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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Higher education in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Legal career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Efforts and influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efforts_and_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efforts and influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efforts_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iqbal,_Jinnah,_and_the_concept_of_"Pakistan"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iqbal,_Jinnah,_and_the_concept_of_"Pakistan""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of "Pakistan"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iqbal,_Jinnah,_and_the_concept_of_"Pakistan"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madani–Iqbal_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madani–Iqbal_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Madani–Iqbal debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madani–Iqbal_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_Islamic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_Islamic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revival of Islamic policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revival_of_Islamic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revival of Islamic policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_Islamic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patron_of_Tolu-e-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_Tolu-e-Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patron of <i>Tolu-e-Islam</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_Tolu-e-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Urdu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Punjabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern reputation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_reputation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern reputation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Poet_of_the_East"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Poet_of_the_East""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>"Poet of the East"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Poet_of_the_East"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Arab countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Western countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Iqbal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B_%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%85%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D" title="አላማ ኢቅባል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አላማ ኢቅባል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="محمد إقبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد إقبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_%C4%B0qbal" title="Məhəmməd İqbal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd İqbal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="محمد ایقبال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محمد ایقبال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="মুহাম্মদ ইকবাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ ইকবাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%98%D2%A1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мөхәммәт Иҡбал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәммәт Иҡбал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мухамад Ікбал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мухамад Ікбал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мохамед Икбал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мохамед Икбал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Iqbal" title="Muhammed Iqbal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammed Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%99%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Μουχάμαντ Ικμπάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουχάμαντ Ικμπάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ikbal" title="Muhammad Ikbal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad Ikbal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اقبال لاهوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقبال لاهوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Iqbal" title="Mohamed Iqbal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohamed Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%98%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%9C" title="무하마드 이크발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무하마드 이크발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="मुहम्मद इक़बाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहम्मद इक़बाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="মুহম্মদ ইকবাল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মুহম্মদ ইকবাল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מוחמד אקבאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד אקבאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೊಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಇಕ್ಬಾಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೊಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಇಕ್ಬಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AD%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%91%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مُحَمَّد اِقبال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مُحَمَّد اِقبال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhemmed_%C3%8Eqbal" title="Muhemmed Îqbal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Muhemmed Îqbal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus_Iqbal" title="Mahometus Iqbal – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhameds_Ikb%C4%81ls" title="Muhameds Ikbāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muhameds Ikbāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ikb%C3%A1l" title="Muhammad Ikbál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Muhammad Ikbál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="മുഹമ്മദ് ഇഖ്‌ബാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ് ഇഖ്‌ബാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्लामा इक्बाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्लामा इक्बाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="محمد اقبال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد اقبال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Iqbal" title="Mohammed Iqbal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ムハンマド・イクバール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・イクバール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2" title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଇକବାଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଇକବାଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbol" title="Muhammad Iqbol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Iqbol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਇਕ਼ਬਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਇਕ਼ਬਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اقبال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اقبال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="محمد اقبال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد اقبال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ikbal" title="Muhammad Ikbal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Ikbal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Iqbal" title="Mohammed Iqbal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mohammed Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Икбал, Мухаммад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Икбал, Мухаммад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="मुहम्मद इकबाल – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मुहम्मद इकबाल" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ikballi" title="Muhammed Ikballi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muhammed Ikballi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="علامہ اقبال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علامہ اقبال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئیقبال لاھووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیقبال لاھووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мухамед Икбал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед Икбал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Iqbal" title="Mohammad Iqbal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mohammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="முகமது இக்பால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகமது இக்பால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ముహమ్మద్ ఇక్బాల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముహమ్మద్ ఇక్బాల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="มูฮัมมัด อิกบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มูฮัมมัด อิกบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Иқболи Лоҳурӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иқболи Лоҳурӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_%C4%B0kbal" title="Muhammed İkbal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed İkbal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%86%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мухаммад Ікбал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммад Ікбал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="محمد اقبال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد اقبال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%87%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مۇھەممەد ئىقبال – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مۇھەممەد ئىقبال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92" title="穆罕默德·伊克巴勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德·伊克巴勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Muhammad Iqbal" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92" title="穆罕默德伊克巴勒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穆罕默德伊克巴勒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92" title="穆罕默德·伊克巴勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·伊克巴勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q484141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">South Asian Islamic philosopher, poet and politician (1877–1938)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Muhammad Iqbal, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation)">Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mohammad Iqbal" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Mohamed" title="Iqbal Mohamed">Iqbal Mohamed</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Sir</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah"><i>Allama</i></a></div><div class="fn">Muhammad Iqbal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ur"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">محمد اقبال</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/220px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/330px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/440px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Iqbal in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1877-11-09</span>)</span>9 November 1877<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-04-21)</span> (aged 60)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Punjab, British India<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now Punjab, Pakistan)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Allama_Iqbal" title="Tomb of Allama Iqbal">Mazar-e-Iqbal</a>, Lahore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British Indian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_College" title="Murray College">Scotch Mission College</a> (FA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore" title="Government College University, Lahore">Government College</a> (BA, MA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (BA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a> (PhD)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Philosopher</li><li>author</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell" title="The Call of the Marching Bell">Bang-e-Dara</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarana-e-Milli" title="Tarana-e-Milli">Tarana-e-Milli</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Self" title="The Secrets of the Self">The Secrets of the Self</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Selflessness" title="The Secrets of Selflessness">The Secrets of Selflessness</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Message_from_the_East" title="Message from the East">Message from the East</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Persian_Psalms" title="Persian Psalms">Persian Psalms</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Javid_Nama" title="Javid Nama">Javid Nama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sare_Jahan_se_Accha" title="Sare Jahan se Accha">Sare Jahan se Accha</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a> (co-founder)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a></i> (1908)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" title="Fritz Hommel">Fritz Hommel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a> (1930)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iqbal_signature.svg/150px-Iqbal_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iqbal_signature.svg/225px-Iqbal_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Iqbal_signature.svg/300px-Iqbal_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <b>Muhammad Iqbal</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Punjabi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[mʊɦəˈməd̪<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪqbaːl]</a></span>; 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938) was a <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> Islamic philosopher, poet and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-Lelyveld-Martin2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lelyveld-Martin2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IqbalSinghZakaria1981_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IqbalSinghZakaria1981-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan2013-1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan2013-1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sevea2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevea2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poetry is considered to be among the greatest of the 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan2013-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica-maconough_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-maconough-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anjum2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anjum2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson1996_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson1996-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British-ruled India</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sevea2012-2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevea2012-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is widely regarded as having animated the impulse for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lelyveld-Martin2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lelyveld-Martin2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EmbreeHay1988_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is commonly referred to by the honourific <a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah"><i>Allama</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">علامه</span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "learned"</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-platts-allama_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platts-allama-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widely considered one of the most important and influential Muslim thinkers and Western religious philosophers of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, Iqbal completed his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore" title="Government College University, Lahore">Government College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. He taught Arabic at the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_College" title="Oriental College">Oriental College in Lahore</a> from 1899 until 1903, during which time he wrote prolifically. Notable among his <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> poems from this period are "<i>Parinde ki Faryad</i>" (translated as "A Bird's Prayer"), an early contemplation on animal rights, and "<a href="/wiki/Sare_Jahan_se_Accha" title="Sare Jahan se Accha"><i>Tarana-e-Hindi</i></a>" (translated as "Anthem of India"), a patriotic poem—both composed for children. In 1905, he departed from India to pursue further education in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, first in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In England, he earned a second BA at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and subsequently qualified as a barrister at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a>. In Germany, he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">University of Munich</a>, with his thesis focusing on "<a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a>" in 1908. Upon his return to Lahore in 1908, Iqbal established a law practice but primarily focused on producing scholarly works on politics, economics, history, philosophy, and religion. He is most renowned for his poetic compositions, including "<a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Self" title="The Secrets of the Self"><i>Asrar-e-Khudi,</i></a>" for which he was honored with a British <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> upon its publication,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Selflessness" title="The Secrets of Selflessness"><i>Rumuz-e-Bekhudi</i></a>," and "<a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell" title="The Call of the Marching Bell"><i>Bang-e-Dara</i></a>." His literary works in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> garnered him recognition in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, where he is commonly known as <i>Eghbal-e Lahouri</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اقبال لهوری</span>), meaning "Iqbal of Lahore." </p><p>An ardent proponent of the political and spiritual revival of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Muslims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the series of lectures Iqbal delivered to this effect were published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> in 1930. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Council" title="Punjab Legislative Council">Punjab Legislative Council</a> in 1927 and held several positions in the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a>, delivered at the League's annual assembly in 1930, he formulated a political framework for the Muslim-majority regions spanning northwestern India, spurring the League's pursuit of the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sevea2012-2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevea2012-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/August_1947" title="August 1947">August 1947</a>, nine years after Iqbal's death, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> gave way to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, a newly independent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in which Iqbal was honoured as the <a href="/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet">national poet</a>. He is also known in Pakistani society as <i><span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">Hakim ul-Ummat</i></span></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Wise Man of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and as <span title="Urdu-language romanization"><i lang="ur-Latn">Mufakkir-e-Pakistan</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Thinker of Pakistan</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The anniversary of his birth (<i>Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal</i>), 9 November, is observed as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">public holiday in Pakistan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_of_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Mother_of_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Iqbal's mother, Imam Bibi who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of <a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a> in a poetic form after her death.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal was born on 9 November 1877 in a <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris_in_Punjab" title="Kashmiris in Punjab">Punjabi-Kashmiri</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (now in Pakistan).