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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_tenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_tenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Theological tenets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_tenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_and_social_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_and_social_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ethical and social principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_and_social_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Followers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Followers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Followers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Followers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_and_purge_of_Mazdak's_adherents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_and_purge_of_Mazdak's_adherents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposition to and purge of Mazdak's adherents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_and_purge_of_Mazdak's_adherents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99zd%C9%99k" title="Məzdək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məzdək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Маздак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маздак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Μαζντάκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαζντάκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdakismo" title="Mazdakismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mazdakismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مزدک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մազդակյան շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մազդակյան շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%93%D7%A7" title="מזדק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזדק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdek" title="Mazdek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mazdek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%83" title="مازدك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مازدك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مزدک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak_ibn_Hamdodon" title="Mazdak ibn Hamdodon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mazdak ibn Hamdodon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਜ਼ਦਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਜ਼ਦਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مزدک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaces" title="Mazaces – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mazaces" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Маздак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маздак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%AA" title="مزدڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مزدڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mazdak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Маздак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маздак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Маздак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маздак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdek" title="Mazdek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mazdek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Маздак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маздак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مزدک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdek" title="Mazdek – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mazdek" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛兹达克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q272300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iranian religious figure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mazdak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="fa">مزدک</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/250px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/330px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png/500px-The_Iranian_prophet_Mazdak_being_executed.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="620" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration of the execution of Mazdak from a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 524 or 528</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution">Execution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/15px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/23px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/30px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">Mobad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480s - 520s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mazdak</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مزدک</span>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭬𐭦𐭣𐭪, also <b>Mazdak the Younger</b>; died c. 524 or 528) was an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">mobad</a></i> (priest) and religious reformer who gained influence during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Kavadh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadh I">Kavadh I</a>. He claimed to be a prophet of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and instituted social welfare programs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mazdakism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mazdak was the chief representative of a religious and philosophical teaching called <a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a>, which he viewed as a reformed and purified version of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ya56_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cosmo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although his teaching has been argued to display influences from <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carpocratians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpocratians">Carpocratians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ya56_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion of Sassanid Persia, and Mazdak himself was a <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">mobad</a> or Zoroastrian priest, but most of the clergy regarded his teaching as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. Surviving documentation is scarce. Some further details may be inferred from the later doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>, which has been seen as a continuation of Mazdakism.<sup id="cite_ref-ya56_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources claim that the original founders of this sect lived earlier than Mazdak. These were another mobad, <a href="/wiki/Zaradust-e_Khuragen" title="Zaradust-e Khuragen">Zaradust-e Khuragen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (distinct from the founder of Zoroastrianism, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, Middle Persian <i>Zardusht</i>) and/or a Zoroastrian philosopher known as Mazdak the Elder, who taught a combination of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>: "he directed his followers to enjoy the pleasures of life and satisfy their appetite in the highest degree with regard to eating and drinking in the spirit of equality, to aim at good deeds; to abstain from shedding blood and inflicting harm on others; and to practise hospitality without reservation".