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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_hanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_hanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pembentukan hanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_hanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eumhun_(bunyi_dan_erti)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eumhun_(bunyi_dan_erti)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Eumhun</i> (bunyi dan erti)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eumhun_(bunyi_dan_erti)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendidikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendidikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pendidikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendidikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 73 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="هانجا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="হাঞ্জা – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঞ্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ханча – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ханча" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ханча – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C4%8Da" title="Hanča – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hanča" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Χάντσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάντσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="هانجا – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانجا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90" title="한국어 한자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국어 한자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1" title="Հանջա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանջա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="हानजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हानजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%94" title="הנג'ה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנג'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ჰანჯა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہَنجا – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہَنجا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ханча – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ханча" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B2" title="ຮັນຈາ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮັນຈາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hania" title="Hania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%C5%BEa" title="Handža – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Handža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%C5%BEa" title="Handža – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Handža" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handzsa" title="Handzsa – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Handzsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ჰანჯა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰანჯა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="ဟန်ဂျာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟန်ဂျာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮における漢字 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮における漢字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہانجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہانجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancha" title="Hancha – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hancha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ханча – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ханча" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F" title="හන්ජා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හන්ජා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C4%8Da" title="Hanča – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hanča" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ھانجا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھانجا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Һанча – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һанча" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรฮันจา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรฮันจา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hanja" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%C3%A7a" title="Hança – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hança" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ханча – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ханча" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہانجا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہانجا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朝鮮漢字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="朝鲜汉字 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朝鲜汉字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="韓文漢字 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韓文漢字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鮮漢字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485619#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Hanja" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanja"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanja"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Hanja" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Hanja" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&oldid=6394504" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Hanja&id=6394504&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHanja"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHanja"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hanja"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hanja&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Korean_Hanja" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q485619" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above navbox-title">Hanja</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Hanzi_(traditional).