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family traced their ancestry back to the <a href="/wiki/Sapru" title="Sapru">Sapru</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> who were from a south Kashmiri village in <a href="/wiki/Kulgam" title="Kulgam">Kulgam</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and converted to Islam in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's mother-tongue was <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he conversed mostly in Punjabi and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> in his daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> was conquering Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal's grandfather was an eighth cousin of Sir <a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a>, an important lawyer and freedom fighter who would eventually become an admirer of Iqbal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated his Kashmiri lineage in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a>, Iqbal often wrote about his being "a son of Kashmiri-Brahmans but (being) acquainted with the wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Tabrizi</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-schimmel35_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schimmel35-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad (died 1930), was a tailor, not formally educated, but a religious man.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mustansir_Mir_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustansir_Mir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi, a <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri people">Kashmiri</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sambrial" title="Sambrial">Sambrial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was described as a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and her neighbours with their problems. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot.<sup id="cite_ref-Jai_Narain_Sharma_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jai_Narain_Sharma-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal loved his mother, and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place?<br /> </p><p>Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive? <br /> I will visit thy grave with this complaint:<br /> Who will now think of me in midnight prayers?<br /> All thy life thy love served me with devotion—<br /> </p><p> When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_education">Early education</h3></div> <p>Iqbal was four years old when he was sent to a mosque to receive instruction in reading the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned the Arabic language from his teacher, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Mir_Hassan" title="Syed Mir Hassan">Syed Mir Hassan</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a> and professor of Arabic at <a href="/wiki/Murray_College" title="Murray College">Scotch Mission College</a> in Sialkot, where he matriculated in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_2" title="Intermediate 2">Intermediate</a> level with the Faculty of Arts diploma in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taneja_and_Taneja_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taneja_and_Taneja-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Government_College_University_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College University (Lahore)">Government College University</a>, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> and Arabic in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal for his performance in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, he received his Master of Arts degree from the same college and won first place in philosophy in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taneja_and_Taneja_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taneja_and_Taneja-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg/220px-Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg/330px-Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Iqbal_and_son_Javid_in_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Allama Iqbal with his son <a href="/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Iqbal (judge)">Javed Iqbal</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal married four times under different circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasheeda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>His first marriage was in 1895 when he was 18 years old. His bride, Karim Bibi, was the daughter of Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan, a leading civil surgeon and fellow <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris_in_Punjab" title="Kashmiris in Punjab">Punjabi-Kashmiri</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Gujrat,_Pakistan" title="Gujrat, Pakistan">Gujrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her sister was the mother of director and music composer <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Khurshid_Anwar" title="Khwaja Khurshid Anwar">Khwaja Khurshid Anwar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their families arranged the marriage, and the couple had two children; a daughter, Miraj Begum (1895–1915), and a son, Aftab Iqbal (1899–1979), who became a barrister.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasheeda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another son is said to have died after birth in 1901.</li></ul> <p>Iqbal and Karim Bibi separated somewhere between 1910 and 1913. Despite this, he continued to financially support her till his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabir_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabir-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Iqbal's second marriage took place on 26 August 1910 with the niece of <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Noor-ud-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Noor-ud-Din">Hakim Noor-ud-Din</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iqbal's third marriage was with Mukhtar Begum, and it was held in December 1914, shortly after the death of Iqbal's mother the previous November.<sup id="cite_ref-Abida_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abida-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a son, but both the mother and son died shortly after birth in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasheeda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Later, Iqbal married Sardar Begum, and they became the parents of a son, <a href="/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge,_born_1924)" title="Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)">Javed Iqbal</a> (1924–2015), who became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan">Senior Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>, and a daughter, Muneera Bano (born 1930).<sup id="cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasheeda-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabir_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabir-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Muneera's sons is the philanthropist-cum-socialite <a href="/wiki/Yousuf_Salahuddin" title="Yousuf Salahuddin">Yousuf Salahuddin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabir_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabir-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education_in_Europe">Higher education in Europe</h3></div> <p>Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Sir Thomas Arnold</a>, his philosophy teacher at <a href="/wiki/Government_College_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College Lahore">Government College Lahore</a>, to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905, he travelled to England for that purpose. While already acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, Iqbal would discover <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> slightly before his departure to England, and he would teach the <i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i> to his friend <a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Swami Rama Tirtha</a>, who in return would teach him <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, University of Cambridge</a>, and obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. This B.A. degree in London, made him eligible, to practice as an advocate, as it was being practised those days. In the same year he was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a>. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to pursue his doctoral studies, and earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> in 4 November 1907 (Published in 1908 in London). Working under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hommel" title="Fritz Hommel">Friedrich Hommel</a>, Iqbal's doctoral thesis was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phdthesis_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phdthesis-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mustansir_Mir2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustansir_Mir2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy_Jackson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy_Jackson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his fellow students in Munich was <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hasso_von_Veltheim" title="Hans-Hasso von Veltheim">Hans-Hasso von Veltheim</a> who later happened to visit Iqbal the day before Iqbal died.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg/220px-Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg/330px-Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg/440px-Allama_Iqbal_Plaque_Cambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Portugal Place, Cambridge, commemorating Allama Iqbal's residence there during his time at Trinity College</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, he had a close friendship with the writer <a href="/wiki/Atiya_Fyzee" title="Atiya Fyzee">Atiya Fyzee</a> in both Britain and Germany. Atiya would later publish their correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Iqbal was in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> in 1907, his German professor Emma Wegenast taught him about <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a> and Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mastered German in three months.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A street in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> has been named in his memory, "Iqbal Ufer". During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry in Persian. He preferred to write in this language because doing so made it easier to express his thoughts. He would write continuously in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_Youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Iqbal_Youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken during Allama Iqbal's youth in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, at <a href="/wiki/Oriental_College,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental College, Lahore">Oriental College</a> and shortly afterward was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a student in the past. He worked there until he left for England in 1905. In 1907 he went to Germany for PhD In 1908, he returned from Germany and joined the same college again as a professor of philosophy and English literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit law practice and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of <i><a href="/wiki/Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam">Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same organization. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Nietzsche, Bergson, and Goethe. He also closely worked with Ibrahim Hisham during his stay at the Aligarh Muslim University.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poetry and philosophy of Rumi strongly influenced Iqbal. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began concentrating intensely on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his guide".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's works focus on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization and delivering the message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community or the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's poetry was translated into many European languages in the early part of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's <i><a href="/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asrar-i-Khudi">Asrar-i-Khudi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Javed_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Nama">Javed Nama</a></i> were translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">R. A. Nicholson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">A. J. Arberry</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif" decoding="async" width="147" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption> Iqbal as a barrister-at-law</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal was not only a prolific writer but also a known advocate. He appeared before the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_High_Court" title="Lahore High Court">Lahore High Court</a> in both civil and criminal matters. There are more than 100 reported judgments to his name.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg/220px-Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg/330px-Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg/440px-Allama_Iqbals_Tomb_East_%26_south_walls_July_1_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">tomb of Muhammad Iqbal</a> at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, after returning from a trip to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Iqbal suffered from a mysterious throat illness.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his final years helping <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Niaz_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan">Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)#Dar_ul_Islam_Movement_and_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Dar ul Islam Trust</a> Institute at a Jamalpur estate near <a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there were plans to subsidize studies in classical Islam and contemporary social science. He also advocated for an independent Muslim state. Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted a pension by the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bhopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bhopal">Nawab of Bhopal</a>. In his final years, he frequently visited the <a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a> of famous Sufi <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Hujwiri">Ali Hujwiri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> for spiritual guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pktoday73_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is maintained that he breathed his last listening to a <a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">kafi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">His tomb</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh" title="Hazuri Bagh">Hazuri Bagh</a>, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>, and official guards are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_and_influences">Efforts and influences</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbalpolitics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Iqbalpolitics.jpg/250px-Iqbalpolitics.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Iqbalpolitics.jpg/375px-Iqbalpolitics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Iqbalpolitics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Iqbal with Muslim politicians.<br /> (L to R): M. Iqbal (third), <a href="/wiki/Syed_Zafarul_Hasan" title="Syed Zafarul Hasan">Syed Zafarul Hasan</a> (sixth) at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal first became interested in national affairs in his youth. He received considerable recognition from the Punjabi elite after his return from England in 1908, and he was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> was expanded to the provincial level, and Shafi received a significant role in the structural organization of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Muslim League</a>, Iqbal was made one of the first three joint secretaries along with Shaikh Abdul Aziz and Maulvi Mahbub Alam.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and stayed in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jouhar">Mohammad Ali Jouhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. He was a critic of the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which he regarded as dominated by <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, and was disappointed with the League when, during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.<sup id="cite_ref-brightpk.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightpk.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2012)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> He was active in the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a>, and was among the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a> which was established at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a> in October 1920. He was also given the offer of being the first vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, which he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iqbal_2.jpg/220px-Iqbal_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iqbal_2.jpg/330px-Iqbal_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Iqbal_2.jpg/440px-Iqbal_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad Iqbal, then president of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Muslim League</a> in 1930 and address deliverer</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested the election for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</a> from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">constitutional proposals</a> presented by Jinnah to guarantee Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress and worked with <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.<sup id="cite_ref-brightpk.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightpk.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2012)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> While in Lahore he was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Ranjoor" title="Abdul Sattar Ranjoor">Abdul Sattar Ranjoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-n_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iqbal,_Jinnah,_and_the_concept_of_"Pakistan""><span id="Iqbal.2C_Jinnah.2C_and_the_concept_of_.22Pakistan.22"></span>Iqbal, Jinnah, and the concept of "Pakistan"</h3></div> <p>Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political leader capable of preserving unity and fulfilling the League's objectives of Muslim political empowerment. Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was influential in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India and take charge of the League. Iqbal firmly believed that Jinnah was the only leader capable of drawing Indian Muslims to the League and maintaining party unity before the British and the Congress: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know you are a busy man, but I do hope you won't mind my writing to you often, as you are the only Muslim in India today to whom the community has the right to look up for safe guidance through the storm which is coming to North-West India and, perhaps, to the whole of India.<sup id="cite_ref-iqbalandpakmovement_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iqbalandpakmovement-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>While Iqbal espoused the idea of Muslim-majority provinces in 1930, Jinnah would continue to hold talks with the Congress through the decade and only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress and never fully desired the partition of India.<sup id="cite_ref-jalal14_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jalal14-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's close correspondence with Jinnah is speculated by some historians as having been responsible for Jinnah's embrace of the idea of Pakistan. Iqbal elucidated to Jinnah his vision of a separate Muslim state in a letter sent on 21 June 1937: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of Non-Muslims. Why should not the Muslims of North-West India and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> be considered as nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Iqbal, serving as president of the Punjab Muslim League, criticized Jinnah's political actions, including a political agreement with Punjabi leader <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan_(Punjabi_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)">Sikandar Hyat Khan</a>, whom Iqbal saw as a representative of feudal classes and not committed to Islam as the core political philosophy. Nevertheless, Iqbal worked constantly to encourage Muslim leaders and masses to support Jinnah and the League. Speaking about the political future of Muslims in India, Iqbal said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a>. