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</div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Catholic_Encyclopedia" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large 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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>The</b></i> <i><b>Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also referred to as the <i><b>Old Catholic Encyclopedia</b></i> and the <i><b>Original Catholic Encyclopedia</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an English-language <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> published in the United States. The first volume appeared in March 1907 and the last three volumes appeared in 1912, followed by a master index volume in 1914 and later supplementary volumes. It was designed "to give its readers full and authoritative information on the entire cycle of Catholic interests, action and doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Catholic Encyclopedia <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=1907&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.pages=860"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_Encyclopedia,_volume_1.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu/page1-220px-Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu/page1-330px-Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu/page1-440px-Catholic_Encyclopedia%2C_volume_1.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="3000"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Appleton Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>The</i> <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> was published by the Robert Appleton Company (RAC), a <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> company incorporated in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in February 1905 for the express purpose of publishing the encyclopedia. The five members of the encyclopedia's Editorial Board also served as the directors of the company. In 1912, the company's name was changed to The Encyclopedia Press. Publication of the encyclopedia's volumes was the sole business conducted by the company during the project's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Purpose"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Purpose</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Authors_and_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Authors and sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Online_versions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Online versions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#General_bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">General bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg/220px-Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4091" data-file-height="5735"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg/220px-Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg/330px-Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg/440px-Robt._Appleton_LCCN2014692423.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Robert Appleton</figcaption></figure> <p>The encyclopedia was designed to serve the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, concentrating on information related to the Church and explaining matters from the Catholic point of view. It records the accomplishments of Catholics and others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits, including artists, educators, poets and scientists. While more limited in focus than other general encyclopedias, it was far broader in scope than previous efforts at comprehensive Catholic encyclopedias, which covered only internal Church affairs. </p><p>It offers in-depth portrayals of historical and philosophical ideas, persons and events, from a Catholic perspective, including issues that divide Catholicism from <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and other faith communities. Since the encyclopedia was first published starting in 1907 and has never been updated (versus the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>), many of its entries may be out of date either with respect to the wider culture or to the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</a> world. In particular, it predates the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> (1929) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965), which introduced changes to Catholic practice. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The writing of the encyclopedia began on January 11, 1905, under the supervision of five editors: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Charles G. Herbermann</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and librarian of the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">College of the City of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pace" title="Edward A. Pace">Edward A. Pace</a>, professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">The Catholic University of America</a> in Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Benoist_Pallen" title="Condé Benoist Pallen">Condé B. Pallen</a>, editor</li> <li>The Rev. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Shahan" title="Thomas Joseph Shahan">Thomas J. Shahan</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Church history</a> at The Catholic University</li> <li>The Rev. <a href="/wiki/John_J._Wynne" title="John J. Wynne">John J. Wynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">S.J.</a>, editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Messenger_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Messenger of the Sacred Heart">Messenger of the Sacred Heart</a></i></li></ul> <p>The first edition was initially printed by the Robert Appleton Company of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The volumes came out sequentially, the first two in 1907 and the last three in 1912:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Volume</th> <th>Entries</th> <th>Year first pub.</th> <th>Chief editor </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_1" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 1">Aachen–Assize</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1907</td> <td rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Charles George Herbermann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_2" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 2">Assize–Brownr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_3" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 3">Brow–Clancy</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_4" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 4">Cland–Diocesan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_5" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 5">Diocese–Fathers</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_6" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 6">Fathers–Gregory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_7" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 7">Gregory–Infallibility</a></td> <td rowspan="3">1910 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_8" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 8">Infamy–Lapparent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_9" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 9">Laprade–Mass</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_10" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 10">Mass–Newman</a></td> <td rowspan="3">1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_11" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 11">New Mexico–Philip</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_12" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 12">Philip–Revalidation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_13" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 13">Revelation–Simon Stock</a></td> <td rowspan="3">1912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_14" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 14">Simony–Tournely</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_15" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 15">Tournon–Zwirner</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The editors had their first editorial meeting at the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a>'s newspaper <i>The Messenger</i>, on West 16th Street, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The text received a <i><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">nihil obstat</a></i> from an official censor, Remy Lafort, on November 1, 1908, and an <a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">imprimatur</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_Farley" title="John Murphy Farley">John Murphy Farley</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archbishop of New York</a>. This review process was presumably accelerated by the reuse of older authorized publications. In addition to frequent informal conferences and constant communication by letters, the editors subsequently held 134 formal meetings to consider the plan, scope and progress of the multi-volumed reference work, culminating in publication ending on April 19, 1913. A first supplement was published nine years later in 1922; a second supplement in nine loose-leaf sections was published by The Gilmary Society three decades later, between 1950 and 1958. </p><p>In 1912, a special completely illustrated, commemorative volume was awarded to those patrons who contributed to the start of the enterprise in 1907 by buying multiple encyclopedia sets early on.