<sup id="cite_ref-ya56_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya56-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine was further developed by the much better-known Mazdak the Younger, son of Bāmdād. </p><p>At later stages the conservative Zoroastrian opposition accused Mazdak's followers of heresy and with abhorrent practices such as the sharing of women, for which scholars have found no evidence. Mazdak's followers are considered to be the first real socialists in human history by their emphasis on community property and community work with benefits accruing to all.<sup id="cite_ref-Manfred_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manfred-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quran_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_tenets">Theological tenets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theological tenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like both Zoroastrianism (at least as practised at the time) and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, Mazdakism had a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a> and worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine taught that there were two original principles of the universe: Light, the good one; and Darkness, the evil one. These two had been mixed by a cosmic accident, tainting everything except God. Light is characterized by knowledge and feeling, and acts by design and free will, whereas Darkness is ignorant and blind, and acts at random. Mankind's role in this life was, through good conduct, to release the parts of himself that belonged to Light. But where Manichaeism saw the mixture of good and bad as a cosmic tragedy, Mazdak viewed this in a more neutral, even optimistic way. </p><p>In addition, Mazdakism is reported, in one late work, to have distinguished three elements (Fire, Water, Earth), and four Powers (Discernment, Understanding, Preservation and Joy), corresponding to the four chief officials of the Sassanid state – the Chief Mobad (<i>Mobadan Mobad</i>), the Chief <a href="/wiki/Herbad" title="Herbad">Herbad</a>, the Commander of the Army and the Entertainment Master), seven Viziers and twelve Spiritual Forces. When the Four, the Seven and the Twelve were united in a human being, he was no longer subject to religious duties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, God was believed to rule the world through letters, which held the key to the Great Secret that should be learned. This description suggests that Mazdakism was, in many ways, a typical <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic sect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_and_social_principles">Ethical and social principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethical and social principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two distinguishing factors of Mazdak's teaching were the reduction of the importance of religious formalities—the true religious person being the one who understood and related correctly to the principles of the universe—and a criticism of the strong position of mainstream clergy, who, he believed, had oppressed the Persian population and caused much poverty. </p><p>Mazdak emphasised good conduct, which involved a moral and ascetic life, no killing and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> (considering meat to contain substances derived solely from Darkness), being kind and friendly and living in peace with other people. In many ways Mazdak's teaching can be understood as a call for social <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, and has been referred to as early "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Quran_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mazdak, God had originally placed the means of subsistence on earth so that people should divide them among themselves equally, but the strong had coerced the weak, seeking domination and causing the contemporary inequality. This in turn empowered the "Five Demons" that turned men from Righteousness—these were Envy, Wrath, Vengeance, Need and Greed. To prevail over these evils, justice had to be restored and everybody should share excess possessions with his fellow men. Mazdak allegedly planned to achieve this by making all wealth common or by re-distributing the excess,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is unclear how he intended to organize that in terms of regulations and to what extent his position has been caricatured by hostile sources.<sup id="cite_ref-ya1000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya1000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostile sources mostly dwell on the alleged "sharing" of women, the resulting sexual <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and the confusion of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of descent">line of descent</a>. Since the latter is a standard accusation against heretical sects, its veracity has been doubted by researchers; it is likely that Mazdak took measures against the widespread <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> of the rich and lack of wives for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-ya1000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ya1000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Followers">Followers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Followers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mazdak's teaching acquired many followers, to the point when even King <a href="/wiki/Kavadh_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadh I">Kavadh I</a>, ruling from 488 until 531, converted to Mazdakism. He also reportedly sponsored its adoption by the Arab vassal kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">al-Hirah</a>, entailing the deposing of the previous king al-Mundhir by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kindite chief</a> al-Harith.