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defense of our national existence. The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now, none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-iqbalandpakmovement_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iqbalandpakmovement-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madani–Iqbal_debate"><span id="Madani.E2.80.93Iqbal_debate"></span>Madani–Iqbal debate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madani%E2%80%93Iqbal_debate" title="Madani–Iqbal debate">Madani–Iqbal debate</a></div> <p>A famous debate was held between Iqbal and <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Ahmed_Madani" title="Hussain Ahmed Madani">Hussain Ahmed Madani</a> on the question of nationalism in the late 1930s. Madani's position throughout was to insist on the Islamic legitimacy of embracing a culturally plural, secular democracy as the best and the only realistic future for India's Muslims where Iqbal insisted on a religiously defined, homogeneous Muslim society. Madani and Iqbal both appreciated this point and they never advocated the creation of an absolute 'Islamic State'. They differed only in their first step. According to Madani the first step was the freedom of India for which composite nationalism was necessary. According to Iqbal the first step was the creation of a community of Muslims in the Muslim majority land, i.e. a Muslim India within India.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_of_Islamic_policy">Revival of Islamic policy</h2></div> <p>Iqbal's six English lectures were published in Lahore in 1930, and then by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> in 1934 in the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i>. The lectures had been delivered at <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion and as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these lectures Iqbal firmly rejects the political attitudes and conduct of Muslim politicians, whom he saw as morally misguided, attached to power and without any standing with the Muslim masses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Iqbal expressed fears that not only would <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> weaken the spiritual foundations of Islam and Muslim society but that India's <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-majority population would crowd out Muslim heritage, culture, and political influence. In his travels to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey, he promoted ideas of greater Islamic political co-operation and unity, calling for the shedding of nationalist differences.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also speculated on different political arrangements to guarantee Muslim political power; in a dialogue with Dr. <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, Iqbal expressed his desire to see Indian provinces as autonomous units under the direct control of the British government and with no central Indian government. He envisaged autonomous Muslim regions in India. Under a single Indian union, he feared for Muslims, who would suffer in many respects, especially concerning their existentially separate entity as Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal was elected president of the Muslim League in 1930 at its session in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, as well as for the session in Lahore in 1932. In his <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">presidential address</a> on 29 December 1930 he outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north-western India:<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dec_1930_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dec_1930-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I would like to see the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sind_province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind province (1936–1955)">Sind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioners_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)">Baluchistan</a> amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of Northwest India.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dec_1930_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dec_1930-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his speech, Iqbal emphasised that, unlike Christianity, Islam came with "legal concepts" with "civic significance", with its "religious ideals" considered as inseparable from social order: "Therefore, if it means a displacement of the Islamic principle of solidarity, the construction of a policy on national lines, is simply unthinkable to a Muslim."<sup id="cite_ref-Naipaul_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naipaul-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal thus stressed not only the need for the political unity of Muslim communities but the undesirability of blending the Muslim population into a wider society not based on Islamic principles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Even as he rejected secularism and nationalism he would not elucidate or specify if his ideal Islamic state would be a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, and criticized the "intellectual attitudes" of Islamic scholars (<a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>) as having "reduced the Law of Islam practically to the state of immobility".<sup id="cite_ref-iqbal-2004-1934-131_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iqbal-2004-1934-131-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter part of Iqbal's life was concentrated on political activity. He travelled across Europe and West Asia to garner political and financial support for the League. He reiterated the ideas of his 1932 address, and, during the third <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conference</a>, he opposed the Congress and proposals for transfer of power without considerable autonomy for Muslim provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He would serve as president of the Punjab Muslim League, and would deliver speeches and publish articles in an attempt to rally Muslims across India as a single political entity. Iqbal consistently criticized feudal classes in Punjab as well as Muslim politicians opposed to the League. Many accounts of Iqbal's frustration toward Congress leadership were also pivotal in providing a vision for the two-nation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_of_Tolu-e-Islam">Patron of <i>Tolu-e-Islam</i></h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TolueIslam1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TolueIslam1.jpg/220px-TolueIslam1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TolueIslam1.jpg/330px-TolueIslam1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TolueIslam1.jpg/440px-TolueIslam1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Copy of the first issue of <i>Tolu-e-Islam</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal was the first patron of <i><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(magazine)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (magazine)">Tolu-e-Islam</a></i>, a historical, political, religious and cultural journal of the Muslims of British India. For a long time, Iqbal wanted a journal to propagate his ideas and the aims and objectives of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a>. In 1935, according to his instructions, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Niazi" title="Syed Nazeer Niazi">Syed Nazeer Niazi</a> initiated and edited the journal,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after Iqbal's poem "<a href="/wiki/Tulu%27i_Islam" title="Tulu'i Islam">Tulu'i Islam</a>". Niazi dedicated the first issue of the journal to Iqbal. The journal would play an important role in the Pakistan movement.<sup id="cite_ref-brightpk.com_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightpk.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the journal was continued<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a>, who had contributed many articles in its early editions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_work">Literary work</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Works of Muhammad Iqbal">Works of Muhammad Iqbal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3></div> <p>Iqbal's poetic works are written primarily in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. Among his 12,000 verses of poetry, about 7,000 verses are in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, he published his first collection of poetry, the <i><a href="/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asrar-i-Khudi">Asrar-i-Khudi</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اسرارِ خودی</span> (<i>Secrets of the Self</i>) in Persian. The poems emphasise the spirit and self from a religious perspective. Many critics have called this Iqbal's finest poetic work.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Asrar-i-Khudi</i>, Iqbal explains his philosophy of "Khudi", or "Self".<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal's use of the term "Khudi" is synonymous with the word <a href="/wiki/Ruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruh">"Rooh"</a> used in the Quran for a divine spark which is present in every human being, and was said by Iqbal to be present in <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, for which God ordered all of the angels to prostrate in front of Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal condemns self-destruction. For him, the aim of life is self-realization and self-knowledge. He charts the stages through which the "Self" has to pass before finally arriving at its point of perfection, enabling the knower of the "Self" to become a vice-regent of God.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Rumuz-i-Bekhudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumuz-i-Bekhudi">Rumuz-i-Bekhudi</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">رموزِ بیخودی</span> (<i>Hints of Selflessness</i>), Iqbal seeks to prove the Islamic way of life is the best code of conduct for a nation's viability. A person must keep his characteristics intact, he asserts, but once this is achieved, he should sacrifice his ambitions for the needs of the nation. Man cannot realize the "Self" outside of society. Published in 1917, this group of poems has as its main themes the ideal community,<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic ethical and social principles, and the relationship between the individual and society. Although he supports Islam, Iqbal also recognises the positive aspects of other religions. <i>Rumuz-i-Bekhudi</i> complements the emphasis on the self in <i>Asrar-e-Khudi</i> and the two collections are often put in the same volume under the title <i>Asrar-i-Rumuz</i> (<i>Hinting Secrets</i>). It is addressed to the world's Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's 1924 publication, the <i><a href="/wiki/Payam-e-Mashriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Payam-e-Mashriq">Payam-e-Mashriq</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پیامِ مشرق</span> (<i>The Message of the East</i>), is closely connected to the <i>West-östlicher Diwan</i> by the German poet Goethe. Goethe bemoans the West having become too materialistic in outlook, and expects the East will provide a message of hope to resuscitate spiritual values. Iqbal styles his work as a reminder to the West of the importance of morality, religion, and civilization by underlining the need for cultivating feeling, ardor, and dynamism. He asserts that an individual can never aspire to higher dimensions unless he learns of the nature of spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first visit to Afghanistan, he presented <i>Payam-e Mashreq</i> to <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">King Amanullah Khan</a>. In it, he admired the uprising of Afghanistan against the British Empire. In 1933, he was officially invited to Afghanistan to join the meetings regarding the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Zabur-e-Ajam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabur-e-Ajam">Zabur-e-Ajam</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">زبورِ عجم</span> (<i>Persian Psalms</i>), published in 1927, includes the poems "<i>Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed</i>" ("Garden of New Secrets") and "<i>Bandagi Nama</i>" ("Book of Slavery"). In "<i>Gulshan-e-Raz-e-Jadeed</i>", Iqbal first poses questions, then answers them with the help of ancient and modern insight. "<i>Bandagi Nama</i>" denounces slavery and attempts to explain the spirit behind the fine arts of enslaved societies. Here, as in other books, Iqbal insists on remembering the past, doing well in the present and preparing for the future, while emphasising love, enthusiasm and energy to fulfill the ideal life.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's 1932 work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Javed_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Nama">Javed Nama</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">جاوید نامہ</span> (<i>Book of Javed</i>), is named after and in a manner addressed to his son, who is featured in the poems. It follows the examples of the works of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a></i>, through <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">mystical and exaggerated depictions</a> across time. Iqbal depicts himself as <i><a href="/wiki/Zinda_Rud" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinda Rud">Zinda Rud</a></i> ("A stream full of life") guided by Rumi, "the master", through various heavens and spheres and has the honour of approaching divinity and coming in contact with divine illuminations. In a passage reliving a historical period, Iqbal condemns the Muslims who were instrumental in the defeat and death of Nawab <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj-ud-Daula">Siraj-ud-Daula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> by betraying them for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British colonists</a>, and thus delivering their country to the shackles of slavery. In the end, by addressing his son Javed, he speaks to the young people at large, and guides the "new generation".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/What_should_then_be_done_O_people_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="What should then be done O people of the East">Pas Chih Bayed Kard Ay Aqwam-e-Sharq</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پس چہ باید کرد اے اقوامِ شرق</span> includes the poem "<i>Musafir</i>" <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">مسافر</span> ("The Traveller"). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and gives an exposition of the mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Islamic laws</a> and Sufi perceptions. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. "<i>Musafir</i>" is an account of one of Iqbal's journeys to Afghanistan, in which the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun people</a> are counselled to learn the "secret of Islam" and to "build up the self" within themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His love of the Persian language is evident in his works and poetry. He says in one of his poems:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">گرچہ ہندی در عذوبت شکر است</span><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>garchi Hindi dar uzūbat <u>sh</u>akkar ast</i> </p><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">طرز گفتار دري شيرين تر است</span> </p> <p><i>tarz-i guftar-i Dari <u>sh</u>irin tar ast</i></p></blockquote> <p>Translation: <i>Even though in sweetness <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi</a>* [archaic name for Urdu, lit. "language of India"] is sugar</i> – <i>(but) speech method in <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a> [the variety of Persian in Afghanistan] is sweeter *</i> </p><p>Throughout his life, Iqbal would prefer writing in Persian as he believed it allowed him to fully express philosophical concepts, and it gave him a wider audience.<sup id="cite_ref-goethezeitportal_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethezeitportal-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu">Urdu</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png/220px-Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png/330px-Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png/440px-Sir_Muhammad_Iqbal_1935_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Sir Muhammad Iqbal in 1935, by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Ottoline_Morrell" title="Lady Ottoline Morrell">Lady Ottoline Morrell</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Muhammad Iqbal's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell" title="The Call of the Marching Bell">The Call of the Marching Bell</a></i> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بانگِ درا</span>, <i>bang-e-dara</i>), his first collection of Urdu poetry, was published in 1924. It was written in three distinct phases of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poems he wrote up to 1905—the year he left for England—reflect patriotism and the imagery of nature, including the Urdu language patriotic "<a href="/wiki/Sare_Jahan_se_Accha" title="Sare Jahan se Accha">Saare Jahan se Accha</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second set of poems date from 1905 to 1908, when Iqbal studied in Europe, and dwell upon the nature of <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European society</a>, which he emphasised had lost spiritual and religious values. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islam and the Muslim community, with a global perspective. Iqbal urges the entire Muslim community, addressed as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i>, to define personal, social and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's works were in Persian for most of his career, but after 1930 his works were mainly in Urdu. His works in this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, <i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Wing" title="Gabriel's Wing">Bal-e-Jibril</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">بالِ جبریل</span> (<i>Wings of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></i>) is considered by many critics as his finest Urdu poetry and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">kingdom of the Moors</a>. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Ghazals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazals">ghazals</a>, poems, <a href="/wiki/Quatrains" class="mw-redirect" title="Quatrains">quatrains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epigrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigrams">epigrams</a> and carries a strong sense of religious passion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014134_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014134-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Zarb-i-Kalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarb-i-Kalim">Zarb-i-Kalim</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ضربِ کلیم</span> (or <i>The Rod of Moses</i>) is another philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, it was published in 1936, two years before his death. In which he described as his political manifesto. It was published with the subtitle "A Declaration of War Against the Present Times. Muhammad Iqbal argues that modern problems are due to the godlessness, materialism, and injustice of modern civilization, which feeds on the subjugation and exploitation of weak nations, especially the Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's final work was <i><a href="/wiki/Gift_from_Hijaz" title="Gift from Hijaz">Armughan-e-Hijaz</a></i> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ارمغانِ حجاز</span> (<i>The Gift of Hijaz</i>), published posthumously in 1938. The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression that the poet is travelling through the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> in his imagination. The profundity of ideas and intensity of passion are the salient features of these short poems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014286-289_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnjum2014286-289-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal's vision of mystical experience is clear in one of his Urdu ghazals, which was written in London during his student days. Some verses of that ghazal are:<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At last, the silent tongue of Hijaz has<br /> </p><p>announced to the ardent ear the tiding<br /> That the covenant which had been given to the<br /> desert-[dwellers] is going to be renewed<br /> vigorously:<br /> The lion who had emerged from the desert and<br /> had toppled the Roman Empire is<br /> As I am told by the angels, about to get up<br /> again (from his slumbers.)<br /> You the [dwellers] of the West, should know that<br /> the world of God is not a shop (of yours).<br /> Your imagined pure gold is about to lose its <br /> standard value (as fixed by you).<br /> Your civilization will commit suicide with its own daggers.<br /> </p><p> For a house built on a fragile bark of wood is not longlasting<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <p>Iqbal wrote two books, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a></i> (1908) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (1930), and many letters in the English language. He also wrote a book on Economics that is now rare. In these, he revealed his thoughts regarding Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism – in particular, his beliefs that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a superior perception of life. He also discussed philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, human spirit and Muslim culture, as well as other political, social and religious problems.