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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايزدان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ايزدان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazata" title="Jazata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jazata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF" title="ایزد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%9E%90%ED%83%80" title="야자타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야자타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յազատաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յազատաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A4" title="यज़त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यज़त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazatai" title="Jazatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jazatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Јазата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%82%BF" title="ヤザタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤザタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="خدايگوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خدايگوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iazata" title="Iazata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iazata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazatas" title="Yazatas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yazatas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Язаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazata" title="Jazata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jazata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Язаталар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язаталар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Язати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Язати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yazata" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%8E%E5%A1%94" title="亚扎塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚扎塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1193804#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yazata</b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl">𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀</span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> word for a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> concept with a wide range of meanings but generally signifying (or used as an epithet of) a <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a>. The term literally means "worthy of worship or veneration",<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_2001_xxi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_2001_xxi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geiger_1885_xlix_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geiger_1885_xlix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is thus, in this more general sense, also applied to certain healing plants, primordial creatures, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">fravashis</a></i> of the dead, and to certain prayers that are themselves considered holy. The <i>yazata</i>s collectively are "the good powers under <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>", who is "the greatest of the <i>yazata</i>s".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Yazata</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan-language</a> passive adjectival <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> derived from <i>yaz-</i>; "to worship, to honor, to venerate", from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*yeh₂ǵ-</i> (“to worship, revere, sacrifice”). The word <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">yasna</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">yagna</a>– "worship, sacrifice, oblation, prayer" – comes from the same root. A <i>yaza+ <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/-t%C3%B3s" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/-tós">ta</a></i> is accordingly "a being worthy of worship", "an object of worship" or "a holy being". </p><p>As the stem form, <i>yazata-</i> has the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> forms <i>yazatō</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬋</span></span>), pl. <i>yazatåŋhō</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬂𐬢𐬵𐬋‎</span></span>). These forms reflect <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> <i>*yazatah</i> and pl. <i>*yazatāhah</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> the term became <i>yazad</i> or <i>yazd</i> (<span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭩𐭦𐭲𐭩‎</span></span>), pl. <i>yazdān</i>, continuing in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">New Persian</a> as <i>’êzaḏ</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ایزد</span></span>). </p><p>Related terms in other languages are <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यजति</span></span> (<i>yájati</i>, meaning "he worships, he sacrifices"), <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यजत</span></span> (<i>yajatá-</i>, "worthy of worship, holy"), <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">यज्ञ</span></span> (<i>yajñá</i>, "sacrifice"), and perhaps<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ἅγιος</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hagios" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagios">hagios</a></i>, "devoted to the gods, sacred, holy"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_scripture">In scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>yazata</i> is already used in the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, the oldest texts of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and believed to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a> himself. In these hymns, <i>yazata</i> is used as a generic, applied to <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> as well as to the "divine sparks" that are in later tradition the <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a>. In the Gathas, the <i>yazata</i>s are effectively what the <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva"><i>daeva</i>s</a> are not; that is, the <i>yazata</i>s are to be worshipped while the <i>daeva</i>s are to be rejected. </p><p>The Gathas also collectively invoke the <i>yazata</i>s without providing a clue as to which entities are being invoked, and—given the structure and language of the hymns—it is generally not possible to determine whether these <i>yazata</i>s are abstract concepts or are manifest entities. Amongst the lesser Yazatas being invoked by name by the poet of the Gathas are <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a>, Geush Tashan, <a href="/wiki/Gavaevodata" title="Gavaevodata">Geush Urvan</a>, Tushnamaiti, and Iza, and all of which "win mention in his hymns, it seems, because of their close association with rituals of sacrifice and worship".