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id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti" title="Tentang projek, perkara yang anda dapat lakukan, tempat untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Pinyin" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Pinyin" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Sumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Pinyin" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Pinyin" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sebutan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sebutan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sebutan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sebutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Awalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akhiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Akhiran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Nada</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angka_sebagai_ganti_tanda_nada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angka_sebagai_ganti_tanda_nada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Angka sebagai ganti tanda nada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angka_sebagai_ganti_tanda_nada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hukum_kedudukan_tanda_nada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hukum_kedudukan_tanda_nada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hukum kedudukan tanda nada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hukum_kedudukan_tanda_nada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cara_sebutan_dalam_konteks_bahasa_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cara_sebutan_dalam_konteks_bahasa_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cara sebutan dalam konteks bahasa lain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cara_sebutan_dalam_konteks_bahasa_lain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Cara sebutan dalam konteks bahasa lain</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cara_sebutan_dalam_konteks_bahasa_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sebutan_bagi_awalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebutan_bagi_awalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sebutan bagi awalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebutan_bagi_awalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebutan_bagi_akhiran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebutan_bagi_akhiran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sebutan bagi akhiran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebutan_bagi_akhiran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pautan luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penukar_automatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penukar_automatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Penukar automatik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penukar_automatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lain-lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lain-lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Lain-lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lain-lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinyin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 109 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينيين – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিনিন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD_Pheng-im" title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньінь – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піньінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Πινγίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πινγίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjino" title="Pinjino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pinjino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE_Ph%C3%AEn-y%C3%AEm" title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%8C" title="한어병음 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한어병음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Փինյին – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փինյին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पिनयिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिनयिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin-sistemo" title="Pinyin-sistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pinyin-sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פין-יין – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פין-יין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფინინი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пінин – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пінин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%86ji%C5%86s" title="Piņjiņs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piņjiņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പിൻ‌യിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിൻ‌യിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फीनयीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फीनयीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پينيپين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پينيپين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_P%C4%ADng-%C4%ADng" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="फिनयिन – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिनयिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拼音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین ین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پین ین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пінїнь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пінїнь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین-ین – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پین-ین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பின்யின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்யின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พินอิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พินอิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADnh_%C3%A2m_H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Bính âm Hán ngữ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bính âm Hán ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньїнь – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піньїнь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پینین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="پىنيىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىنيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghyeam_Vahgun" title="Binghyeam Vahgun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghyeam Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="普通話拼音 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普通話拼音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Pinyin" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Pinyin" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Pinyin" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&oldid=6488587" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Pinyin&id=6488587&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPinyin"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPinyin"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pinyin"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pinyin&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinyin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42222" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1px"></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>Rencana ini mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">Bantuan:Aksara khas</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Aksara_khas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Aksara khas (laman tidak wujud)">pemberian sokongan</a> yang sewajarnya, anda mungkin melihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Specials_(Unicode_block)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Specials (Unicode block) (laman tidak wujud)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>.