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal was invited to Cambridge to participate in a conference in 1931, where he expressed his views, including those on the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, to students and other participants:<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I would like to offer a few pieces of advice to the young men who are at present studying at Cambridge. ... I advise you to guard against atheism and materialism. The biggest blunder made by Europe was the separation of Church and State. This deprived their culture of moral soul and diverted it to atheistic materialism. I had twenty-five years ago seen through the drawbacks of this civilization and, therefore, had made some prophecies. They had been delivered by my tongue, although I did not quite understand them. This happened in 1907. ... After six or seven years, my prophecies came true, word by word. The European war of 1914 was an outcome of the mistakes mentioned above made by the European nations in the separation of the Church and the State.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi">Punjabi</h3></div> <p>Iqbal also wrote some poems in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, such as "<i>Piyaara Jedi</i>" and "<i>Baba Bakri Wala</i>", which he penned in 1929 on the occasion of his son Javed's birthday. A collection of his Punjabi poetry was put on display at the <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Manzil" title="Iqbal Manzil">Iqbal Manzil</a> in Sialkot.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iqbal was deeply influenced by Punjabi <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>. Once a comrade recited a poem by <a href="/wiki/Bulleh_Shah" title="Bulleh Shah">Bulleh Shah</a> and he was "so much touched and overwhelmed...that tears rolled down his cheeks."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_reputation">Modern reputation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Poet_of_the_East""><span id=".22Poet_of_the_East.22"></span>"Poet of the East"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_after_the_conferment_of_this_Degree_by_the_University_of_the_Punjab_in_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Muhammad_Iqbal_after_the_conferment_of_this_Degree_by_the_University_of_the_Punjab_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Allama Iqbal after the conferment of a Doctorate of Literature by the University of the Punjab in 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal has been referred to as the "Poet of the East" by academics, institutions and the media.<sup id="cite_ref-dailytimes_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailytimes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thenews_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenews-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dawn_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taus-Bolstad_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taus-Bolstad-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jalal_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalal-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YAHYA_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YAHYA-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam University">Quaid-e-Azam University</a>, Dr. Masoom Yasinzai, stated in a seminar addressing a distinguished gathering of educators and intellectuals that Iqbal is not only a poet of the East but is a universal poet. Moreover, Iqbal is not restricted to any specific segment of the world community, but he is for all humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yet it should also be born in mind that while dedicating his Eastern Divan to Goethe, the cultural icon par excellence, Iqbal's Payam-i-Mashriq constituted both a reply as well as a corrective to the Western Divan of Goethe. For by stylizing himself as the representative of the East, Iqbal endeavored to talk on equal terms to Goethe as the representative of West.<sup id="cite_ref-orient_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orient-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Iqbal's revolutionary works through his poetry affected the Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">subcontinent</a>. Iqbal thought that Muslims had long been suppressed by the colonial enlargement and growth of the West. For this concept, Iqbal is recognised as the "Poet of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-dawn_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urdu_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So to conclude, let me cite <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a> in <i>Gabriel's Wing</i> who lauds Iqbal's "unique way of weaving a grand tapestry of thought from eastern and western yarns" (p. xv), a creative activity which, to cite my own volume Revisioning Iqbal, endows Muhammad Iqbal with the stature of a "<i>universalist poet</i>" and thinker whose principal aim was to explore mitigating alternative discourses to construct a bridge between the "East" and the "West."<sup id="cite_ref-orient_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orient-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Urdu world is very familiar with Iqbal as the "Poet of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-urdu_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urdu-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal is also called <i>Muffakir-e-Pakistan</i> ("The Thinker of Pakistan") and <i>Hakeem-ul-Ummat</i> ("The Sage of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>"). The Pakistan government officially named him Pakistan's "<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national poets">national poet</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3></div> <p>In Iran, Iqbal is known as <i>Iqbāl-e Lāhorī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اقبال لاهوری</span>) (Iqbal of Lahore). Iqbal's <i>Asrare-i-Khudi</i> and <i>Bal-i-Jibreel</i> are particularly popular in Iran. At the same time, many scholars in Iran have recognised the importance of Iqbal's poetry in inspiring and sustaining the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_Friday_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Friday-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early phases of the revolutionary movement, it was common to see people gathering in a park or corner to listen to someone reciting Iqbal's Persian poetry, which is why people of all ages in Iran today are familiar with at least some of his poetry, notably <i>Zabur-i-Ajam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran2_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran2-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-the_Friday_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Friday-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Ayatollah Ali Khamenei</a> has stated, "We have a large number of non-Persian-speaking poets in the history of our literature, but I cannot point out any of them whose poetry possesses the qualities of Iqbal's Persian poetry. Iqbal was not acquainted with Persian idiom, as he spoke Urdu at home and talked to his friends in Urdu or English. He did not know the rules of Persian prose writing. [...] In spite of not having tasted the Persian way of life, never living in the cradle of Persian culture, and never having any direct association with it, he cast with great mastery the most delicate, the most subtle and radically new philosophical themes into the mould of Persian poetry, some of which are unsurpassable yet."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1950s, Iqbal became known among the intelligentsia of Iran. Iranian poet laureate <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Bahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Bahar">Muhammad Taqi Bahar</a> universalized Iqbal in Iran. He highly praised the work of Iqbal in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadeq">Mohammad Mossadeq</a>, a national hero because of his oil nationalization policy, broadcast a special radio message on Iqbal Day and praised his role in the struggle of the Indian Muslims against British imperialism. At the end of the 1950s, Iranians published the complete Persian works. In the 1960s, Iqbal's thesis on Persian philosophy was translated from English to Persian. Ali Shariati, a Sorbonne-educated sociologist, supported Iqbal as his role model as Iqbal had Rumi. An example of the admiration and appreciation of Iran for Iqbal is that he received the place of honour in the pantheon of the Persian elegy writers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Iqbal became even more popular in Iran in the 1970s. His verses appeared on banners, and his poetry was recited at meetings of intellectuals. Iqbal inspired many intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdulkarim_Soroush" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulkarim Soroush">Abdulkarim Soroush</a>. His book <i>The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</i> was translated by Mohammad Masud Noruzi.<sup id="cite_ref-the_Friday_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Friday-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key Iranian thinkers and leaders who were influenced by Iqbal's poetry during the rise of the Iranian revolution include Khamenei, Shariati and Soroush, although much of the revolutionary guard was familiar with Iqbal's poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran3_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the inauguration of the First Iqbal Summit in Tehran (1986), Khamenei stated that in its "conviction that the Quran and Islam are to be made the basis of all revolutions and movements", Iran was "exactly following the path that was shown to us by Iqbal".<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran3_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shariati, who has been described as a core ideologue for the Iranian Revolution, described Iqbal as a figure who brought a message of "rejuvenation", "awakening" and "power" to the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran5_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-Iran5-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_countries">Arab countries</h3></div> <p>Iqbal has an audience in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> one of his poems has been sung by <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a>, the most famous modern Egyptian artist, while among his modern admirers there are influential literary figures such as <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Shousha" title="Farouk Shousha">Farouk Shousha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, among the important personalities who were influenced by Iqbal there was <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud_(1923%E2%80%932007)" title="Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud (1923–2007)">Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Saudi royal family</a> and himself a poet.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Akif_Ersoy" title="Mehmet Akif Ersoy">Mehmet Akif Ersoy</a>, considered the national poet of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> for having composed its <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Turkey">national anthem</a>, was directly influenced by Iqbal.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Turkey's Minister for Culture and Tourism <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Avc%C4%B1" title="Nabi Avcı">Nabi Avcı</a> presented the <i>Dost Award</i> to <a href="/wiki/Walid_Iqbal" title="Walid Iqbal">Walid Iqbal</a>, the grandson of Iqbal, in order to honour Iqbal's "services to Islam", the ceremony being held in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, the resting place of Rumi.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_countries">Western countries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg/220px-Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg/330px-Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg/440px-Iqbal_Street_in_Heidelberg_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sign for the street <i>Iqbal-Ufer</i> in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, Germany, honouring Iqbal<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal-West1_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-West1-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal's views on the Western world have been applauded by Westerners, including <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal".<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet biographer N. P. Anikoy wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Iqbal is] great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination and oppression in all forms, i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals and principles of humanism, democracy, peace and friendship among peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Others, including <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Cantwell_Smith" title="Wilfred Cantwell Smith">Wilfred Cantwell Smith</a>, stated that with Iqbal's anti-capitalist holdings, he was "anti-intellect", because "capitalism fosters intellect".<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeland_Abbott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeland Abbott (page does not exist)">Freeland Abbott</a> objected to Iqbal's views of the West, saying that they were based on the role of imperialism and that Iqbal was not immersed enough in Western culture to learn about the various benefits of the modern democracies, economic practices and science.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of Abbot's viewpoint note that Iqbal was raised and educated in the European way of life, and spent enough time there to grasp the general concepts of Western civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png/220px-Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png/330px-Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png/440px-Muhammad_Iqbal_1977_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption> "<b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics#Unicode" title="Islamic honorifics"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">ؒ</span></span></span></a></b> صد سالہ تقریب پیدائش علامہ محمد اقبال" <br />(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">P</a>, <i>sad</i>, one hundred) (P. <i>sāla/sālha</i>, years) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">A</a> <i>taqrīb</i>, anniversary) (P. <i>paidāʼish</i>, birth) of <a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a> Muhammad Iqbal (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics#Applied_to_scholars_and_saints" title="Islamic honorifics">R.A</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> and <br /> "حکومتِ پاکستان 1 روپیہ" <br /> "<a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rūpiyah</a>" on the reverse, among <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coins_of_Pakistan" title="Commemorative coins of Pakistan">commemorative coins</a> issued by the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank of Pakistan</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>Iqbal is widely commemorated in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the state. Iqbal is the <a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">namesake</a> of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab University in Lahore, the <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Medical_College" title="Allama Iqbal Medical College">Allama Iqbal Medical College</a> in Lahore, <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium" title="Iqbal Stadium">Iqbal Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Open_University" title="Allama Iqbal Open University">Allama Iqbal Open University</a> in Pakistan, Iqbal Memorial Institute in Srinagar, Allama Iqbal Library in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kashmir" title="University of Kashmir">University of Kashmir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport" title="Allama Iqbal International Airport">Allama Iqbal International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Iqbal Hostel in <a href="/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore" title="Government College University, Lahore">Government College University, Lahore</a>, the Allama Iqbal Hall at <a href="/wiki/Nishtar_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishtar Medical College">Nishtar Medical College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulshan-e-Iqbal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town">Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town</a> in Karachi, <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_Town" title="Allama Iqbal Town">Allama Iqbal Town</a> in Lahore, Allama Iqbal Hall at <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>, Allama Iqbal Hostel at <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a> in New Delhi and Iqbal Hall at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Lahore" title="University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore">University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iqbal Academy Lahore has published magazines on Iqbal in Persian, English and Urdu. </p><p>In India, his song "<a href="/wiki/Tarana-e-Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarana-e-Hind">Tarana-e-Hind</a>" is frequently played as a patriotic song speaking of communal harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dr. Mohammad Iqbal</i>, an Indian documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/K.A._Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="K.A. Abbas">K.A. Abbas</a> and written by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sardar_Jafri" title="Ali Sardar Jafri">Ali Sardar Jafri</a> was released in 1978. It was produced by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Films Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Government of Madhya Pradesh">Government of Madhya Pradesh</a> in India awards the Iqbal Samman, named in honour of the poet, every year at the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhavan" title="Bharat Bhavan">Bharat Bhavan</a> to Indian writers for their contributions to <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pakistani government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational institutions, colleges, and schools dedicated to Iqbal and have established the <a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan" title="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">Iqbal Academy Pakistan</a> to research, teach and preserve his works, literature and philosophy. The Allama Iqbal Stamps Society was established for the promotion of Iqbal in <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philately</a> and in other hobbies. His son <a href="/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge,_born_1924)" title="Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)">Javed Iqbal</a> served as a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>. Javaid Manzil was Iqbal's last residence.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad)"><img alt="Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg/97px-Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg/145px-Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Father_of_Allama_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Father of Iqbal (Shaikh Noor Muhammad)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931"><img alt="At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg/120px-Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg/180px-Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg/240px-Iqbal_Second_Round_Table_Conference.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At a party during the 2nd Round Table Conference in London in 1931</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Conference,_West_Jerusalem,_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931)."><img alt="A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg/120px-Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg/180px-Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg/240px-Pakistan_Conference%2C_West_Jerusalem%2C_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of the conference in West Jerusalem. Iqbal is seen sitting on the extreme right in the first row (1931).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal,_London,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932"><img alt="Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg/120px-Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg/180px-Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg/240px-Muhammad_Iqbal%2C_London%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal reception given by the National League, London, in 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_in_1934.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal in 1934"><img alt="Iqbal in 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Iqbal_in_1934.gif/92px-Iqbal_in_1934.gif" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Iqbal_in_1934.