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="120pxangul=한자"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/175px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/263px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg/350px-Hanzi_%28traditional%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header navbox-title">Nama Korea</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko-Hani">漢字</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Perumian_Semakan_Bahasa_Korea" title="Perumian Semakan Bahasa Korea">Perumian Semakan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-bahasa perumian"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hanja</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Perumian_McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="Perumian McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korea-bahasa perumian"><i lang="ko-Latn">Hancha</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%; margin:0px 0px 5px 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ccccff" style="padding:5px;"><big><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:2px 12px 0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Tradisional" title="Tulisan Cina Tradisional">Cina Tradisional</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_kelainan_Cina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara kelainan Cina (laman tidak wujud)">Aksara kelainan</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas">Cina Ringkas</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_Cina_Ringkas_pusingan_kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan Cina Ringkas pusingan kedua (laman tidak wujud)">Cina Ringkas pusingan kedua</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Kanji" title="Tulisan Kanji">Kanji</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyujitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyujitai (laman tidak wujud)">Kyujitai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinjitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinjitai (laman tidak wujud)">Shinjitai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanja</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugyeol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugyeol (laman tidak wujud)">Gugyeol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyangchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyangchal (laman tidak wujud)">Hyangchal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chu Nom</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1n_T%E1%BB%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hán Tự (laman tidak wujud)">Han Tu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seni_khat_Asia_Timur" title="Seni khat Asia Timur">Seni khat Asia Timur</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_tulang_ramalan" title="Tulisan tulang ramalan">Tulisan tulang ramalan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_gangsa" title="Tulisan gangsa">Tulisan gangsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/wiki/Tulisan_mohor" title="Tulisan mohor">Tulisan mohor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_kerani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan kerani (laman tidak wujud)">Tulisan kerani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulisan_biasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulisan biasa (laman tidak wujud)">Tulisan biasa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Separa_Kursif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Separa Kursif (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Separa Kursif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px;">- <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skrip_Kursif_(Asia_Timur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skrip Kursif (Asia Timur) (laman tidak wujud)">Skrip Kursif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 12px 3px 12px;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_input_Cina_untuk_komputer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah input Cina untuk komputer (laman tidak wujud)">Kaedah Input</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hanja</b> ialah nama <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">Korea</a> untuk <b><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">aksara Cina</a></b>, khususnya aksara yang dipinjam daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina">bahasa Cina</a> dan dikandungkan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea">bahasa Korea</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik">fonetik</a> Korea. <i>Hanja-mal</i> atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cina-Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cina-Korea (laman tidak wujud)">hanja-eo</a></i> bererti perkataan yang boleh ditulis dalam bentuk hanja, manakala <i>hanmun</i> ialah penulisan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Klasik" title="Bahasa Cina Klasik">bahasa Cina Klasik</a>, namun "hanja" kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merangkumi konsep-konsep lain ini. Oleh sebab tidak pernah mengalami apa-apa pembaharuan besar, Hanja rata-rata seiras dengan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina_tradisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina tradisional">aksara Cina tradisional</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%ABjitai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyūjitai (laman tidak wujud)">Kyūjitai</a>. Hanya sebilangan kecil aksara Hanja diubah suai atau hanya digunakan dalam tulisan Korea. </p><p>Sungguhpun pernah menjadi amat penting kepada para cendekiawan di Korea, kini Hanja tidak lagi digunakan untuk menulis perkataan bahasa Korea asli, dan kata pinjaman bahasa Cina pun — <i>hanja-eo</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">한자어</span></span>, <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">漢字語</span></span>) — biasanya ditulis dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dorongan utama pengenalan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">aksara Cina</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> ialah penyebaran <a href="/wiki/Agama_Buddha" title="Agama Buddha">agama Buddha</a>. Bagaimanapun, catatan China utama yang memperkenalkan Hanja kepada orang Korea bukanlah catatan keagamaan, sebaliknya merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thousand_Character_Classic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thousand Character Classic (laman tidak wujud)"><i>Cheonjamun</i></a> (<i>Thousand Character Classic</i> Teks Seribu Aksara). </p><p>Orang Korea perlu belajar <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Cina klasik">bahasa Cina klasik</a> agar betul-betul celik huruf bagi kebanyakannya, tetapi terdapat beberapa sistem yang direka untuk menggunakan bentuk ringkas aksara Cina yang mentranskripsi bahasa Korea secara <a href="/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik">fonetik</a>, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyangchal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyangchal (laman tidak wujud)">hyangchal</a> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">향찰</span></span>; <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">鄕札</span></span>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gugyeol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gugyeol (laman tidak wujud)">gugyeol</a> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">구결</span></span>; <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">口訣</span></span>), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idu (laman tidak wujud)">idu</a> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">이두</span></span>; <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">吏讀</span></span>). </p><p>Salah