</td></tr> </tbody></table><p><b>Hanyu Pinyin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">汉语拼音</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">漢語拼音</span></span>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pinyin</a>: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn) atau <b>Pinyin</b> merupakan sistem <a href="/wiki/Perumian" title="Perumian">perumian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">Bahasa Mandarin Baku</a> yang paling kerap digunakan. <i>Hanyu</i> bermaksud "<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">Bahasa Cina</a>", <i>pin</i> bermaksud "eja" manakala <i>yin</i> bermaksud "bunyi". Pinyin juga dikenali sebagai <i>skema huruf fonetik Cina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hans">汉语拼音方案</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a>: <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh-Hant">漢語拼音方案</span></span>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pinyin</a>: Hànyǔ Pīnyīn fāng'àn). </p><p>Sistem tulisan Pinyin menggunakan huruf <a href="/wiki/Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi">rumi</a> untuk mewakili bunyi-bunyi dalam bahasa Mandarin baku. Cara huruf-huruf ini mewakili bunyi bahasa Mandarin baku berbeza berbanding bahasa lain yang ditulis dalam abjad rumi. Contohnya, bunyi-bunyi yang ditandai dalam pinyin dalam bentuk <i>b</i> dan <i>g</i> lebih dekat menyerupai bunyi-bunyi yang ditandai <i>p</i> dan <i>k</i> dalam kegunaan huruf rumi oleh sestengah bahasa Barat seperti bahasa Perancis. Huruf-huruf lain, seperti <i>q</i>, <i>ü</i> atau <i>zh</i>, menandai bunyi-bunyi yang tidak dapat disamakan kepada mana-mana bunyi bahasa Inggeris atau Melayu dengan tepatnya. </p><p>Dengan membolehkan huruf rumi merujuk kepada bunyi tertentu dalam bahasa Cina, pinyin menghasilkan perumian yang padat dan tepat, menjadikannya mudah untuk penutur bahasa Cina sebagai bahasa ibunda serta pengkaji bahasa ini. Namun, kemungkinan besar bahawa seseorang yang belum mengkaji bahasa Cina atau sistem pinyin akan banyak tersalah lafaz perkataan bahasa ini. Masalah ini tidak semendalam begini dengan sistem perumian awal seperti <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinyin dimajukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Youguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Youguang (laman tidak wujud)">Zhou Youguang</a> (1905–). <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhou sedang bekerja di sebuah bank di bandaraya New York apabila beliau memutuskan untuk kembali ke China untuk membantu membangkitkan negara selepas perang. Beliau menjadi seorang profesor ekonomi di <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Kemudian beliau beralih ke bahasa dan penulisan, satu langkah yang banyak melindungi beliau daripada kemarahan <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Kebudayaan" title="Revolusi Kebudayaan">Revolusi Kebudayaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Pada tahun 1950-an, beliau mula mengembangkan pinyin yang membantu berjuta-juta rakyat China — yang sukar memahami tulisan Cina — belajar membaca dan menulis. </p><p>Edisi pertama Hanyu Pinyin diluluskan dan diterima guna pada Sesi Kelima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Rakyat_Kebangsaan_Pertama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan Pertama (laman tidak wujud)">Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan Pertama</a> pada <a href="/wiki/11_Februari" title="11 Februari">11 Februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a>. Kemudian, pinyin diperkenalkan di sekolah rendah sebagai kaedah mengajar <a href="/wiki/Sebutan" title="Sebutan">sebutan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">Bahasa Mandarin Baku</a>, serta digunakan untuk meningkatkan kadar celik huruf di kalangan golongan dewasa. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, Kerajaan China mengeluarkan <i>Undang-undang Bahasa Umum Kebangsaan</i>, yang menyediakan asas undang-undang untuk penggunaan pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sistem Hanyu Pinyin mengatasi sistem-sistem perumian terdahulu seperti <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> (1859; diubahsuai 1892) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perumian_Peta_Pos_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perumian Peta Pos China (laman tidak wujud)">Perumian Peta Pos China</a>, dan menggantikan <a href="/wiki/Zhuyin" title="Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a> sebagai kaedah panduan fonetik Cina di <a href="/wiki/Tanah_besar_China" title="Tanah besar China">tanah besar China</a>. Pada tahun 1979, Hanyu Pinyin diterima guna oleh <a href="/wiki/Pertubuhan_Piawaian_Antarabangsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertubuhan Piawaian Antarabangsa">Pertubuhan Piawaian Antarabangsa</a> (ISO) sebagai perumian piawai untuk bahasa Cina moden (ISO-7098:1991). Pinyin juga diterima oleh <a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Singapura" title="Pemerintah Singapura">Pemerintah Singapura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pustaka_Kongres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pustaka Kongres (laman tidak wujud)">Pustaka Kongres</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Perpustakaan_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan Perpustakaan Amerika (laman tidak wujud)">Persatuan Perpustakaan Amerika</a>, banyak lagi institusi antarabangsa. Pinyin juga menjadi alat yang berguna untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_input_bahasa_Cina_untuk_komputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah input bahasa Cina untuk komputer (laman tidak wujud)">menginput teks Cina ke dalam komputer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sebutan">Sebutan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebutan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebutan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awalan">Awalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Awalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Awalan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam setiap sel berikut, baris atas memaparkan <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, manakala baris bawah memaparkan pinyin. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Bibir</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir-gigi" title="Konsonan bibir-gigi">Bibir-<br />gigi</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_ko-artikulasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan ko-artikulasi (laman tidak wujud)">Ko-<br />artikulasi</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_retrofleks" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan retrofleks">Retrofleks</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_alveolo-palatal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan alveolo-palatal (laman tidak wujud)">Alveolo-<br />lelangit</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_lelangit" title="Konsonan lelangit">Lelangit</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_velum" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan velum">Velum</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_plosif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan plosif (laman tidak wujud)">Plosif</a> </th> <td style="background: #cfc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[p]</span><br />b </td> <td style="background: #cfc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span><br />p </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[t]</span><br />d </td> <td style="background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span><br />t </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[k]</span><br />g </td> <td style="background: #fcc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span><br />k </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2;" style="background: #cfc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[m]</span><br />m </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2;" style="background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[n]</span><br />n </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_afrikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan afrikat (laman tidak