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was controversy over the presence of <i>The</i> <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> on the shelves in <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> in the United States with <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> protests that this violated the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, including a successful court appeal in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_New_Jersey" title="Belleville, New Jersey">Belleville, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclopedia was later updated over a half-century later under the auspices of the faculty of <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_University_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic University of America">The Catholic University of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and the successor <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> was first published 53 years later in 1967, followed by several supplements during the next three decades. Then a revised second edition 35 years more in 2002. It too has been supplemented every few years since. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors_and_sources">Authors and sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Authors and sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers</i> states that: </p> <blockquote><p>The work is entirely new, and not merely a translation or a compilation from other encyclopedic sources. The editors have insisted that the articles should contain the latest and most accurate information to be obtained from the standard works on each subject.</p></blockquote> <p>However, "from standard works" allows that some of the articles from European contributors such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Batiffol" title="Pierre Batiffol">Pierre Batiffol</a> (French) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Kirsch" title="Johann Peter Kirsch">Johann Peter Kirsch</a> (German) had previously been published in whole or in part in Europe and were translated and edited for the Encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who wrote new articles in English include <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Maas" title="Anthony Maas">Anthony Maas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Thurston" title="Herbert Thurston">Herbert Thurston</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Online_versions">Online versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Online versions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law of the United States</a>, all works published in the United States before 1928 are considered in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. In 1993, Kevin Knight, a 26-year-old resident of <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>, decided, during the visit of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1920-2005, served 1978-2005), to that city for <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a>, to launch a project to republish the 1907-1913 original edition of the '"Catholic Encyclopedia<i> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Knight founded the Web site <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a> to host the undertaking. Volunteers from several countries, including the United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> helped in the transcription of the original text material. The site first went online two years later in 1995, and transcription work ended after four years efforts in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Volumes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a> internet website published a watermarked version derived from page scans. This version has since been replaced with a transcription of the <i>Encyclopedia</i> similar to that found at the New Advent web site.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Volumes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Answers transcription, however, is an exact transcription of the original text, whereas the New Advent version at times modernizes certain usages (e.g., using the titles of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> books found in several <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant versions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Holy Bible</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches / denominations</a>), such as "1 & 2 Chronicles" and "Obadiah", in place of the titles traditionally used differently in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">Latin</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims</a> (Roman Catholic) Bible versions, (such as titles of "1 & 2 Paralipomenon" and "Abdias") and Biblical citation formatting (i.e., the Catholic Answers version retains the original's usage of Roman numerals for chapter numbers [e.g., Genesis I,1], while the New Advent version uses Arabic numerals throughout [e.g., Genesis 1:1]). </p><p>Another transcription is hosted by Catholic Online internet website. Similarly to the Catholic Answers transcription, it uses an exact rendition of the original text.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Volumes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scanned copies of the 1907-1913 Encyclopedia are available on <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> also hosts a transcription project backed by the scans hosted at Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-list_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-list-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Volumes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1922 supplement to the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> is also in the public domain and is available online. The <i>New Catholic Encyclopedia</i> of 1967, also is available online at some academic and public libraries. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_encyclopedias" title="Lists of encyclopedias">Lists of encyclopedias</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Encyclopedia" title="Orthodox Encyclopedia">Orthodox Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Woodlock" title="Thomas F. Woodlock">Thomas F. Woodlock</a> – a member of the board of directors for the project and contributor of several articles within it</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/index.html">"<i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia">"<i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fencyclopedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/">"<i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>"</a>. Catholic Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Catholic+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-list-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-list_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Volume</th> <th>Names</th> <th>Year first pub. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a><br>(<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)">Incomplete</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </td> <td>Chief editor </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Aachen–Assize</td> <td rowspan="2">1907 </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_1" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 1">Wikisource 1</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop01herbuoft">Internet Archive 1</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmgQAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 1</a> </td> <td rowspan="19"><a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Herbermann" title="Charles George Herbermann">Charles George Herbermann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Assize–Brownr</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_2" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 2">Wikisource 2</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop02herbuoft">Internet Archive 2</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w00sAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Brow–Clancy</td> <td rowspan="2">1908</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_3" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 3">Wikisource 3</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop03herbuoft">Internet Archive 3</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T87lXuBR2vsC">Google Books 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Cland–Diocesan</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_4" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 4">Wikisource 4</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop04herbuoft">Internet Archive 4</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GcQAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Diocese–Fathers</td> <td rowspan="2">1909</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_5" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 5">Wikisource 5</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop05herbuoft">Internet Archive 5</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aSQNo8kNqIC">Google Books 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Fathers–Gregory</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_6" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 6">Wikisource 6</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop06herbuoft">Internet Archive 6</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlMsAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Gregory–Infallibility</td> <td rowspan="3">1910</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_7" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 7">Wikisource7</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop07herbuoft">Internet Archive 7</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVUsAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Infamy–Lapparent</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_8" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 8">Wikisource 8</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop08herbuoft">Internet Archive 8</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLoTAAAAYAAJ">Google Books 8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Laprade–Mass</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_9" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 9">Wikisource 9</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop09herbuoft">Internet Archive 9</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFQmf0E7N_EC">Google Books 