satu cara menyesuaikan Hanja dalam penulisan bahasa Korea mengikut sistem-sistem ini (seperti Gugyeol) adalah untuk melambangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikel_tatabahasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikel tatabahasa (laman tidak wujud)">partikel tatabahasa</a> bahasa Korea asli dan perkataan-perkataan lain hanya mengikut sebutannya. Contohnya, Gugyeol menggunakan aksara <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">爲尼</span></span> untuk mentranskripsi perkataan "hăni", atau "hani" dalam bahasa Korea moden, yang bermaksud "buat". Akan tetapi, dalam bahasa Cina, aksara-aksara yang sama ini boleh dibaca sebagai "wéi ní" yang bermaksud "menjadi biarawati." Ini ialah satu contoh perkataan Gugyeol yang mana radikal (爲) disebut dalam bahasa Korea untuk ertinya (hă — "buat") dan akhiran 尼, ni ("biarawati"), yang digunakan untuk tujuan fonetik. </p><p>Hanja ialah satu-satunya bentuk penulisan bahasa Korea sehingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Sejong_yang_Agung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Sejong yang Agung (laman tidak wujud)">Raja Sejong yang Agung</a> memupuk ciptaan <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> pada abad ke-15. Namun begitu, selepas hangul direka pun, kebanyakan cendekiawan Korea masih menggunakan hanmun. </p><p>Pada abad ke-20, barulah hangul betul-betul menggantikan hanja. Secara rasmi, hanja tidak pernah digunakan di <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> sejak Jun 1949 (tambahan pula, segala teks dicetak secara mengufuk dan bukan menegak), kerana <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> menganggapnya sebagai tinggalan <a href="/wiki/Korea_di_bawah_pemerintahan_Jepun" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea di bawah pemerintahan Jepun">pendudukan Jepun</a> dan halangan kepada kecelikan huruf.<sup title="Teks ini perlu petikan" class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><i>perlu rujukan</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Tambahan lagi, kebanyakan kata pinjaman bahasa Cina telah diganti dengan perkataan Korea asli di Korea Utara. Bagaimanapun, masih terdapat sebilangan besar kata pinjam bahasa Cina yang masih digunakan secara meluas di Utara (itupun ditulis dalam Hangul), dan aksara hanja masih wujud bagi konteks khas dan juga muncul dalam kamus Korea Utara yang terkini <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200305/news05/29.htm#6">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012114938/http://kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200305/news05/29.htm#6">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-10-12 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan_hanja">Pembentukan hanja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembentukan hanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembentukan hanja"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setiap hanja terdiri daripada salah satu daripada 214 <a href="/wiki/Radikal_(aksara_Cina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radikal (aksara Cina)">radikal</a> yang biasanya disertai satu atau lebih unsur tambahan. Majoriti besar hanja menggunakan unsur-unsur tambahan itu untuk menunjukkan bunyi aksara, manakala sebilangan kecil hanja betul-betul berupa piktograf, dan ada yang terbentuk dengan cara lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eumhun_(bunyi_dan_erti)"><span id="Eumhun_.28bunyi_dan_erti.29"></span><i>Eumhun</i> (bunyi dan erti)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Eumhun (bunyi dan erti)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Eumhun (bunyi dan erti)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Untuk membantu pemahaman erti sesuatu aksara, atau menghuraikannya secara lisan untuk membezakannya daripada aksara-aksara lain yang sama sebutannya, kamus-kamus aksara dan buku-buku teks sekolah menyebutkan setiap aksara dengan gabungan bunyinya dan satu perkataan yang menyatakan ertinya. Bacaan berganda erti-bunyi aksara ini dipanggil <i>eumhun</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">음훈</span></span>;<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">音訓</span></span>; daripada<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">音</span></span> "bunyi" +<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">訓</span></span> "erti," "ajaran"). </p><p>Contohnya, aksara<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">愛</span></span> dinyatakan dalam kamus aksara sebagai <i>sarang ae</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">사랑 애</span></span>), iaitu <i>sarang</i> ialah perkataan Korea asli untuk "cinta" (erti aksara ini) dan <i>ae</i> pula sebutannya. Begitu juga, aksara<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">人</span></span> dinyatakan sebagai <i>saram in</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">사람 인</span></span>), iaut "saram" bererti "orang" dan "in" pula sebutannya. Apabila dua aksara contoh ini digabungkan untuk membentuk kata<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">愛人</span></span>, maka sebutannya ialah <i>aein</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">애인</span></span>) yang bermaksud "orang yang dikasihi" ("cinta" + "orang"). </p><p>Perkataan-perkataan yang digunakan untuk menandakan erti selalunya berasal daripada bahasa Korea (iaitu bukan Cina), dan kadang-kadang merupakan perkataan lama yang tidak digunakan dengan kerap lagi. Contohnya, aksara <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">山</span></span> dinyatakan sebagai <i>me san</i> atau <i>moe san</i> (<span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">메산</span></span>, disebut "meh sahn"; atau <span title="language text-Korea"><span lang="ko">뫼산</span></span>, disebut "moeh sahn"), yang mana <i>me</i> atau <i>moe</i> ialah perkataan lama untuk "gunung" yang hampir diganti sepenuhnya oleh perkataan <i>san</i> yang berasal daripada bahasa Cina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendidikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pendidikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanja masih diajar sebagai kursus di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Korea_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Korea Selatan (laman tidak wujud)">sekolah menengah Korea Selatan</a>. Pendidikan hanja formal bermula di Tingkatan 1 (sekolah menengah rendah) dan berterusan sehingga tamat sekolah menengah tinggi di Tingkatan 6. Sejumlah 1,800 Hanja diajar: 900 untuk sekolah menengah rendah, dan 900 lagi untuk sekolah tinggi (mulai Tingkatan 4). Pendidikan Hanja selepas sekolah menengah diteruskan di beberapa <a href="/wiki/Universiti" title="Universiti">universiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Sastera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sastera">sastera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengisytiharan Hanja asas untuk tujuan pendidikan tahun 1972 diubah pada <a href="/wiki/31_Disember" title="31 Disember">31 Disember</a> <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>, untuk menggantikan 44 Hanja dengan 44 Hanja yang lain. Pilihan aksara untuk dihapuskan dan dikecualikan mencetuskan perdebatan hangat sebelum dan selepas pengisytiharan 2000.