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the King's backing Mazdak could embark on a program of social reform, which involved pacifism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> and aid programs for helping the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a>. Mazdak had government warehouses opened to help the poor. He also had all the Zoroastrian fire temples closed except the three major ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_and_purge_of_Mazdak's_adherents"><span id="Opposition_to_and_purge_of_Mazdak.27s_adherents"></span>Opposition to and purge of Mazdak's adherents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition to and purge of Mazdak's adherents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fear among the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and Zoroastrian clergy grew so strong that King Kavadh was overthrown in 496, but he managed to regain the throne three years later with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>. Scared by the resistance among the powerful, he chose to distance himself from Mazdak. He allowed <a href="/wiki/Anushiravan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anushiravan">Anushiravan</a> to launch a campaign against the Mazdakites in 524 or 528, culminating in a massacre of most of the adherents – including Mazdak himself – and restoring orthodox Zoroastrianism as the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Quran_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various fictionalized accounts<sup id="cite_ref-yarfict_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarfict-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specify the manner of execution: for example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> states<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that 3,000 Mazdakites were buried alive with the feet upwards in order to present the spectacle of a "human garden", whereas Mazdak himself was hanged upside down and shot with countless arrows; other stories specify other torturous methods of execution. Anushiravan then proceeded to implement his own far-reaching social and administrative reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mazdakite ruler of al-Hirah was also overthrown and the previous king restored to power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_tradition">Jewish tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jewish tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Jewish tradition relates a slightly different story. The <a href="/wiki/Exilarch" title="Exilarch">Exilarch</a> of Babylon, <a href="/wiki/Mar-Zutra_II" title="Mar-Zutra II">Mar-Zutra II</a>, rallied the Jewish community and their allies, who defeated Mazdak and established an independent Jewish kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Mahoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahoza">Mahoza</a> that lasted for seven years<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (495–502). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historicity</a> of the persona of Mazdak has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have been a fabrication to take blame away from Kavad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary historians, including <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_Stylite" title="Joshua the Stylite">Joshua the Stylite</a> make no mention of Mazdak naming Kavad as the figure behind the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mention of Mazdak only emerges in later Middle Persian Zoroastrian documents, namely the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Islamic-era sources, particularly <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>'s work, also mention Mazdak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These later writings were perhaps corrupted by Iranian oral folklore, given that blame put on Mazdak for the redistribution of aristocratic properties to the people, is a topic repeated in Iranian oral history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other "villains" in Iranian history, namely <a href="/wiki/Gaumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaumata">Gaumata</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522 – 486 BC</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Wahnam" title="Wahnam">Wahnam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paikuli_inscription" title="Paikuli inscription">Paikuli inscription</a> of the Sasanian shah <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 293–302</span>), are frequently accused of similar misdeeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few Mazdakites survived and settled in remote areas. Small pockets of Mazdakite societies are said to have survived for centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>. Their doctrines probably mixed with radical currents of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, influencing them and giving rise to later powerful revolutionary-religious movements in the region. The cult of <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a>‘, who claimed to be the incarnation of God and had followers among the Mubaiyyidah sect of Zoroastrianism and even some Turks, upheld the laws and institutes of Mazdak.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>, an egalitarian religious sect possibly originating from Mazdakism, led a revolt under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and successfully defended large territories against the Caliphate's forces for some twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> and other later revolutionary currents of Islam may also be connected to Mazdakism and were often equated with it by contemporary authors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish scholar <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClbaki_G%C3%B6lp%C4%B1narl%C4%B1" title="Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı">Abdülbâkî Gölpınarlı</a> sees even the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> of the 16th century – a radical Shi'i movement in Persia which helped the <a href="/wiki/Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safaviyya</a> establish <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Islam as the dominant religion of Iran – as "spiritual descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a>" and, hence, of the Mazdakites.<sup id="cite_ref-S-G_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-G-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Mazdakist" eventually seems to have become a standard derogative label attached by pre-modern Persian and Arabic authors to any radical egalitarian movement in subsequent Iranian history.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While medieval Muslim historiography primarily focused on the "socialist" aspects of Mazdak, Zoroastrian tradition, on the other hand, remembers Mazdak above all as a dangerous heretic and enemy of the true faith (<i><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></i> 2:1). </p><p>The author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dabestan-e_Mazaheb" title="Dabestan-e Mazaheb">Dabestan-e Mazaheb</a></i>, writing as late as the 17th century, claims to have met individual adherents of Mazdakism who practised their religion secretly among the Muslims and preserved the <i>Desnad</i>, a book in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> containing the teachings of Mazdak.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher and poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, who inspired the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, termed <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as the modern reincarnation of Mazdakite thought.