang dipiawaikan di bawah perintah <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_China" title="Maharaja China">Maharaja China</a> pertama, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>. Skrip mohor kini hanya digunakan pada mohor kesenian. Kini tidak ramai orang yang mampu membacanya dengan fasih, meskipun seni mengukir mohor tradisional dalam skrip ini masih wujud; sesetengah <a href="/wiki/Seni_khat_Asia_Timur" title="Seni khat Asia Timur">artis kaligrafi</a> juga memakai gaya ini. </p><p>Skrip-skrip yang kerap digunakan masa kini ialah "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Kerani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Kerani (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Kerani</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">隶书</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">隸書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: lìshū) yang laris sejak <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Qin" title="Dinasti Qin">Dinasti Qin</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Han" title="Dinasti Han">Dinasti Han</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Agung_Wei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Agung Wei (laman tidak wujud)">Weibei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Bahasa Cina</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">魏碑</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: wèibēi), "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Biasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Biasa (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Biasa</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">楷书</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">楷書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: kǎishū) yang banyak digunakan untuk pencetakan, dan "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Separa_Kursif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Separa Kursif (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Separa Kursif</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">行书</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">行書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: xíngshū) yang banyak digunakan untuk penulisan. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Kursif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Kursif (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Kursif</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">草书</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">草書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: cǎoshū, "skrip rumput") tidak digunakan secara meluas, dan merupakan gaya kaligrafi yang penuh kesenian. bentuk-bentuk aksara asas ditunjukkan, dan bukannya direalisasikan dengan jelas, dan penyingkatannya disifatkan sebagai ekstrem. Meskipun bentuknya kursif sampai satu-satu coret tidak dapat dibezakan lagi dan hasil penulisannya sukar dibaca oleh sesiapa yang tidak terlatih, skirp ini amat dihargai kerana keindahan dan kebebasan yang terangkum dalamnya. Sesetengah <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina_Mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina Mudah">aksara Cina Mudah</a> yang digunakan di Republik Rakyat China, dan sesentengah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinjitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinjitai (laman tidak wujud)">aksara dipermudah</a> di Jepun, berasaskan Skrip Kursif ini. <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> Jepun juga berasaskan skrip ini. </p><p>Terdapat juga gaya kaligrafi yang direka di luar China, seperti gaya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edomoji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edomoji (laman tidak wujud)">Edomoji</a> di Jepun; skrip-skrip sedemikian selalunya terhad penggunaannya dalam negara asalnya dan tidak disebarkan ke negara lain seperti mana yang dilalui skrip-skrip piawai di atas. </p> <center> <table border="1" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="4" width="610"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b>Purba</b> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_cap_mohor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip cap mohor (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip cap mohor</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina_tradisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina tradisional">Moden Tradisional</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina_mudah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina mudah">Mudah</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></b> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><b>Makna</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg/60px-%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg/90px-%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg/120px-%E4%BA%BA-oracle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg/60px-%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg/90px-%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg/120px-%E4%BA%BA-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">人</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">rén </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">manusia </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg/60px-%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg/90px-%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg/120px-%E5%A5%B3-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg/60px-%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg/90px-%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg/120px-%E5%A5%B3-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">女</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">nǚ </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">wanita </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg/60px-%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg/90px-%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg/120px-%E5%AD%90-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%AD%90-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E5%AD%90-seal.svg/60px-%E5%AD%90-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E5%AD%90-seal.svg/90px-%E5%AD%90-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E5%AD%90-seal.svg/120px-%E5%AD%90-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">子</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">zǐ </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">anak </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg/60px-%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg/90px-%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg/120px-%E6%97%A5-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%97%A5-seal.svg/60px-%E6%97%A5-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%97%A5-seal.svg/90px-%E6%97%A5-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%97%A5-seal.svg/120px-%E6%97%A5-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">日</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">rì </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">matahari </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg/60px-%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg/90px-%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg/120px-%E6%9C%88-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9C%88-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%9C%88-seal.svg/60px-%E6%9C%88-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%9C%88-seal.svg/90px-%E6%9C%88-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%9C%88-seal.svg/120px-%E6%9C%88-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">月</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">yuè </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">bulan </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg/60px-%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg/90px-%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg/120px-%E5%B1%B1-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg/60px-%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg/90px-%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg/120px-%E5%B1%B1-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">山</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">shān </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">gunung </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg/60px-%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg/90px-%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg/120px-%E5%B7%9D-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg/60px-%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg/90px-%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg/120px-%E5%B7%9D-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">川</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">chuān </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">sungai </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg/60px-%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg/90px-%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg/120px-%E6%B0%B4-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg/60px-%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg/90px-%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg/120px-%E6%B0%B4-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">水</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">shuǐ </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">air </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg/60px-%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg/90px-%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg/120px-%E9%9B%A8-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg/60px-%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg/90px-%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg/120px-%E9%9B%A8-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">雨</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">yǔ </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">hujan </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg/60px-%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg/90px-%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg/120px-%E7%AB%B9-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg/60px-%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg/90px-%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg/120px-%E7%AB%B9-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">竹</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">zhú </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">buluh </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg/60px-%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg/90px-%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg/120px-%E6%9C%A8-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg/60px-%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg/90px-%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg/120px-%E6%9C%A8-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">木</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">— </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">mù </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">pokok </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg/60px-%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg/90px-%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg/120px-%E9%A6%AC-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg/60px-%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg/90px-%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg/120px-%E9%A6%AC-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">馬</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">马</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">mǎ </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">kuda </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg/60px-%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg/90px-%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg/120px-%E9%B3%A5-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg/60px-%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg/90px-%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg/120px-%E9%B3%A5-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">鳥</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">鸟</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">niǎo </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">burung </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg/60px-%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg/90px-%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg/120px-%E9%BE%9C-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg/60px-%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg/90px-%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg/120px-%E9%BE%9C-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">龜</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">龟</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">guī </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">penyu </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg/60px-%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg/90px-%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg/120px-%E9%BE%8D-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg/60px-%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg/90px-%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg/120px-%E9%BE%8D-seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">龍</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center"><font size="5">龙</font> </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">lóng </td> <td valign="middle" align="center">naga </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan_aksara">Pembentukan aksara</h2></div> <p>Peringkat-peringkat terawal dalam perkembangan aksara didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogram</a>, yang mana makna dinyatakan secara langsung oleh bentuknya. Perkembangan tulisan ini yang bertujuan meliputi perkataan bagi konsep abstrak dan meningkatkan kecekapan penulisan, telah membawa kepada kewujudan banyak aksara bukan piktogram. </p><p>Pelbagai jenis aksara ini julung kali dikelaskan kira-kira tahun <a href="/wiki/100" title="100">100 M</a> oleh seorang pakar bahasa China bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Shen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Shen (laman tidak wujud)">Xu Shen</a>, yang mengarang kamus etimologi <i>Shuowen Jiezi</i> (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">說文解字/说文解字</span></span>) yang membahagikan tulisan Cina kepada enam kategori, iaitu <i>liùshū</i> (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">六書/六书</span></span>). Sungguhpun kategori dan pengelasannya kadang-kala bermasalah dan dikatakan gagal mencerminkan sifat-sifat sistem tulisan Cina secara menyeluruh, namun sistem ini telah lama dikekalkan melalui sejarah lama dan kegunaan meluasnya.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tiaccwhf.net/~t038/kaho/newpage82.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108185646/http://www.tiaccwhf.net/~t038/kaho/newpage82.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2006-11-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Chineseprimer3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chineseprimer3.png/180px-Chineseprimer3.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chineseprimer3.png/270px-Chineseprimer3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chineseprimer3.png/360px-Chineseprimer3.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption>Perikan buku teks aksara Cina dari tahun <a href="/wiki/1436" title="1436">1436</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>4% aksara Cina berpunca secara terus daripada <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogram</a> individu (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Bahasa Cina</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">象形字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: xiàngxíngzì), dan dalam kebanyakan kes sedemikian hubungan ini tidak semestinya jelas kepada pembaca masa kini. Bagi 96% yang lain, sebilangannya adalah agregat logik (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">会意字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">會意字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: huìyìzì), iaitu aksara yang digabung daripada pelbagai bahagian yang menandakan maksud. Namun, kebanyakan aksara berbentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piktofonetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piktofonetik (laman tidak wujud)">piktofonetik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">形声字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">形聲字</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: xíng-shēngzì), iaitu aksara yang mengandungi dua bahagian: satu menandakan satu kategori maksud am dan yang satu lagi bunyi sebutannya. Sebutan dalam aksara sedemikian lazimnya hanya menghampiri sebutan zaman sekarang kerana perubahan mengikut peredaran zaman dan perbezaan antara bahasa-bahasa asal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._Piktogram_(象形字_xiàngxíngzì)"><span id="1._Piktogram_.28.E8.B1.A1.E5.BD.A2.E5.AD.97_xi.C3.A0ngx.C3.ADngz.C3.AC.29"></span>1. Piktogram (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">象形字</span></span> <i>xiàngxíngzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Tidak seperi yang disangka ramai, piktogram hanya membentuk satu pecahan kecil daripada semua aksara Cina. Walaupun berasal daripada gambar, namun aksara-aksara dalam kategori ini telah mengalami pemiawaian, pemudahan, dan penggayaan agar mudah ditulis, maka asal-usul aksara sedemikian tidak sentiasa jelas. ContohL <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">日</span></span> (rì) untuk "matahari", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">月</span></span> (yuè) untuk "bulan", dan <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">木</span></span> (mù) untuk "pokok" atau "kayu". </p><p>Tidak terdapat bilangan yang tepat untuk jumlah aksara moden yang bersifat piktogram; namun, Xu Shen (c. 100 M) menganggarkan bahawa 4% aksara sedemikian tergolong dalam kategori ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._Gugusan_piktofonetik_(形聲字/形声字,_xíngshēngzì)"><span id="2._Gugusan_piktofonetik_.28.E5.BD.A2.E8.81.B2.E5.AD.97.2F.E5.BD.A2.E5.A3.B0.E5.AD.97.2C_x.C3.ADngsh.C4.93ngz.C3.AC.29"></span>2. Gugusan piktofonetik (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">形聲字/形声字</span></span>, <i>xíngshēngzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Juga dikenali sebagai <i>gugusan semantik-fonetik</i>, atau <i>gugusan fono-semantik</i>, kategori ini mewaili kategori aksara terbesar dalam tulisan Cina moden. Aksara-aksara sedemikian biasanya terdiri daripada dua bahagian: satu piktograf yang menyatakan maksud am aksara terbabit, dan bahagian fonetik yang dberpunca daripada aksara yang disebut dalam cara yang sama atau serupa dengan perkataan yang diwakili