wujud)">Afrikat</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: #cff;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ts]</span><br />z </td> <td style="background: #cff;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tsʰ]</span><br />c </td> <td style="background: #ffc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʈʂ]</span><br />zh </td> <td style="background: #ffc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʈʂʰ]</span><br />ch </td> <td style="background: #fcf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tɕ]</span><br />j </td> <td style="background: #fcf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tɕʰ]</span><br />q </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_frikatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan frikatif (laman tidak wujud)">Frikatif</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="background: #cfc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[f]</span><br />f </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #cff;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[s]</span><br />s </td> <td style="background: #ffc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span><br />sh </td> <td style="background: #ffc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> <sup>1</sup><br />r </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fcf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span><br />x </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fcc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[x]</span><br />h </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_anggaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan anggaran (laman tidak wujud)">Anggaran</a> </th> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[w]</span><sup>2</sup><br />w </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #ffc;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɻ]</span> <sup>1</sup><br />r </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[j]</span> <sup>3</sup><br />y </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsonan_anggaran_lateral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsonan anggaran lateral (laman tidak wujud)">Anggaran lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2;" style="background: #ccf;text-align: center;"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[l]</span><br />l </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>1</sup> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ɻ/</span> secara fonetiknya boleh menjadi <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ʐ/</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frikatif_retrofleks_bersuara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frikatif retrofleks bersuara (laman tidak wujud)">frikatif retrofleks bersuara</a>). Sebutan ini berbeza-beza antara para penuturnya, dan bukannya dua bunyi berasingan.<br /> <sup>2</sup> huruf "w" boleh dianggap sebagai awalan atau akhiran, dan disebut sebagai <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/w/</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u/</span><br /> <sup>3</sup> huruf "y" boleh dianggap sebagai awalan atau akhiran, dan disebut sebagai <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/j/</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i/</span><br /> </p><p>Susunan biasa (tidak termasuk <i>w</i> dan <i>y</i>), yang dipetik dari sistem <a href="/wiki/Zhuyin" title="Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a>, ialah seperti berikut: </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #cfc;">b p m f </td> <td style="background: #ccf;">d t n l </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">g k h </td> <td style="background: #fcf;">j q x </td> <td style="background: #ffc;">zh ch sh r </td> <td style="background: #cff;">z c s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akhiran">Akhiran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Akhiran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Akhiran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam setiap sel berikut, baris atas memaparkan IPA, baris tengah bagi pinyin dalam keadaan tunggal (tiada awalan), dan baris ketiga untuk pinyin bagi gabungan bersama awalan. Selain akhiran yang dimodifikasi dengan -r, yang tidak dipaparkan dalam jadual berikut, berikut merupakan jadual lengkap segala akhiran yang boleh dibentuk. <sup>1</sup> </p><p>Adalah mustahak untuk ditunjukkan bahawa cuma ada tiga konsonan akhiran suku kata iaitu dalam bahasa Mandarin baku, iaitu -n dnd -ng, dan -r yang disertakan sebagai akiran nahu. Jika anda terlihat suku kata Cina yang berakhir dengan konsonan selain yang tersebut tadi, sama ada suku kata itu berasal dari bahasa-bahasa selain Mandarin (bahasa Cina selatan seperti bahasa Kantonis, atau bahasa kaum minoriti China), atau sistem rumi selain pinyin digunakan (di mana konsonan akhiran digunakan untuk menandakan nada). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="12">Coda </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">∅</th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/n/</span></th> <th colspan="3"><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Medial </th> <th>∅ </th> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɨ]</span><br /><br />-i</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɤ]</span><br />e<br />-e</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[a]</span><br />a<br />-a </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ei]</span><br />ei<br />-ei</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ai]</span><br />ai<br />-ai </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ou]</span><br />ou<br />-ou</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[au]</span><br />ao<br />-ao </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ən]</span><br />en<br />-en</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[an]</span><br />an<br />-an </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʊŋ]</span><br /><br />-ong</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[əŋ]</span><br />eng<br />-eng</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[aŋ]</span><br />ang<br />-ang </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/i/</span> </th> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[i]</span><br />yi<br />-i</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ie]</span><br />ye<br />-ie</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ia]</span><br />ya<br />-ia </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iou]</span><br />you<br />-iu</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iau]</span><br />yao<br />-iao </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[in]</span><br />yin<br />-in</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɛn]</span><br />yan<br />-ian </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iʊŋ]</span><br />yong<br />-iong</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iŋ]</span><br />ying<br />-ing</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iaŋ]</span><br />yang<br />-iang </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/u/</span> </th> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[u]</span><br />wu<br />-u</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uo]</span><br />wo<br />-uo <sup>3</sup></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ua]</span><br />wa<br />-ua </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uei]</span><br />wei<br />-ui</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uai]</span><br />wai<br />-uai </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uən]</span><br />wen<br />-un</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uan]</span><br />wan<br />-uan </td> <td></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uəŋ]</span><br />weng<br /> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uaŋ]</span><br />wang<br />-uang </td></tr> <tr> <th><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/y/</span> </th> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[y]</span><br />yu<br />-ü <sup>2</sup></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ye]</span><br />yue<br />-üe <sup>2</sup></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yn]</span><br />yun<br />-ün <sup>2</sup></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɛn]</span><br />yuan<br />-üan <sup>2</sup> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>1</sup> /ər/ (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">而</span></span>, <span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">二</span></span>, dsb.) ditulis sebagai <i>er</i>. Bagi akhiran lain yang dibentuk dengan -r, pinyin tidak menggunakan daftar eja khusus; seseorang boleh menokok -r pada akhiran yang digabungkan dengannya, tanpa mengendahkan mana-mana perubahan bunyi yang mungkin berlaku dalam proses tersebut. Untuk maklumat dalam perubahan bunyi berkaitan -r akhiran, sila rujuk <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">Bahasa Mandarin Baku</a>.<br /> <sup>2</sup> "ü" ditulis sebagai "u" selepas j, q, x, atau y.<br /> <sup>3</sup> "uo" ditulis sebagai "o" selepas b, p, m, atau f.<br /> </p><p>Tambahan pula, <i>ê</i> <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span> digunakan untuk mewakili beberapa <a href="/wiki/Kata_seru" title="Kata seru">kata seru</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nada">Nada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Nada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nada"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/115px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/173px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg/230px-Pinyin_Tone_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Perubahan bunyi relatif antara empat nada</figcaption></figure> <p>Sistem pinyin juga menyertakan simbol suprasegmental untuk mewakili empat <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku#Nada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">nada bahasa Mandarin</a>. Setiap ton ditandai dengan tanda diakritik di atas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huruf_vokal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huruf vokal (laman tidak wujud)">huruf vokal</a> bukan medial. Kebanyakan buku-buku di China mencampuri fon, dengan vokal bertanda nada dikemukakan dalam fon yang berbeza dengan huruf-huruf lain, suatu amalan yang sering menimbulkan penampilan yang kurang menyenangkan mata bag teks pinyin. Gaya yang barangkali berdasarkan had teknikal awal, telah menyebabkan ramai orang percaya bahawa hukum pinyin mewajibkan amalan ini dan juga penggunaan "<span class="Unicode">ɑ</span>" (tiada lengkuk di atas) sebagai ganti gaya standard huruf "a" yang didapati dalam kebanyakan fon. Bagaimanapun, peraturan rasmi Hanyu Pinyin, tidak mewajibkan amalan sedemikian. Adalah diingatkan bahawa tanda nada juga boleh muncul pada huruf konsonan dalam sesetengah kata seru. </p> <ol><li>Nada pertama (Nada rata atau tahap tinggi) diwakili <a href="/wiki/Makron" title="Makron">makron</a> (ˉ) yang dibubuh pada huruf vokal pinyin: <dl><dd><br /><span style="font-size: 23pt;"><span class="Unicode">ā ē ī ō ū ǖ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū Ǖ</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Nada kedua (Nada Naik atau Naik Tinggi) diwakili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanda_akut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanda akut (laman tidak wujud)">tanda akut</a> (ˊ): <dl><dd><br /><span style="font-size: 23pt;"><span class="Unicode">á é í ó ú ǘ Á É Í Ó Ú Ǘ</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Nada ketiga (Nada Turun-Naik atau Rendah) diwakili tanda <i><a href="/wiki/Hacek" title="Hacek">háček</a></i> ( ˇ ) — sering dikelirukan di Internet dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanda_bref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanda bref (laman tidak wujud)">tanda bref</a> ( ˘ ) yang melengkung di bawah . <dl><dd><br /><span style="font-size: 23pt;"><span class="Unicode">ǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ ǚ Ǎ Ě Ǐ Ǒ Ǔ Ǚ</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Nada keempat (Nada Turun atau Nada Tinggi-Turun) diwakili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanda_graf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanda graf (laman tidak wujud)">tanda graf</a> (ˋ): <dl><dd><br /><span style="font-size: 23pt;"><span class="Unicode">à è ì ò ù ǜ À È Ì Ò Ù Ǜ</span></span></dd></dl></li> <li>Nada kelima atau neutral diwakili huruf vokal normal tanpa apa-apa tanda: <dl><dd><br /><span style="font-size: 23pt;"><span class="Unicode">a e i o u ü A E I O U Ü</span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <dl><dd>(Kadang-kala, ini juga ditulis dengan titik sebelum suku kata; contohnya, ·ma.)</dd></dl> <p>Sungguhpun tanda nada ini biasanya cuma didapati dalam buku teks pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin bagi murid sekolah atau pelajar asing, namun tanda-tanda ini penting untuk sebutan tepat suku kata bahasa Mandarin, seperti dipaparkan contoh klasik berikut bagi lima <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">aksara Cina</a> yang sebutannya berbeza pada nada sahaja: </p> <div class="boilerplate metadata" style="font-size:smaller; width:25em; float:right; background-color:#FFF3F9; margin:0 0 1em 1em; padding:0 1em; border:1px solid #AAA;"><span style="line-height:1.6em;"><b>Rencana atau bahagian ini beranotasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_ruby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara ruby (laman tidak wujud)">Ruby</a>.</b></span><br /> Sesetengah pelayar web tidak mampu memaparkannya dengan betul; anda mungkin akan melihat transkripsinya dalam tanda kurungan selepas aksara berkenaan, seperti ini: <div style="display:inline;"><span title="language text-Cina"><i lang="zh">了</i></span>(<span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">le</i></span>)</div>, dan bukannya di atas aksara seperti yang dijangkakan.</div> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><ruby style="ruby-align: center; font-size: x-small;" lang="zh"><rb><span class="largeChinese" style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A6%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:妈">妈</a></b></span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin" style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-family :inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial';"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mā</i></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <ruby style="ruby-align: center; font-size: x-small;" lang="zh"><rb><span class="largeChinese" style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:麻">麻</a></b></span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin" style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-family :inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial';"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">má</i></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <ruby style="ruby-align: center; font-size: x-small;" lang="zh"><rb><span class="largeChinese" style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:马">马</a></b></span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin" style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-family :inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial';"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mǎ</i></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <ruby style="ruby-align: center; font-size: x-small;" lang="zh"><rb><span class="largeChinese" style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AA%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:骂">骂</a></b></span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin" style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-family :inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial';"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mà</i></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> <ruby style="ruby-align: center; font-size: x-small;" lang="zh"><rb><span class="largeChinese" style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:吗">吗</a></b></span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt class="pinyin" style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; font-family :inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial';"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Cina bahasa) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">·ma</i></span></span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> </p> </td> <td> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;"><table style="width:100%; background:transparent; color:inherit; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg" title="Fail:Zh-pinyin tones with ma.ogg">mā má mǎ mà</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" style="width:180px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg/Zh-pinyin_tones_with_ma.