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the poem <a href="/wiki/Iblees_Ki_Majlis-e-Shura" title="Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura">Ibless ki Majlis-e-Shura</a>, he drew similarities between Marxism and Mazadak thought of redistribution of excess, reduction of the importance of religious formality, emancipation of love and social revolution. Iqbal describes Karl Marx as reincarnation of the soul of Mazdak. These views penned in 1936, when <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> was still fledgling, remained skeptical if Mazdakite logic of Marxism was the solution of problems of the poor and the downtrodden. Iqbal devotes a chapter on Mazdak in his PhD thesis with Munich University on <a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_figures_in_the_Sasanian_era" title="List of Persian figures in the Sasanian era">List of Persian figures in the Sasanian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ya56-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya56_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYarshater,_Ehsan1983" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (1983). <i>Cambridge history of Iran The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Vol. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">995–</span>997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+history+of+Iran+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E995-%3C%2Fspan%3E997&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24693-4&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cosmo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cosmo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cosmo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azargoshnasp.net/famous/babak_khorramdin/teachingsmazdakshaki.pdf">Shaki, Mansour. 1985. The cosmogonical and cosmological teachings of Mazdak.</a> Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, Acta Iranica 25, Leiden, 1985, pp. 527–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_acku_ds361_fay43_1371"><i>تاریخ سیاسی افغانستان / تالیف سید مهدی فرخ</i></a>. University of Arizona Libraries. 1951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_acku_ds361_fay43_1371">10.2458/azu_acku_ds361_fay43_1371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%2F+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81+%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AE.&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Libraries&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_acku_ds361_fay43_1371&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2458%2Fazu_acku_ds361_fay43_1371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaki,_Mansour1978" class="citation journal cs1">Shaki, Mansour (1978). "The social doctrine of Mazdak in the light of middle Persian evidence". <i>Archiv Orientální</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">289–</span>306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=The+social+doctrine+of+Mazdak+in+the+light+of+middle+Persian+evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Shaki%2C+Mansour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsposito,_John_L.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">"Mazdakism"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/page/198"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512558-0"><bdi>978-0-19-512558-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mazdakism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512558-0&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manfred-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manfred_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManfred,_Albert_Zakharovich1974" class="citation book cs1">Manfred, Albert Zakharovich, ed. (1974). <i>A Short History of the World</i>. Vol. 1. (translated into English by Katherine Judelson). Moscow: Progress Publishers. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159025">1159025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+World&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1159025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quran-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quran_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quran_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quran_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWherry,_Rev._E._M.1882" class="citation book cs1">Wherry, Rev. E. M. (1882). <i>A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran comprising Sale's translation and Preliminary Discourse</i>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ushAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66">66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Commentary+on+the+Quran+comprising+Sale%27s+translation+and+Preliminary+Discourse&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin+and+Company&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Wherry%2C+Rev.+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, pp. 1007–1008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrone,_Patricia1991" class="citation journal cs1">Crone, Patricia (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102012708/https://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Mazdak.pdf">"Kavad's Heresy and Mazdak's Revolt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies</i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.ias.edu/files/Crone_Articles/Crone_Mazdak.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran%3A+Journal+of+the+British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft.atitle=Kavad%27s+Heresy+and+Mazdak%27s+Revolt&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Crone%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.ias.edu%2Ffiles%2FCrone_Articles%2FCrone_Mazdak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ya1000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ya1000_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ya1000_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, pp. 999–1000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYarshater,_Ehsan1998" class="citation book cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (1998). Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (eds.). <i>The Persian Presence in the Islamic World</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>125, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39XZDnOWUXsC&pg=PA28">page 28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59185-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59185-0"><bdi>978-0-521-59185-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Presence+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E125%2C+page+28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59185-0&rft.au=Yarshater%2C+Ehsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khanam, R. 2005. Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: A–I: Volume 1. P.441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yarfict-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yarfict_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, p. 994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, p. 1022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_01807.html">"Babylonia"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonia&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0003_0_01807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2005">Shahbazi 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayegan2017809_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShayegan2017">Shayegan 2017</a>, p. 