aksara baru itu. </p><p>Contoh: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">河</span></span> (hé) "sungai", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">湖</span></span> (hú) "tasik", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">流</span></span> (liú) "mengalir", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">冲</span></span> (chōng) "membilas", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">滑</span></span> (huá) "licin". Pada kelima-lima aksara ini terdapat satu <a href="/wiki/Radikal_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Radikal Cina">radical</a> berupa tiga titik pada separuh kirinya, iaitu piktograf titisan air yang dipermudah, menandakan bahawa aksara-aksara ini mempunyai hubungan semantik dengn airr; separuh kanan bagi kesemua aksara tersebut merupakan penanda foentik. Contohnya, bagi aksara <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">冲</span></span> (chōng), penanda fonetiknya ialah <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">中</span></span> (zhōng), yang sendirinya bermaksud "tengah". Dalam kes ini adalah jelas dilihat bahawa maksud bagi aksara <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">冲</span></span> jauh berbeza daripada penanda foentiknya; proses ini membawa erti bahawa pembentukan aksara-aksara sedemikian kadang-kala kini kelihatan sebgai sembarangan. Lebihan pula, pilihan radikal turut kelihatan sembarangan dalam beberapa kes; contohnya, radikal dalam <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">貓</span></span> (māo) "kucing" ialah <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">豸</span></span> (zhì) yang asalnya piktograf ulat, tetapi dalam aksara sebegini radikal itu menandakan mana-mana jenis haiwan. </p><p>Xu Shen menganggarkan 82% aksara Cina tergolong dalam kategori ini, manakala dalam <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Kangxi" title="Kamus Kangxi">Kamus Kangxi</a> (<a href="/wiki/1716" title="1716">1716</a> M) jumlahnya menghampiri 90%, kesan penggunaan kaedah pengembangan kosa kata Cina ini yang amat produktif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3._Ideograf_(指事字,_zhǐshìzì)"><span id="3._Ideograf_.28.E6.8C.87.E4.BA.8B.E5.AD.97.2C_zh.C7.90sh.C3.ACz.C3.AC.29"></span>3. Ideograf (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">指事字</span></span>, <i>zhǐshìzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Juga dikenali sebagai <i>ideograf mudah</i> atau <i>ideogram</i>, aksara sedemikian sama ada membubuh penanda pada piktograd untuk membentuk maksud baru, atau menggambarkan konsep abstrak secara langsung. Conothnya, jika <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">刀</span></span> (dāo) ialah piktogram untuk "pisau", maka membubuh satu penanda pada bahagian bawah aksara itu membentuk <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">刃</span></span> (rèn), ideogram untuk "mata pisau". Contoh-contoh am lain termasuk <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">上</span></span> (shàng) untuk "atas, naik" dan <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">下</span></span> (xià) untuk "bawah, turun". Kategori ini agak kecil kerana kebanyakan konsep telah dilambangkan oleh aksara dalam kategori lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4._Agregat_logik_(會意字/会意字,_huìyìzì)"><span id="4._Agregat_logik_.28.E6.9C.83.E6.84.8F.E5.AD.97.2F.E4.BC.9A.E6.84.8F.E5.AD.97.2C_hu.C3.ACy.C3.ACz.C3.AC.29"></span>4. Agregat logik (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">會意字/会意字</span></span>, <i>huìyìzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Juga dikenali sebagai <i>gugusan berhubungan</i>, aksara jenis ini menggabungkan piktogram untuk melambangkan konsep yang abstrak. Contohnya, <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">木</span></span> (mù) ialah piktogram "pokok", dan jika dua aksara <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">木</span></span> diletak bersama pada sisi masing-masing, maka terbentuknya <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">林</span></span> (lín), iaitu "hutan". Penggabungan <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">日</span></span> (rì) "matahari" dan <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">月</span></span> (yuè) "bulan" membentuk <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">明</span></span> (míng) "terang", yang lazimnya ditafsir sebagai lambang gabungan matahari dan bulan sebagai punca cahaya yang semulajadi. </p><p>Xu Shen menganggarkan bahawa 13% aksara sedemikian tergolong dalam kategori ini. </p><p>Sesetengah pengkaji rata-rata menafikan kewujudan kategori ini atas pandangan bahawa kegagalan cubaan mengenal pasti fonetik dalam agregat logik yang dikatakan pada zaman moden adalah kerana tidak memandang apa yang dikatakan sebagai baccan sekunder zaman kuno.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini merupakan bacaan yang asalnya kerap digunakan tetapi sudah pudar ditelan zaman kerana tulisan turut berevolusi mengikut peredaran zaman. Salah satu aksara yang sering dikenal pasti sebagai agregat logik ialah <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">安</span></span> (ān) "keamanan" yang banyak dikatakan sebagai gabungan "binaan" <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">宀</span></span> dan "perempuan" <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">女</span></span>, yang bersama-sama menghasilkan sesuatu yang seakan-akan erti "segalanya tenang dengan adanya wanita di rumah". Bagaimanapun, aksara <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">女</span></span> pada zaman kuno besar kemungkinan sesuatu kata pelbagai sebutan dengan bacaan sekunder berbunyi <i>*an</i>, seperti yang terdapat dalam set aksara berikut: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">妟</span></span> (yàn) "tenteram", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">奻</span></span> (nuán) "bertengkar", <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">姦</span></span> (jiān) "gasang". </p><p>Hujah ini disokong oleh kenyataan bahawa aksara-aksara yang dikatakan tergolong dalam "kelompok" ini selalu ditafsirkan daripada bentuk moden dan bukan bentuk kuno yang pokoknya amat berbeza rupanya dan lazimnya jauh lebih rumit garfiknya. Namun begitu, pentafsiran ini banyak berbeza-beza, seperti yang dibuktikan daripada kajian terperinci daripada sumber-sumber berbeza.