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1972_195_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1972_195-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>, the <i>yazata</i>s are unambiguously divine, with divine powers though performing mundane tasks such as serving as charioteers for other <i>yazata</i>s. Several <i>yazata</i>s are given <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> attributes, such as cradling a mace or bearing a crown upon their heads, or not letting sleep interrupt their vigil against the demons. </p><p>At some point during the late 5th or early 4th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenids</a> instituted a religious calendar in which each day of the month was named after, and placed under the protection of, a particular <i>yazata</i>. These day-name dedications were not only of religious significance because they ensured that those divinities remained in the public consciousness, they also established a hierarchy among the <i>yazata</i>s, with specific exalted entities having key positions in the day-name dedications (see <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> for details). </p><p>Although these day-name dedications are mirrored in scripture, it cannot be determined whether these day-name assignments were provoked by an antecedent list in scripture (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 16), or whether the day-name dedications provoked the compilation of such lists. Relatively certain however is that the day-name dedications predate the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>'s <i>Siroza</i> ("30 days"), which contain explicit references to the <i>yazata</i>s as protectors/guardians of their respective days of the month. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_tradition">In tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 9th–12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition observe the <i>yazata</i>s (by then as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <i>yazad</i>s) in much the same way as the hymns of the Younger Avesta. In addition, in roles that are only alluded to in scripture, they assume characteristics of cosmological or eschatological consequence. </p><p>For instance, <a href="/wiki/Aredvi_Sura_Anahita" class="mw-redirect" title="Aredvi Sura Anahita">Aredvi Sura Anahita</a> (<i>Ardvisur Nahid</i>) is both a divinity of the waters as well as a rushing world river that encircles the earth, which is blocked up by <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> (<i>Ahriman</i>) thus causing drought. The blockage is removed by <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a> (<i>Vahram</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tishtrya</a> (<i>Tir</i>) gathers up the waters and spreads them over the earth (<a href="/wiki/Zam" title="Zam">Zam</a>) as rain. In stories with eschatological significance, <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> (<i>Sarosh</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> (<i>Mihr</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Rashnu" title="Rashnu">Rashnu</a> (<i>Rashn</i>) are guardians of the <a href="/wiki/Chinvat_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinvat bridge">Chinvat bridge</a>, the bridge of the separator, across which all souls must pass. </p><p>Further, what the calendrical dedications had begun, the tradition completed: at the top of the hierarchy was <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, who was supported by the great heptad of <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a> (<i>Ameshaspand</i>s/<i>Mahraspand</i>s), through which the Creator realized ("created with his thought") the manifest universe. The Amesha Spentas in turn had <i>hamkars</i>, "assistants" or "cooperators", each a caretaker of one facet of creation. </p><p>In both tradition and scripture, the terms 'Amesha Spenta' and 'yazata' are sometimes used interchangeably. In general, however, 'Amesha Spenta' signifies the six divine emanations of Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tradition, <i>yazata</i> is the first of the <a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 epithets of Ahura Mazda</a>. The word also came to be applied to Zoroaster, though Zoroastrians today remain sharply critical of any attempts to deify the prophet. In a hierarchy excluding either Ahura Mazda or the Amesha Spentas amongst the <i>yazatas</i>, the most prominent amongst those "worthy of worship" is <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, who "is second only in dignity to Ohrmazd (i.e. Ahura Mazda) himself."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1969_24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1969_24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the traditional yazatas, local and foreign deities may have been incorporated into local religious practice in various distant territories of the Persian Empires. This features prominently in Zoroastrian worship in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, China, and other regions where Zoroastrianism was practiced outside of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_present_day">In the present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1860s and 1870s, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">Martin Haug</a> interpreted Zoroastrian scripture in Christian terms, and compared the <i>yazata</i>s to the angels of Christianity. In this scheme, the Amesha Spentas are the arch-angel retinue of Ahura Mazda, with the <i>hamkars</i> as the supporting host of lesser angels. </p><p>At the time Haug wrote his translations, the <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsi</a> (i.e. Indian Zoroastrian) community was under intense pressure from English and American missionaries, who severely criticized the Zoroastrians for—as John Wilson portrayed it in 1843—"polytheism", which the missionaries argued was much less worth than their own "monotheism". At the time, Zoroastrianism lacked theologians of its own, and so the Zoroastrians were poorly equipped to make their own case. In this situation, Haug's counter-interpretation came as a welcome relief, and was (by-and-large) gratefully accepted as legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haug's interpretations were subsequently disseminated as Zoroastrian ones, which then eventually reached the west where they were seen to corroborate Haug. Like most of Haug's interpretations, this comparison is today so well entrenched that a gloss of 'yazata' as 'angel' is almost universally accepted; both in publications intended for a general audience<sup id="cite_ref-cf_Gray_1927_VII562_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cf_Gray_1927_VII562-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cf_Edwards_1927_XI21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cf_Edwards_1927_XI21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in (non-philological) academic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Luhrmann_2002_871_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luhrmann_2002_871-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_1914_135_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla_1914_135-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amongst the Muslims of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Sraosha" title="Sraosha">Sraosha</a> came to be "arguably the most popular of all the subordinate Yazatas", for as the angel Surush, only he (of the entire Zoroastrian pantheon) is still venerated by name.