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="170" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal in 1934</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore,_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933"><img alt="Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg/120px-Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg/180px-Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg/240px-Muhammad_Iqbal_in_Lahore%2C_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal in a reception given by citizens of Lahore in 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal at Shimla in 1930s"><img alt="Iqbal at Shimla in 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg/85px-Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg/128px-Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg/171px-Muhammad_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal at <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> in 1930s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood"><img alt="Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg/88px-Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg/131px-Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Iqbal_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal in Afghanistan with Sulmain Nadavi and Ross Masood</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal"><img alt="Poet of East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg/99px-Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg/149px-Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg/198px-Allama_muhammad_iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="4658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iqbal supposedly in 1933"><img alt="Iqbal supposedly in 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/84px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/125px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Allama_Iqbal.jpg/167px-Allama_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iqbal supposedly in 1933</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal_bibliography" title="Muhammad Iqbal bibliography">Muhammad Iqbal bibliography</a></div> <dl><dt>Prose book in Urdu</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_ul_Iqtisad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm ul Iqtisad">Ilm ul Iqtisad</a></i> (1903)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Prose books in English</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a></i> (1908)<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i> (1930)<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Poetic books in Persian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asrar-i-Khudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asrar-i-Khudi">Asrar-i-Khudi</a></i> (1915)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumuz-i-Bekhudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumuz-i-Bekhudi">Rumuz-i-Bekhudi</a></i> (1917)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payam-i-Mashriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Payam-i-Mashriq">Payam-i-Mashriq</a></i> (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabur-i-Ajam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabur-i-Ajam">Zabur-i-Ajam</a></i> (1927)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Javid_Nama" title="Javid Nama">Javid Nama</a></i> (1932)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_should_then_be_done_O_people_of_the_East" class="mw-redirect" title="What should then be done O people of the East">Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq</a></i> (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gift_from_Hijaz" title="Gift from Hijaz">Armughan-e-Hijaz</a></i> (1938)<sup id="cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brightpk.com_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brightpk.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Persian and Urdu)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Poetic books in Urdu</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bang-i-Dara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bang-i-Dara">Bang-i-Dara</a></i> (1924)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bal-i-Jibril" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal-i-Jibril">Bal-i-Jibril</a></i> (1935)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rod_of_Moses" title="The Rod of Moses">Zarb-i Kalim</a></i> (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Muhammad_Iqbal%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles">Index of Muhammad Iqbal–related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lelyveld-Martin2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lelyveld-Martin2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lelyveld-Martin2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLelyveld2004" class="citation cs2">Lelyveld, David (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938">"Muhammad Iqbal"</a>, in Martin, Richard C. (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L</i>, Macmillan, p. 356, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865604-5"><bdi>978-0-02-865604-5</bdi></a>, <q>Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World%3A+A-L&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865604-5&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fiqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IqbalSinghZakaria1981-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IqbalSinghZakaria1981_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbalZakaria1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iqbal, Sir Muhammad; <a href="/wiki/Rafiq_Zakaria" title="Rafiq Zakaria">Zakaria, Rafiq</a> (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ"><i>Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa</i></a> (in English and Urdu), translated by Singh, Khushwant, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561324-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-561324-7"><bdi>978-0-19-561324-7</bdi></a>, <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shikwa+and+Jawab-i-shikwa&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-561324-7&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Sir+Muhammad&rft.au=Zakaria%2C+Rafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSeiAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan2013-1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan2013-1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Kiernan" title="Victor Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ"><i>Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text</i></a>. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2"><bdi>978-0-19-906616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+from+Iqbal%3A+Renderings+in+English+Verse+with+Comparative+Urdu+Text&rft.pages=xi-xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+and+Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906616-2&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqpRsMQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "In Persian, ... he published six volumes of mainly long poems between 1915 and 1936, ... more or less complete works on philosophical themes" (p. xiii)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sevea2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sevea2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevea2012" class="citation cs2">Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14"><i>The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1"><bdi>978-1-107-00886-1</bdi></a>, <q>Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held various posts both in the All-India Muslim League and the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Muhammad+Iqbal%3A+Islam+and+Nationalism+in+Late+Colonial+India&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00886-1&rft.aulast=Sevea&rft.aufirst=Iqbal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrItm_F6wncC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan2013-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan2013-2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Kiernan" title="Victor Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpRsMQEACAAJ"><i>Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text</i></a>. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. pp. xi–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906616-2"><bdi>978-0-19-906616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems+from+Iqbal%3A+Renderings+in+English+Verse+with+Comparative+Urdu+Text&rft.pages=xi-xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+and+Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906616-2&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=V.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqpRsMQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "In Urdu, Iqbal is allowed to have been far the greatest poet of this century, and by most critics to be the only equal of <a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Ghalib</a> (1797–1869). ... the Urdu poems, addressed to a real and familiar audience close at hand, have the merit of being direct, spontaneous utterances on tangible subjects. (p. xiii)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-maconough-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-maconough_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2020" class="citation cs2">McDonough, Sheila D (5 November 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal"><i>Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>, Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>, <q>He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-11-05&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Sheila+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMuhammad-Iqbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anjum2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anjum2014_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Anjum, Zafar (13 October 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician</i></a>, Random House, pp. 16–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-656-8"><bdi>978-81-8400-656-8</bdi></a>, <q>Responding to this call, he published a collection of Urdu poems, Bal-e-Jibril (The Wings of Gabriel) in 1935 and Zarb-e Kalim (The Stroke of the Rod of Moses) in 1936. Through this, Iqbal achieved the status of the greatest Urdu poet in the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal%3A+The+Life+of+a+Poet%2C+Philosopher+and+Politician&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.isbn=978-81-8400-656-8&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinfNBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1996-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1996_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Francis (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 283–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66993-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66993-1</bdi></a>, <q>In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=283-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66993-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFz5kgjMDnOIC%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sevea2012-2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sevea2012-2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sevea2012-2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevea2012" class="citation cs2">Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14"><i>The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00886-1"><bdi>978-1-107-00886-1</bdi></a>, <q>In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Muhammad+Iqbal%3A+Islam+and+Nationalism+in+Late+Colonial+India&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00886-1&rft.aulast=Sevea&rft.aufirst=Iqbal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrItm_F6wncC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmbreeHay1988-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EmbreeHay1988_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbreeHayBary1988" class="citation cs2">Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoMRuiSpBp4C"><i>Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan</i></a>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06414-9"><bdi>978-0-231-06414-9</bdi></a>, <q>Sir Syed Ahmed had brought rationalism and the desire for knowledge and progress to the Indian Muslims; Muhammad Iqbal brought them inspiration and philosophy. Next to the Quran, there is no single influence upon the consciousness of the Pakistani intelligentsia so powerful as Iqbal's poetry. In his own time, it kindled the enthusiasm of Muslim intellectuals for the values of Islam and rallied the Muslim community once again to the banner of their faith. For this reason, Iqbal is looked upon today as the spiritual founder of Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Tradition%3A+Modern+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06414-9&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft.au=Hay%2C+Stephen+N.&rft.au=Bary%2C+William+Theodore+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoMRuiSpBp4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-platts-allama-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-platts-allama_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatts1884" class="citation cs2">Platts, John T. (John Thompson) (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?qs=allama&matchtype=default"><i>A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English</i></a>, London: W. H. Allen & Co.<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urdu%2C+classical+Hindi%2C+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Platts&rft.aufirst=John+T.+%28John+Thompson%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fplatts_query.py%3Fqs%3Dallama%26matchtype%3Ddefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/features/allama-iqbal-pakistans-national-poet-the-man-who-gave-india-saare-jahan-se-achha/147155/">"Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a></i>. 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Allama+Iqbal%3A+Pakistan%27s+national+poet+%26+the+man+who+gave+India+%27Saare+Jahan+se+Achha%27&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Ffeatures%2Fallama-iqbal-pakistans-national-poet-the-man-who-gave-india-saare-jahan-se-achha%2F147155%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Edward. <i>Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 2000. p. 404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=2000&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Ali2023" class="citation news cs1">Ahmad Ali, Dr. Saeed (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.com.pk/national/realms-of-spiritual-thought-iqbals-concept-of-selfhood-khudi-encompassing-youths-ideology-dr-saeed-ahmad-ali/">"Realms of spiritual thought: Iqbal's concept of selfhood 'Khudi' encompassing youth's ideology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Realms+of+spiritual+thought%3A+Iqbal%27s+concept+of+selfhood+%27Khudi%27+encompassing+youth%27s+ideology&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Ahmad+Ali&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.com.pk%2Fnational%2Frealms-of-spiritual-thought-iqbals-concept-of-selfhood-khudi-encompassing-youths-ideology-dr-saeed-ahmad-ali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Parray2023" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Parray, Tauseef (2023). <i>Islam and Democracy in the 21st Century</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Democracy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Ahmad+Parray&rft.aufirst=Tauseef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2014" class="citation journal cs1">Azad, Hasan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fislastudj.2.2.0014">"Reconstructing the Muslim Self: Muhammad Iqbal, Khudi, and the Modern Self"</a>. <i>Islamophobia Studies Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 14–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fislastudj.2.2.0014">10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014">10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamophobia+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Muslim+Self%3A+Muhammad+Iqbal%2C+Khudi%2C+and+the+Modern+Self&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=14-28&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Fislastudj.2.2.0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Fislastudj.2.2.0014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13169%252Fislastudj.2.2.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32782" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32782/supplement/2">"No. 32782"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 29 December 1922. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32782&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1922-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32782%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2002" class="citation book cs1">Jalal, Ayesha (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850</i></a>. Routledge. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-59937-0"><bdi>978-1-134-59937-0</bdi></a>. <q>A Muslim, an Indian and a Punjabi of Kashmiri ancestry, all at the same time, Iqbal's own individuality and sense of community was shaped in equal measure by these multiple affiliations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self+and+Sovereignty%3A+Individual+and+Community+in+South+Asian+Islam+Since+1850&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-59937-0&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSa6CAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushtaq" class="citation news cs1">Mushtaq, Faraz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218222845/http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal">"Life of Allama Iqbal"</a>. <i>International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/life-of-iqbal">the original</a> on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Iqbal+Society+%28Formerly+DISNA%29&rft.atitle=Life+of+Allama+Iqbal&rft.aulast=Mushtaq&rft.aufirst=Faraz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqbal.com.pk%2Fiqbal%2Flife-of-iqbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalid Bashir Ahmad, <i>Kashmir: Exposing the Myth behind the Narrative</i>, SAGE Publishing India, 2017, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice Dr. <a href="/wiki/Nasim_Hasan_Shah" title="Nasim Hasan Shah">Nasim Hasan Shah</a>, "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in <i>The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions</i>, Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchimmel1963">Schimmel 1963</a>, p. 37: Iqbal's mother-tongue was Panjabi, and even in his later poetry now and then a Panjabi-inspired expression occurs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1986" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CorzOY37E0wC&pg=PA72"><i>Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-196-7"><bdi>978-0-88706-196-7</bdi></a>. <q>Leg-pulling, innocent naughtiness and hearty laughter were the marks, and religion almost always the subject, of Iqbal's conversation, which was mostly in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> or in an <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> with a natural Punjabi accent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Lives%3A+A+Study+of+the+Hindu-Muslim+Encounter&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-196-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCorzOY37E0wC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TNN (30 May 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Happy-that-Iqbal-is-revered-here/articleshow/47477315.cms">"'Happy that Iqbal is revered here'"</a>, <i>The Times of India</i>. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevea2012" class="citation book cs1">Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53639-4"><bdi>978-1-139-53639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Muhammad+Iqbal%3A+Islam+and+Nationalism+in+Late+Colonial+India&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53639-4&rft.aulast=Sevea&rft.aufirst=Iqbal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFk8hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schimmel35-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schimmel35_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchimmel1963">Schimmel 1963</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1962" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 34–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Wing%3A+a+study+of+the+religious+ideas+of+Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.pages=34-45&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoE3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustansir_Mir-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mustansir_Mir_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2006" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Mustansir (2006). <i>Iqbal</i>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3"><bdi>1-84511-094-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-094-3&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Mustansir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Riffat_Hassan" title="Riffat Hassan">Riffat Hassan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riffathassan.info/writing/Iqbal_Studies/Iqbal's_Ancestry_and_Date.pdf">"Iqbal's Ancestry and Date of Birth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408032206/http://riffathassan.info/writing/Iqbal_Studies/Iqbal%27s_Ancestry_and_Date.pdf">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>The Pakistan Review</i>, Volume 17 (1969), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jai_Narain_Sharma-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jai_Narain_Sharma_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2008" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jai Narain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKMK9WY9OOsC"><i>Encyclopædia of eminent thinkers, volume 17</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-684-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-684-0"><bdi>978-81-7022-684-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+eminent+thinkers%2C+volume+17&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-684-0&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jai+Narain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKMK9WY9OOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Pakistan Review</i>, (1969) Volume 17 , p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pktoday73-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pktoday73_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharif2011" class="citation news cs1">Sharif, Imran (21 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/04/allama-iqbal%E2%80%99s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence/">"Allama Iqbal's 73rd death anniversary observed with reverence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Today" title="Pakistan Today">Pakistan Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Allama+Iqbal%27s+73rd+death+anniversary+observed+with+reverence&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Imran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2011%2F04%2Fallama-iqbal%25E2%2580%2599s-73rd-death-anniversary-observed-with-reverence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushtaq" class="citation news cs1">Mushtaq, Faraz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329115613/http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line">"Time line"</a>. <i>International Iqbal Society (Formerly DISNA)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iqbal.com.pk/iqbal/time-line">the original</a> on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Iqbal+Society+%28Formerly+DISNA%29&rft.atitle=Time+line&rft.aulast=Mushtaq&rft.aufirst=Faraz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqbal.com.pk%2Fiqbal%2Ftime-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allamaiqbal_a_person-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_a_person_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611231356/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm">"Iqbal in years"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/years/years.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span> on 11 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iqbal+in+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2Fperson%2Fyears%2Fyears.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taneja_and_Taneja-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taneja_and_Taneja_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taneja_and_Taneja_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanejaTaneja2004" class="citation book cs1">Taneja, V.R; Taneja, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Fp2zaQVVMC&pg=PA151"><i>Educational thinkers</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-112-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-112-8"><bdi>81-7156-112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Educational+thinkers&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-7156-112-8&rft.aulast=Taneja&rft.aufirst=V.R&rft.au=Taneja%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO6Fp2zaQVVMC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasheeda-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rasheeda_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1065249">"New research on Iqbal"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>. 10 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=New+research+on+Iqbal&rft.date=2003-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1065249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lt. Col. K. A. Rashid, "New light on the Early life of Iqbal" in <i>Islamic Education</i>, Volume 8 (1975), Page 75. "Ata Muhammad, was a medical man and a leading Kashmiri Muslim of those days in the Punjab."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muḥammad Saʻīd, <i>Lahore: A Memoir</i>, Vanguard Books (1989), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harjap Singh Aujla, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/aujla-7/">Khurshid Anwar, a prince among the music directors of the sub-continent and his exploits in British and Independent India</a>, Khurshid Anwar Biography, Academy of Punjab in North America website, Retrieved 29 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedele2013" class="citation news cs1">Fedele, Roberta (31 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/54660/From-grandfather-to-grandson-The-legacy-of-Mohammed-Iqbal-">"From grandfather to grandson: The legacy of Mohammed Iqbal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Gazette" title="Saudi Gazette">Saudi Gazette</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Gazette&rft.atitle=From+grandfather+to+grandson%3A+The+legacy+of+Mohammed+Iqbal&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Fedele&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaudigazette.com.sa%2Farticle%2F54660%2FFrom-grandfather-to-grandson-The-legacy-of-Mohammed-Iqbal-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabir-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sabir_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabir_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sabir_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2015" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Sabir (4 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/65913-justice-javed-iqbal-dies-two-days-before-his-91st-birthday">"Justice Javed Iqbal dies two days before his 91st birthday"</a>. <i>The News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News&rft.atitle=Justice+Javed+Iqbal+dies+two+days+before+his+91st+birthday&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Sabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F65913-justice-javed-iqbal-dies-two-days-before-his-91st-birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alisl.am/u7758">Khutbat e Noor</a></i>, page 477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abida-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abida_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamiuddin2007" class="citation book cs1">Samiuddin, Abida (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-otQriwQ9z4C"><i>Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu literature (2 Vols. Set)</i></a>. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8220-191-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8220-191-0"><bdi>978-81-8220-191-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+dictionary+of+Urdu+literature+%282+Vols.+Set%29&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8220-191-0&rft.aulast=Samiuddin&rft.aufirst=Abida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-otQriwQ9z4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syed Abdul Vahid, <i>Glimpses of Iqbal</i>, Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 1974, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phdthesis-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phdthesis_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansingH-Bahai2001" class="citation web cs1">Lansing, East; H-Bahai, Mi. (2001) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~bahai/diglib/books/F-J/I/Iqbal/metaphys/iqbfn.pdf">"The development of metaphysics in persia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>London Luzac and Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Luzac+and+Company&rft.atitle=The+development+of+metaphysics+in+persia&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=East&rft.au=H-Bahai%2C+Mi.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.msu.edu%2F~bahai%2Fdiglib%2Fbooks%2FF-J%2FI%2FIqbal%2Fmetaphys%2Fiqbfn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustansir_Mir2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mustansir_Mir2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir1990" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Mustansir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okxr1alsVqIC"><i>Tulip in the desert: A selection of the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>. London: c.Hurts and Company, Publishers Ltd. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5-06267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5-06267-4"><bdi>978-967-5-06267-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulip+in+the+desert%3A+A+selection+of+the+poetry+of+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=c.Hurts+and+Company%2C+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-967-5-06267-4&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Mustansir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkxr1alsVqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_Jackson-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_Jackson_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackso2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackso, Roy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6flsOIT5PsC"><i>Fifty key figures in Islam</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35467-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+key+figures+in+Islam&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35467-7&rft.aulast=Jackso&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw6flsOIT5PsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Klaus Walther: <i>Hans Hasso von Veltheim</i> (biography), Mitteldeutscher Verlag (Central German Publisher), 2005, p. 152-153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-102457">"Fyzee, Atiya [married name Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin; known as Atiya Begum, and Shahinda] (1877–1967), author, social reformer, and patron of the arts | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F102457">10.1093/ref:odnb/102457</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861411-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861411-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fyzee%2C+Atiya+%5Bmarried+name+Atiya+Fyzee-Rahamin%3B+known+as+Atiya+Begum%2C+and+Shahinda%5D+%281877%E2%80%931967%29%2C+author%2C+social+reformer%2C+and+patron+of+the+arts+%7C+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F102457&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861411-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-102457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Spiritual_Bridge_between_East_and_West_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopp2010" class="citation web cs1">Popp, Stephan (6 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326003050/http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html">"Muhammad Iqbal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-1044/i.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.date=2010-05-06&rft.aulast=Popp&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fwebcom%2Fshow_article.php%2F_c-478%2F_nr-1044%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheila McDonough, Vito Salierno, <i>The Flame of Sinai: Hope and Vision in Iqbal</i>, Iqbal Academy Pakistan, 2002, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1963" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Wing%3A+a+study+of+the+religious+ideas+of+Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoE3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allamaiqbal.com-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal.com_53-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119075055/http://allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html">"Allama Iqbal – Biography"</a>. <i>Iqbal Academy</i>. 26 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/biography/biotxtread.html">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span> on 19 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iqbal+Academy&rft.atitle=Allama+Iqbal+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.date=2006-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2Fperson%2Fbiography%2Fbiotxtread.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/">"Allama Muhammad Iqbal"</a>. <i>www.allamaiqbal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allamaiqbal.com&rft.atitle=Allama+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050506190825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6">"Cam Diary: Oxford remembers the Cam man"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. 28 May 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-5-2003_pg3_6">the original</a> on 6 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Cam+Diary%3A+Oxford+remembers+the+Cam+man&rft.date=2003-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dstory_28-5-2003_pg3_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/mazamine/11-Nov-2014/339879">"قانون دان اقبال"</a>. <i>Nawaiwaqt</i>. 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nawaiwaqt&rft.atitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nawaiwaqt.com.pk%2Fmazamine%2F11-Nov-2014%2F339879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/letters/14-Oct-2016/518080">"قانون دان اقبال"</a>. <i>Nawaiwaqt</i>. 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nawaiwaqt&rft.atitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nawaiwaqt.com.pk%2Fletters%2F14-Oct-2016%2F518080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailypakistan.com.pk/columns/04-Apr-2014/89210">"قانون دان اقبال کی دریافت"</a>. <i>Daily Pakistan</i>. 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan&rft.atitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84+%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailypakistan.com.pk%2Fcolumns%2F04-Apr-2014%2F89210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFلیگ" class="citation web cs1">لیگ, منہاج القرآن ویمن. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minhajsisters.com:443/urdu/tid/40533/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81-%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9/">"علامہ ڈاکٹر محمد اقبال بطور ایڈووکیٹ"</a>. <i>منہاج القرآن ویمن لیگ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF&rft.atitle=%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81+%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9&rft.aulast=%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF&rft.aufirst=%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minhajsisters.com%3A443%2Furdu%2Ftid%2F40533%2F%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%2581-%25DA%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%25B9%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DA%2588%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%25B9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jumhooripublications.com/qanoondan-iqbal">"Jumhoori Publications – Biographies"</a>. <i>jumhooripublications.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jumhooripublications.com&rft.atitle=Jumhoori+Publications+%E2%80%93+Biographies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjumhooripublications.com%2Fqanoondan-iqbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71096-1"><bdi>978-0-415-71096-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884937068">884937068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+leadership%2C+nascent+statehood+and+democracy+%3A+a+comparative+study&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884937068&rft.isbn=978-0-415-71096-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ller&rft.aufirst=Ulrika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F884937068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804120220/http://webcode.ca/docs/1935_Oct.pdf">"Tolu-e-Islam – Under editorship of Syed Nazeer Niazi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iqbal&rft.pub=Khamenei.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khamenei.de%2Fbooks%2Fiqbal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQureshi" class="citation news cs1">Qureshi, A.Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211104351/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/love-letter-to-persia/?amp=1">"Love letter to Persia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Friday_Times" title="The Friday Times">The Friday Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefridaytimes.com/love-letter-to-persia/?amp=1">the original</a> on 11 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Love+letter+to+Persia&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=A.Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Flove-letter-to-persia%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal-Iran3-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran3_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran3_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevea2011" class="citation book cs1">Sevea, Iqbal Singh (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&q=Iqbal+lahori+iranian+revolution&pg=PA201"><i>The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53639-4"><bdi>978-1-139-53639-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53639-4&rft.aulast=Sevea&rft.aufirst=Iqbal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFk8hAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIqbal%2Blahori%2Biranian%2Brevolution%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal-Iran5-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal-Iran5_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhameneiShariatiSharīʻatī2011" class="citation book cs1">Khamenei, Ali; Shariati, Ali; Sharīʻatī, ʻalī (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivogAAAACAAJ"><i>Iqbal: Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit</i></a>. ABC International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-20-1"><bdi>978-1-871031-20-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal%3A+Manifestation+of+the+Islamic+Spirit&rft.pub=ABC+International&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-871031-20-1&rft.aulast=Khamenei&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Shariati%2C+Ali&rft.au=Shar%C4%AB%CA%BBat%C4%AB%2C+%CA%BBal%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DivogAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egyptindependent.com/pakistani-embassy-celebrates-poet-muhammad-iqbal-s-anniversary/">"Pakistani Embassy celebrates poet Muhammad Iqbal's anniversary"</a>. <i>Egypt Independent</i>. 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Egypt+Independent&rft.atitle=Pakistani+Embassy+celebrates+poet+Muhammad+Iqbal%27s+anniversary&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegyptindependent.com%2Fpakistani-embassy-celebrates-poet-muhammad-iqbal-s-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SHAHID, Mohammad Haneef, "IQBAL AND THE SAUDI SCHOLARS", <i>IQBAL REVIEW</i> 29, no. 1: April 1988 (1988): pp. 157-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2022" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Andrew (2022). <i>Late Ottoman Origins of Modern Islamic Thought: Turkish and Egyptian Thinkers on the Disruption of Islamic Knowledge</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ottoman+Origins+of+Modern+Islamic+Thought%3A+Turkish+and+Egyptian+Thinkers+on+the+Disruption+of+Islamic+Knowledge&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1267013/turkey-honours-allama-iqbal-services-islam">"Turkey honours Allama Iqbal for services to Islam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. 18 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Turkey+honours+Allama+Iqbal+for+services+to+Islam&rft.date=2016-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1267013%2Fturkey-honours-allama-iqbal-services-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iqbal-West1-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iqbal-West1_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news2011/pm20110325_sai_raritaet_en.html">"Luxury edition of works by poet Muhammad Iqbal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a></i>. 25 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Heidelberg&rft.atitle=Luxury+edition+of+works+by+poet+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fpresse%2Fnews2011%2Fpm20110325_sai_raritaet_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allamaiqbal_review_1985-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allamaiqbal_review_1985_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReview1985" class="citation web cs1">Review, Iqbal (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct85/index.htm">"American, West European and Soviet Attitudes to Iqbal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PHP)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American%2C+West+European+and+Soviet+Attitudes+to+Iqbal&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Review&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allamaiqbal.com%2Fpublications%2Fjournals%2Freview%2Foct85%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/world/10/20190303/256429.html">"Flight operation partially resumed at Pakistan's Lahore airport"</a>. Xinhua / CRI News. 3 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flight+operation+partially+resumed+at+Pakistan%27s+Lahore+airport&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaplus.cri.cn%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F10%2F20190303%2F256429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2008" class="citation book cs1">Iqbal, Muhammad (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw0rOQAACAAJ"><i>The Secrets of the Self</i></a>. LULU Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-0959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4099-0959-0"><bdi>978-1-4099-0959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+the+Self&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=LULU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4099-0959-0&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGw0rOQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA204"><i>Ali Sardar Jafri</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jnanpith" title="Bharatiya Jnanpith">Bharatiya Jnanpith</a>. 