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/viewFile/252/234">Al-Bīrūnī: Father of Comparative Religion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, pp. 1003–1004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarshater1983">Yarshater 1983</a>, pp. 1022–1023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-G-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S-G_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger M. Savory <i>(ref. Abdülbâkî Gölpınarlı),</i> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Kizilbash" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizilbash">Kizil-Bash</a>", Online Edition 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan David. 2007. The Mongols. p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/dhalla/history5.htm">M.N. Dhalla: History of Zoroastrianism (1938), part 5.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D15501050%26ct%3D0">Dabestan-e Mazaheb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armaghan-e-Hijaz, see poem "The Devil's Conference, p12 Lahore (1941)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>L. Eichenberger: "Communist, Heretic, Rebell. Mazdak and the History of Religion" In: <i>Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft</i> 28, 2020, p. 237-258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/zfr/28/2/article-p237.xml?tab_body=abstract">Online</a></li> <li>H. Börm: <i>Prokop und die Perser. Untersuchungen zu den römisch-sasanidischen Kontakten in der ausgehenden Spätantike</i>. Stuttgart 2007, p. 230–233.</li> <li>A. Christensen: <i>Le règne du roi Kawadh et le communisme Mazdakite</i>. Kopenhagen 1925.</li> <li>P. Crone: "Kavad’s heresy and Mazdak’s revolt". In: <i>Iran</i> 29, 1991, p. 21–42.</li> <li>H. Gaube: "'Mazdak: Historical reality or invention?" In: <i>Studia Iranica</i> 11, 1982, pp. 111–122.</li> <li>G. Gnoli: "Nuovi studi sul Mazdakismo". In: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Hrsg.), <i>La Persia e Bisanzio [Atti dei convegni Lincei 201]</i>. Rom 2004, pp. 439–456.</li> <li>Z. Rubin: "Mass Movements in Late Antiquity". In: I. Malkin/Z. Rubinsohn (Hrsg.), <i>Leaders and Masses in the Roman World. Studies in Honor of Zvi Yavetz</i>. Leiden/New York 1995, pp. 187–191.</li> <li>W. Sundermann: "Neue Erkenntnisse über die mazdakitische Soziallehre". In: <i>Das Altertum</i> 34, 3, 1988, pp. 183–188.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer" title="Josef Wiesehöfer">Josef Wiesehöfer</a>: <i>Kawad, Khusro I and the Mazdakites. A new proposal</i>. In: P. Gignoux u. a. (Hrsg.): <i>Trésors d'Orient</i>. Paris 2009, pp. 391–409.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (1983). "Mazdakism". <i>Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge. pp. <span class="nowrap">991–</span>1024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mazdakism&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E991-%3C%2Fspan%3E1024&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty">"Sasanian dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fsasanian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShayegan2017" class="citation book cs1">Shayegan, M. Rahim (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_tRvgAACAAJ">"Sasanian political ideology"</a>. In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>1021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190668662" title="Special:BookSources/9780190668662"><bdi>9780190668662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sasanian+political+ideology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Iran&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E1021&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190668662&rft.aulast=Shayegan&rft.aufirst=M.+Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_tRvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMazdak" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Religions of Iran: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/mazdakism.php">Mazdakism</a></li> <li>History of Zoroastrianism: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/dhalla/history5.htm">Mazdak</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_peoples" title="Template talk:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_peoples104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baloch_tribes" title="List of Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_people" title="Bashkardi people">Bashkardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shehni" title="Shehni">Shehnis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Feyli_Lurs" title="Feyli Lurs">Feyli Lurs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hadavand_tribe" title="Hadavand tribe">Hadavand</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hasanvand" title="Hasanvand">Hasanvand</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lurs" title="Southern Lurs">Southern Lurs</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasanis</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_China" title="Tajiks in China">Chinese Tajiks</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhuis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshoris</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha–Munji</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Arab-Persians" title="Arab-Persians">Arab-Persians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseries</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sistani_Persians" title="Sistani Persians">Sistanis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talyshs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">Iranians in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Iranians in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoroastrianism248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrianism248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Primary topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atar (fire)"><img alt="Atar (fire)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="151" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Divine entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Scripture and worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udvada_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Udvada Atash Behram">Udvada Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li>Adur Farnbag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revayats">The Revayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Accounts and legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrafstar" title="Xrafstar">Xrafstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">in United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_Iran" title="List of fire temples in Iran">Fire temples in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_India" title="List of fire temples in India">Fire temples in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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