9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Mass–Newman</td> <td rowspan="3">1911</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_10" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 10">Wikisource 10</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop10herbuoft">Internet Archive 10</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmoQAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>New Mexico–Philip</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_11" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 11">Wikisource 11</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop11herbuoft">Internet Archive 11</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFosAAAAIAAJ">Google Books 11</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Philip–Revalidation</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_12" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 12">Wikisource 12</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop12herbuoft">Internet Archive 12</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7j5O-ghhLnAC">Google Books 12</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Revelation–Simon Stock</td> <td rowspan="3">1912</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_13" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 13">Wikisource 13</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop13herbuoft">Internet Archive 13</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu7SzmqwYdcC">Google Books 13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Simony–Tournely</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_14" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 14">Wikisource 14</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop14herbuoft">Internet Archive 14</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYEqAAAAMAAJ">Google Books 14</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Tournon–Zwirner</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_15" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 15">Wikisource 15</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop15herbuoft">Internet Archive 15</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4EqAAAAMAAJ">Google Books 15</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Index</td> <td>1914</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_16" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 16">Wikisource 16</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop00herbuoft">Internet Archive 16</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4IqAAAAMAAJ">Google Books 16</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Supplement I</td> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_17" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 17">Wikisource 17</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclo00pacegoog">Internet Archive 17</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGdbHI9-8e8C">Google Books 17</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Supplement II</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POwa8WpEO7wC">Google Books 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Supplemental Year Books</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CatholicEncyclopedia.Index.Supplement.YearBook.1912-1922.17vols">Supplemental Year Books 1912–1922</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerberman1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herberman, Charles G.; et al., eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSWpSJINLRwC&pg=PR3">"The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Volume 1: Aachen–Assize. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Title page.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Title+page&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSWpSJINLRwC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?">"The Original Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. El Cajon, California: Catholic Answers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Original+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=El+Cajon%2C+California&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Encyclopedia_preface" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Encyclopedia preface">Preface</a> to <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522113240/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Image%3AOriginal_preface_1_watermarked_.jpg">"Scan of 'Preface'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Cajon,_California" title="El Cajon, California">El Cajon, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Image:Original_preface_1_watermarked_.jpg">the original</a> on May 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scan+of+%27Preface%27&rft.place=El+Cajon%2C+California&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DImage%3AOriginal_preface_1_watermarked_.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/00001a.htm">"The Making of the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6AZAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia and its Makers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: The Encyclopedia Press. 1917. pp. iii–viii. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/748253">748253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia+and+its+Makers&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=iii-viii&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F748253&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F00001a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915063337/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Original_Catholic_Encyclopedia%3AAbout">"About"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Cajon,_California" title="El Cajon, California">El Cajon</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Original_Catholic_Encyclopedia:About">the original</a> on September 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.place=El+Cajon%2C+CA&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOriginal_Catholic_Encyclopedia%3AAbout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celledoor.blogspot.com/2010/06/selected-illustrations-from-catholic.html">"Celledoor Miscellany: Selected Illustrations from the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>"</a>. Celledoor.blogspot.com. June 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celledoor+Miscellany%3A+Selected+Illustrations+from+the+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Celledoor.blogspot.com&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcelledoor.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fselected-illustrations-from-catholic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/separat_ham_2002_00_2141"><i>Separation of Church and State</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamburger" title="Philip Hamburger">Hamburger, Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> (2002), p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia and Its Makers</i> 1917</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_B._HerbermannEdward_A._PaceConde_E._Pallen1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Charles B. Herbermann; Edward A. Pace; Conde E. Pallen (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/07470918.14.emory.edu/page/n3"><i>The Catholic encyclopedia ; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Vol. 14 voll. New York: Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181228000932/https://archive.org/stream/07470918.14.emory.edu/07470918_14_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+encyclopedia+%3B+an+international+work+of+reference+on+the+constitution%2C+doctrine%2C+discipline+and+history+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Charles+B.+Herbermann&rft.au=Edward+A.+Pace&rft.au=Conde+E.+Pallen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F07470918.14.emory.edu%2Fpage%2Fn3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Каталіцкая энцыклапедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каталіцкая энцыклапедыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Cat%C3%B2lica" title="Enciclopèdia Catòlica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enciclopèdia Catòlica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Enciclopedia Católica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enciclopedia Católica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دانشنامه کاتولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه کاتولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="가톨릭 백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가톨릭 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האנציקלופדיה הקתולית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האנציקלופדיה הקתולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalik%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Katalikų enciklopedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katalikų enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="カトリック百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カトリック百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia_Cat%C3%B3lica" title="Enciclopédia Católica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enciclopédia Católica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_catolic%C4%83" title="Enciclopedia catolică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enciclopedia catolică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C5%A1ka_enciklopedija" title="Katoliška enciklopedija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katoliška enciklopedija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Католичка енциклопедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Католичка енциклопедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สารานุกรมคาทอลิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารานุกรมคาทอลิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Catholic Encyclopedia" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="天主教百科全書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天主教百科全書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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