<sup title="Teks ini perlu petikan" class="noprint">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><i>perlu rujukan</i></a>]</sup> </p><p>Meskipun Korea Utara menghentikan penggunaan am hanja sejurus selepas kemerdekaan, namun bilangan hanja yang diajar di sekolah rendah dan menengah lebih berbanding 1,800 yang diajar di Korea Selatan. Mula-mulanya, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> mendukung penghentian pendidikan hanja secara beransur-ansur, namun menjelang 1960-an, beliau berubah pendirian itu; kata beliau pada tahun 1966, "Sungguhpun kita perlu mengurangkan istilah Cina yang digunakan sejauh mungkin, para pelajar mesti didedahkan kepada aksara-aksara Cina yang perlu dan diajar cara menulisnya." Kesannya, buku teks aksara Cina telah direka untuk kegunaan sekolah Korea utara dari gred 5 hingga 9, mengajar 1,500 aksara, dengan 500 lagi untuk sekolah tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelajar kolej pula didedahkan kepada 1,000 lagi aksara, menjadikan jumlahnya 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam program-program bahasa Korea dan kajian Korea di universiti seluruh dunia, para penuntut biasanya wajib memberi satu contoh Hanja. Untuk menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelajar_siswazah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelajar siswazah (laman tidak wujud)">pelajar siswazah</a> dalam bidang-bidang ini, penuntut biasanya dikehendaki mempelajari 1,800 Hanja asas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nota">Nota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannas 1997: 68-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannas 1997: 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannas 2003: 188-189</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber">Sumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, R.A. (1990). "Korean Sociolinguistic Attitudes in Japanese Comparative Perspective". <i>Journal of Asia Pacific Communication</i>. <b>1</b>: 117–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asia+Pacific+Communication&rft.atitle=Korean+Sociolinguistic+Attitudes+in+Japanese+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHanja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1990" class="citation book cs1">DeFrancis, John (1990). <i>The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0824810686" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1068-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Language%3A+Fact+and+Fantasy&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHanja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFHannas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, William. C. (1997). <i>Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/082481892X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1892-X</a> (paperback); <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0824818423" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-1842-3</a> (hardcover).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=William.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHanja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFHannas2003" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, William. C. (2003). <i>The Writing on the Wall: How Asian Orthography Curbs Creativity</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0812237110" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8122-3711-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+on+the+Wall%3A+How+Asian+Orthography+Curbs+Creativity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=William.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHanja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Insup (1983). <i>The psychology of reading</i>. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0126840806" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-12-684080-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychology+of+reading&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AHanja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Ujian <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ko-hanja" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ko-hanja">bahasa Hanja</a></b></i> di <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanja&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kldp.net/projects/hanja/">Hanja Hangul Convert Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnkorean.com/whanja/hclassindex.asp">Hanja (Chinese characters)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanja&oldid=6394504">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanja&oldid=6394504</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Rencana_yang_memerlukan_tulisan_atau_teks_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Rencana yang memerlukan tulisan atau teks Korea (laman tidak wujud)">Rencana yang memerlukan tulisan atau teks Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Aksara_Cina" title="Kategori:Aksara Cina">Aksara Cina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_Korea" title="Kategori:Bahasa Korea">Bahasa Korea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori-kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_yang_mengandungi_teks_bahasa_Korea" title="Kategori:Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Korea">Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rencana_tanpa_sumber_rujukan" title="Kategori:Rencana tanpa sumber rujukan">Rencana tanpa sumber rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_errors:_unsupported_parameter" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: unsupported parameter">CS1 errors: unsupported parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Laman_menggunakan_pautan_ajaib_ISBN" title="Kategori:Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN">Laman menggunakan pautan ajaib ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 04:49, 5 Disember 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>73 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Tambah topik</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-588f8cd696-pppkv","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.263","walltime":"0.329","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1909,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":23247,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":506,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":12732,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 286.939 1 -total"," 53.45% 153.361 1 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