2001. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0671-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0671-8"><bdi>978-81-263-0671-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ali+Sardar+Jafri&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-263-0671-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkl08TgBBxHIC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancine.ma/SYR/info">"Dr Mohammad Iqbal (1978)"</a>. <i>Indiancine.ma</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiancine.ma&rft.atitle=Dr+Mohammad+Iqbal+%281978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancine.ma%2FSYR%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNA-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Organiser</i></a>. Vol. 51. Bharat Prakashan. 1999. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organiser&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bharat+Prakashan.&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNA-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx">Javaid Manzil last residence of Allama Iqbal looking for visitors By M Abid Ayub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110826055259/http://www.ilmkidunya.com/student_articles/javaid-manzil-last-residence-of-allama-iqbal-looking-for-visitors.aspx">Archived</a> 26 August 2011 at Wikiwix. Ilmkidunya.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafique2014" class="citation book cs1">Shafique, Khurram Ali (2014). <i>Iqbal: His Life and Our Times</i>. ECO Cultural Institute & Iqbal Academy Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9571416-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9571416-6-7"><bdi>978-0-9571416-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal%3A+His+Life+and+Our+Times&rft.pub=ECO+Cultural+Institute+%26+Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9571416-6-7&rft.aulast=Shafique&rft.aufirst=Khurram+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Nath1995" class="citation book cs1">Ram Nath, Kak (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koausa.org/Books/AutumnLeaves"><i>Autumn Leaves: Kashmiri Reminiscences</i></a>. India: Vitasta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86588-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-86588-00-0"><bdi>81-86588-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autumn+Leaves%3A+Kashmiri+Reminiscences&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Vitasta&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-86588-00-0&rft.aulast=Ram+Nath&rft.aufirst=Kak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koausa.org%2FBooks%2FAutumnLeaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustansir2006" class="citation cs2">Mustansir, Mir (2006), <i>Iqbal</i>, I.B. Tauris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-094-3"><bdi>1-84511-094-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-094-3&rft.aulast=Mustansir&rft.aufirst=Mir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Munawwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Munawwar">Muhammad, Munawwar</a> (2003). <i>Iqbal-Poet Philosopher of Islam</i>. Iqbal Academy Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-416-061-8" title="Special:BookSources/969-416-061-8"><bdi>969-416-061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal-Poet+Philosopher+of+Islam&rft.pub=Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=969-416-061-8&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Munawwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailen2010" class="citation book cs1">Sailen, Debnath (January 2010). <i>Secularism: Western and Indian</i>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1366-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1366-4"><bdi>978-81-269-1366-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism%3A+Western+and+Indian&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2010-01&rft.isbn=978-81-269-1366-4&rft.aulast=Sailen&rft.aufirst=Debnath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.S.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V.S., Naipaul</a> (1998). <i>Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions Among the Converted Peoples</i>. USA: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50118-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50118-5"><bdi>0-375-50118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief%3A+Islamic+Excursions+Among+the+Converted+Peoples&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-375-50118-5&rft.aulast=V.S.&rft.aufirst=Naipaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnemarie1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie, Schimmel</a> (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goE3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Gabriel's Wing: a study of the religious ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal</i></a>, Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel%27s+Wing%3A+a+study+of+the+religious+ideas+of+Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Annemarie&rft.aufirst=Schimmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgoE3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1368130/special-report-the-enduring-vision-of-iqbal-1877-1938">"Special report: The enduring vision of Iqbal 1877–1938"</a>. <i>DAWN</i>. 9 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DAWN&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+The+enduring+vision+of+Iqbal+1877%E2%80%931938&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1368130%2Fspecial-report-the-enduring-vision-of-iqbal-1877-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal">"Sir Muhammad Iqbal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+Muhammad+Iqbal&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMuhammad-Iqbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjum2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Anjum" title="Zafar Anjum">Anjum, Zafar</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=infNBAAAQBAJ"><i>Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician</i></a>. Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184006568" title="Special:BookSources/9788184006568"><bdi>9788184006568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iqbal%3A+The+Life+of+a+Poet%2C+Philosopher+and+Politician&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184006568&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinfNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burzine Waghmar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/schimmel-annmarie-iqbal-indomuslim">Annemarie Schimmel: Iqbal and Indo-Muslim Studies</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>, New York: Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, published online, 16 April 2018.</li> <li>Md Mahmudul Hasan, "Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal"." The Muslim World 110.2 (2020): 195–216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12335">Iqbal's and Hassan's Complaints: A Study of "To the Holy Prophet" and "SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.Aydin2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S.Aydin, Mehmet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ikbal-muhammed">"İKBAL, Muhammed – An article published in Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i> (in Turkish). Vol. 22 (Ihvan-i Safa – Iskit). Istanbul. pp. 17–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-389-449-4"><bdi>978-975-389-449-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%B0KBAL%2C+Muhammed+%E2%80%93+An+article+published+in+Turkish+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=17-23&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-975-389-449-4&rft.aulast=S.Aydin&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fikbal-muhammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrukhabadi1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rehmat_Farrukhabadi" title="Rehmat Farrukhabadi">Farrukhabadi, Rehmat</a> (1962). <i>اقبال اور عورت [Iqbal and Women] in Urdu</i>. Sukkur: Ajaib Store Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA+%5BIqbal+and+Women%5D+in+Urdu&rft.pub=Sukkur%3A+Ajaib+Store+Publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Farrukhabadi&rft.aufirst=Rehmat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Iqbal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal: poet and philosopher</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by Sheila D. McDonough, The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, Aakanksha Gaur, Gloria Lotha, J.E. Luebering, Kenneth Pletcher and Grace Young</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Iqbal%2C%20Allama%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Allama%20Iqbal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Iqbal%2C%20Allama%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Allama%20Iqbal%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Allama%20Iqbal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Iqbal%2C%20Allama%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Allama%20Iqbal%22%29%20OR%20%28%221877-1938%22%20AND%20Iqbal%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Allama Iqbal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhta.org/Poets/allama-iqbal/ebooks">E-Books of Allama Iqbal</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rekhta_(website)" title="Rekhta (website)">Rekhta</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">Prose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Metaphysics_in_Persia" title="The Development of Metaphysics in Persia">The Development of Metaphysics in Persia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilm_Al-Iqtisad" title="Ilm Al-Iqtisad">Ilm Al-Iqtisad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_the_Self" title="The Secrets of the Self"><i>Asrar-i-Khudi</i> <small>("The Secrets of the Self")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Selflessness" title="The Secrets of Selflessness"><i>Rumuz-i-Bekhudi</i> <small>("The Secrets of Selflessness")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_the_East" title="Message from the East"><i>Payam-i-Mashriq</i> <small>("Message from the East")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Marching_Bell" title="The Call of the Marching Bell"><i>Bang-i-Dara</i> <small>("The Call Of The Marching Bell")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Psalms" title="Persian Psalms"><i>Zabur-i-Ajam</i> <small>("Persian Psalms")</small></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Javid_Nama" title="Javid Nama">Javid Nama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Wing" title="Gabriel's Wing"><i>Bal-i-Jibril</i> <small>("Gabriel's Wing")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rod_of_Moses" title="The Rod of Moses"><i>Zarb-i-Kalim</i> <small>("The Rod of the Moses")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Should_Then_Be_Done_O_People_of_the_East" title="What Should Then Be Done O People of the East"><i>Pas Chih Bayad Kard</i> <small>("What Should Then Be Done O People of the East")</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_from_Hijaz" title="Gift from Hijaz"><i>Armaghan-i-Hijaz</i> <small>("Gift from Hijaz")</small></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sare_Jahan_se_Accha" title="Sare Jahan se Accha">Sare Jahan se Accha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lab_Pe_Aati_Hai_Dua" title="Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua">Lab Pe Aati Hai Dua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikwa_and_Jawab-e-Shikwa" title="Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa">Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iblees_Ki_Majlis-e-Shura" title="Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura">Iblees Ki Majlis-e-Shura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_concept_of_Khudi" title="Muhammad Iqbal's concept of Khudi">Concept of Khudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_educational_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's educational philosophy">Educational philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madani%E2%80%93Iqbal_debate" title="Madani–Iqbal debate">Madani–Iqbal debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Iqbal_scholars" title="Category:Iqbal scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arthur J. Arberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">R. A. Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Iqbal_(judge,_born_1924)" title="Javed Iqbal (judge, born 1924)">Javid Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Munawwar_Mirza" title="Muhammad Munawwar Mirza">Muhammad Munawwar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Iqbal_scholars" title="Category:Iqbal scholars">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqbal bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Academy_Pakistan" title="Iqbal Academy Pakistan">Iqbal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day">Iqbal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Manzil" title="Iqbal Manzil">Iqbal Manzil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Review" title="Iqbal Review">Iqbal Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Works of Muhammad Iqbal">Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam"><i>Reconstruction</i> (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini"><i>Forty Hadith</i> (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> <i>Principles</i> (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)"><i>Milestones</i> (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government"><i>Islamic Government</i> (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration"><i>Islamic Declaration</i> (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> <i>The Green Book</i> (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)"><i>Dawn</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily <i>Jang</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" title="Nawaiwaqt"><i>Nawa-i-Waqt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)"><i>Contractor</i> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan"><i>Idea of Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence"><i>Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan"><i>Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History"><i>Pakistan: A Personal History</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto"><i>The Myth of Independence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven"><i>Pakistan: A Hard Country</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"><i>Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan"><i>Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day"><i>Youm-e-Pakistan</i> <small>(<b>23 March</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Constitution Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Dastur</i> <small>(<b>10 April</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir"><i>Youm-e-Takbir</i> <small>(<b>28 May</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)"><i>Youm-e-Azadi</i> <small>(<b>14 August</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day"><i>Youm-e-Difah</i> <small>(<b>6 September</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day"><i>Youm-e-Tasees</i> <small>(<b>24 October</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day"><i>Youm-e-Iqbal</i> <small>(<b>9 November</b>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara Din"><i>Youm-e-Viladat</i> <small>(<b>25 December</b>)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Template:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Qaumi Taranah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national anthem)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_emblem_of_Pakistan" title="State emblem of Pakistan">State emblem of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith,_Unity,_Discipline" title="Faith, Unity, Discipline">Faith, Unity, Discipline</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(motto)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national language)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Father of the Nation)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Iqbal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(National poet)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mother of the Nation)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Cedrus deodara</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national tree)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar partridge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national bird)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasminum officinale</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national flower)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national animal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(national animal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mosque)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mausoleum)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(monument)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(monument)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_inscription_in_the_Kharg_Island" title="Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island">Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adurbad-e_Mahrspandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adurbad-e Mahrspandan">Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscriptions" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana-i_Menog_Khrat" title="Dana-i Menog Khrat">Dana-i Menog Khrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan of Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr">Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menog-i_Khrad" title="Menog-i Khrad">Menog-i Khrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li>Anthology of Zadspram</li> <li>Warshtmansr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig">Drakht-i Asurig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Shikand-gumanig Vizar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasif" title="Muhammad ibn Wasif">Muhammad ibn Wasif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu-Shakur Balkhi">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_Khosrovani" title="Abu Tahir Khosrovani">Abu Tahir Khosrovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Balkhi" title="Shahid Balkhi">Shahid Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi">Rabia Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri">Unsuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi">Asjadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi">Kisai Marvazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi">Ayyuqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Taher" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Taher">Bābā Tāher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi">Asadi Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujwiri">Hujwiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari">Uthman Mukhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borzu-Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzu-Nama">Borzu-Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(poet)" title="Iranshah (poet)">Iranshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi">Suzani Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghaznavi" title="Hassan Ghaznavi">Hassan Ghaznavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Faramarz Nama">Faramarz Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir">Adib Sabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaki_Shirvani" title="Falaki Shirvani">Falaki Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq">Am'aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farid al-Din Attar">Attar</a> <small>(1142–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.1220</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaqani" title="Khaqani">Khaqani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small></li> <li>Faramarz-e Khodadad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_od-Din_Esmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal od-Din Esmail">Kamal al-Din Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai">Awhadi Maraghai</a></li> <li>Shams al-Din Qays Razi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad">Sultan Walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shabistari">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Safina–yi Tabriz">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bostan_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostan (book)">Bustan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Golestān</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur-Baha_Jami" title="Pur-Baha Jami">Pur-Baha Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Homam Tabrizi">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozhat_al-Majales" title="Nozhat al-Majales">Nozhat al-Majales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shirvani" title="Badr