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5._Pengubahan_hubungan_(轉注字/转注字,_zhuǎnzhùzì)"><span id="5._Pengubahan_hubungan_.28.E8.BD.89.E6.B3.A8.E5.AD.97.2F.E8.BD.AC.E6.B3.A8.E5.AD.97.2C_zhu.C7.8Enzh.C3.B9z.C3.AC.29"></span>5. Pengubahan hubungan (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">轉注字/转注字</span></span>, <i>zhuǎnzhùzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Aksara-aksara dalam kategori ini asalnya tidak melambangkan maksud yang sama tetapi telah bercabang melalui perubahan <a href="/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi">ortografi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_semantik" title="Perubahan semantik">semantik</a>. Contohnya, <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">考</span></span> (kǎo) "mengesahkan" dan <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">老</span></span> (lǎo) "tua" asalnya merupakan satu aksara yang sama yang bermaksud "orang tua", tetapi telah berpisah menjadi dua perkataan berbeza. Aksara-aksara dalam kategori ini amat jarang, maka dalam sistem zaman sekarang, kelompok ini sering diabaikan atau digabungkan dengan kategori lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6._Pinjaman_(假借字,_jiǎjièzì)"><span id="6._Pinjaman_.28.E5.81.87.E5.80.9F.E5.AD.97.2C_ji.C7.8Eji.C3.A8z.C3.AC.29"></span>6. Pinjaman (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-CN">假借字</span></span>, <i>jiǎjièzì</i>)</h3></div> <p>Juga dikenali sebagai <i>aksara pinjaman fonetik</i>, kategori ini meliputi kes-kes di mana sesuatu aksara yang wujud digunakan untuk melambangkan perkataan yang tidak berkaitan maksudnya tetapi serupa sebutannya; kadang-kala maksud lamanya tidak digunakan lagi. Misalnya, <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">自</span></span> (zì), yang sudah hilang sama sekali maksud asalnya iaitu "hidung" dan kini hanya bermaksud "diri", atau <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">萬</span></span> (wàn), yang asalnya bermaksud "kala jengking" tetapi kini hanya digunakan untuk merujuk kepada "10,000". </p><p>Teknik ini kini kian jarang, kerana ramai yang membangkang perubahan maksud aksara-aksara yang sedia ada. Namun begitu, teknik tersebut telah digunakan dalam perkembangan penulisan dialek, terutamanya <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kantonis" title="Bahasa Kantonis">bahasa Kantonis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Taiwan">bahasa Taiwan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, oleh sebab sebilangan perbendaharaan kata dialek yang mengikut sejarah tiada bentuk tulisannya dan maka tidak mempunyai aksara tersendiri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>Rencana ini mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan:Aksara khas</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">pemberian sokongan</a> yang sewajarnya, anda mungkin melihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specials_(Unicode_block)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specials (Unicode block) (laman tidak wujud)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chinese_Characters" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Chinese Characters">Tulisan Cina</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/visible/index.html">History of Chinese writing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html">Unihan Database</a>: Rujukan, bacaan dan erti bahasa Cina, Jepun dan Korea bagi semua aksara Cina dan asalan Cina dalam set aksara <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/digital21/eng/structure/irg.html">IRG Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.cuhk.edu.hk/~irg/">IRG working documents</a> – PDF bersaiz besar, sesetengahnya mengandungi butiran sambungan CJK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mojikyo.org/">Welcome To Mojikyo Institute!</a>- fail program <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mojikyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mojikyo (laman tidak wujud)">Mojikyo</a> untuk muat turun bersaiz besar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vertical-sun.com/hanzi">Hanzi Browser</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114064917/http://www.vertical-sun.com/hanzi">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-01-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Rujukan aksara Cina yang digelintar melalui komponen semantik/fonetik</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnmandarinonline.org/characters.html">Chinese Characters</a>: kaedah mempelajari Aksara Cina</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longjiang.org/pinyin/">Pinyin Annotator</a> Membubuh pinyin di <i>atas</i> mana-mana teks Cina, Tradisional atau Mudah. Simpan outputnya dalam format <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openoffice.org/">OpenOffice Writer</a>. Cetakan kemas. Juga membubuh pinyin pada mana-mana laman web bahasa Cina.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chinaliteracy.org/script/infodetail.asp?id=72&nclass=4&class=2">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312200336/http://www.chinaliteracy.org/script/infodetail.asp?id=72&nclass=4&class=2">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-03-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System, William G. Boltz, pp. 104-110, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0940490188" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-940490-18-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sound Business: The Reality of Chinese Characters, Philip Philipsen, pp. 49-76, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/059535629X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-595-35629-X</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5765522">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portal"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senarai" title="Portal:Senarai">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P_literature.svg/27px-P_literature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P_literature.svg/41px-P_literature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/P_literature.svg/54px-P_literature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sastera" title="Portal:Sastera">Sastera</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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