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1993_214_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1993_214-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pokorny, in his comparative dictionary on <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, considers <i>Yazata-</i>, <i>yaz-</i>, <i>yasna</i>, Sanskrit <i>yájati</i> and <i>yajñá</i>, and Greek ἅγιος (<i>hagios</i>) all to be derivatives of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root <i>i̪agʲ-</i> (<i>i̪ag´-</i>) <i>"religiös verehren"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Pokorny_1930_I_195_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pokorny_1930_I_195-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("religiously venerate"), though some, partially derivative, authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Calvert Watkins</a>' PIE Roots appendix to <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, give no indication that Greek term is still considered a reflex of this PIE root.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a>-Mandaean light beings that compare to Yazata</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_2001_xxi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_2001_xxi_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce2001">Boyce 2001</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geiger_1885_xlix-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geiger_1885_xlix_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiger1885">Geiger 1885</a>, p. xlix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBüchner1934">Büchner 1934</a>, p. 1161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pokorny_1930_I_195-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pokorny_1930_I_195_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPokorny1930">Pokorny 1930</a>, p. I.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1972_195-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1972_195_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1972">Boyce 1972</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=AM%C6%8E%C5%A0A+SP%C6%8ENTA+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famesa-spenta-beneficent-divinity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1969_24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1969_24_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1969">Boyce 1969</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism</i>. London: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2015. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-33135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-33135-6"><bdi>978-1-444-33135-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-444-33135-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/haug-martin">"HAUG, MARTIN – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=HAUG%2C+MARTIN+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhaug-martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cf_Gray_1927_VII562-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cf_Gray_1927_VII562_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf.</i> <a href="#CITEREFGray1927">Gray 1927</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cf_Edwards_1927_XI21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cf_Edwards_1927_XI21_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf.</i> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1927">Edwards 1927</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luhrmann_2002_871-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luhrmann_2002_871_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf.</i> <a href="#CITEREFLuhrmann2002">Luhrmann 2002</a>, p. 871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla_1914_135-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_1914_135_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf.</i> <a href="#CITEREFDhalla1914">Dhalla 1914</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1993_214-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1993_214_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1993">Boyce 1993</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1969" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1969), "On Mithra's Part in Zoroastrianism", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(1927), "Jews in Zoroastrianism", in Hastings, James (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics</i>, vol. VII, Edinburgh: T & T Clark</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+in+Zoroastrianism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuhrmann2002" class="citation cs2">Luhrmann, T. M. (2002), "Evil in the Sands of Time: Theology and Identity Politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis", <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>, <b>61</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">861–</span>889, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3096349">10.2307/3096349</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Evil+in+the+Sands+of+Time%3A+Theology+and+Identity+Politics+among+the+Zoroastrian+Parsis&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E861-%3C%2Fspan%3E889&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3096349&rft.aulast=Luhrmann&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManeck1997" class="citation cs2">Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), <i>The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India</i>, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Ahriman%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Theological+Change+Among+the+Parsis+of+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Maneck&rft.aufirst=Susan+Stiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPokorny1930" class="citation cs2">Pokorny, J. (1930), <i>Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen (Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-European Languages)</i>, vol. I, Berlin/Leipzig: Walter De Gruyter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergleichendes+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+Indogermanischen+Sprachen+%28Comparative+Dictionary+of+the+Indo-European+Languages%29&rft.place=Berlin%2FLeipzig&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2000" class="citation cs2">Watkins, Calvert (2000), "Appendix: PIE Roots", <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (4th ed.), New York: Houghton Mifflin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+PIE+Roots&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Calvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2003" class="citation cs2">Peterson, Joseph H. (June 4, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avesta.org/angels.html"><i>Angels in Zoroastrianism</i></a>, Herndon: avesta.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+in+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=Herndon&rft.pub=avesta.org&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favesta.org%2Fangels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYazata" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yazatas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yazatas">Yazatas</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazata&oldid=1281537463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazata&oldid=1281537463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yazatas" title="Category:Yazatas">Yazatas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Avestan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Avestan-language text">Articles containing Avestan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle Persian-language text">Articles containing Middle Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 00:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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