Shirvani">Badr Shirvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu%27l-Fiqar_Shirvani" title="Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani">Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1300s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yamin" title="Ibn Yamin">Ibn Yamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah_Wali" title="Shah Nimatullah Wali">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Qalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali Qalandar">Abu Ali Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasimi">Nasimi</a></li> <li>Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Zakani" title="Ubayd Zakani">Ubayd Zakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Savaji" title="Salman Savaji">Salman Savaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatefi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatefi (poet)">Hatefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Khujandi" title="Kamal Khujandi">Kamal Khujandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahli_Shirazi" title="Ahli Shirazi">Ahli Shirazi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet)" title="Fuzuli (poet)">Fuzuli</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> <small>(1487–1524)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Faghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Faghani">Baba Faghani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohtasham_Kashani" title="Mohtasham Kashani">Mohtasham Kashani</a> <small>(1500–1588)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi" title="'Orfi Shirazi">'Orfi Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1600s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Amoli" title="Taleb Amoli">Taleb Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saib_Tabrizi" title="Saib Tabrizi">Saib Tabrizi</a> <small>(1607–1670)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asir-e_Esfahani" title="Asir-e Esfahani">Asir-e Esfahani</a> <small>(c. 1620–1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Kashani" title="Kalim Kashani">Kalim Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small></li> <li>Saba Kashani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil">Abdul-Qādir Bēdil</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naw%27i_Khabushani" title="Naw'i Khabushani">Naw'i Khabushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qoli_Salim_Tehrani" title="Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani">Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani</a></li> <li>Rasa Salim Tehrani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatef_Esfahani" title="Hatef Esfahani">Hatef Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azar_Bigdeli" title="Azar Bigdeli">Azar Bigdeli</a> <small>(1722–1781)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshat_Esfahani" title="Neshat Esfahani">Neshat Esfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Foroughi_Bastami" title="Abbas Foroughi Bastami">Abbas Foroughi Bastami</a> <small>(1798–1857)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghma_Jandaqi" title="Yaghma Jandaqi">Yaghma Jandaqi</a> <small>(1782–1859)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalib" title="Ghalib">Mirza Ghalib</a> <small>(1797–1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_Shirvani" title="Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani">Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani</a> <small>(1779–1837)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a> <small>(1800–1871)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mohammad_Taqi_Sepehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr">Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr</a> <small>(1801–1880)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaani" title="Qaani">Qaani</a> <small>(1808–1854)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_Malek_al-Sho%27ara" title="Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara">Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara</a> <small>(1813–1893)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadreza_Ahmadi" title="Ahmadreza Ahmadi">Ahmadreza Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a></li> <li>Hormoz Alipour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeysar_Aminpour" title="Qeysar Aminpour">Qeysar Aminpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Qazvini" title="Aref Qazvini">Aref Qazvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_NikTalab" title="Ahmad NikTalab">Ahmad NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminollah_Rezaei" title="Aminollah Rezaei">Aminollah Rezaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouchehr_Atashi" title="Manouchehr Atashi">Manouchehr Atashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mosharraf_Azad_Tehrani" title="Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani">Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar">Mohammad-Taqi Bahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Behbahani" title="Simin Behbahani">Simin Behbahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Dehkhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj">Hushang Ebtehaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Elahi" title="Bijan Elahi">Bijan Elahi</a></li> <li>Parviz Eslampour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami">Parvin E'tesami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forugh_Farrokhzad" title="Forugh Farrokhzad">Forugh Farrokhzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Monzavi" title="Hossein Monzavi">Hossein Monzavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang_Irani" title="Hushang Irani">Hushang Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Mirza" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Jalali" title="Bijan Jalali">Bijan Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siavash_Kasraie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siavash Kasraie">Siavash Kasraie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmail_Khoi" title="Esmail Khoi">Esmail Khoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Langeroodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shams Langeroodi">Shams Langeroodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhtari_(writer)" title="Mohammad Mokhtari (writer)">Mohammad Mokhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosrat_Rahmani" title="Nosrat Rahmani">Nosrat Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadollah_Royaee" title="Yadollah Royaee">Yadollah Royaee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahereh_Saffarzadeh" title="Tahereh Saffarzadeh">Tahereh Saffarzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri">Sohrab Sepehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Shafiei_Kadkani" title="Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani">Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li>Manouchehr Sheybani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Yooshij" title="Nima Yooshij">Nima Yooshij</a> (<a href="/wiki/She%27r-e_Nimaa%27i" title="She'r-e Nimaa'i">She'r-e Nimaa'i</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Moshiri" title="Fereydoon Moshiri">Fereydoon Moshiri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Haghverdian" title="Edward Haghverdian">Edward Haghverdian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Anjuman" title="Nadia Anjuman">Nadia Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasef_Bakhtari" title="Wasef Bakhtari">Wasef Bakhtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raziq_Faani" title="Raziq Faani">Raziq Faani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili">Khalilullah Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssof_Kohzad" title="Youssof Kohzad">Youssof Kohzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Nawabi" title="Massoud Nawabi">Massoud Nawabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farzona" class="mw-redirect" title="Farzona">Farzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Khatloni" title="Iskandar Khatloni">Iskandar Khatloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolqasem_Lahouti" title="Abolqasem Lahouti">Abolqasem Lahouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulrukhsor_Safieva" title="Gulrukhsor Safieva">Gulrukhsor Safieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loiq_Sher-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Loiq Sher-Ali">Loiq Sher-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payrav_Sulaymoni" title="Payrav Sulaymoni">Payrav Sulaymoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzo_Tursunzoda" title="Mirzo Tursunzoda">Mirzo Tursunzoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satim_Ulugzade" title="Satim Ulugzade">Satim Ulugzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Gulzoda" title="Asad Gulzoda">Asad Gulzoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammad_Afghani" title="Ali Mohammad Afghani">Ali Mohammad Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazaleh_Alizadeh" title="Ghazaleh Alizadeh">Ghazaleh Alizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi" title="Bozorg Alavi">Bozorg Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Amirkhani" title="Reza Amirkhani">Reza Amirkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahshid_Amirshahi" title="Mahshid Amirshahi">Mahshid Amirshahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassem_Hashemi_Nezhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad">Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baraheni" title="Reza Baraheni">Reza Baraheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Dowlatabadi" title="Mahmoud Dowlatabadi">Mahmoud Dowlatabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudabeh_Fazaeli" title="Soudabeh Fazaeli">Soudabeh Fazaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Ghassemi" title="Reza Ghassemi">Reza Ghassemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hanif_(Iranian_writer)" title="Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)">Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li>Aboutorab Khosravi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeyn_al-Abedin_Maraghei" title="Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei">Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Mahmoud" title="Ahmad Mahmoud">Ahmad Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahriyar_Mandanipour" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahriyar Mandanipour">Shahriyar Mandanipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Maroufi" title="Abbas Maroufi">Abbas Maroufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Koushan" title="Mansour Koushan">Mansour Koushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Pezeshkzad" title="Iraj Pezeshkzad">Iraj Pezeshkzad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Al-e-Ahmad" title="Jalal Al-e-Ahmad">Jalal Al-e-Ahmad</a></li> <li>Shamim Bahar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Chubak" title="Sadeq Chubak">Sadeq Chubak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Etessami" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolhassan Etessami">Abolhassan Etessami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javad_Mojabi" title="Javad Mojabi">Javad Mojabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simin_Daneshvar" title="Simin Daneshvar">Simin Daneshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Ebrahimi" title="Nader Ebrahimi">Nader Ebrahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Golshiri" title="Houshang Golshiri">Houshang Golshiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Jamalzadeh" title="Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh">Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboutorab_Khosravi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboutorab Khosravi (page does not exist)">Aboutorab Khosravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mastoor" title="Mostafa Mastoor">Mostafa Mastoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Modarres-Sadeghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi">Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Najdi" title="Bijan Najdi">Bijan Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Sadeghi" title="Bahram Sadeghi">Bahram Sadeghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goli_Taraqqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Goli Taraqqi">Goli Taraqqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Abdoh" title="Reza Abdoh">Reza Abdoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh</a></li> <li>Mohsen Yalfani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Forsi" title="Bahman Forsi">Bahman Forsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Reza_Koohestani" title="Amir Reza Koohestani">Amir Reza Koohestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Koushk_Jalali" title="Alireza Koushk Jalali">Alireza Koushk Jalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Sa%27edi" title="Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi">Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_Mofid" title="Bijan Mofid">Bijan Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Nalbandian" title="Abbas Nalbandian">Abbas Nalbandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Radi" title="Akbar Radi">Akbar Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_Saberi" title="Pari Saberi">Pari Saberi</a></li> <li>Mirza Aqa Tabrizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Yaghoubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Yaghoubi">Mohammad Yaghoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Saeed Aghighi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aslani" title="Mohammad Reza Aslani">Mohammad Reza Aslani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhshan_Bani-E%27temad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhshan Bani-E'temad">Rakhshan Bani-E'temad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajir_Darioush" title="Hajir Darioush">Hajir Darioush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pouran_Derakhshandeh" title="Pouran Derakhshandeh">Pouran Derakhshandeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Farmanara" title="Bahman Farmanara">Bahman Farmanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrokh_Ghaffari" title="Farrokh Ghaffari">Farrokh Ghaffari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrouz_Gharibpour" title="Behrouz Gharibpour">Behrouz Gharibpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahman_Ghobadi" title="Bahman Ghobadi">Bahman Ghobadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun_Gole" title="Fereydun Gole">Fereydun Gole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Golestan" title="Ebrahim Golestan">Ebrahim Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hatami" title="Ali Hatami">Ali Hatami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfazl_Jalili" title="Abolfazl Jalili">Abolfazl Jalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Hatamikia" title="Ebrahim Hatamikia">Ebrahim Hatamikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Kahani" title="Abdolreza Kahani">Abdolreza Kahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuzh_Karim-Masihi" title="Varuzh Karim-Masihi">Varuzh Karim-Masihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Khachikian" title="Samuel Khachikian">Samuel Khachikian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Majidi" title="Majid Majidi">Majid Majidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Makhmalbaf" title="Mohsen Makhmalbaf">Mohsen Makhmalbaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Mirkarimi" title="Reza Mirkarimi">Reza Mirkarimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasoul_Mollagholipour" title="Rasoul Mollagholipour">Rasoul Mollagholipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Naderi" title="Amir Naderi">Amir Naderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambuzia_Partovi" title="Kambuzia Partovi">Kambuzia Partovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoun_Rahnema" title="Fereydoun Rahnema">Fereydoun Rahnema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Sadr_Ameli" title="Rasul Sadr Ameli">Rasul Sadr Ameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sadri" title="Mohammad Sadri">Mohammad Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parviz_Shahbazi" title="Parviz Shahbazi">Parviz Shahbazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Shahid-Saless" title="Sohrab Shahid-Saless">Sohrab Shahid-Saless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amrollah Abjadian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaleh_Amouzgar" title="Jaleh Amouzgar">Jaleh Amouzgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf_Daryabandari" title="Najaf Daryabandari">Najaf Daryabandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(translator)" title="Mohammad Ghazi (translator)">Mohammad Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lili_Golestan" title="Lili Golestan">Lili Golestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Hedayat" title="Sadegh Hedayat">Sadegh Hedayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Hosseini" title="Saleh Hosseini">Saleh Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Ahmad Kamyabi Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou">Ahmad Shamlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Moin" title="Mohammad Moin">Mohammad Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Pourdavoud" title="Ebrahim Pourdavoud">Ebrahim Pourdavoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Samandarian" title="Hamid Samandarian">Hamid Samandarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Sattari" title="Jalal Sattari">Jalal Sattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Shahidi" title="Jafar Shahidi">Jafar Shahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Zaryab" title="Abbas Zaryab">Abbas Zaryab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children's literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Behrangi" title="Samad Behrangi">Samad Behrangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Moradi_Kermani" title="Houshang Moradi Kermani">Houshang Moradi Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_NikTalab" title="Babak NikTalab">Babak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengameh_Mofid" title="Hengameh Mofid">Hengameh Mofid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Hasanzadeh" title="Farhad Hasanzadeh">Farhad Hasanzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramak_NikTalab" title="Ramak NikTalab">Ramak NikTalab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essayists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydin_Aghdashloo" title="Aydin Aghdashloo">Aydin Aghdashloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Ali Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ebrahim_Bastani_Parizi" title="Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi">Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi">Ahmad Kasravi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484141#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121452813">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100267743">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8752708">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43214/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1434094/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxQQCcBggxtGVRG767pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11855574X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79110521">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00036614">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83011081">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908261j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908261j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01224622">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Iqbāl, Muḥammad <1877?-1938>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV144690">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35236285">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20080730003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1207093">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/252038">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/40265">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070347867">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90911117">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Iqbal, Allama Muhammad, Sir, 1877-1938"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000102207&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hlqntp2l9zkhc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660161005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/33665">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263121305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14376690">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0489637X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fc7dc796-48a9-4a6a-a52a-d2bbb967bd12">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876418">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11855574X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11855574X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026931109">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h784tb">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ikbal-muhammed">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Iqbal&oldid=1258426651">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Iqbal&oldid=1258426651</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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