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </p> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding:0;">Sampel bunyi empat nada</td> </tr><tr> <td><hr /></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Masalah mendengarkan ? Sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio">bantuan media</a>.</i></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angka_sebagai_ganti_tanda_nada">Angka sebagai ganti tanda nada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Angka sebagai ganti tanda nada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Angka sebagai ganti tanda nada"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oleh sebab kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Papan_kekunci" class="mw-redirect" title="Papan kekunci">papan kekunci</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukataip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukataip (laman tidak wujud)">fon</a> komputer tidak mengandungi tanda makron atau karon, penggunaan digit untuk mewakili nada diamalkan pada akhir setiap suku kata. Contohnya, "tóng" (<i>tong</i> dengan nada menaik) ditaip sebagai "tong2". </p><p>Digit yang dipakai bagi setiap nada adalah seperti susunan yang dinyatakan di atas (kecuali "nada kelima" yang, selain dinomborkan 5, juga langsung tidak bernombor atau dinomborkan 0, seperti <i>ma0</i> (<span title="language text-Cina"><span lang="zh">吗/嗎</span></span>, aksara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soalan (laman tidak wujud)">soalan</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nada</th> <th>Tanda nada</th> <th>Nombor yang dibubuh<br />pada akhir sukukata<br />sebagai ganti tanda nada</th> <th>Contoh menggunakan<br />tanda nada</th> <th>Contoh menggunakan<br />nombor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pertama</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makron" title="Makron">makron</a> ( ˉ )</td> <td style="text-align: center">1</td> <td style="text-align: center">mā</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma1</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">mɑ˥˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kedua</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanda_akut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanda akut (laman tidak wujud)">tanda akut</a> ( ˊ )</td> <td style="text-align: center">2</td> <td style="text-align: center">má</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma2</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">mɑ˧˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ketiga</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karon (laman tidak wujud)">karon</a> ( ˇ )</td> <td style="text-align: center">3</td> <td style="text-align: center">mǎ</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma3</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">mɑ˨˩˦</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Keempat</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanda_graf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanda graf (laman tidak wujud)">tanda graf</a> ( ˋ )</td> <td style="text-align: center">4</td> <td style="text-align: center">mà</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma4</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">mɑ˥˩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Neutral" atau "Kelima"</td> <td>Tiada tanda atau<br />titik sebelum suku kata (·)</td> <td style="text-align: center">Tiada nombor<br />5<br />0</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma<br />·ma</td> <td style="text-align: center">ma<br />ma5<br />ma0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hukum_kedudukan_tanda_nada">Hukum kedudukan tanda nada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Hukum kedudukan tanda nada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hukum kedudukan tanda nada"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peraturan bagi menentukan pada bunyi vokal yang mana tanda nada hendaklah dibubuh adalah seperti berikut: </p> <ol><li>Jika terdapat lebih daripada satu huruf vokal dan huruf vokal pertama ialah <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, atau <i>ü</i>, maka tanda nada muncul pada huruf vokal kedua.</li> <li>Pada kes-kes lain, tanda nada sentiasa muncul pada huruf vokal pertama.</li></ol> <p>(<i>y</i> dan <i>w</i> tidak dianggap sebagai huruf vokal bagi hukum ini.) </p><p>Sebab-sebab di sebalik peraturan ini adalah kes <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triftong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triftong (laman tidak wujud)">triftong</a>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, dan <i>ü</i> (serta kesamaan daftar ejanya <i>y</i> dan <i>w</i> apabila tiadanya konsonan awalan) dianggap sebagai luncuran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_(linguistik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial (linguistik) (laman tidak wujud)">medial</a> dan bukannya sebahagian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleus_suku_kata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleus suku kata (laman tidak wujud)">nukleus suku kata</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologi</a> bahasa Mandarin. Peraturan ini memastikan bahawa tanda nada sentiasa muncul pada nukleus suku kata. </p><p>Satu lagi algoritma bagi menentukan kedudukan tanda nada adalah seperti berikut: </p> <ol><li>Mula-mula sekali, cari huruf "a" atau "e". Jika mana-mana vokal itu ada, maka vokal itulah yang mengambil tanda nada. Tiada satu sukukata pinyin pun yang mengandungi kedua-dua huruf "a" dan "e".</li> <li>Jika tiadanya huruf "a" atau "e", cari gugusan "ou". Jika "ou" ada, maka huruf "o" mengambil tanda nada.</li> <li>Jika kes-kes di atas tidak benar, maka huruf vokal terakhir dalam sukukata mengambil tanda nada.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cara_sebutan_dalam_konteks_bahasa_lain">Cara sebutan dalam konteks bahasa lain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Cara sebutan dalam konteks bahasa lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Cara sebutan dalam konteks bahasa lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berikut merupakan cara menyebut bunyi-bunyi dalam pinyin melalui bandingan dengan bunyi-bunyi <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">bahasa Melayu</a> (melainkan dinyatakan sebaliknya, kerana bukan semua bunyi dalam bahasa Mandarin wujud dalam bahasa Melayu). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebutan_bagi_awalan">Sebutan bagi awalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebutan bagi awalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebutan bagi awalan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pinyin</b></td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa">IPA</a></b></td> <td><b>Huraian</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>b</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[p]</span></td> <td><b>p</b> yang biasa, seperti dalam "<b>p</b>atah" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>p</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span></td> <td><b>p</b> yang lebih kuat terkeluar sedikit udara, seperti dalam "<b>p</b>it" (bahasa Inggeris) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>m</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[m]</span></td> <td>sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>f</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[f]</span></td> <td>sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>d</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[t]</span></td> <td><b>t</b> yang biasa, seperti dalam "<b>t</b>angkap" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span></td> <td><b>t</b> yang kuat terkeluar sedikit udara, seperti dalam "<b>t</b>op" (bahasa Inggeris) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>n</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[n]</span></td> <td>sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[l]</span></td> <td>sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>g</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[k]</span></td> <td><b>k</b> yang biasa, seperti dalam "<b>k</b>ambing" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span></td> <td><b>k</b> yang kuat terkeluar sedikit udara, seperti dalam "<b>k</b>ill" (bahasa Inggeris) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>h</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[x]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>kh</b> dalam <b>kh</b>idmat, terutamanya jika mengikut sebutan Arab yang mempunyai huruf tersendiri iaitu <i>kha</i> (خ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>j</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tɕ]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>c</b> dalam "<b>C</b>ina"; Untuk memperoleh bunyi ini, mula-mula ambil konsonan <b>c</b> tersebut tadi, kemudian alihkan buni ini perlahan-lahan ke arah belakang lidah sehingga bunyi ini tidak dihasilkan di hujung lidah. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>q</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tɕʰ]</span></td> <td>kaedah sama seperti awalan <i>j</i> di atas, tetapi lebih kuat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>x</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>sy</b> dalam "<b>sy</b>iah" namun jauh dari ledah sepertimana huraian awalan <i>j</i>; amat serupa dengan bunyi akhiran <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a> "i<b>ch</b>", <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Portugis" title="Bahasa Portugis">bahasa Portugis</a> "en<b>x</b>ada", "lu<b>x</b>o", "<b>x</b>ícara", "pu<b>x</b>a" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>zh</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʈʂ]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>c</b> dalam "<b>c</b>ampak"; Ambil konsonan ini dan gulungkan lidah ke atas. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʈʂʰ]</span></td> <td>kaedah sama seperti awalan <i>zh</i> di atas, tetapi lebih kuat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sh</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>sy</b> dalam <i>sy</i>arat, tetapi dengan lidah yang digulung ke atas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>r</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɻ]</span></td> <td>serupa dengan huruf <b>r</b> dalam "<b>r</b>ank" (bahasa Inggeris), tetapi dengan bibir yang kembang dan lidah digulung ke atas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>z</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ts]</span></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti <b>ts</b> dalam "ske<b>ts</b>a" yang disebut seolah-olah seperti satu konsonan tunggal </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>c</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[tsʰ]</span></td> <td>sama seperti awalan <i>z</i>, tetapi lebih kuat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[s]</span></td> <td>sama seperti dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>w</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[w]</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[u]</span></td> <td>boleh dianggap seperti medial atau akhiran, dan disebut sebagai <b>w</b> atau <b>u</b> dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>y</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[j]</span> atau <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[i]</span></td> <td>boleh dianggap seperti medial atau akhiran, dan disebut sebagai <b>y</b> atau <b>i</b> dalam bahasa Melayu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebutan_bagi_akhiran">Sebutan bagi akhiran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Sebutan bagi akhiran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sebutan bagi akhiran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berikut adalah senarai penuh akhiran yang wujud dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mandarin_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Mandarin Baku">bahasa Mandarin Baku</a>. </p><p>Untuk mencari akhiran yang diberi: </p> <ol><li>Gugurkan konsonan awalan. Bagi zh-, ch-, sh-, kedua-dua huruf perlu digugurkan kerana setiap satunya merupakan gugusan dua huruf bagi satu konsonan tunggal.</li> <li>Meskipun y- dan w- dalah konsonan namun kedua-duanya boleh dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada akhiran, maka jangan gugurkannya. <ol><li>Suku kata yang bermula dengan y- dan w- boleh dianggap sebagai bentuk berdikari bagi akhiran "i, u, ü" dan akhiran yang bermula dengan "i-, u-, ü-".</li></ol></li> <li>Jika sesuatu suku kata bermula dengan j-, q-, x-, atau y-, dan akhirannya ialah -u atau bermula dengan -u-, maka ubahkan -u atau -u- menjadi -ü atau -ü-.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Pinyin</b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></b></th> <th><b>Bentuk akhiran sahaja</b></th> <th><b>Huraian</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>-i</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɹ̩]</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɻ̩]</span></td> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td>Dipaparkan sebagai "i" selepas: "zh", "ch", "sh", "r", "z", "c" atau "s". Selepas "z", "c" atau "s", bunyinya seperti bunyi "zzz" yang panjang. Selepas "zh", "ch", "sh" atau "r", bunyinya bagaikan bunyi "r" yang panjang dengan lidah bergulung. Dalam sesetengah dialek, sebutannya lebih terbuka sedikit, membolehkan vokal yang kedengaran lebih jelas untuk dikeluarkan (bunyi vokal tinggi di pertengahan mulut, bibir tidak dibulatkan, seperti IPA <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">/ɨ/</span>; sebut 'zzz' dan rendahkan lidah agar bunyi dengungan ini boleh lalu). </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[a]</span></td> <td><b>a</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "<b>a</b>bah" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɤ]</span>, <span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ə]</span></td> <td><b>e</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "k<b>e</b>na", tetapi bibir ditutup sedikit dan vokal "e" dihasilkan dari belakang mulut; Kebanyakan suku kata yang bernada ringan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (tepat dengan "e" dalam "k<b>e</b>na"), tetapi juga ditulis sebagai "e".) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ai</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[æi]</span></td> <td><b>ai</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "bal<b>ai</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ei</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ei]</span></td> <td><b>ei</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "es<b>ei</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ao</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɑu]</span></td> <td><b>ao</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "k<b>au</b>"; <i>a</i> lebih kuat didengar berbanding <i>o</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ou</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ou]</span></td> <td><b>ou</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "s<b>o</b>" (bahasa Inggeris), gugusan vokal "o" dan "u" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>an</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[æn]</span></td> <td><b>an</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "<b>an</b>da" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>en</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ən]</span></td> <td><b>en</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "r<b>en</b>dah" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ang</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɑŋ]</span></td> <td><b>ang</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "y<b>ang</b>", tetapi vokal "a" dihasilkan di belakang lidah </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>eng</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[əŋ]</span></td> <td><b>eng</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "s<b>eng</b>kang", tetapi bibir ditutup sedikit dan vokal dihasilkan dari belakang mulut </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>er</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɐɚ]</span></td> <td><b>er</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "sed<b>ar</b>" (hanya wujud sendirinya, atau sebagai bahagian hujung akhiran dalam gabungan dengan suku kata lain — lihat bawah senarai) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Akhrian bermula dengan i- (y-) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[i]</span></td> <td><b>yi</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "<b>i</b>man", kecuali jika didahului "c", "ch", "r", "s", "sh", "z" atau "zh" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ia</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ia]</span></td> <td><b>ya</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "k<b>ia</b>n" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ie</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ie]</span></td> <td><b>ye</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ê</b>; tetapi amat pendek; <i>e</i> (disebut seperti <i>ê</i>) disebut lebih panjang dan membawa stres tinggi (seperti dalam "<b>ye</b>n") </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iao</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɑu]</span></td> <td><b>yao</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ao</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iu</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iou]</span></td> <td><b>you</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ou</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ian</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɛn]</span></td> <td><b>yan</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ê</b> + <b>n</b>; seperti "<b>yen</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>in</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[in]</span></td> <td><b>yin</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "bat<b>in</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iang</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɑŋ]</span></td> <td><b>yang</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ang</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ing</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iəŋ]</span></td> <td><b>ying</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "pen<b>ing</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Akhiran bermula dengan u- (w-) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[u]</span></td> <td><b>wu</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "<b>u</b>lat" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ua</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ua]</span></td> <td><b>wa</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "l<b>ua</b>r" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uo, o</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uo]</span></td> <td><b>wo</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "k<b>uo</b>ta"; "o" disebut dengan lebih pendek dan ringan berbanding akhiran "o" tunggal tadi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uai</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uæi]</span></td> <td><b>wai</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "t<b>uai</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ui</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uei]</span></td> <td><b>wei</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>ei</b>; "i" dalam gugusan ini disebut "ei" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uan</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uæn]</span></td> <td><b>wan</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "peremp<b>uan</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>un</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uən]</span></td> <td><b>wen</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>en</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uang</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɑŋ]</span></td> <td><b>wang</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "t<b>uang</b>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ong</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʊŋ]</span></td> <td><i>n/a'</i></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "reb<b>ung</b>", bagi "u" bibir dibuka sedikit </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>n/a</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uəŋ]</span></td> <td><b>weng</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>eng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Awalan bermula dengan ü- (yu-) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ü</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[y]</span></td> <td><b>yu</b></td> <td>seperti dalam "<b>ü</b>ben" (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a>) atau "l<b>u</b>ne" (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Perancis</a>); Untuk memperoleh bunyi ini, sebut "i" seperti dalam "ini" dengan bibir dibulatkan) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>üe</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ye]</span></td> <td><b>yue</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + <b>ê</b>; <i>ü</i> ini hendaklah pendek dan ringan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>üan</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɛn]</span></td> <td><b>yuan</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + <b>ê</b>+ <b>n</b>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ün</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yn]</span></td> <td><b>yun</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + <b>n</b>; </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>iong</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iʊŋ]</span></td> <td><b>yong</b></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ong</b>; </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Kata seru </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>ê</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span></td> <td>(n/a)</td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "b<b>e</b>rang", tetapi bibir dibuka sedikit. Hanya digunakan dalam sesetengah kata teriakan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span></td> <td>(n/a)</td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "ku<b>o</b>ta", tetapi bagi bahagian "o" bibir perlu dibuka sedikit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>io</i></td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɔ]</span></td> <td><b>yo</b></td> <td>lebih kurang seperti dalam "T<b>io</b>man", tetapi bagi "o" bibir perlu dibuka sedikit. Hanya digunakan dalam beberapa kata seru. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Akhiran yang merupakan gabungan akhiran di atas + akhiran <b>r</b><sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Pinyin</b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></b></th> <th><b>Huraian</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ar</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɐɚ]</span></td> <td>seperti <i>ar</i> dalam "<b>ar</b>t" (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_Amerika" title="Bahasa Inggeris Amerika">bahasa Inggeris Amerika</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>er</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɤɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>e</b> + <b>r</b>; jangan dikelirukan dengan akhiran <i>er</i> tunggal—bentuk ini hanya wujud dengan adanya awalan sebelumnya </td></tr> <tr> <td>air</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eir</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aor</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɑu˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ao</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>our</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ou˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ou</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>anr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>enr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>angr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɑ̃ɚ̃]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ang</b> + <b>r</b>, dengan bunyi <b>ng</b> digugurkan dan bunyi vokalnya disengaukan </td></tr> <tr> <td>engr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɚ̃]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>eng</b> + <b>r</b>, dengan bunyi <b>ng</b> digugurkan dan bunyi vokalnya disengaukan </td></tr> <tr> <td>ir</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ir</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ɚ]</span></td> <td>selepas "c", "ch", "r", "s", "sh", "z", "zh": gugusan schwa + <b>r</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>iar</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ier</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ie</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>iaor</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɑu˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>iao</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>iur</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iou˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>iou</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ianr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ir</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>iangr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɑ̃ɚ̃]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>angr</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ingr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iɚ̃]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>engr</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ur</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[u˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uar</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uor, or</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uoɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>uo</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uair</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uir</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uanr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>unr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uangr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[uɑ̃ɚ̃]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>u</b> + <b>angr</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ongr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[ʊ̃˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ong</b> + <b>r</b>, dengan bunyi <b>ng</b> digugurkan dan bunyi vokalnya disengaukan </td></tr> <tr> <td>ür</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>üer</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ue</b> + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>üanr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɐɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + <b>ar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ünr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[yɚ]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>ü</b> + schwa + <b>r</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>iongr</td> <td><span title="Pewakilan dalam Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa (AFA)" class="IPA">[iʊ̃˞]</span></td> <td>gugusan <b>i</b> + <b>ongr</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>1</sup> Bunyi "r" ini hendaklah digulungkan lidahnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2008/feb/20/zhaou.youguang.pinyin">Film clip about Zhou Youguang, the "Father of pinyin".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"Hanyu pinyin system turns 50". Straits Times. 2008-02-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hanyu+pinyin+system+turns+50&rft.date=2008-02-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3APinyin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penukar_automatik">Penukar automatik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Penukar automatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penukar automatik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinyin4j.sourceforge.net/">Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to various pinyin representations</a> Mendukung Tulisan Cina Mudah dan Tradisional; Sistem perumian termasuk Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade-Giles, MPS2, Yale dan Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Menyokong sebutan berbeza bagi satu aksara tunggal; Mendukung output bermodifikasi, seperti ü atau tanda nada.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cozychinese.com/convert/">Pinyin Translator</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011181631/http://cozychinese.com/convert/">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-10-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pinyin dengan tanda nada bagi teks Cina mudah atau tradisional.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toshuo.com/pinyin-tone-tool">Pinyin Tone Tool</a> Menukarkan pinyin dengan nombor nada kepada pinyin dengan tanda nada pada huruf vokal yang <i>betul</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/pinyin.html">Chinese pronunciation tool</a> Tampal teks Cina dan peroleh sebutan pinyin semua aksara.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinese-tools.com/tools/pinyin-editor.html">Pinyin editor</a> Menulis Pinyin dengan nada.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longjiang.org/pinyin/">Pinyin Annotator</a> Mengumpulkan aksara Cina bagi membentuk perkataan dan melabelkan pinyin secara pintar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lain-lain">Lain-lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Lain-lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinyin&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lain-lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanglin-software.com/LittlePinApp/LittlePinyinApp.aspx">Little Pinyin App 1.0 online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706084310/http://www.kanglin-software.com/LittlePinApp/LittlePinyinApp.aspx">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-07-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cq.netsh.com/bbs/757809/html/tree_33024454.html">New Edition Hanyu Pinyin Syllable Table</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090124223408/http://cq.netsh.com/bbs/757809/html/tree_33024454.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2009-01-24 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/read.shtml">Read/Write using Unicode</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fluenz.com">Fluenz</a> - Perisian pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin menggunakan Pinyin bagi hasil komunikasi perbualan segera</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kanglin-software.com/">Convert Chinese to Pinyin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.chtsai.org/papers/pinyin-comparison.html">Tongyong and Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/">Hanyu Pinyin Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cozywebsite.com/dictionary/zhuyin/">Zhuyin->Wade-Giles->Pinyin->Word List</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page">English Wiktionary</a> - Useful resource for identifying Chinese characters (copy and paste individual characters into "search" box)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinyin8.oncloud8.com">the pinyinator</a> - Menukarkan teks Cina UNICODE ke pinyin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newconcept.com/Reference/how_input_chinese.html">How to use Pinyin to input Chinese?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/catdir/pinyin/romcover.html">U.S. Library of Congress conversion page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geniv.com/ako888/index.php">- Chinese lyrics in Pinyin with sound files (Cantonese & Mandarin)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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